04 lecture animation_ppt

Chapter 4

Organization and Regulation of Body Systems

Points to Ponder

• What is a tissue? Organ? Organ system?

• What are the 4 main types of tissue?

• What do these tissues look like, how do they function and where are they found?

• What is the integumentary system?

• How can you prevent skin cancer?

• What is homeostasis and how is it maintained?

What is a tissue?

• A collection of cells of the same type that perform a common function

• There are 4 major tissue types in the body:

1. Connective

2. Muscular

3. Nervous

4. Epithelial

4.1 Types of tissues

1. Connective tissue

• Binds and supports parts of the body• All have specialized cells, ground substance

and protein fibers • Ground substance is noncellular and ranges

from solid to fluid• The ground substance and proteins fibers

together make up the matrix of the tissue• There are three main types of connective

tissue: A. fibrous , B. supportive and C. fluid

4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports

3 main types of connective tissueA. FibrousB. SupportiveC. Fluid


Fibrous connective tissue Supportive connective tissue Fluid connective tissue

Types of Connective Tissue

LooseFibers createloose, openframework

DenseFibers aredensely packed

CartilageSolid yet flexiblematrix

BoneSolid and rigidmatrix

BloodContained inblood vessels

LymphContained inlymphatic vessels

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

A. Fibrous connective tissue

• There are two types: dense or loose, but both contain fibroblast cells with a matrix of collagen and elastic fibers

• Loose fibrous tissue is found supporting epithelium and many internal organs

• Adipose tissue is a special loose fibrous tissue where fat is stored


What does loose fibrous connective tissue look like?


adipose cellstores fat

mast cellreleases chemicals afteran injury or infection

ground substancefills spaces between cellsand fibers

stem celldivides to produce othertypes of cells

fibroblastproduces fibers andground substance

reticular fiberbranched, thin, forms network

white blood cellproduces antibodies

elastic fiberbranched and stretchable

white blood cellengulfs pathogens

collagen fiberunbranched, strong but flexible

Loose fibrous tissue

elastic fiber

fibroblast

collagenfiber



© Ed Reschke

B. Supportive connective tissue: Cartilage

• Cells are in chambers called lacunae• Matrix is solid but flexible• 3 types are distinguished by types of fibers

1. Hyaline cartilage – fine collagen fibers Location: Nose, ends of long bones and fetal skeleton

2. Elastic cartilage – more elastic fibers than cartilage fibers

Location: Outer ear

3. Fibrocartilage – strong collagen fibers Location: Disks between vertebrae


B. Supportive connective tissue:Bone

• Cells are in chambers called lacunae• Matrix is solid and rigid that is made of

collagen and calcium salts• 2 types are distinguished by types of fibers

1. Compact – made of repeating circular units called osteons which contain the hard matrix and living cells and blood vessels Location: Shafts of long bone

2. Spongy – an open, latticework with irregular spaces

Location: Ends of long bones


What do bone and cartilage look like?4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports


Hyaline cartilage

matrix

cell withina lacuna

© Ed Reschke

© Ed Reschke

C. Fluid connective tissue:Blood

• Made of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular componentsthat are called formed elements

• 3 formed elements:1. Red blood cells – cells

that carry oxygen2. White blood cells – cells

that fight infection3. Platelets – pieces of

cells that clot blood


white blood cells

platelets

red bloodcell

plasma


C. Fluid connective tissue: Lymph

• Matrix is a fluid called lymph

• White blood cells congregate in this tissue


2. Muscle tissue

• Allows for movement in the body

• Made of muscle fibers/cells and protein fibers called actin and myosin

• There are 3 types of muscle tissue in humans: A. Skeletal

B. Smooth

C. Cardiac

4.3 Muscle tissue moves the body

A. Muscle tissue - Skeletal

• Appearance: long, cylindrical cells, multiple nuclei, striated fibers

• Location: attached to bone for movement

• Nature: voluntary movement


Skeletal muscle

nucleus

a.

striation

muscle fiber

250×

• occurs in muscles attached to skeleton.• has striated cells with multiple nuclei.

• functions in voluntary movement of body.


© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer

B. Muscle tissue - Smooth

• Appearance: spindle-shaped cell with one nucleus, lack striations

• Location: walls of hollow organs and vessels

• Nature: involuntary movement


© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer

Smooth muscle

• is involuntary.

400×

nucleussmooth muscle cell

b.

• has spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus.

• functions in movement of substances in lumens of body.

• is found in blood vessel walls and walls of the digestive tract.

• cells have no striations.


C. Muscle tissue – Cardiac

• Appearance: branched cells with a single nucleus, striations with darker striations called intercalated disks between cells

• Location: heart

• Nature: involuntary movement


Place “New” Figure 4.5c here

The inset was removed.

Cardiac muscle

• occurs in the wall of the heart.• functions in the pumping of blood.• is involuntary.

250×nucleusintercalated disk

c.

• has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus.

© Ed Reschke


3. Nervous tissue

• Allows for communication between cells through sensory input, integration of data and motor output

• Made of 2 major cell types: A. Neurons

B. Neuroglia

4.4 Nervous tissue communicates

A. Nervous tissue - neurons

• Made of dendrites, a cell body and an axon

• Dendrites carry information toward the cell body

• Axons carry information towards a cell body


axon

dendrite

nucleus

cell body

Astrocyte

Neuron

Oligodendrocyte

nucleus

cell body

dendrite

myelin sheath

Microglia

Capillary

Micrograph of neuron

© Ed Reschke


A. Nervous tissue - neuroglia

• A collection of cells that support and nourish neurons

• Outnumber neurons 9:1

• Examples are

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia


axon

dendrite

nucleus

cell body

Astrocyte

Neuron

Oligodendrocyte

nucleus

cell body

dendrite

myelin sheath

Microglia

Capillary

Micrograph of neuron © Ed Reschke


4. Epithelial tissue

• A groups of cells that form a tight, continuous network

• Lines body cavities, covers body surfaces and found in glands

• Cells are anchored by a basement membrane on one side and free on the other side• Named after the appearance of cell layers and

the shape of the cells• There is transitional epithelium that changes in

appearance in response to tension

4.5 Epithelial tissue protects

How do we name epithelial tissue?• Number of cell layers:

• Simple: one layer of cells• Stratified: more than one layer of cells• Pseudostratified: appears to have layers but only

has one layer

• Shape of cell:• Cuboidal: cube-shaped• Columnar: column-shaped• Squamous: flattened

4.5 Epithelial tissue protects

What does epithelial tissue look like?4.5 Epithelial tissue protects


basement membranebasement membrane

• protects

Simple cuboidal

• absorbs molecules

Simplesquamous

• lining of kidney tubules, various glands• lining of lungs,

blood vessels

© Ed Reschke


Stratified squamous

• protects

basement membrane

Simple columnar

• lining of small intestine, oviducts

• absorbs nutrients

cilia

• lining of trachea

Pseudostratified,ciliated columnar

• lining of nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal,vagina• sweeps impurities

toward throat

goblet cellsecretesmucus

basementmembrane

goblet cellsecretesmucus

basementmembrane

© Ed Reschke

How are cells connected within a tissue?

• Tight junctions – proteins join and form an impermeable barrier between plasma membranes in a zipper-like fashion

• Adhesion junctions – cytoskeletal fibers join between cells and have flexibility

• Gap junctions – a fusion of adjacent plasma membranes with small channels between them that allow small molecules to diffuse

4.6 Cell junction types

Cell junctions4.6 Cell junction types

a. Tight junction

b. Adhesion junction

c. Gap junction

microvilli

plasmamembranes

tight junctionproteins

plasmamembranes

cytoplasmicplaque

intercellularfilaments

cytoskeletalfibers

basementmembrane

membranechannels

plasmamembranes


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The integumentary system:• Includes the skin and accessory organs such

as hair, nails and glands

• The skin has two main regions called the epidermis and the dermis

• Under the skin there is a subcutaneous layer between the dermis and internal structures where fat is stored

• Is important for maintaining homeostasis

4.7 Integumentary system

What are the functions of the integumentary system

1. Protects the body from physical trauma, invasion by pathogens and water loss

2. Helps regulate body temperature

3. Allows us to be aware of our surroundings through sensory receptors

4. Synthesizes chemicals such as melanin and vitamin D


There are two regions of the skin• Epidermis• Dermis


Dermis

Epidermis

Subcutaneous layer

nerve

arteryvein

adipose tissue

sensory receptor

hair root

sweat gland

arrector pili muscle

oil gland

free nerve endings

hair shaft

hair follicle

stem cells

capillaries

sweat pore


The epidermis:

• The thin, outermost layer of the skin• Made of epithelial tissue• Cells in the uppermost cells are dead and

become filled with keratin thus acting as a waterproof barrier

• Langerhans cells are a type of white blood cell that help fight pathogens

• Melanocytes produce melanin that lend to skin color and protection for UV light

• Some cells convert cholesterol to vitamin D


What you need to know about skin cancer?

• 2 of the 3 types that arise in the epidermis:• Basal cell carcinoma is the most common yet least deadly

form of skin cancer• Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer but is the

least common

• What can you do to help prevent this?• Stay out of the sun between 10am-3pm• Wear protective clothing (tight weave, treated sunglasses,

wide-brimmed hat)• Use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 and protects from

UV-A and UV-B rays• Don’t use tanning beds


What might skin cancer look like?4.7 Integumentary system

De

rmis

Ep

ide

rmis

a. Light micrograph of skin c. Melanoma

flattened anddead cells

cells undergoingkeratinization

stem cellsand melanoytes

dermalprojection

b. Basal cell carcinoma

a: © John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; b: © Ken Greer/Visuals Unlimited; c: © James Stevenson/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.


The dermis:• The thick, inner layer of the skin

• Made of dense fibrous connective tissue

• Contains elastic and collagen fibers

• Contains blood vessels, many sensory receptors and glands


What are the accessory organs of the skin and why are they important?

• Includes nails, hair and glands

• Nails are derived from the epidermis that offer a protective covering

• Hair follicles are derived from the dermis but hair grows from epidermal cells

• Oil glands are associated with hair and produce sebum that lubricates hair and skin as well as retards bacterial growth

• Sweat glands are derived from the dermis and helps to regulate body temperature


Moving from tissue to organs and organ systems

• An organ is 2 or more tissue types working towards a particular function

• An organ system is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

4.8 Organ systems

What are the organ systems of the human body?

4.8 Organ systems

Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system

• protects body.

• synthesizes vitamin D.

• ingests food.• digests food.• absorbs nutrients.• eliminates waste.• absorbs fats.

• maintains breathing.

Integumentarysystem

• receives sensory input.• helps control temperature.

Cardiovascularsystem

• transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes.• defends against disease.• helps control temperature, fluid, and pH balance.

Lymphatic andimmune systems

• helps control fluid balance.

• defends against infectious disease.

• exchanges gases at lungs and tissues.• helps control pH balance.

• excretes metabolic wastes.• helps control fluid balance.• helps control pH balance.


What are the organ systems of the human body?

4.8 Organ systems

• supports the body.• protects body parts.• helps move the body.

Muscular system Reproductive systemNervous system Endocrine systemSkeletal system

• maintains posture.

• produces heat.

• receives sensory input. • produces hormones.

• responds to stress.

• produces gametes.• transports gametes.• produces sex hormones.

• produces blood cells.

• stores minerals.

• moves body and internal organs.

• integrates and stores input.• initiates motor output.• helps coordinate organ systems.

• helps coordinate organ systems.

• helps regulate fluid and pH balance.• helps regulate metabolism.

• nurtures and gives birth to offspring in females.


What are the body cavities?4.8 Organ systems

diaphragm

plurae

pericardium

peritoneum

a.

b.

Dorsalcavity

Thoraciccavity:contains heart,lungs, andesophagus

Ventralcavity

Abdominalcavity:contains stomach,liver, spleen,pancreas,gallbladder,and intestines

Pelviccavity:containsreproductiveand otherorgans

Cranialcavity:contains brain

Vertebralcavity:containsspinal cord

Pelvic cavity:contains reproductiveand other organs

Thoracic cavity:contains esophagus,heart, and lungs

Abdominal cavity:contains digestive and other organs


What about the body membranes that line the cavities?

• Mucous membranes – lining of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems

• Serous membranes – line lungs, heart, abdominal cavity and covers the internal organs; named after their location

• Pleura: lungs• Peritoneum: abdominal cavity and organs• Pericardium: heart

• Synovial membranes – lines the cavities of freely movable joints

• Meninges – cover the brain and spinal cord

4.8 Organ systems


What is homeostasis?

• The ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the body

• The nervous and endocrine systems are key in maintaining homeostasis

• Changes from the normal tolerance limits results in illness or even death

4.9 Homeostasis

All systems are important in maintaining homeostasis

4.9 Homeostasis

Nervous System

Endocrine System

Respiratory System

Cardiovascular System

Excretes nitrogenous and other wastes.Regulates water-salt balance of the blood.Helps regulate the acid-base balance of theblood.

Urinary System

Digestive System

Muscular System Integumentary System

All systems of the body contribute tomaintain homeostasis. These systemsin particular are especially noteworthy.

Regulates and coordinates the activities of allthe other systems. It responds quickly tointernal and external stimuli.

Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissuecells and transports wastes away from cells.Also transports hormones secreted by theendocrine glands.

Supplies blood with nutrients and water fortissue cells. Rids the body of nondigestibleremains.

Produces heat that maintains bodytemperature. Protects and supports internalorgans.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones, whichalso regulate and coordinate the activities ofother systems. Works more slowly than thenervous system.

Supplies blood with oxygen for tissue cellsand rids blood of carbon dioxide. Helpsregulate the acid-base balance of the blood.

Lymphatic System

Helps maintain blood volume by collectingexcess tissue fluid and returning it vialymphatic vessels to the cardiovascular veins.Defends against disease.

Helps maintain body temperature and protectsinternal organs.


What are the mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis?

• Negative feedback

• Positive feedback

4.9 Homeostasis

Negative feedback

• The primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis

• Has two components: • sensor • control center

• The output of the system dampens the original stimulus

4.9 Homeostasis

Control center

sends data to control center directs response to stimulus

stimulus

Sensor Effect

Homeostasistoo little

too much

negative feedbackand return to normal




An example of negative feedback: body temperature

4.9 Homeostasis

Control center

Control center

Sensor

SensorEffect

98.6°F set point

Effect

stimulus

stimulus

Normal body temperature

above normal

below normal

sends data tocontrol center 98.6°F set point directs response

to stimulus

Blood vessels dilate;sweat glands secrete.

negative feedbackand return to normaltemperature

sends data tocontrol center

negative feedbackand return to normal

Blood vessels constrict;sweat glands are inactive;shivering may occur.

directs responseto stimulus


Positive feedback

• A mechanism for increasing the change of the internal environment in one direction

• An example is the secretion of oxytocin during birth to continually increase uterine contractions

• Can be harmful such as when a fever is too high and continues to rise

4.9 Homeostasis

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