06 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning

8/11/2019 06 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning

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Customer confidential

2 NSN Siemens Networks RN31546EN10GLA0

Module 5 Coverage Dimensioning

Objectives

After this module the participant shall be ableto:-

Calculate link budget for different services

Understand link budgets and parameters

Understand planning margins Calculate planning thresholds

Calculate cell range


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Module Contents

Introduction

Link budget calculation

Planning margins

Cell coverage area prediction


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Module Contents

Introduction


Planning margins



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Introduction

Target of coverage dimensioning is to give estimate of site

coverage area (site count for given area)

Coverage dimensioning requires multiple inputs Service type

Target service probability

Initial site configuration

Equipment performance

Propagation environment

Link budget calculations are used for calculation of the sitecoverage area with the given inputs


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Link budget

The target of the link budget calculation is to

estimate the maximum allowed path loss onradio path from transmit antenna to receiveantenna

The minimum Eb/N0(and BER/BLER) requirement isachieved with the maximum allowed path loss andtransmit power both in UL & DL

The maximum path loss can be used tocalculate cell range R

Lpmax_DLLpmax_UL

R


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Link budget types

R99 DCH link budget

Uplink Can be based on many different PS and CS services

Downlink Can be based on many different PS and CS services

HSDPA link budget

Uplink HSDPA associated UL DPCH link budget is used which can be 16, 64 ,128 or 384 kbps

Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the R99 DCH Eb/No (this overhead often appears in the transmittersection of the link budget)

Downlink Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions

HSUPA link budget

Uplink Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions

Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the HSUPA Eb/No

Downlink Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions


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Module Contents

Introduction


R99 link budget

Uplink

Downlink

HSDPA link budget HSUPA link budget

CPICH link budget

Planning margins



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R99 UL Link Budget

The calculation is done for each service(bit rate) separately

Bit rate depends on service, whichcan vary in speech service bit rates(e.g. 4.75, 5.9, 7.95, 12.2 kbps) topacket service bit rates (e.g. 8, 16,32, 64, 128 and 384 kbps) as well asvideo service (e.g. 64 kbps)

Coverage limiting service can be definedbased on customer inputs or lowest pathloss based on calculations


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R99 UL Link Budget

Transmitter - Handset

Transmission power classes Power Class 4 most common at themoment (note 2 dB tolerance)

Power Class 3 most common in newmobiles and data cards (+1/-3dBtolerance)

Antenna TX/RX gain Typically assumed to be 02 dBi

For data card 2 dBi can be assumed

Body Loss

For CS voice service body loss of 3 dBis assumed as the mobile is near head.

EIRP represents the effective isotropicradiated power from the transmitantenna.

LossBody-GainAntennaTransmitPowerTransmitUEEIRPUplink


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R99 UL Link Budget

ReceiverNode B

Node B noise figure Depends on Node B

Depends on Frequency

Thermal Noise

= -108 dBm k = Boltzmanns constant, 1.43 E-23 Ws/K

T = Receiver temperature, 293 K

B = Bandwidth, 3 840 000 Hz

Uplink Load

Definition of UL load can be based ontraffic inputs or estimated

Interference margin

Interference margin is calculated based on

UL load

Interference floor is calculated as follows

Flexi BTS Noise Figure:

< 2.0 dB (Band 2 GHz common)< 2.1 dB (Band 17002100 MHz)

< 2.3 dB (Band 800-960 MHz)

BTkDensityNoiseThermal

ce_margininterferenfigurenoiseBNodenoisehermal_I Tfloorenterferenc


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Interference Margin

Interference margin is calculated from the UL loading () value From set maximum planned load

"sensitivity" is decreased due to the network load (subscribers in the network) &in UL indicates the loss in link budget due to load.

dBLog 110 10IMargin=

1.25

3

20

10

6

25% 50% 75% 99%

IMargin[dB]

Load factor


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Required Eb/N0

When Eb/N0is selected, it has to be known in which conditions it is defined (select closestEb/N0value to the prevailing conditions if available)

Service and bearer Bit rate, BER requirement, channel coding

Radio channel Doppler spread (Mobile speed, frequency)

Multipath, delay spread

Three main groups of channels models that are widely usedto model different propagation environments.

3GPP models, Case 1-5

COST 259 models, Typical urban (TU), Rural area (RA),Hilly terrain (HT)

ITU models, Indoor A/B, Pedestrian A/B, Vehicular A/B

Receiver/connection configuration Handover situation

Fast power control status

Diversity configuration (antenna diversity, 2-port, 4-port)

Some corrections have to be done in the link budget in case the conditions do notcorrespond the used Eb/N0 Soft handover gain

Power control gain

Fast fading margin


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R99 UL Link Budget

ReceiverNode B

RX antenna gain Is different for different frequencies

Gain and size varies

Cable loss

In Flexi the remote RF headminimizes the influence of cable

losses MHA can be used to compensate the

cable loss as well as lower the systemnoise figure

If MHA NF is 2 dB then noenhancement on system noise figurewith Flexi


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WCDMA Panels

WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas

Antenna TypeDimensions

[mm]

Weight

[kg]

Frequency

Range [MHz]

Gain

[dBi]

Beam

WidthDownt

CS72762.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12 1900-2170 21 30 0...8

WCDMA Omni Antennas


[mm]

Weight

[kg]

Frequency

Range [MHz]

Gain

[dBi]

Beam

WidthDownt

CS72760 Omni 1570/148/112 5.0 1920/2170 11 360 --

WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM 1800 or SRC)


[mm]

Weight

[kg]

Frequency

Range [MHz]

Gain

[dBi]

Beam

WidthDowntil

CS72764.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 18.5/18.5 85/85 0..8/0..

CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 17/17 65/65 0..8/0..

WCDMA Broadband Antennas

Antenna Type Dimensions

[mm]

Weight

[kg]

Frequency

Range [MHz]

Gain

[dBi]

Beam

Width Downt

CS72761.01 Xpol F-panel 342/155/69 2.0 1710-2170 12.5 65 2

CS72761.02 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 6.0 1710-2170 18.5 65 2

CS72761.05 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 17 88 0...8

CS72761.07 Xpol F-panel 1942/155/69 10.0 1710-2170 19.5 65 0.. .6

CS72761.08 Xpol F-panel 662/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 18 65 0...8

CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 3.5 1710-2170 15.5 65 0...10

BTS antenna varies between frequenciesand sizes as well as configuration

Smaller antenna beam higher gain Higher size (from 1 to 2 meters) higher

antenna gain within same frequency

Lower frequencylower gain

BTS antenna gain is lower in WCDMA900than in WCDMA2100 if the antenna

physical sizes are kept the same Vertical size limitingVertical beam

width increases when frequencydecreases


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Cable loss

Cable loss is the sum of all signal losses

caused by the antenna line outside thebase station cabinet

Jumper losses

Feeder cable loss

MHA insertion loss in DL when MHA is used

Typical 0.5 dB Feeder losses decrease when frequency is

lower

7/8 loss at 900 MHz is about 3.7 dB/100 m

f f


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Benefit of using MHA

MHA can be used to improve the base station system noise figure in UL

The benefit achieved by using MHA equals to the noise figure improvement The benefit of using MHAdepends on the cable loss, for example

WhenLcable< 5 dB: Benefit of using MHA> Cable loss

WhenLcable> 5 dB: Benefit of using MHA< Cable loss

Calculated with NSN MHA (G = 12 dB, NF = 2 dB) and base station NF = 3 dB

Common assumption is to equal the benefit to the cable loss

Note MHA insertion

loss for DL

MHA Gain

R99 UL Li k B d t


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R99 UL Link Budget

ReceiverNode B

UL fast fade margin

SHO gain (old MDC gain)

Gain against shadowing

F t f di i


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Fast fading margin

Fast fading margin is used as a correction factor for Eb/N0at the cell edge, whenthe used Eb/N0is defined with fast power control

At the cell edge the UE does not have enough power to follow the fast fading dips

In DL fast fading margin is not usually applied due to lower power controldynamic range

Fast fading margin = (average received Eb/N0)without fast PC - (average received Eb/N0)withfast PC

Source: Radio Network Planning & Optimisation for UMTS; J. Laiho, A. Wacker, T. Novosad; Tab. 4.11

Channel: Pedestrian A; antenna diversity assumed

Speed

2.7 km/h

11 km/h

22 km/h

54 km/h

130 km/h


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S ft H d (MDC) G i UL


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Soft Handover (MDC) Gain UL

SHO gain (Macro Diversity Combining) gives the Eb/N0 improvement in softhandover situation compared to single link connection

At cell edge the SHO gain can be around 1.5 dB,

Simulation results in following figure shows that the gain depends on UE speed aswell as on difference of the signal level of the SHO branches

An average over the cell in UL is commonly 0 dB, this is due to the fact that

Significant amount of diversity already exist

2-port UL antenna diversity, multipath diversity (Rake) The graph includes both Softer and Soft Handover (however it is not possible to see

those gains separately)

Soft Handover combining is done at RNC level by using just selection combining (based onframe selection)

Softer Handover combining is done at the BTS by using maximal ratio combining

In case of more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of twobranches)


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Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)


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At cell edge there is the gain against shadowing. This is roughly

the gain of a handover algorithm, in which the best BTS can alwaysbe chosen (based on minimal transmission power of MS) against ahard handover algorithm based on geometrical distance.

In reality the SHO gain is a function of required coverage probability and thestandard deviation of the signal for the environment.

The gain is also dependent on whether the user is outdoors, where thelikelihood of multiple servers is high, or indoors where the radio channeltends to be dominated by a much smaller number of serving cells.

For indoors users the recommendation is to use smaller SHO gain value

Soft handover gain can be understood also as reduction of Slow FadingMargin (See Cell range estimation)



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Typical average value of the Gain against shadowing is between 2 and 3 dB


R99 UL Link Budget


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R99 UL Link Budget

Building penetration loss This parameter is clutter specific, normally

for dense urban areas this value is higherthan in rural area. Recommended valuesfor urban is 16 dB and suburban 12 dB.

Indoor location probability This parameter defines the probability of

connection in indoors, value depending onclutter and area, varies from 8595%

Indoor standard deviation Correspondingly clutter and area

dependent, varies from 5 to 12 dB.

Shadowing margin This is calculated from indoor location

probability and standard deviation. Typicalvalues for slow fading margins for 90-95%coverage probability are:

outdoor: 68 dB (lower for suburban/rural) indoor: 1015 dB (lower for suburban/rural)

These planning margins are defined in detail later on!

R99 UL Link Budget


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R99 UL Link Budget

marginfadeslowBPLgainULSHO-marginfadefastULgainMHA-

losscableainRxAntennaGysensitivitReceiverrequiredpowerotropicI

s

Isotropic power required

Required signal power is calculated totake into account the buildingpenetration loss and indoor standarddeviation as well as receiver sensitivityand additional margins.

Allowed propagation loss

requiredpowerIsotropic-EIRP. losspAllowedpro

Module Contents


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Module Contents

Introduction


R99 link budget

Uplink

Downlink

HSDPA link budget

HSUPA link budget

CPICH link budget

Planning margins


R99 DL Link Budget


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R99 DL Link Budget

The calculation is done for each service(bit rate) separately

Bit rate depends on service, whichcan vary in speech service bit rates(e.g. 4.75, 5.9, 7.95, 12.2 kbps) topacket service bit rates (e.g. 8, 16,32, 64, 128 and 384 kbps) as well asvideo service (e.g. 64 kbps)

Coverage limiting service can be definedbased on customer inputs or lowest pathloss based on calculations

R99 DL Link Budget


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R99 DL Link Budget

GainAntennaTransmitonlossMHAinserti-lossCabler)TxPowerUseower,MIN(MaxTxPEIRPDownlink

TransmitterNode B

Max Tx Power (total) Max Tx power is based on selected WPA, e.g. 20 W = 43

dBm and 40 W = 46 dBm. This depends on Node B type

and configuration. This parameter is used in definition of Max Tx power per

radio link.

Max Tx power per radio link Max Tx power per radio link is upper limit for DL power

calculation.

TX power per user Tx power per user is depended on DL load used in link

budget calculation (it is used to define how much power isused per user)

This parameter notifies the average user location such as6 dB which correspond to average user location.

MHA insertion loss In DL the insertion loss needs to be noticed. Commonly

0.5 assumed.

Other margins Cable loss, Tx antenna gain noticed as earlier.

EIRP EIRP is calculated as follows

DL Power calculation


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DL Power calculation

The DL power calculation is depended on two different methods Max DL RL power

This is as upper limit which is limitation based on system parameters

DL Tx power per user average distribution and power calculation related to the DL load.

In case of low load then Max DL RL power is limiting

In case of high DL load then the DL tx power per user is limiting

The selection of peak to average power ratio depends on many factors

The lower DL power is selected from Max Tx power per connection and TX power peruser EIRP is calculated as follows:

As an example:

Service Type Speech CS Data PS Data

Downlink bit rate 12.2 64 64 128 384 kbps

Max tx power per connection 34.2 37.2 37.2 40.0 40.0 dBm

Tx power per user (IPL 6 dB) 60% load 34.6 38.6 37.6 40.3 42.0 dBm

EIRP (0.5 cable loss, 18.5 tx antenna gain) 52.2 55.2 55.2 58.0 58.0 dBm

GainAntennaTransmitonlossMHAinserti-lossCabler)TxPowerUseower,MIN(MaxTxPEIRPDownlink

Max Tx power per radio link


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Max Tx power per radio link

The maximum allowed downlink transmit power for eachconnection is defined by the RNC admission control functionality

Vendor specific

In NSN RAN the maximum DL power depends on Connection bit rate

Service Eb/N0requirement (internal RNC info)

CPICH transmit power and group of other RNC parameters

Actual available DL power per user depends on maximum totalBTS TX power, DL traffic amount and distribution over the cell (Allusers share same amplifier)

Average pathloss


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e age pat oss

Average pathloss

IPLcorris the max to averagepathloss ratio

corredgecell IPLLL _

edgecell

corrL

LIPL_

BS

2R

r

0

1

0

2

1

0 0

22

2

sec3_ )cos(212

1

)2(

)cos(2

2

ddssssR

ddrrrrRRRIPL

n

nn

nR

tcorr

Slope n

Average pathloss IPL correction


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DL peak to average ratio (IPL correction factor) mathematical analysis:

results

Recent simulations confirm that -6.5-6 dB is a valid value with antenna pattern

and >= 5 degree tilt

Propagationslope

IPLcorr_omn

i

IPLcorr_3sec

tIPLcorr_om

ni (dB)IPLcorr_sect(dB)

2 0.5 0.38 -3.0 -4.3

3 0.4 0.27 -4.0 -5.7

3.3 0.38 0.25 -4.2 -6.0

3.5 0.36 0.24 -4.4 -6.3

3.7 0.35 0.23 -4.5 -6.5

4 0.33 0.21 -4.8 -6.8

g p

R99 DL Link Budget


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g

marginceinterferenfigurenoiseHandsetnoisehermal_I Tfloorenterferenc

Receiver - Handset

Handset Noise Figure

Handset NF varies between frequencyand can vary between different models

Interference margin

Interference margin is defined basedon downlink load and interference

Thermal noise As defined in Uplink

Interference floor

Handset Noise Figure


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g

Handset noise figure varies between frequencies as well asbetween models

3GPP Specification defines certain limits for UE performance fordifferent frequencies

For higher frequencies (e.g. 2 GHz) specification defines 9 dB requirementfor UE

For lower frequencies (e.g. 900 MHz) 11 dB requirement is specified

R99 DL Link Budget


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g

Service Eb/No

Related to the selected service in DL

Channel model

BLER targets etc,

Refer to Uplink part

Service Processing gain

Related to the service bit rate

Receiver Sensitivity As defined in UL

GainProcessingEb/NoRequirede_floornterferencySensitivitReceiver I

R99 DL Link Budget


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RX antenna gain

Commonly in data cards some antenna gain isdefined, commonly this is just 2 dBi. Assumptionneeds to be as defined in UL

Body loss Similarly as in uplink the DL needs to consider the

body loss if defined e.g. for voice service in UL

DL Fast fading margin

No fast fading margin noticed in DL as was notedin UL. In DL fast fading margin is not usually

applied due to lower power control dynamicrange.

SHO gain In SHO gain 1 dB advantage can be noticed

compared to the UL.

Gain against shadowing This is harmonized between UL/DL as the

selection of better cell can happen in eitherdirection independently.

Soft Handover (MDC) Gain DL


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In edge of the cell a 34 dB SHO gain can be seen on required DL Eb/N0inSHO situations compared to single link reception

Combination of 23 signals Commonly in dimensioning the DL SHO gain is assumed to be 2.5 dB

In DL there is also some combining gain (about 1.2 dB) as an average over thecell this is due to UE maximal ratio combining

soft and softer handovers included

from MS point there is no difference between soft and softer handover average is calculated over all the connections taking into account the average

difference of the received signal branches (and UE speed)

40% of the connections in soft handover or in softer handover and 60% no soft handover

taking into account the effect multiple transmitters

combination of dynamic simulator results and static planning tool

in case more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of two branches)

Soft Handover (MDC) Gain DL


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MS speed 3km/h

MS speed 20km/h

MS speed 50km/h

MS speed 120km/h

Dynamic SimulatorGain in total transmit power of two linksReceiver sensitivity gain + 3 dB

Total DL Tx power of all branches

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

0 5 10

Difference between the SHO links (dB)

SHOM

DC

gain(dB)

Soft HO

Softer HO

R99 DL Link Budget


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The rest of the calculation are as shownin Uplink link budget

Building penetration loss as defined for UL Location probability and standard

deviation as defined for UL

Isotropic calculation and allowedpropagation loss are calculated almost asearlier with few differences (no MHA gain,DL gains and factors)

These planning margins are defined in detail later on!

marginfadeslowBPLgainDLSHO-marginfadefastDL

losscableainRxAntennaGysensitivitReceiverrequiredpowerotropicI

s

requiredpowerIsotropic-EIRP. losspAllowedpro

Link budget for different frequencies and BTS types


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The main performance differences between BTS types and carrierfrequencies are related to

Noise figure

Transmit power

Feeder loss

Antenna gain

HSDPA SchedulerFlexi

900 MhzFlexi

2100 MHzUltasite

(2100 MHz)

Noise figure 2.3 dB 2 dB 3 dB

Transmit power 40 W 20 W, 40 W 20 W, 40 W

Feeder loss (example) 3.7 dB/100m 6.5 dB/100m 6.5 dB/100m

Antenna gain (example, same v. dimension) 14.5 dB 17.5 dB 17.5 dB

Module Contents


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Introduction


R99 link budget

HSDPA link budget

Uplink

Downlink

HSUPA link budget

CPICH link budget

Planning margins


Uplink DPCH link budget for HSDPA


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Overall same approach as normal R99uplink link budget except therequirement to include a peak

overhead for the HS-DPCCH

HS-DPCCH Overhead is dependentupon the selected associated DCH(16/64/128/384).

Use the values with soft handover as atthe cell edge connection is commonly inSHO

Without SHO can be used in somespecial case like I-HSPA without Iurinterfaces

Rest of the link budget is the same asfor a conventional Uplink link budget

The soft handover gain has effect on

the cell radius and site coverage

Module Contents


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Introduction


R99 link budget

HSDPA link budget

Uplink

Downlink

HSUPA link budget

CPICH link budget

Planning margins



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Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS-PDSCH link budgetCell edge throughput


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The HSDPA power corresponds to the total transmitpower assigned to the HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH.

Thus in dimensioning the HS-SCCH power have to noticedfrom the total HSDPA power.

C/I requirement computed from SINR rather than Eb/Nolike in R99

R99

HSDPA

HS-PDSCH SINR should correspond to the targeted celledge throughput

Relationship between SINR and RLC throughput can bevalidated as part of a practical investigation

No fast fade margin because no inner loop power control

HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover

Other differences: UE antenna gain can be assumed to be 2 dBi or 0 dBi

No body loss No soft ho gain

Gain against shadowing 2.5 dB, referring to macro cellenvironment best cell selection

C/I Requirement = Eb/NoProcessing Gain

C/I Requirement = SINRSpreading GainSpreading Gain = 12 dB,

due to the SF16

SINR-throughput mapping

Power available for

HS-PDSCH (excluding

HS-SCCH power and other

services)

Interference margin based

on full power usage

No SHO


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SINR and HSDPA Throughput


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The single-userHSDPAthroughput versus its average

HS-DSCH SINR is plotted. Notice that these results include

the effect of fast fading anddynamic HS-DSCH linkadaptation (and HARQ).

An average HS-DSCH SINR of

23 dB is required to achieve themaximum data rate of 3.6 Mbpswith 5 HS-PDSCH codes

Benefit from using higher codes(10/15) is only experienced forhigher SINR values >10 dB

Averagesingle-userthroug

hput[Mbps]

Average SINR (1 HS-PDSCH) [dB]

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

-10 -5 50 10 15 20 25 30

0

3.0

3.5

4.0

HS-DSCH POWER 7W (OF 15W), 5 CODES,

1RX-1TX, 6MS/1DB LA DELAY/ERROR

Rake, Ped-A, 3km/h

Rake, Veh-A, 3km/h

Rake, Ped-B, 3km/h

MMSE, Ped-A, 3km/h

MMSE, Ped-B, 3km/h

Rake, Veh-A, 30km/h

Average HS-DSCH SINR [dB]

Common cell

edge condition

Insidemacro

cell

Micro cell,

LOS, low

interference

Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS-PDSCH link budget


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Cell radius calculation

The cell radius can be calculated with different cell edge throughputs

Also the PtxMaxHSDPA can vary based on Node B power (e.g. 20W or 40W) Next Figure shows site coverage area (sqkm) with different throughputs and withdifferent HSDPA powers (5, 10 and 15 W)

HS-SCCH LINK BUDGET


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HS-SCCH makes use of power control based uponHS-DPCCH CQI and ACK/NACK

Usual to assume 500 mW of transmit poweralthough a greater power can be assigned for UE atcell edge

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

040

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

400

440

480

520

560

600

640

680

720

760

800

HS-SCCH Transmit Power (mW)

Occurances

HSDPA Tx Power = 30 dBm



HS-SCCH does not enter soft handover

HSDPA throughput Orthogonality


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Close to the BTS the own cellinterference dominates and

SINR depends only on HSDPApower share of total cell powerand orthogonality

Even in these optimalconditions high throughputrequires high orthogonality

Orthogonality of higher than 0.9can be achieved in isolatedenvironment

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

Throughput, kbps

Orthogonality

10% BTS power for HSDPA 50% BTS power for HSDPA

80% BTS power for HSDPA

1

16

tot

PDSCHHS

P

PSFSINR

Example: HSDPA vs. UL return channel link budget


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UE is able to decrease the UL bit rate in case of UL powerlimitation

Return link link budget with 16 kbit/s bit rate

Cell edge throughput is highly dependent on the HSDPA power 4W75 kbit/s, 8 W 200 kbit/s, 12 W330 kbit/s, 16 W430 kbit/s

130.00

135.00

140.00

145.00

150.00

155.00

160.00

165.00

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

HSDPA throughput

Maximump

athloss

PS 16 UL, HSDPA

PS 64 UL, HSDPA

PS 128 UL, HSDPA

PS 384 UL, HSDPA

HSDPA, 4 W

HSDPA, 8 W

HSDPA, 12 W

HSDPA, 16 W

Module Contents


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Introduction


R99 link budget

HSDPA link budget

HSUPA link budget CPICH link budget

Planning margins


HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (I)


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Similar to an HSDPA link budget, one of twoapproaches can be adopted

target uplink bit rate can be specified and link budgetcompleted from top to bottom to determine themaximum allowed path loss

existing maximum allowed path loss can bespecified and link budget completed from bottom totop to determine the achievable uplink bit rate at celledge

Majority of uplink link budget is similar to that of aR99 DCH

HSUPA uplink link budget makes use of Eb/Nofigures rather than SINR figures


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HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (III) Transmit section of link budget is identical to that of a HSDPA

i t d R99 DPCH li k b d t


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associated R99 DPCH link budget.

Transmit antenna gain and body loss can be configured for eithera data card or mobile terminal. Thus the gain can be 2 dBi

HS-DPCCH overhead is slightly different as in DPCH. Next tableshows the overhead values for SHO and non-SHO case:

Interference floor = Thermal noise + Noise Figure + InterferenceMargin - Own Connection Interference

Interference Margin = -10*LOG(1- Uplink Load/100)

The own connection interference factor reduces the uplinkinterference floor by the UEs own contribution to the uplinkinterference, i.e. by the desired uplink signal power

This factor is usually ignored in R99 DCH link budgets because

the contribution from each UE is relatively small

This factor is included in the HSUPA link budget because uplinkbit rates can be greater and the uplink interference contributionfrom each UE can be more significant

HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (IV)


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The receiver sensitivity calculation is the same as that for aR99 DCH link budget

Receiver Sensitivity = Interference floor +Eb/No - Processing Gain

Receiver RF parameters, gains and margins are the same asfor a R99 DCH link budget

same fast fade margin due to same inner loop powercontrol

No differences in calculations

Module Contents


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Introduction


R99 link budget

HSDPA link budget

HSUPA link budget

CPICH link budget

Planning margins


CPICH link budgetChannel CPICH

Service Pilot


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CPICH reception is required for cellaccess and synchronisation

The CPICH link budget is similar to thedownlink service link budget

The CPICH transmit power is defined by

RNC parameter

The CPICH link budget is calculatedbased on C/I requirement (Ec/Io) of -15 dB

CPICH reception does not benefit fromsoft handover

Transmitter - Node B

Pilot Tx Power 33.00 dBm

Cable Loss 0.5 dBi

MHA Insertion Loss 0.0 dB

Tx Antenna Gain 18 dB

EIRP 50.5 dBm

Receiver - Handset

Handset Noise Figure 7 dB

Thermal Noise -108 dBm

Downlink Load 80 dB

Interference Margin 6.99 dB

Interference Floor -94.0 dBm

Required Ec/Io -15.0 dB

Receiver Sensitivity -109.0 dBmRx Antenna Gain 0 dB

Body Loss 3 dB

DL Fast Fade Margin 0 dB

SHO gain 0 dB

Gain against shadowing 2.5 dB

Building Penetration Loss 12 dB

Indoor Location Prob. 90 %

Indoor Standard Dev. 10 dB

Shadowing Margin 7.8 dBIsotropic Power Required -88.7 dB

Allowed Prop. Loss 139.2 dB

Example: CPICH vs. HSDPA coverage


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The pilot coverage can be extended with higher power

Less power for HSDPA and higher cell range decrease the celledge throughput

2W pilot142 dB and 550 kbit/s



130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

HSDPA throughput

Maximumpathloss 2W CPICH

3W CPICH

4W CPICH

HSDPA, 2W CPICH

HSDPA, 3W CPICH

HSDPA, 4W CPICH

Module Contents


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Introduction


Planning margins

Shadowing margin

Building penetration loss

Body loss


Planning margins


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Output of the link budget calculation is a maximum path lossestimate from transmit antenna to the received antenna

In coverage planning additional planning margins are introducedto take into account

Signal shadowing due to obstructions (buildings, trees etc.) on the radio pathSlow fading

Signal attenuation by building structures for indoor users

Attenuation to the signal caused by phone userBody loss

If not taken into account in link budget

Slow fading margin


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Slow fading is caused by signalshadowing due to obstructions on theradio path

A cell with a range predicted frommaximum pathloss will have aCoverage Probability of about 75 %

Lot of coverage holes due toshadowing

Slow fading margin (SFM) is requiredin order to achieve higher coveragequality, Coverage Probability

Smaller cell, less coverage holes overcell area

Cell range from prediction model

Max pathloss

from link budget

Pathloss

prediction model

Cell Range

Coverage

probability = 75% outdoors

Max pathloss

from link budget

Pathloss

prediction model

Cell Range

Coverage

probability > 75% outdoor

- Slow fading

margin

........max RSFMLRf

Coverage Probability = Area Location Probability over Cell Area


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Location Probability over Cell Area

In dimensioning, theArea Location Probabilityof a single cell isdefined instead of Point Location Probability at Cell Edge.

Area Location Probability over Cell Areameans the probabilitythat the average received field strength is better than the minimumneeded received signal strength (in order to make a successfulphone call) within the cell. The difference between Point & Arealocation probability is illustrated below :

Point Location Probability at Cell Edge

As shown previously the Slow Fading (log normal fading) is


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As shown previously, the Slow Fading (log-normal fading) isnormal distributed with the distrbution function

221

21

2

1

0

2

)(

20

2

2

0

m

x

rr

x

rxerf

rdep

m

Refer to Cellular Radio Performance Engineering, Chapter 2, e.g. 2.9 Page 29

Jakes, W.C.Jr. Microwave Mobile Communications. USA 1974, John Wiley & Sons. 473 p

The probability, Pxothat r exceeds some threshold,xoat a givenpoint inside the cell is called the Point Location Probability. The

point location probability can be written as the upper tail probabilityof the above equation :

2

2

2

)(

22

1)(

mrr

erp

Slow FadingMargin, SFM

From Point Location Probability to Area LocationProbability


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FR

p dAu x

1 2 0

Area Location ProbabilityPoint Location Probabilitiespx0

F erf a e erf a bb

u

a b

b

1

21 1 1

2 12

( )

2

)( 00

Pxa

2

log10

eb

P0 field strength threshold value at cell edge path loss slope

Slow FadingMargin, SFM

StandardDeviation,

Slow Fading Margin

SFM [dB] (xo-Po)

Point Location

Probability,

Pxo

a bArea Location

Probability, Fu

Slow fading margin


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Pxo

-5.00 26.60% -0.4419 1.2964 56.00%

-4.50 28.69% -0.3977 1.2964 58.00%

-4.00 30.85% -0.3536 1.2964 59.99%

-3.50 33.09% -0.3094 1.2964 61.97%

-3.00 35.38% -0.2652 1.2964 63.93%-2.50 37.73% -0.2210 1.2964 65.86%

-2.00 40.13% -0.1768 1.2964 67.76%

-1.50 42.56% -0.1326 1.2964 69.63%

-1.00 45.03% -0.0884 1.2964 71.45%

-0.50 47.51% -0.0442 1.2964 73.23%

0.00 50.00% 0.0000 1.2964 74.96%

0.50 52.49% 0.0442 1.2964 76.63%

1.00 54.97% 0.0884 1.2964 78.25%

1.50 57.44% 0.1326 1.2964 79.81%

2.00 59.87% 0.1768 1.2964 81.30%2.50 62.27% 0.2210 1.2964 82.73%

3.00 64.62% 0.2652 1.2964 84.09%

3.50 66.91% 0.3094 1.2964 85.38%

4.00 69.15% 0.3536 1.2964 86.61%

4.50 71.31% 0.3977 1.2964 87.76%

5.00 73.40% 0.4419 1.2964 88.85%

5.50 75.41% 0.4861 1.2964 89.87%

6.00 77.34% 0.5303 1.2964 90.82%

6.50 79.17% 0.5745 1.2964 91.71%

7.00 80.92% 0.6187 1.2964 92.53%

7.50 82.57% 0.6629 1.2964 93.29%8.00 84.13% 0.7071 1.2964 93.99%

8.50 85.60% 0.7513 1.2964 94.64%

8.80 86.43% 0.7777 1.2964 95.00%

9.50 88.25% 0.8397 1.2964 95.77%

10.00 89.44% 0.8839 1.2964 96.25%

Slow fading margin valuespresented for the different

Point Location andAreaLocation Probability values

Standard Deviation, s= 8dB

SFM = 0

Point Location Probability = 50 %Area Location Probability = 75 %

Building penetration loss


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Pref= 0 dB

Pindoor= -3 ...-15 dB

Pindoor= -7 ...-18 dB

-15 ...-25 dB no coverage

rear side :

-18 ...-30 dB

signal level increases with floor

number :~1,5 dB/floor (for 1st

..10th floor)

Signal levels from outdoor base stations into buildings areestimated by applying a Building Penetration Loss (BPL) margin

Slow fading standard deviation is higher inside buildings due toshadowing by building structures

There are big differences between rooms with window and deep indoor (10..15 dB)


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Module Contents


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Introduction


Planning margins


Propagation models

Cell range to cell area

Propagation Models


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Empirical

Deterministic

Semi-empirical

Wave propagation is described by means of rays travelling between transmittedand receiving antennaand coming in to reflections, scattering, diffractions, etc .Those methods, generally based on ray optical techniques, give a very accuratedescription of the wave propagation but require a large computation time.

An equation based on extensive empirical measurementsis created.

Those models can be used only in the environments similar to theexamined one. The small changes in the environment characteristiccan cause enormous errors in the prediction of wave propagation.

Combination of empirical anddeterministic models(e.g. empiricalCOST Hata can be combined withthe theoretical knife edge model).

Propagation Models used in common planning tools

Okumura-HataSt


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Okumura Hata

The most commonly used statistical model

Walfish-Ikegami Statistical model especially for urban environments

Juul-Nyholm

Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, but with

different equation for predictions beyond radio horizon (~20km)

Ray-tracing

Deterministic prediction tool for

microcellular environments

tatisticaltobe

tuned!

Deterministic


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Propagation Models

Okumura-Hata & COST Hatamodel


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ectionMorphoCorrFactorCorrection+

log(R))](hlog6.55-[44.9)a(h-)(hlog13.82-(f)logB+A=L BS10MSBS1010

.............R

8.0)(log1.56-h0,7]-(f)log[1,1=)a(h

MHz2000


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Model for urban macrocellular propagationAntenna close to roof-top level

Assumes regular city layout (Manhattan grid)

Total path loss consists of two parts:

hw

b

d

NLOS roof-to-street diffraction and scatter loss

mobile environment losses

LOS line-of-sight loss

Propagation Models

COST Walfish-Ikegami model

This semi empirical model is the special adaptation of Walfish


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This semi empirical model is the special adaptation of Walfish-Bertoni model, prepared especially for the typical antennas

placement in 3G (below the roof top). The validity range:

Frequency: 800 MHz- 2000 MHz

BS height: 450 m (above roof-top)

MS height: 13 m

Distance: 0.025 km

Path loss with LOS between MS & BS

)(log26)(log206.42 1010 RfLLOS

............. RLOS: Line-off-sight

Propagation Models

Walfish-Ikegami

Line of sight path (LOS)


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Line-of-sight path (LOS) Use free space propagation

Applicable for microwave & satellite links

Non-line-of-sight path (NLOS) Heavy diffraction, refraction situations

Great uncertainties in modeling

COST Walfish-Ikegami model includes model for NLOS prediction

Use ray-tracing models

Needs detailed building databases (vectorial information)

Manhattan grid

model

Propagation Models

Microcell


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Rx

Tx

Tx

Ray tracing Raylaunching

Very accurate methods, but due to the complexity of the algorithmscomputer power consuming.

Digital maps with a high accuracy are required.


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Coverage Area

Hexagons vs. Cells


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Three hexagons Three cells


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Module 5

Coverage dimensioning


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Summary

Planning margins are required in order to achievetarget Coverage Probability

Pilot power planning thresholds have to be defined fordifferent services and area types

Cell range is calculated with a pathloss prediction

model Link budget calculation involves many estimates and

assumptions Educated guess

Documents

06 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning