1

Development Science I:

LANDSCAPE SERVICES OF PEKARANGAN,

TRADITIONAL AGROFORESTRY

PRACTICES IN INDONESIA

Prof. Dr. HADI SUSILO ARIFIN

Graduate School of International Development and Cooperation

Hiroshima University – Japan – Spring 2012This material was presented in the 10th Jakarta Seminar in RIHN Kyoto, May 22, 2012

The 8th IALE World Congress, 18 - 23 August, 2011, Beijing, China

QUIZ

1. What is the landscape services?

2. What is PEKARANGAN?

PEKARANGAN• A piece of land surrounding the house is a potential land

for ex-situ agro-biodiversity conservation through agro-

forestry, agro-silvo-fishery and agro-silvo-pastura system

practices.

• Fulfill ecological function; the multi-layered vegetation

structure of pekarangan is resemble natural forests and

offer habitat and niche for a diverse community of wild

plants and animals.

Provinces in

Java

< 100

m2

100 < 200

m2

200 < 300

m2

> 300

m2

West Java-

Banten

52.29% 25.00% 8.77% 8.95%

Central Java 27.50% 27.57% 13.20% 31.73%

East Java 34.52% 25.83% 13.33% 26.31%

Yogyakarta 33.51% 17.48% 14.61% 34,40%

SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PEKARANGAN LAND

IN AGRICULTURAL PROVINCES OF JAVA

Source: Arifin (1998)

There are 5,132,000 ha of pekarangan in Indonesia, of which

1,736,000 ha are on Java

[citing 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia]

PEKARANGAN ~ traditional Agroforestry• Privately owned home garden, and the integrated system with the

intimate relationship among human, plants and animals.

• Well known that this garden has a multiple function, e.g. conservation of

genetic resources, soil and water, crop production, and socio-cultural

relationships in the rural area.

• The optimal and sustainable land use with the high productivity in the

tropical region

• The design and structure is depending on the local and ecological

knowledge of surrounding communities. HS Arifin Doc

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SIMPLE AGROFORESTRY

2

COMPLEX

AGROFORESTRY

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MULTIPLE CROPPING

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Tri Angga Concept: Part of plant on a pekarangan

(Source: Arifin, Arifin-Nurhayati, Suryadarma 2003)

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THE OBJECTIVES

• The objective of multi-years research on

pekarangan is to reconstruct and to

revitalize the Indonesian traditional

agroforestry in order to achieve

sustainable bio-resources management

systems on Java. 3. AMENITY SERVICE

2. COMMUNITY WELFARE

1. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATIONTRIPLE

BOTTOM LINE BENEFIT

LOW CARBON SOCIETY THROUGH PEKARANGAN,

TRADITIONAL AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES

THREE STEPS FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF

HARMONIZED DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL-

URBAN AREA

SETLEMENTS

W F F A

Cultural & Spiritual O R O N

Balance O U O I

D I D M

S T S A

S L Three

Social & Economical R R R R Setlements/

Balance E E E E Village

S S S S

O O O O

U U U U

Bio-physical Balance R R R R

Landscape Structure C C C C

Function & Dynamic E E E E

S S S S

LUCC - Dynamic Three Zone of

Watershed

CLIMATE-GEOMORFOLOGY-SOIL

RESEARCH STRUCTURE

MICRO SCALE

MACRO SCALEWATERHED LANDSCAPE BASED

RESEARCH METHOD

Location: six watersheds on Java Island:

• Stage I (1998-2000): Survey on traditional pekarangan bio-

resources in rural area.

• Stage II (2000-2003): Analysis interrelations among the

component in the pekarangan bio-resource management

system and evaluation.

• Stage III (2003-2005): Reconstruction pekarangan bio-

resources management system.

• Stage IV (2005-2007): Adaptation of the new bio-

management system and the proposal of the

reconstruction of the pekarangan bio-resources

management system.

3

International: University, Journal, Internasional Funding Agency, Investor, Developer

Year0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Plants Production

Bio-Physic Survey

GIS Remote Sensing

Graduates

Local AF Model

Integrated Farming System

Landscape Evaluation Landscape

Reconstruction &

Management

Ecological Rural-Urban DesignLU Model

National: University, Rural-Urban Community, Government, Company, NGO

Te

ch

no

log

yP

rod

uc

tM

ark

et

R a

nd

D

Management of Landscape Structure, Function & Dynamic

Management of Biologica; Resources

Agricultural Sciences

Human Ecology

Health and Nutrition Science

Fishery Production

Animal Husbandry Prod

Ecological Landscape

Planning

Species Diversity Analysis

RESEARCH ROADMAP

Sosec-culture Survey

Food Security

Desimination

Articles

Maps Sustainability Model

APPROACHES

Research RS/GIS Survey Exp.Plot Approach

Rural & LUC System V V Land Eval.

Ecovillage Assess. V CSA-GEN

Pekarangan Dynamic V Sp

Richness

Agroforestry System V V V AEZ-Local

species

C Stock V V V Allometric

Supported by related secondary data from many sources

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

LANDSCAPE AND

AGRICULTURE BIODIVERSITY

Landscape profile of the study area in Cianjur Watershed in

West Java (Arifin 2002)

Proposal:

Perma-culture

Zoning Pattern

for Eco-village

VIV

IIIII

I

0

Nurlaelih, Arifin & Arifin 2007

Zoning & Settlement Pattern

Kitchen Storage

Bedrm Living Room

Bedroom

Back Yard/Kebon

Side

Yard/

Pipir

Front Yard/

Buruan

Mosque

Pond

Houses Village Street

Islamic

School

Mosque

River

Forest Gardens

Mixed Gardens

Drylands

and

Paddy field

Cemetery

Nurlaelih, Arifin & Arifin 2007

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PEKARANGAN SIZE• Small Pekarangan < 120 m2

• Medium Pekarangan 120 – 400 m2

• Large Pekarangan 400 – 1000 m2

• Extra Large Pekarangan > 1000 m2

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Source: Arifin 1998

ROAD/STREET/DIRT ROAD

FRONT YARD (BURUAN)

HOUSE BUILDING

LEFT RIGHT

SIDE SIDE

YARD YARD

(PIPIR) (PIPIR)

BACK YARD (KEBON)

ENTRANCE GATE

PEKARANGAN ZONING

Source: Arifin, 1998

PEKARANGAN FUNCTION

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> 10 m: high trees

5-10 m: small tress/ big shrubs

2-5 m: small shrubs/ bushes

1-2 m:bushes,

herbaceous

<1m:herbaceous, grasses

VERTICAL DIVERSITY

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Source: Arifin 1998

HORIZONTAL DIVERSITY• Ornamental Plants

• Fruit Plants

• Vegetable Crops

• Spyces Plants

• Medicinal Plants

• Starchy Crops

• Industrial Plants

• Others: feeds, fuel wood, raw

material for handy craft, etc.

Diversity of

Animal species

in Pekarangan

Diversity of Fish

species in

Pekarangan

Food Supply and Security for Family

GARDEN ELEMENTS OF PEKARANGAN

• Field for plants

• Animal cages

• Fishponds

• Storage building

• Drying site for agriculture

• Drying line

• Play ground

• Benchs

Well

Outer bath room

Flag pole

Lamp pole

Garage

Garbage hole

Trail

Fences

Gate

Etc. HSArifin 2012

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POTENSIAL FARMING

SYSTEM ON PEKARANGAN

• Staple food plants & horticulture: bulbs,

nuts, vegetables, fruits, spice, medicine

• High economic plants: fruits, vegetables,

ornamental plants.

• Live stocks: poultry, cattle

• Fish: ornamental fish, fish for meat

Research

Area

Average

of

Pekarang

an Size

(m2)

Average

of Plant

Canopy

Area*

(m2)

Average

of species

number

Total

species

number

Average

individual

number

Total

individu

al

number

Shanon

Wiener

Diversity

Index

Upper

Stream188.2 167.0 26.7 90 280.0 1680 1.17

Middle

Stream218.7 629.0 40.4 166 491.5 4915 1.31

Down

Stream562.0 1,733.2 44.0 116 346.2 1731 1.24

Species number and individual number

per pekarangan in Cianjur Watershed

* Only tree and shrub with dbh > 2.5 cm was measured

Source: Arifin, Sakamoto & Takeuchi (2001); Arifin (2004).

Plant Function Species Number (%)

Upper Stream Middle Stream Down Stream

Ornamental Plant 47.5 48.9 24.4

Fruit Plant 16.9 20.8 30.4

Vegetable Crop 11.9 12.2 8.3

Spice Crop 3.1 4.5 4.6

Medicinal Plant 3.1 1.7 4.1

Starchy Crops 8.8 5.5 3.7

Industrial Plant 3.1 1.5 7.4

Others 5.6 5.1 17.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Ratio of species number by pekarangan

plant function in Cianjur Watershed

Source: Arifin (2004)

Category of plant uses

Out of 196 spesies (%)

Out of 24 species (%)

Starchy 2.55 8.33

Fruit 14.8 20.83

Vegetable 10.71 12.5

Spices 4.59 -

Medicinal 6.63 -

Industrial 4.08 12.5

Ornamental 52.55 45.83

Others* 3.57 -

Category of Strata (m)

Out of All Species (%)

0-1 40.00

1-2 21.03

2-5 24.10

5-10 6.67

>10 8.21

Category of Kind of Plants

Out of All Species(%)

Grass 1.03

Herbaceous 44.62

Bush 16.92

Shrubs 8.21

Trees 29.23

Category of live Out of All Species (%)

Annual 33.85

Perennial 66.15

Structure of Plants in Pekarangan

Source:

Arifin et al. 2007

CARBON-STOCK

IN PEKARANGAN Bawah (<300

m)

Tengah (300-

600 m)

Atas (>600

m)

KALI BEKASI

WATERSHED

Pekarangan Samples in Kali Bekasi Watershed Villages

6

Leuwijambe (200 m asl)

Sentul City (300 m asl)

Cimandala (600 m asl)

Landeuh (280 m asl)

Pekarangan Structure in Kali Bekasi Watershed

(Adinugroho & Arifin, 2011)

N

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

<5 5-9.9 10-14.9 15-19.9 20-24.9 25-29.9 30-34.9 >35

N (

ind

ivid

u/H

a)

Diameter Class at DBH (cm)

Cimandala

Landeuh

Leuwijambe

Sentul City

HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE OF PEKARANGAN VEGETATION

IN KALI BEKASI WATERSHED (Adinugroho & Arifin, 2011)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Carbon Stock (Ton/Ha)

Cimandala (600 mdpl)

Sentul city (300 mdpl)

Landeuh (280 mdpl)

Leuwijambe (200 mdpl)

Pekarangan Carbon Stock in Kali Bekasi

Watershed (Adinugroho & Arifin, 2011)

CORRELATIONNumber of

Species

Individual

Number

Basal

Area

Carbon_

Stock

Pekarangan Area .425** -.330* -.187 -.136

Number of Species .128 .219 .295*

Individul Number .778** .583**

Basal Area .844**

** Significant (α = 0.01), *Significant (α = 0.05)

CORRELATION MATRIX OF PEKARANGAN

STRUCTURE AND CARBON STOCK IN KALI BEKASI

WATERSHED (Adinugroho & Arifin, 2011)

FOOD SECURITY FOR

FAMILY LEVEL FROM

PEKARANGAN SCALE

Source: Pusat Penganekaragaman Dan Konsumsi Pangan Badan

Ketahanan Pangan Kementerian Pertanian (2012)

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No. Food Group 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014PPH

Ideal

1 Cereals 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0

2 Bulbs 1,1 1,3 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5

3 Animal Meat 16,1 16,8 18,6 19,7 20,9 24,0

4 Oil and Fat 5,0 5,0 4,8 4,9 4,9 5,0

5 Fruits 0,9 0,8 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0

6 Beans 5,8 5,6 9,7 9,7 9,7 10,0

7 Sugar 2,1 2,0 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5

8 Vegetables and Fruits 21,5 20,8 25,7 26,3 26,8 30,0

9 Others 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0

Total 77,5 77,3 89,8 91,6 93,3 100,0

TARGET OF FOOD PATTERN ~ POLA PANGAN

HARAPAN (PPH) 2011 -2014

Source: Susenas 2011 dan Widya Karya Pangan dan Gizi VIII, 2004

*) = PPH realisation based on National Census Survey 2011

PEKARANGAN SURVEY ON JAVA

ISLAND: SIZE OF PEKARANGAN

• Minimal size of land area: 46 m2

• Maximal size of land area: 385 m2

• Average size of land 144 sample: 170.76 m2

• Average of house building area: 76.0 m2

• Average of PEKARANGAN LAND: 93.3 m2

Source: Arifin et. al. 2008 – RDI Seattle USA

Plants Species Distribution on Pekarangan

in 8 Categories of Utilization (144 Samples)

Plants Utilization

Category

From 196 species

(%)ORDER

Ornamental Plants 52.55 I (the highest)

Fruit Plant 14.80 II

Vegetable Crops 10.71 III

Medicinal Plants 6.63 IV

Spyce Plants 4.59 V

Industrial Plants 4.08 VI

Others* 3.57 VII

Starchy Crops 2.55 VIII (the lowest)

Number of Animal, Cattle, Poultry in 144

Pekarangan Samples

No. Animal, Cattle, Poultry G1 G2 G3 G4 Total

1 Cows for milk 3 2 8 2 15

2 Cows for meat 10 20 11 8 49

3 Goats 63 51 51 31 196

4 Sheeps 1 17 18 22 65

5 Broiler Chicken 23 13 10 8 54

6 Local Chicken 182 117 145 128 572

7 Duck 29 10 31 14 84

8 Manila Duck 5 20 39 8 72

9 Rabbit 2 7 4 15 28

10 Fish 0 130 5,445 2,520 8,095

11 Ornamental Fish 0 20 570 0 590

12 Ornamental Birds 5 23 27 27 82

13 Pets: cat/dog 1 7 5 5 18

Family Consumption/Day Pekarangan Product

Group

Calorie Protein Vitamin A Vitamin C

kcalTo Total

(%)

To RDA

(%)gram

To Total

(%)

To RDA

(%)IU

To Total

(%)

To RDA

(%)mg

To Total

(%)

To RDA

(%)

G1 52.9 0.82 0.92 1.8 0.97 1.09 78.7 10.09 11.35 18.7 15.61 17.56

G2 107.9 1.40 1.64 2.5 1.20 1.41 104.4 11.59 13.60 52.6 23.48 27.57

G3 181.9 2.59 2.09 4.6 2.57 2.07 98.8 15.99 12.87 45.8 25.23 20.31

G4 208.6 3.05 2.90 7.1 3.25 3.10 87.2 12.31 11.73 43.7 30.49 29.06

Average 137.8 1.97 1.89 4.0 2.00 1.92 92.3 12.50 12.39 40.2 23.70 23.63

RDA = recommended dietary allowance; To Total = to total consumption

G1/G2 <120m2; G3/G4: 120-400 m2 (Source: Arifin HS dkk (2007)

Energy

Protein0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

WEST JAVA

CENTRAL JAVA

EAST JAVA

Nutrition Contribution from Pekarangan Base on Province

0

100

200

300

400

500Fat

Carbohydrate

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

WEST JAVA

CENTRAL JAVA

EAST JAVA

8

Vitamin A

0

1000

2000

3000

0

100

200

300

400Total consumption

Pekarangan production

Needs (AKG)

Fe

0

20

40

60

80

100

WEST JAVA CENTRAL JAVA EAST JAVA

Vitamin C

FAMILY INCOME FROM PEKARANGAN IN JAVA ISLAND

Income Source of

pekaranganG1 G2 G3 G4 G1&G3 G2&G4 G1-2-3-4

Income(Rp/year) from pekarangan

Plants 33,215 111,458 239,833 160,250 136,524 135,854 136,189

Cattle and Poultry 538,506 679,917 1,275,806 909,083 906,931 794,500 850,715

Trading & Service 38,500 57,778 119,972 252,375 79,236 155,076 117,156

Plants, Cattle, Poultry 571,271 791,375 1,515,639 1,069,333 1,043,455 930,354 986,905

Plants, Cattle, Poultry,

Trading and Service609,771 849,153 1,635,611 1,321,708 1,122,691 1,085,431 1,104,061

Income (Rp/year/m2) from pekarangan

Plants 1,294 1,709 10,198 1,523 5,746 1,616 3,681

Cattle and Poultry 17,034 26,500 15,246 6,951 16,140 16,726 16,433

Trading and Service 2,406 3,484 631 2,177 1,519 2,830 2,175

Plants, Poultry, Cattle 18,329 28,209 25,444 8,474 21,886 18,342 20,114

Plant, Poultry, Cattle,

Trading and Service20,735 31,693 26,075 10,651 23,405 21,172 22,288

G1/G2 <120m2; G3/G4: 120-400 m2 (Source: Arifin HS dkk (2007)

N

o

Tanaman Luas

(m2)

Umur

panen

Rata-rata

prod.

total (g)

Prod.

tiap m2

(g)

Rata-rata

prod./m2/

hari (g)

Prod./ha

(kg)

1 Bayam (3) 4 23 - 50 4.266 10.67,0 161,0 10.670

2 Kangkung darat (1) 4 45 - 160 25.250 63.12,5 389,3 63.125

3 Ubi Jalar (2) 4 127 12.000 30.00,0 69,8 30.000

4 Talas (1) 4 270 15.000 37.50,0 55,5 37.500

5 Kacang Panjang (2) 4 79 - 90 4.500 112.50,0 132,4 11.250

6 Kacang tanah (3) 4 94 - 100 1.833 4.58,0 19,4 4.580

7 Kacang tunggak (2) 4 46 - 83 2.785 6.96,0 40,7 6.960

8 Kedelai (1) 4 99 1.200 1.50,0 6,6 1.500

9 Buncis (1) 4 42 - 47 2.540 6.35,0 57,4 6.350

10 Lobak (1) 4 78 14.000 35.00,0 179,0 35.000

11 Bengkuang (1) 4 170 10.000 25.00,0 58,8 25.000

Total 48 m2) 68 m2

Sela 20 m2)

UMUR PANEN DAN PRODUKSI BEBERAPA SAYURAN

DI KEBUN TAJUR

Sumber: Harjadi (1989)

DAY THE 1st WEEK THE 2nd WEEK

1 singkong kacang panjang

2 kangkung melinjo

3 bayam ubi jalar

4 katuk mangkokan

5 cangkudu kecipir

6 sawi daun kelor

7 talas kedondongan

FOURTEEN SPECIES OF VEGETABLES AS A ROTATION

PLANTING SYSTEM ON PEKARANGAN FOR TWO WEEKS

HARVESTING

Source: Harjadi (1989)

Source of PLANTS SPECIES*)

Vitamin A

mangga, pepaya, adpokat, daun-daun hijau: cangkudu,

pepaya, lamtoro, singkong, talas, katuk kelor, melinjo,

sawi,turi, kangkung, bayam, ubi jalar, kecipir, kacang

panjang, mangkokan

Vitamin C Jambu biji, sirsak, srikaya, cabai besar, pepaya

Proteinkacang panjang, buncis, kara, gude (hiris), kecipir, petai,

lamtoro

Leave vegetables: bayam, singkong, kangkung, melinjo

Caloriepisang, adpokat, kelapa, ubi jalar, ganyong, garut,

singkong, jagung, ubi jalar

Fat kelapa, adpokat

Herbsjahe, kencur, kunyit, kumis kucing, laja, sirih, temulawak,

dan lain-lain

Cashcengkeh, adpokat, durian, petai, kelapa, pepaya, pisang,

tanaman hias, jambu bol, kelengkeng

PRIORITY OF PLANTS SPECIES IN PEKARANGAN

Source: Harjadi (1989)

PEKARANGAN

RECONSTRUCTION AND

INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE

MANAGEMENT

9

TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE BENEFIT – Series Books , Published 2009

GARDEN ENGINEERING FOR

SMALL PEKARANGAN

• Soil Base Culture VS Soilless Culture.

• Organic Farming.

• Vertical Garden, Container Pot Garden

FOOD SAVETY PRODUCT FROM

PEKARANGAN

ORGANIC FARMING

• Suitable for small pekarangan

• Suitable for urban pekarangan

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VERTICULTURE/VERTICAL GARDENS

• Vine species,

• Hanging gardens,

• Suitable for small pekarangan

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CONTAINER POT GARDENS• Suitable for Vegetables and Fruits Plants

• Suitable for Small pekarangan

• Suitable for water lack area

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PEKARANGAN – PRODUCTIVE GARDEN

10

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PEKARANGAN

DISSEMINATION AND

IMPLEMENTATION

11

Pekarangan research results dissemination for Bogor District community29/41

30/41 Pekarangan research results dissemination for Cianjur District communitySeminar and expose of pekarangan research results in Bogor Municipality

32/41

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COMMUNITY EXTENTION SERVICE

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SAPARUA ISLAND, AMBON

12

PEKARANGAN IN EAST

LOMBOK

LOCAL WISDOM:

“Ngaruh, Ngarat, Ngaji”

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PALEMBANG, SOUTH SUMATRA

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RENCANA PENANAMAN

Segmen Penanaman

“ rencana

penanaman dibagi

menjadi lima

segmen/bagian

sesuai dengan

fungsi dan

peruntukan ruang.

Pemilihan jenis

tanaman

disesuaikan dengan

fungsi ruang.

Masing-masing

segmen memiliki

peruntukan dan

pemilihan jenis

tanaman yang

berbeda”

Sumber: Arifin, Wijaya, Isrok & Hasibuan, 2011

01 –

SIT

E P

LA

N

KOLAM IKAN LELE

AREA PARKIR

TURF PAVE

KOLAM IKAN HIAS

MAS KOI

GAZEBO

LAPANGAN SERBA

GUNA

PLANTER

BOX PAVING

PAVING

BLOCK

KANDANG

TERNAK

GREEN

PEKARANGAN

IN BEKASI

14

KANDANG KAMBING DAN KOLAM IKAN

PRODUKSI

Sumber: Arifin, Wijaya, Isrok & Hasibuan, 2011

See You Next Week

Hadi Susilo Arifin

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