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1 説得のコミュニケーション コミュニケーション学概論 Lecture 7 (Dec 15, 2017) Definitions of Persuasion Features of Persuasion ¤ ¤ ¤ Freedom ¤Measure of Freedom ¤ Free will ¤ Free choice ¤ Voluntary action Communication ¤The effects are achieved through communication ¤Medium of language ¤Medium of nonverbal language Attitude Change p Persuasion is ordinary conceived of as involving influencing others by influencing their mental states (rather than by somehow influencing their conduct directly) p The aim is to change what people think (and then what they do)

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Page 1: 06 Persuasion P - HOtkoyama/introcomm2017/files/06...3 Motivation & Persuasion ¤Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (要求階層理論) ¤満たされていない要求のうち、最も基

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説得のコミュニケーション

コミュニケーション学概論

Lecture 7 (Dec 15, 2017)

Definitions of Persuasion

Features of Persuasion

¤

¤

¤

Freedom

¤Measure of Freedom¤ Free will¤ Free choice¤ Voluntary action

Communication

¤The effects are achieved through communication

¤Medium of language

¤Medium of nonverbal language

Attitude Change

p Persuasion is ordinary conceived of as involving influencing others by influencing their mental states (rather than by somehow influencing their conduct directly)

p The aim is to change what people think(and then what they do)

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What is influenced?

¤

¤

¤

What is the real target of persuasion?

¤

¤

Three Dimensions of Persuasion Process

① Response Process② Response Process③ Response Process

Persuasion Competence?

¤

¤説得者として:⼈間関係を壊さずに、できればあさらに発展させながら、相⼿に⾃分の考え⽅を受け⼊れてもらったり、希望する⾏動を起こしてもらったりする能⼒

¤説得される側として:相⼿の勢いや、不誠実な⽬的、あうりは誇張、歪曲されたメッセージに屈することなく、後悔する必要のない、説得メッセージの賢い受け⼿となる能⼒ (pp.119-120)

Motivation & Persuasion

¤Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs(要求階層理論)

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Motivation & Persuasion

¤Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs(要求階層理論)

¤満たされていない要求のうち、最も基本的(底に近い)要求が動機としての機能する。

説得のコミュニケーションとは??~三つの影響~

• 対人的影響 (Interpersonal Influence):– Compliance Gaining Strategies

• 社会的影響 (Social Influence)

• 論証 (Argumentation)

人が「応諾」されるプロセス

人を「納得」させる技法

対人的影響 (Interpersonal Influence)

① Sequential Request Strategies(段階的要請法)

– Foot-in-the-Door– Door-in-the-Face– Low-ball Techniques

(Freedman and Fraser, 1966)

Foot-in-the-Door

今日は契約は結構ですから、お話だけでも聞いて頂けませんか?

現在このイメージを表示できません。

現在このイメージを表示できません。

Foot-in-the-Door

じゃぁ、一ヶ月だけ、契約いただけませんか??

30分後・・・・

Door-in-the-Face

お母さん、この5万円のコート、

超かわいくない??買って買って、ね??

お願い!!

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Door-in-the-Face

じゃあ、この5千円のコートで

我慢するよ。これならいいでしょ?

Low-Ball Technique

今回手伝ってくれた人には、

ステーキとデザートセット、先生がごちそうするぞ!

Low-Ball Technique

おっと、予算が足りない・・・。

ごめん、デザートセットだけね!

対人的影響 (Interpersonal Influence) ②

• Cialdini’s 6 Compliance Gaining Strategies

– 返報性 (Reciprocity)– コミットメントと一貫性

(Commitment and Consistency)– 社会的承認 (Social Proof)– 好意 (Liking) – 権威 (Authority)– 希少性 (Scarcity)

(Cialdini, 1993)

対人的影響 (Interpersonal Influence) ②• Marwell & Schmitt’s 16 Compliance Gaining

Strategies– 約束– 脅迫– 好結果に関する経験– 悪い結果に関する経験– 好感– 事前の厚意– 制裁– 過去の借り– 道徳観– 満足度/不満足度の示唆– プラス/マイナスのロール・モデル– 懇願– 好人物評価/不良人物評価の示唆

<2> 社会的影響 (Social Influence)

• 社会心理学的研究– 態度−行動理論 (Attitude-Behavior Relationship)– 合理的行動理論 (Theory of Reasoned Action)– 精査可能性モデル (Elaboration Likelihood Model)– 社会的判断理論 (Social Judgment Theories)– 認知的一貫性理論群 (Theories of Cognitive Consistency)– 認知不整合理論 (Cognitive Dissonance Theories)– 接種理論 (Inoculation Theory)– 恐怖心訴求理論 (Fear Appeal Model)– Etc. etc.

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TRACentral Route Peripheral Route

(Message Elaboration) (No Message Elaboration)

HIGH MENTAL EFFORT LOW

Persuasive Communication

MOTIVATED TO PROCESS?Personal Relevance / Need for Cognition

ABLE TO PROCESS?Free from distraction / Sufficient knowledge

TYPE OF COGNITIVE PROCESSINGArgument Quality / Initial Attitude

STRONG POSITIVE ATTITUDE CHANGE

Enduring, resisting, predicts behavior

STRONG NEGATIVE ATTITUDE CHANGE

Enduring, resisting, predicts behavior

WEAK ATTITUDE CHANGE

Temporary, vulnerable, does not predict behavior

NO Change

Yes

Yes

Favorable Case Unfavorable CaseNeutral Case

PERIPHERAL CUES

Speaker credibility, Reaction of others, External rewards

No

No

NoYes

ELM

Cog Diss Theory

Amount of Incentive

Am

ount of Dissonance

When a person (is forced/induced) to comply (Counter Attitudinal Action)

Fear Appeal:Protection Motivation Theory

Message Acceptance

3.説得の理論

¤説得研究の歴史的背景 (p.128)

¤⻄洋の伝統¤ 古代ギリシャ哲学(アリストテレス他)¤ Rhetoric, Argumentation¤ スピーチ、弁論術

¤⽇本の伝統¤ ??

¤近代の社会科学的アプローチ¤ ⽶国が中⼼¤ ⼼理学、社会⼼理学

説得の(社会)⼼理学モデル

¤態度/⾏動変化の社会⼼理学 (Social Influence)

¤「⼈を説得する場合もされる場合も、⼈間がどのような⼼理状態で⾏動、態度を変化させようとするのか(p.128)」を、⼼理的、社会的な観点から科学的に解明しようとするアプローチ。

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代表的な(社会⼼理学)説得理論

¤ Theory of Reasoned Action(合理的⾏動理論)

¤ Theories of Cognitive Consistency(認知的一貫性理論群)¤ Theories of Cognitive Dissonance(認知的不⼀致理論群)

¤ Inoculation Theory(接種理論)¤ Social Judgment Theory(社会判断理論)

¤ Elaboration Likelihood Model(精緻可能性理論)¤ Fear Appeal Models(恐怖訴求モデル)

Cognitive Consistency Theories(認知的⼀貫性理論群)

認知不協和理論の前提(1) 知識、考え⽅、態度、⾏動などの間で⽣じる⽭盾、不⼀致は不安・不快を与える。

(2) 不安や不快を感じたら、⼈間は普通それを解消したい、という衝動を覚える。

(3) 不安を解消、あるいは減少させる⼀つの⼿段が⾃らの態度、⾏動の変化である

(p.129)

説得の⼿段: 認知的不協和の創造 → ⾃⼰説得の誘導

Balance Theory(Heider, 1946, 1958)

¤ Cognitive Unit¤ P: perceiver / reference person ¤ O: other person¤ X: impersonal entity/thing

¤ Sentiment relation (Attitude)¤ Positive/Like¤ Negative/Dislike

POX Relationship Cognitive TriadsP

O X

P

O X

P

O X

P

O X

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Cognitive TriadsP

O X

P

O X

P

O X

P

O X

認知不協和を解消する三つの⽅法

¤

¤

¤

(教科書p.131ではこのうちの「態度変化」の説明しかないので注意)

Attitude Change¤Changing the p-o or p-x relations

Attitude Change( P ) Jason

Kathy ( O ) ( X ) Smoking

Initial Imbalanced Situation

Attitude Change ( P ) J

K ( O ) ( X ) S

( P ) J

K ( O ) ( X ) S

否認¤changing the o-x relation (belief

distortion)

Denial( P ) Jason

Kathy ( O ) ( X ) Smoking

Initial Imbalanced Situation

Denial( P ) J

K ( O ) ( X ) S

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分化¤balancing the whole units by

differentiating aspects of o or x and holding different attitudes toward different aspects

Differentiation( P ) Jason

Kathy ( O ) ( X ) Smoking

Initial Imbalanced Situation

Cognitive Differentiation ( P ) J

K’s background ( O ) ( X ) SK’s personal attribute ( O )

態度の重みAttitude Extremity and Inequality

P

O X

+3 +3

Incongruity = 6

P

O X

+1 +3

Incongruity = 4P

O X

+3 +1

Incongruity = 4

Theory of Cognitive Dissonance(Festinger, 1957)

“Can changes in behavior affect subsequent attitudes?

The answer is most definitely yes, under certain circumstances.

“Try it, you’ll like it !”

¤ Post-decisional theory

¤ Influence of BEHAVIOR on ATTITUDE

¤ Counter Attitudinal Advocacy (CAA)

¤ Concerned with the relations among cognitive elements (also called “cognitions” = any belief, opinion, attitude, or piece of knowledge about anything)

¤ Three possible relations b/w any two cognitive elements:

¤ Irrelevant : have nothing to do with each other¤ Consonant (consistent) : they might hang together,

form a package.¤ Dissonant (inconsistent) : the opposite of one

elements follows from the other

Theory of Cognitive Dissonance(Festinger, 1957)

Relationships b/w cognitions

University tuition will increase next year (BELIEF)

I like Swiss chocolate (ATTITUDE)

Irrelevant

Golf is a noble game (BELIEF)

I like playing golf (ATTITUDE)

Consonant

Smoking causes cancer (BELIEF)

I smoke (ATTITUDE / BEHAVIOR)

Dissonant

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三つの前提

(1) ⼈は「認知的調和」を求める⽣き物である(People have a need for cognitive consistency)

(2) 「認知的不協和」が⽣じると、⼈は「⼼理的不快」を感じる (When cognitive inconsistency exists, people experience psychological discomfort)

(3) 「⼼理的不快感」は、これを解消して「認知的調和」を取り戻そうとする強い動機として働く (Psychological discomfort motivatespeople to resolve the inconsistency and restore cognitive balance.)

Factors influencing the Magnitude of Dissonance(1) Relative Proportion

•Reduces anxiety

•Makes you appear cool

•Tastes good

•Causes cancer

•Expensive

Consonant Cluster Dissonant Cluster

I smoke (ATTITUDE / BEHAVIOR)

Factors influencing the Magnitude of Dissonance(2) Importance of the element(s)

•Reduces anxiety

•Makes you appear cool

•Tastes good

•Causes cancer

•Expensive

Consonant Cluster Dissonant Cluster

I smoke (ATTITUDE / BEHAVIOR)

認知的不協和の解消⼿段

¤⾏動、認知変化(知識、態度、⾏動変化)¤⾏動の正当化、是認(仲間探し)¤否認(情報源の否認)¤超越

ELM(Elaboration Likelihood Model)

Petty & Cacioppo (1986) I. Alternative Paths to Persuasion

¤Two basic routes for persuasion: ¤Central Route(中⼼的ルート)¤Peripheral Route(周辺的ルート)

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- Central Route –(中⼼的ルート)

¤The Central Route involves Message Elaboration:¤Message Elaboration (情報精査)=

- Peripheral Route –(周辺的ルート)

¤ The Peripheral Route offers quick decisions(ヒューリスティックに基づく即決)

Factors influencing the process(精査を促進・抑制する要因)

<Central Route>¤ Motivation for elaboration (動機)¤ Ability for elaboration (能⼒)¤ Type of elaboration (精緻化のタイプ)¤ Elaborated Messages types (メッセージタイプ)

<Peripheral Route>¤ Peripheral cues (周辺的⼿掛かり)

Central Route Peripheral Route

(Message Elaboration(精査)) (No Message Elaboration)

HIGH MENTAL EFFORT (認知的負荷) LOW

Persuasive Communication

MOTIVATED TO PROCESS?: 動機

Personal Relevance / Need for Cognition

ABLE TO PROCESS?: 能力

Free from distraction / Sufficient knowledge

議論の質の判定

Argument Quality / Initial Attitude

STRONG POSITIVE ATTITUDE CHANGE

Enduring, resisting, predicts behavior

STRONG NEGATIVE ATTITUDE CHANGE

Enduring, resisting, predicts behavior

WEAK ATTITUDE CHANGETemporary, vulnerable, does not

predict behavior

NO Change

Yes

Yes

Favorable Case Unfavorable CaseNeutral Case

PERIPHERAL CUES

Speaker credibility, Reaction of others, External rewards

No

No

NoYes

ELM

Factors influencing the process(精緻化を促進・抑制する要因)

<Central Route>

¤ Motivation for elaboration (動機づけ)

¤ Ability for elaboration (精緻化能⼒)¤ Type of elaboration (精緻化のタイプ)

¤ Elaborated Messages types (メッセージタイプ)

<Peripheral Route>

¤ Peripheral cues (周辺的⼿掛かり)

Six Cues in PR (Peripheral Route)(CIaldini, 1988)

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Other Cues

¤ Rewards(報酬)

¤ Source credibility(発信者の信頼性)¤ Likability & Expertise¤ Salient for those unmotivated or unable to elaborate

¤ Endorsements for highly popular or respected public figures

Implication

¤ Attitude Change(態度変化)¤ Peripheral route change can be either

positive or negative, but it won’t have the impact of message elaboration

¤ The attitude change won’t last long, stand up to attack, or affect their behavior.