1

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.

1. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS

Ms. NISHA YOHANNAN1ST YEAR M.SC. NURSINGGARDEN CITY COLLEGE OF NURSING,VIDYANAGAR,K.R. PURAM,BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.

2. NAME OF THE INSTITUTION

GARDEN CITY COLLEGE OF NURSING,16TH K.M.OLD MADRAS ROAD,VIDYANAGAR,BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.

3. COURSE OF THE STUDY AND SUBJECT

M.SC. NURSING FIRST YEARMEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING

4. DATE OF ADMISSION TO THE COURSE

17th OCTOBER 2011

5. TITLE OF THE TOPIC

A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE

EFFECTIVENESS OF REIKI THERAPY IN

REDUCING THE BLOOD PRESSURE OF

HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS AT SELECTED

HOSPITALS.

SYNOPSIS PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR

DISSERTATION

2

6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK:

INTRODUCTION

Hypertension is a large public health problem which leads to millions of deaths

a year. It is a silent epidemic. Meaning that many people who have hypertension are

unaware of it as the damage caused by hypertension and takes years or decades to

become apparent in a person.1 It is an important cardiovascular risk factor.2 It is often

called the "silent killer" because blood pressure-related complications often do not

show up until they are life-threatening.3 High blood pressure often results in severe

organ and cellular damage. It can cause kidney failure, stroke, heart attacks and other

cellular damage.4

The remarkable advances in therapy have provided ways to lower blood

pressure in almost every person with hypertension. Nevertheless, hypertension

continues to be a major public health problem whose prevalence is increasing

worldwide, despite the therapeutic advances.5 

An epidemiological shift in the prevalence of hypertension in developing

countries as compared to developed countries has been observed. In India, hypertension

has become a major health problem. Till recent past, control and prevention of

communicable diseases was emphasized. Recently, attention has shifted to control and

prevention of non-communicable diseases including stroke, hypertension and coronary

artery disease at the national level in view of the rising trends.

3

The prevalence of hypertension has increased by 30 times among the urban

population over a period of 55 years and about 10 times among the rural population

over a period of 36 years. Dramatic changes in lifestyle, increasing population,

modified dietary pattern and technological advances have led to physical inactivity,

increased consumption of diets rich in fat, sugar and calories and shrunken employment

opportunities particularly among young generation – leading to stress and hypertension

in younger persons.

Although pharmacological management of hypertension is possible, due to

increasing prevalence and complications, use of alternative therapies for hypertension

has emerged over the recent years. One such therapy is Reiki. This system is flexible;

therefore it can be effective for anyone. It eliminates most symptoms of hypertension,

thereby restoring imbalances and restoring good health.6

Reiki therapy produce an actual physiological effect of the energy healing that

this would be triggered within the nervous system, and more specifically, the

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). The ANS is concerned with the functions of the

body that we cannot control directly, such as respiration, blood pressure, sweating, and

vasodilation. It plays a part in the regulation of our essential functions.7

If successfully executed, Reiki can heal physically, mentally, spiritually and

emotionally. It can be used to energize, restore and maintain. It is extremely beneficial

for stress reduction and provides the additional energy needed to recover from illnesses.

Reiki will increase vitality while simultaneously slowing down the aging process.8

4

6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), most of which are due to atherosclerosis

and often related to arterial hypertension, are responsible for nearly 20% of all

deaths world-wide (nearly 10 million). Many developing countries are now in a

phase of epidemiological transition and face the double burden of communicable

and non-communicable diseases, with the severe repercussions this has on their

very weak economies.

Epidemiological evidence also shows that there are several factors which

play an important role in the development, evolution and prognosis of arterial

hypertension, some of them non-modifiable, such as age, sex, ethnicity and

heredity, and others modifiable, such as body weight, salt intake, alcohol intake,

use of hormonal contraceptives and drugs retaining sodium, sedentary life and

psychosocial factors.9

In India, according to World Health Report 2002, cardiovascular diseases

(CVDs) will be the largest cause of death and disability by 2020.10

Descriptive studies on prevalence of hypertension in Kerala (Criteria: JNC

VI) reported 37% prevalence of hypertension among 30-64 age group in 1998 and

55% among 40-60 age group during 2000. A higher prevalence of 69% and 55%

was recorded among elderly populations aged sixty and above in the urban and

rural areas respectively during 2000.11

A descriptive study involving 5537 individuals (3050 urban residents and

5

2487 rural residents) demonstrated 25% and 29% prevalence of hypertension

among males and females respectively in urban Delhi and 13% and 10% in rural

Haryana.12

Three serial epidemiological studies in Jaipur carried out during 1994,

2001and 2003 demonstrated rising prevalence of hypertension (30%, 36%, and

51% respectively among males and 34%, 38% and 51% among females).13

In Karnataka today, Heart Attack (IHD) and Hypertension are common

cardiovascular diseases in adults above 40 years. Nearly 11% of the urban

population is suffering from Ischemic Heart Disease and / or Hypertension.

Prevalence is increasing year by year.14

Hypertension’s (high blood pressure) victims are also getting younger.  Due

to lifestyle, 8 to 10% of young adults below 30 years of age are falling prey to

hypertension. Deadline pressure and work stress is definitely rising and leading to

lack of peace-of-mind and a rise in metabolic syndromes like hypertension. The

trend has increased over the last couple of years.15

The therapeutic regimen plays an important role in controlling hypertension

because the treatment is lifetime especially when associated with other diseases.

Many find it difficult and tiresome and economically burdensome to continue the

treatment. Hence, complementary therapies become a good option. It supports the

mainstream treatment and promotes the general well- being.

But one of the biggest challenges faced by complementary therapists today

is the need to bridge the gap between science and “New Age” beliefs. While public

perceptions of the benefits of a more holistic approach to health, and to life in

general, have shifted significantly in recent years, there is still much to be done to

6

ensure that those who might benefit most have both awareness of, and access to,

therapies and services that can be literally life-changing.16 Reiki is one such

therapy. It is safe, effective, beneficial, and, necessary if it is to become available

to everybody, ideally through mainstream medical and therapeutic areas.

Apart from this, in the investigator’s experience also, since her family

members including her father is suffering from hypertension, she has seen the

agony and discomfort of her father for the past 15 years with regards to the long-

term therapeutic regimen and the general anxiety in dealing with a lifelong illness.

Hence, the investigator has decided to do Reiki therapy to supplement the

pharmacological management of hypertension.

7

6.2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In order to accomplish the goal of present study an attempt has been made to

review and discuss the literature, which shall cover the following areas:

a) Review related to hypertension.

b) Review related to alternative therapies in hypertension.

c) Review related to Reiki therapy and its therapeutic effects.

d) Review related to Reiki therapy in hypertension.

a) Review related to hypertension:

A study was conducted on the prevalence of hypertension in an urban

community of India. A total of 1609 respondents out of 1662 individuals

participated in this cross-sectional survey of validated and structured questionnaire

followed by blood pressure measurement. Results showed pre-hypertensive levels

among 35.8% of the participants in systolic group and 47.7% in diastolic group.

Bivariate analysis showed significant relationship of hypertension with age,

sedentary occupation, body mass index (BMI), diet, ischemic heart disease, and

smoking.17

A national survey to determine the prevalence, awareness, treatment and

control of hypertension, among the adult population in Tunisia was conducted. A

total of 8007 adults aged 35–70 years were included in the study. The prevalence

of hypertension was 30.6%, higher in women (33.5%) than in men (27.3%).

8

Multiple logistic regression analyses identified a higher age, urban area, higher

body mass index, type 2 diabetes and family history of CVD as important

correlates to the prevalence of hypertension. Only 38.8% of those with

hypertension were aware of their diagnosis, of which 84.8% were receiving

treatment. BP control was achieved in only 24.1% of treated hypertensive persons.

Women were more aware than men (44.8 vs. 28.8%), but the rates of treatment and

control of hypertension did not differ between the two genders. The study

highlights the hypertension problem in a middle-income developing country.18

A descriptive study on the prevalence of hypertension in rural community

of Nitte, Udupi district, Karnataka reported that the overall prevalence of

hypertension was 4% and the prevalence in adult population was 9%. The study

concluded that the prevalence increased with the advancement of age among adult

population. The age distribution of cases of hypertension showed that over 80%

belonged to elderly age group of 45 years and above.19

A descriptive study on the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of

hypertension in rural areas of Davanagere reported the prevalence rate of

hypertension in the study population was 18.3%.  The prevalence of hypertension

was more in males 19.1% than in females 17.5%. An upward trend in prevalence

was observed with increase in age, especially above 40 years, in both the sexes.

Only 33.8% of them were aware of their hypertensive status. 32.1% were on

treatment, and 12.5% adequately controlled their BP and 6.9% had severe

hypertension.20

9

A cohort study was done to assess the risk of stroke in hypertensives with

or without antihypertensive treatment in a total of 11,103 men and women.

Subjects were divided into three categories: normotensives, treated hypertensives,

and non-treated hypertensives. The treated hypertensives were divided into

controlled and uncontrolled HT groups. The non-treated hypertensives were also

divided into two groups: mild HT, and moderate or severe HT. The mean follow-

up duration was 10.7 years. The study concluded that compared with

normotensives, hypertensives of all categories had a significantly higher risk of

stroke.21

A cohort study was conducted to evaluate the high blood pressure

knowledge among primary care patients with known hypertension in 2008 in

which questionnaire to 700 hypertensive patients were mailed each containing 6

questions pertaining to various aspects of high BP. It was found that 530

completed surveys. 19% either believe taking medications will cure high BP. 22%

of respondents had overall lower hypertension knowledge. The study concluded

that patients may need to be taught the difference between curing hypertension and

treating it with medications. Efforts to educate the public that lifestyle

modifications can prevent hypertension.22

A study on the role of obesity and insulin resistance on end stage renal

failure attributed to hypertension revealed that about a third of new cases of renal

failure in USA are attributed to hypertension despite controversy about the

frequency and pathology of hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Recent documentation

shows that the major mechanism of progression to end stage renal failure is the

10

segmental glomerulosclerosis seen in hypertensives and also in obesity and the

metabolic syndrome.23

A randomized clinical trial on the effects blood pressure control on the

development of complications was conducted on 389 patients with hypertension

for 7 - 10 years. The assignment to therapy, either a combination of a diuretic and

rauwolfia serpentina, or an identical placebo, was random. Diastolic blood pressure

(DBP) was reduced an average of 10 mm Hg (systolic equals 16 mm Hg) in the

active treatment group with no change in the placebo group. Complications such as

left ventricular hypertrophy, radiographic cardiomegaly, and retinopathy occurred

in the placebo group at a rate of 53% subjects compared to 23.8% in those on

active drugs. It is concluded that there was a lower level of excess risk of

complications in mild hypertension.24

A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in

hypertensive, non-diabetic outpatients was conducted on 102 hypertensive

outpatients. The results show that prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 71.6%,

abnormal waist circumference was 90.41, while low HDL cholesterol and

hypertriglyceridemia had a prevalence of 76.71 and 64.29 respectively. The study

concluded that the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities associated with arterial

hypertension in individuals is up to 35.3%.25

b) Review related to alternative therapies in hypertension:

In a descriptive study conducted on complementary and alternative

medicine in the management of hypertension in an urban Nigerian community four

hundred and forty hypertensive subjects in Idikan community, Ibadan, were

11

interviewed using a semi-structured survey instrument. In the study sample, 29%

used CAM in the management of their hypertension. Among those using CAM, the

most common forms used were herbs (63%) and garlic (21%). Logistic regression

analysis revealed that four variables were independent predictors of CAM use:

being male, belief in supernatural causes of hypertension, lack of belief that

hypertension is preventable and having a family history of hypertension.

Interviews with CAM practitioners revealed that they believed hypertension was

caused by evil forces, stress or "too much blood in the body". Men were more than

twice as likely to use CAM and belief in supernatural causes of hypertension was

the most notable belief predicting CAM use. The study concluded that many

patients seek complementary medicine treatments for common conditions such as

hypertension.26

An evidence-based review on the complementary and alternative medicine

approaches to blood pressure reduction was done from quality evidences like

MEDLINE and EMBASE. It supports the blood pressure–lowering effects of

coenzyme Q10, polyphenol-rich dark chocolate, Qigong, slow breathing, and

transcendental meditation. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with hypertension

and cardiovascular risk. Acupuncture reduced blood pressure in 3 trials. Melatonin

was effective in 2 small trials, but caution is warranted in patients taking

pharmacotherapy. The study concluded that several complementary and

alternativemedicine therapies can be considered as part of anevidence-based

approach to the treatment of hypertension. The potential benefit of these

interventions warrants further research using cardiovascular outcomes.27

A review of 9 randomized trials concluded that the regular use of

12

transcendental meditation significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood

pressure compared to a control. In addition, a trial of 86 patients with hypertension

suggested that daily, music-guided slow breathing reduced systolic blood pressure

measured over a 24-hour period.28

A systematic review of the literature on the effect of tai chi exercise on

blood pressure (BP) was performed searching Medline, CAB, Alt Health Watch,

BIOSIS previews, Science Citation Index, and EMBASE systems; researched

Chinese Medical, China Hospital Knowledge, China National Knowledge

Infrastructure, and China Traditional Chinese Medicine databases; and at the

medical libraries of Beijing and Nanjing Universities. Twenty-six studies

examining patients with and without cardiovascular conditions met inclusion

criteria: 9 randomized controlled trials, 13 nonrandomized studies, and 4

observational studies. Twenty-two studies (85%) reported reductions in BP with tai

chi (3-32 mm Hg systolic and 2-18 mm Hg diastolic BP reductions). Five

randomized controlled trials were of adequate quality (Jadad score > or = 3). No

adverse effects were reported. Tai chi exercise may reduce BP and serve as a

practical, nonpharmacologic adjunct to conventional hypertension management.29

A matched case control study on the Effect of Yoga and Meditation on

Mild to moderate Essential Hypertensives was conducted on patients divided in to

two groups of 15 patients treated with antihypertensive drugs along with yoganidra

and 15 patients on antihypertensive drugs alone. Yoganidra was practiced for

45min daily in the morning and evening. Parameters were recorded at the

beginning and again at the end of 3 months. The study showed a significant fall of

13

mean blood pressure after 3 months of yoganidra. Results of this study suggest that

yoganidra can be used as adjunctive treatment with drug therapy on mild and

moderate essential hypertensives.30

c) Review related to Reiki therapy:

An Integrative Review of Reiki Touch Therapy Research showed that

Reiki touch therapy is a complementary biofield energy therapy that involves the

use of hands to help strengthen the body's ability to heal. There is growing interest

among nurses to use Reiki in patient care and as a self-care treatment, however,

with little supportive empirical research and evidence to substantiate these

practices. The purpose of this integrative review is to begin the systematic process

of evaluating the findings of published Reiki research. Selected investigations

using Reiki for effects on stress, relaxation, depression, pain, and wound healing

management, among others was reviewed and summarized for future research.31

A one-year study of the effects of Reiki on psychological depression and

self-reported stress the hypothesis that it is the Reiki energy itself, and not the

"hands on" touch, that is the healing factor, and examined the long-term effects of

Reiki on depression and stress. Findings of the study demonstrated that there were

no changes in the control/placebo group until they received the six sessions of

actual Reiki a year after the first six placebo sessions. Both the hands-on and the

distance Reiki were effective in relieving symptoms of depression and stress.

Distance Reiki was shown to be slightly more effective than hands on, which ruled

out touch as the causative factor. Re-testing a year later demonstrated that the

14

positive results of the six Reiki treatments had remained intact. The study suggests

combining Reiki with traditional forms of treatment for psychological depression,

because of Reiki's effectiveness, and cost reduction.32

An experimental study on the effect of reiki on acute coronary syndrome

was conducted on patients recovering from acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Randomized inpatients were selected to receive Reiki, a classical music

intervention, or resting control while undergoing continuous

electrocardiographic monitoring via a Holter monitor. Emotional state was

queried by a 10-point Likert scale.Of 229 patients screened, 49 met criteria and

provided signed informed consent. The study concluded that in hospitalized post-

ACS patients, Reiki increased HF HRV (high frequency heart rate variability) and

improved emotional state.33

A randomized controlled single-blind trial of the efficacy of reiki at

benefitting mood and well-being was conducted on 40 university students-half

with high depression and/or anxiety and half with low depression and/or anxiety.

They were randomly assigned to receive Reiki or to a non-Reiki control group.

Participants experienced six 30-minute sessions over a period of two to eight

weeks, where they were blind to whether noncontact Reiki was administered as

their attention was absorbed in a guided relaxation. The efficacy of the intervention

was assessed pre-post intervention and at five-week follow-up by self-report

measures of mood, illness symptoms, and sleep. The participants with high anxiety

and/or depression who received Reiki showed a progressive improvement in

15

overall mood, which was significantly better at five-week follow-up, while no

change was seen in the controls. The findings of both studies suggest that Reiki

may benefit mood.34

A study to evaluate the effect of Reiki as an alternative and complementary

approach to treating community-dwelling older adults who experience pain,

depression, and/or anxiety was conducted on participants (N = 20) who were

randomly assigned to either an experimental or wait list control group. The pre-

and post-test measures included the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Geriatric Depression

Scale-Short Form,Faces Pain Scale, and heart rate and blood pressure including an

experimental component to examine changes in these measures and a descriptive

component (semi-structured interview) to elicit information about the experience

of having Reiki treatments. Significant differences were observed between the

experimental and treatment groups on measures of pain, depression, and anxiety.35

d) Review of literature on the effect of Reiki therapy on hypertension:

As Reiki therapy in hypertensive patient is still a recent practice, very few

literature is available currently which has been listed below:

A study on Biological correlates of Reiki Touchsm healing aimed to test a

framework of relaxation or stress reduction as a mechanism of touch therapy was

done. The study involved the examination of select physiological and biochemical

effects and the experience of 30 minutes of Reiki, a form of touch therapy. A

single group repeated measure design was used to study Reiki Touch’s effects with

16

a convenience sample of 23 essentially healthy subjects. Biological markers related

to stress-reduction response included state anxiety, salivary IgA and cortisol, blood

pressure, galvanic skin response (GSR), muscle tension and skin temperature. Data

were collected before, during and immediately after the session. Comparing before

and after measures, anxiety was significantly reduced. Salivary IgA levels rose

significantly, however, salivary cortisol was not statistically significant. There was

a significant drop in systolic blood pressure (SBP). These findings suggest both

biochemical and physiological changes in the direction of relaxation.36

A Blind trial pilot study on Autonomic Nervous System Changes During

Reiki Treatment on Forty-five (45) subjects was conducted. The subjects were

assigned at random into three groups with three treatment conditions- no treatment

(rest only); Reiki treatment by experienced Reiki practitioner; and placebo

treatment by a person with no knowledge of Reiki and who mimicked the Reiki

treatment. Quantitative measures of autonomic nervous system function such as

heart rate, cardiac vagal tone, blood pressure, cardiac sensitivity to baroreflex, and

breathing activity were recorded continuously for each heartbeat. Values during

and after the treatment period were compared with baseline data. Heart rate and

diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly in the Reiki group compared to

both placebo and control groups. The study indicates that Reiki has some effect on

the autonomic nervous system. The results justify further, larger studies to look at

the biological effects of Reiki treatment.37

A pilot study was conducted to investigate the effect of Healing Touch on

state/trait anxiety and physiological measures of heart rate, blood pressure, muscle

17

tension, skin conductance, and skin temperature in healthy adults. The study used a

single group, repeated measures design with a nonprobability convenience sample

of 30 subjects. Physiological data were collected for 10 minutes before

intervention, during 30 minutes of Healing Touch treatment, and for 10 minutes

post-treatment. During the course of the treatment, changes were observed for all

psychological and physiological measures, with the exception of muscle tension

that remained constant. Results suggest that Healing Touch treatment is associated

with both physiological and psychological relaxation. Further study is warranted to

explore the efficacy of Healing Touch as an intervention for stress in healthy

adults.38

18

6.3

6.4

PROBLEM STATEMENT

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Reiki therapy in reducing the blood

pressure of hypertensive patients at selected hospitals.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the blood pressure among experimental and control group in

hypertensive patients.

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of Reiki therapy on the blood pressure of

hypertensive patients.

3. To associate blood pressure among hypertensive patients with their selected

demographic variables.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Effectiveness: Effectiveness refers to the outcome of Reiki therapy that is gained

in reducing blood pressure which will be considered through pre-test and post-test

scores

Reiki therapy: It is an alternative treatment method based on energy healing that

can reduce the blood pressure of hypertensive patients and enhance the general

well – being.

Hypertension: A blood pressure reading higher than 140/90mm of Hg in a known

19

6.5

6.6

6.7

6.8

cases is hypertension.

HYPOTHESES

H1: There will be significant difference between pre and post BP scores of

experimental group after Reiki therapy.

H2: There will be significant association between the blood pressure of

hypertensive patients and their selected demographic variables in experimental

group.

RESEARCH VARIABLES UNDER STUDY

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Reiki therapy to reduce the blood pressure in

hypertensive patients.

DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Blood pressure of hypertensive patients.

ASSUMPTION

Hypertension is a global epidemic.

Even a slight reduction of 1mm of Hg will minimize hypertension related

complications.

Many steps are taken to combat hypertension along with allopathic therapy.

Reiki therapy is an evidenced based therapy with actual physiologic affects

like reduced heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac vagal tone, cardiac

sensitivity and respiratory rate.

Reiki is a gentle but powerful and flexible therapy which can be affective

for everyone in reducing hypertension and for general well – being.

DELIMITATION

The study will be delimited to selected hospitals, Bangalore.

The study will be delimited for 40 patients.

The study period is limited to 4weeks only.

20

6.9

6.10

7

7.1

7.1.1

PROJECTED OUTCOME

Reiki therapy is a simple and effective way for hypertensive patients to reduce

blood pressure and prevent various complications related to hypertension.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION

Hypertensive patients from selected hospitals, Bangalore.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Study design will be quasi experimental, pre-test post-test study design.

Where;

E = Experimental group

C = Control group

O1 = pre –test blood pressure measurement

O2 = post – test blood pressure measurement

E = O1 X O2

C = O1- O2

21

7.1.2

7.1.3

8

8.1

8.1.1

X = Intervention (Reiki therapy)

SETTING

The study will be conducted among hypertensive patients in selected hospitals,

Bangalore.

POPULATION

Hypertensive patients admitted in the selected hospital, Bangalore.

SAMPLING PROCEDURE

SAMPLE

The hypertensive patients who will be present in the selected hospitals within the

period of study and who fulfill the sampling criteria.

SAMPLE SIZE.

40 hypertensive patients admitted in the selected hospital who meets the sampling

criteria in which 20 patients are for experimental group and 20 other are for control

group.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE.

Purposive sampling will be used for the study.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

Hypertensive patients who will be:

Diagnosed as hypertension and who come to OPD for regular checkup.

22

8.1.2

8.1.3

8.1.4

8.2

8.2.1

Willing to participate in the study.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

Hypertensive patients:

Whose BP is not under control and changed the drug regimen before a

month.

Who are participating other alternative regimen.

INSTRUMENT INTENDED TO BE USED

SECTION A: Tool to assess the demographic information of the samples.

SECTION B: Sphygmomanometer to assess the blood pressure

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

A prior formal permission will be obtained from the medical director of the

concerned hospital, Bangalore. All patients falling under the inclusion criteria will

be given orientation regarding Reiki therapy. Data collection procedure will be

explained to all participants. Informed consent will be taken from the hypertensive

patients who are willing to participate. Each participant will be provided privacy

and comfort. The purpose of the study will be explained in simple terms and

confidentiality is maintained. Baseline data will be recorded for all groups during a

15-minute rest period. After completion of the interview, blood pressure will be

measured in intervals of 3 minutes for 3 times using a previously calibrated

aneroid sphygmomanometer in a quiet room in lying down position on the left

arm. Pre – test will be conducted for all patients. This will be followed by the

intervention. In the Reiki group, subjects will receive 30 minutes of Reiki. In the

23

8.2.2

8.3

control group, subjects asked to follow their normal schedule. The post test will be

administered for all the patients after the completion of the intervention. After the

completion of study all the control group patients will also be administered Reiki

therapy.

METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

It will be analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.

Statistical analysis such as standard deviation, percentage and paired ‘t’ test

will be used to determine the effectiveness of pamphlet.

Co relational analysis will be done to associate the values and demographic

variable.

DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR

INTERVENTION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER

HUMANS OR ANIMALS? IF SO, PLEASE DESCRIBE BRIEFLY.

Yes. The study requires implementation of Reiki therapy to the hypertensive

patients in a selected hospital, Bangalore.

HAS ETHICAL CLEARENCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR

INSTITUTION?

Ethical clearance will be obtained from the research committee of Garden

City College of Nursing.

Permission will be obtained from a selected hospital, Bangalore

Consent form will be obtained from the renal calculi patients who are

willing to participate in the study.

24

8.4

9

LIST OF REFERENCES:

1. Matthew Stoker. Hypertension - a Deadly Silent Epidemic. 2009 Sep 2.

Available from: URL:

http://voices.yahoo.com/hypertension-deadly-silent-epidemic-

4162647.html

2. Gupta R. Hypertension in India--definition, prevalence and evaluation. J

Indian Med Assoc. 1999 Mar; 97(3):74-80. Available from: URL:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10652905

3. Available from: URL:

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5476259_effects-blood-pressure.html

4. Jesus Saves. High Blood Pressure - Overview and Preventive Measures.

2006 Nov 5. Available from: URL:

http://voices.yahoo.com/high-blood-pressure-overview-preventive-

measures-101134.html?cat=5

5. Aram V. Chobanian. The Hypertension Paradox — More Uncontrolled

Disease despite Improved Therapy. The new England journal of medicine.

25

361:878-887. 2009August 27. Available from: URL:

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0903829#t=article

6. Alvin. Reduce High Blood Pressure with Reiki. Available from: URL:

http://www.minusbloodpressure.com/high-blood-pressure-treatment/

reduce-high-blood-pressure-with-reiki/

7. Nikki Mackay. The Science of Reiki. The WHG magazine. Available from:

URL:

http://www.whgmagazine.co.uk/articles/24-the-science-of-reiki-nikki-

mackay

8. Natural Reiki Healing System - Eliminates Symptoms of Hypertension,

High Blood Pressure by Restoring Good Health with Reiki. 2011 May 22.

Available from: URL:

http://www.articlesbase.com/reiki-articles/natural-reiki-healing-system-

eliminates-symptoms-of-hypertension-high-blood-pressure-by-restoring-

good-health-with-reiki-4801400.html

9. Dr. Fernando S. Antezana. Epidemiologic aspects of hypertension in the

world. Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Available

from: URL:

http://www.gfmer.ch/TMCAM/Hypertension/

Epidemiologic_aspects_hypertension_world.htm

10. National Cardiovascular Disease Database. Available from: URL:

http://whoindia.org/LinkFiles/NMH_Resources_National_CVD_database-

Final_Report.pdf

11. Kutty .V.R, Balakrishnan .K.G,Jayasree .A.k, Thomas .J. Prevalence of

26

coronary heart disease in the rural population of Thiruvananthapuram

district, Kerala, India. International Journal of cardiology. 2005

April:39(1):59-70

12. Biswas. U. K, Kumar A. Study on lipid profile, oxidation stress and

carbonic anhydrase activity in patients with essential hypertension. Journal

of Clinical and Diagnostic Research [serial online] 2010 December

10(4):3414-3420. Available from: URL:

http://www.jcdr.in/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-

709x&year=2010&volume=4&issue=6&page=3414-3420&issn=0973-

709x&id=822

13. Gupta R, Gupta VP, Sarna M, Bhatnagar S, Thanvi J, Sharma V, Singh

AK, Gupta JB, Kaul V. Prevalence of coronary heart disease and risk

factors in an urban Indian population: Jaipur Heart Watch-2. Indian Heart J.

2002; 54(1):59-66. Available from: URL:

http://www.jcdr.net/articles/PDF/1084/1290_E(C)_F(J)_PF(_)_p.pdf

14. Dr. S. T. Yavagal. Tips to keep healthy. 2005 Sep 25. Available from:

URL: http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/25/stories/2005092514650200.htm

15. Soumita Majumdar. Under pressure: Hypertension strikes the young. 2010

Jun 27. Available from: URL:

http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_under-pressure-hypertension-

strikes-the-young_1401797

16. Nicole Mackay. The Science of Reiki. Reiki news magazine. Available

from: URL:

http://www.reikiwebstore.com/ProductPage.cfm?

27

ProductID=462&CategoryID=16

17. Das SK, Sanyal K, Basu A. Study of urban community survey in India:

growing trend of high prevalence of hypertension in a developing country.

Int J Med Sci 2005; 2(2):70-78. Available from: URL:

http://www.medsci.org/v02p0070.htm

18. Romdhane H. B, Ali S.B, Skhiri H, Traissac P, Bougatef S, Maire B,

Delpeuch F and Achour N. Hypertension among Tunisian adults: results of

the TAHINA project. Hypertension Research 35; 341-347. 2012 March.

Available from: URL:

http://www.nature.com/hr/journal/v35/n3/full/hr2011198a.html

19. Das A , Rashmi R , Shama S, Sharada V. Prevalence of hypertension in

rural community of nitte, udupi district, Karnataka. Available from: URL:

http://www.commedtvm.org/natcon2009/natcon_papers/

natcon_abs_08.html

20. Yuvaraj BY, Gowda M. R. N, Umakantha A. G. Prevalence, awareness,

treatment, and control of hypertension in rural areas of Davanagere. Indian

journal of Community Medicine;35(1); 138-141. 2010. Available from:

URL:

http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.asp?issn=0970-

0218;year=2010;volume=35;issue=1;spage=138;epage=141;aulast=Yuvara

j;type=0

21. Ishikawa .S, Kario .K, Kayaba .K, Gotoh .T, Nago .N, Nakamura .Y,

Tsutsumi .A and Kajii .E. Continued High Risk of Stroke in Treated

Hypertensives in a General Population. Hypertension Research 31, 1125–

1133. 2008. Available from: URL:

28

http://www.nature.com/hr/journal/v31/n6/abs/hr2008143a.html

22. Viera A. J, Cohen L. W, Mitchell C. M, and Sloane P. D. High Blood

Pressure Knowledge Among Primary Care Patients with Known

Hypertension: A North Carolina Family Medicine Research Network (NC-

FM-RN) Study. Journal of American board of family medicine; 21(4);300-

308. 2008 July-August. Available from: URL:

http://www.jabfm.org/content/21/4/300.abstract

23. Kincaid-Smith, Priscilla. obesity and the insulin resistance syndrome play a

major role in end-stage renal failure attributed to hypertension and labelled

'hypertensive nephrosclerosis'. Journal of Hypertension; 22(6);1051-1055.

2004 June. Available from: URL:

http://journals.lww.com/jhypertension/Abstract/2004/06000/

Hypothesis_obesity_and_the_insulin_resistance.1.aspx

24. Smith WM. Treatment of mild hypertension: results of a ten-year

intervention trial. Circulation Research;40(5):I98-105. Available from:

URL:

http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/140029

25. Bulhões K, Araújo L. Metabolic Syndrome in Hypertensive Patients.

Diabetes Care;30(6); 1624-1626. 2007June. Available from: URL:

http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/6/1624.full

26. Pauline E Osamor, Bernard E Owumi. Complementary and alternative

medicine in the management of hypertension in an urban Nigerian

community. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine; 10(36). 2010

July 19. Available from: URL:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/10/36

29

27. Dr Richard Nahas. Complementary and alternative medicine approaches to

blood pressure reduction - An evidence-based review. Canadian Family

Physician; 54(11); 1529-1533. 2008 November. Available from: URL:

http://www.cfp.ca/content/54/11/1529

28. Colleen O. FoundHealth. Available from: URL:

http://www.foundhealth.com/hypertension/hypertension-and-relaxation-

therapies

29. Yeh GY, Wang C, Wayne PM, Phillips RS. The effect of tai chi exercise

on blood pressure: a systematic review. NCBI;11(2):82-90. 2008. Available

from: URL:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18401235?

ordinalpos=4&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPan

el.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum

30. Deepa T., Sethu G, Thirrunavukkarasu N. Effect of Yoga and Meditation

on Mild to Moderate Essential Hypertensives. : Journal of Clinical and

Diagnostic Research;3711(1885);2012

31. Vitale, Anne. An Integrative Review of Reiki Touch Therapy Research.

Holistic Nursing Practice; 21(4); 167-179 2007 July/August. Available

from: URL:

http://journals.lww.com/hnpjournal/Abstract/2007/07000/

An_Integrative_Review_of_Reiki_Touch_Therapy.2.aspx

32. Adina Goldman Shore. Long-Term Effects of Energetic Healing on

Symptoms of Psychological Depression and Self-Perceived Stress.

Alternative Therapies magazine; 10(3). 2004 May/June. Available from:

URL:

30

http://www.dpierce.com/pat/reiki/reikiarticle.htm

33. Friedman R. S. C, Burg M. M, Miles P, Lee F and Lampert R. Effects of

Reiki on Autonomic Activity Early After Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Journal of American college of cardiology; 56:995-996. Available from:

URL:

http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/full/56/12/995

34. Bowden D, Goddard L, Gruzelier J. A randomised controlled single-blind

trial of the efficacy of reiki at benefitting mood and well-being. Evidenced

based complementary alternative medicine;2011;381862. 2011 Mar 27.

Available from: URL:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21584234

35. Nancy E. Richeson, Judith A. Spross, Katherine Lutz, Cheng Peng. Effects

of Reiki on Anxiety, Depression, Pain, and Physiological Factors in

Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Research in Gerontological Nursing;

3(3). 2010. Available from: URL:

http://www.reikiaustralia.com.au/Resources/ReikiAustralia/Files/reiki_

%20anxiety_depression_pain.pdf

36. Wardell DW, Engebretson J. Biological correlates of Reiki Touch(sm)

healing. Journal of Advanced Nursing;33(4):439-445. 2001 Feb. Available

from: URL:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11251731

37. Mackay N, Hansen S, McFarlane O. Autonomic Nervous System Changes

During Reiki Treatment: A Preliminary Study. The Journal of Alternative

and Complementary Medicine; 10(6); 1077-1081. 2004 December.

Available from: URL:

31

http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2004.10.1077

38. Maville JA, Bowen JE, Benham G. Effect of Healing Touch on stress

perception and biological correlates. Holistic Nursing Practice;22(2):103-

110. 2008 Mar-April. Available from: URL:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18317289

SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

REMARK OF THE GUIDE

.

NAME AND DESIGNATION PROF. SENTHIL KAVITHA

OF THE GUIDE M.SC.(N) (PhD)

MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING

GARDEN CITY COLLEGE

BANGALORE

SIGNATURE

CO-GUIDE

Reiki therapy is an evidenced based biofield energy therapy having physiological effect on heart rate and blood pressure . As hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular, neurological and renal problems, the study will be beneficial for hypertensive patients.

32

SIGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PROF. SENTHIL. KAVITHA

M.SC (N) (PhD)

MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING

SIGNATURE

REMARKS OF THE PRINCIPAL

SIGNATURE

Reiki therapy is a safe, effective and holistic approach for hypertensive patients in controlling hypertension

33

10

11

12

12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

12.5

12.6

34

12.7