04) Hardware Basics

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HARDWARE BASICS

Department of Mathematics

&Computer Science

Faculty of Natural Sciences The Open University of Sri Lanka

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Hardware Basics

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Computer contains several components and these

components can be fitted to computer in both

internally and externally .


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External Components ofComputer

Computer Monitor A monitor or display (sometimes called a visual

display unit) is an electronic visual display for

computers. It is a standard output device

CRTMonitor

LCD Monitor

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Cont…

Most use a cathoderay tube as a display

device.

CRT! "lass tube that is narro# at one end

and opens to a flat screen at the other

end.

$arro# end contains electron %uns.

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CRT Monitor (cathode-ray tube) &ul'y heavy use vacuum tube technolo%y.

sin% technolo%y that #as developed in the *+th century.


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Cont… Three %uns for color (Red "reen &lue).

Display screen is covered #ith tiny phosphor dots that emitli%ht #hen struc' by the electron %un.

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• "C# Monitor ("i$uid Cry%ta#i%pay)

Lo# po#er consumption and compact si,e

Does not have cathode ray type emission system

Color -uality is %ettin% improved

armful ray emission also less

Initially came #ith laptop computers

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Cont…

&eyboard /tandard input device of the computer.

standard 0C 'eyboard contains *12 to *13 'eys

LA0T40 computer you have 35 'eys

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Cont…

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Cont…

Mou%e Mouse is used as pointin% device in computer

Also used in pressin% buttons sho#n in screen to initiate

commands

There are various 'inds of mouse models in mar'et today

Mechanical Mouse

Optical Mouse

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Cont…

Mechanica Mou%e (*ith Scro/ *ithoutScro)

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as a rubber or metal ball on its underside that can roll

in all directions.

Mechanical sensors #ithin the mouse detect the direction

the ball is rollin% and move the screen pointeraccordin%ly.

Commonly used

Due to dust so re%ular cleanin% is necessary to trac'ball

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Cont…

,ptica Mou%e (*ith Scro/ *ithoutScro)

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Movement is detected by sensin% chan%es in reflectedli%ht rather than by interpretin% the motion of a rollin%

sphere

It respond more -uic'ly and precisely than mechanicalmouse

It is more e6pensive

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Cont…

There can be t#o or three button mouse

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4peration and #ord associated #ith mouse

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Commonly

used word

Operation

Cic .re%%in e!t mou%e button once

#oube Cic .re%%in e!t mou%e button once in

$uic %ucce%%ion

Riht Cic .re%%in riht mou%e button once#ra .re%%in and hodin e!t mou%e

button mo0e mou%e

Scro Scro by mo0in ner o0er direction

to %cro


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Cont…

.rinter A device that prints te6t or illustrations on paper.

Three types of printers

Dot Matri6 printer

In'7et 8 &ubble 7et printer

Laser printer

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#ot matri .rinter

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Creates characters by stri'in% pins

a%ainst an in' ribbon. This is much

li'e a type#riter

9ach pin ma'es a dot and

combinations of dots form characters

and illustrations.


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Cont…

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Can print on multipart stationery or ma'e carboncopies

Lo#est printin% costs per pa%e.

As the in' is runnin% out the printout %radually fades rather

than suddenly stoppin% part#ay throu%h a 7ob.

Able to use continuous paper rather than re-uirin% individual

sheets.

Create noise #hen the pins or typeface stri'e the ribbon to the

paper.

Can only print lo#erresolution %raphics #ith limited color

performance limited -uality and lo#er speeds compared to

nonimpact printers.


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n et .rinter Most popular and affordableprinters available today

It place small drops of in' ontothe paper.

In'7et printers in' drops are

e7ected by a pressure #ave

created by the mechanicalmotion of the pie,oelectric

ceramic.

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&ubble :et printer

In' drops #ere e7ected from the no,,le by the fast

%ro#th of an in' vapor bubble on the top surface of a

small heater.

In'7et printers use serial printin% process

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"a%er .rinter It uses laser beams to

print

The laser creates an

ima%e on a drum

This pic's up toner and

prints the ima%e on tothe paper

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Cont…


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ront !iew and t"e Bac#!iew of Computer

Sy%tem nit

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Front of a Computer

Case


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Cont…

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Power Button To turn on your computer

Power Light 0o#er li%ht should turn on #hen 0Cturn on

Reset Button Restart the machine forcefully

Floppy Drive ;loppy dis's are read and #ritten by a

floppy dis' drive

CD Drive /hort for Compact Disk driveCDR4M discs are read usin% CDR4M

drives


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Cont…

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Zip Drive small portable dis' drive usedprimarily for bac'in% up and archivin%personal computer files

Drive bay An area of reserved space in apersonal computer #here hard orfloppy dis' drives (or tape drives) canbe installed. The number of drive baysin a computer determines the totalnumber of internal mass stora%edevices it can handle.

DD Drive


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ront !iew and t"e Bac#!iew of t"e Computer

Sy%tem nit

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Bac! of a Computer

Case

Many of the e6ternal

components fit into

appropriate port of the

bac' of your 0C

Power connector •Connect the computer to the po#er


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Power connector •Connect the computer to the po#ersupply

"# Connector •A


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&etwor! port se to communicate #ith othercomputers or internet

Printer port •se to connect printer to your 0C•=2 pin D&=2 0arallel 0ort•Almost all the 0Cs have only one

parallel port but can add more bybuyin% and insertin% I/A80CI parallelport cards.

'oun% Line in(

'oun% Line out

0in'8Red Microphone connector

"reen ) Line4ut ;ront /pea'erseadphones

&lue > Line in connectin a C#-payer or ca%%ette tape


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Cont…

*'B Port

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/tands for U niversal Serial Bus

/& allo#s data to be transferred

bet#een devices

p to *=5 devices can connect to the

host either directly or by #ay of /&

hubs.

• ?eyboard• Mouse• 0rinter• Modems• /canners


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Internal Components ofComputer



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Cont…

C. 7 Centra .roce%%in nitThe brain 8 heart of the computer

Commonly called as processor + microprocessor

It handles all the instructions and data inside the computer

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Cont…Components of CP*

AL! To do mathematical calculations. It mi%ht be able to

add subtract multiply and divide

C! To handle instructions and command

Re%isters! To store the data for current

processin%8operations

Cache! To store the data that is re-uired for ne6toperation as #ell as repeatedly re-uired data

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Cont…@hen you double clic' on an icon to run a pro%ram here is

#hat happens!

The pro%ram #hich is stored inside the hard dis' drive is

transferred to the RAM memory. A pro%ram is a series of instructions.

The C0 usin% a circuit called memory controller loads the

pro%ram data from the RAM memory to the C0.

$o# the data is inside the C0 and starts processin%.

@hat happens ne6t #ill depend on the pro%ram. The C0 could

continue loadin% and e6ecutin% the pro%ram or could do somethin%

#ith the processed data li'e displayin% somethin% on the screen.

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CP* performs the following four steps for each instruction,

The control unit %ets the instruction from memory.

The control unit decodes the instruction (decides #hat it means)

and direct the necessary instructions from memory to thearithmetic8lo%ic unit. These first t#o steps to%ether are called

instruction time or Itime.

The arithmetic8lo%ic unit e6ecutes the arithmetic or lo%ical

instruction. That is the AL performs the actual operation. The arithmetic8lo%ic unit stores the result of this operation in

memory or in a re%ister. /teps and B to%ether are called

e6ecution time or 9time.


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There are %e0era *ay% to cacuate the %peed o! C.8 ,nemethod i% %peci!yin the in%truction% carried out per%econd8

1 in%truction per %econd 19:

1+24 in%truction% per %econd 1 &9:

1+241+24 in%truction% per %econd 1 M9:

Cont…


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Multi core processor

Modern C0s are built to contain multiples of C0 cores

inside one main central processin% unit. 96! dual core core

duo -uad core

They are sharin% one common cache because most of thetime these C0 cores are #or'in% in parallel to do sub tas's

of a sin%le tas' and the data is common

!%A Card &%rap"ic card'

There is a separate processin% unit in


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A%$ sloton

mot"er(oard

$CIexpressslot onmot"er(oard


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/ame as motherboard a %raphic card is a printed circuit

board that includes

0rocessor! "0 ("raphic 0rocessin% nit)

&I4/ chip! stores the cardEs settin%s and performs

dia%nostic

Memory! to 'eep processed data.

Most %raphic cards have t#o monitor connections

D


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There are


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Computer )emory * )ain )emory *$rimary

)emory &RA)'

RAM stands for R andom #ccess Memory.

Can be accessed randomly that is any byte of memory

can be accessed #ithout touchin% the precedin% bytes.

RAM is used to 'eep #or'in% data that is re-uired by

C0 and loaded pro%rams also e6ist in there.

4nce po#er is s#itched off information from memory

%ets erased Therefore this memory is called as

FolatileG memory.

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Cont…9i%tory o! R;M%8


How muc" RA) do you


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How muc" RA) do youneed+ $e6t to the C0 itself RAM is the most important factor in

computer performance

/ometimes addin% RAM can ma'e more of a difference than

%ettin% a ne# C0H

If your system responds slo#ly or accesses the hard driveconstantly then you need to add more RAM

If you are runnin% @indo#s 0 Microsoft recommends

*=3M& as the minimum RAM re-uirement.

Linu6 #or's happily on a system #ith only B M& of RAM

Mac 4/ systems should have a minimum of *=3 M&.

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Cont… The amount of RAM listed for each system above is estimated for normal

usa%e

If you do computeraided desi%n (CAD) D modelin%8animation or heavy

data processin% or if you are a serious %amer then you #ill most li'ely need

more RAM.

ou may also need more RAM if your computer acts as a server.

Another -uestion is ho# much


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4ne piece of e-uipment that

ties everythin% to%ether

It allo#s all the parts of the

computer to receive po#er

and communicate #ith one

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Main


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Dia%ram of a modern motherboard #hich supports many on

board peripheral functions as #ell as several e6pansion slots.


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Devices that can be used to connect to the motherboardare

RAM

/ound card

"raphic card

ard dis'

C0

Motherboard %enerally contain


Component Operation by its component


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Cont…Component Operation by its component

•Input output controller This will drive all the disks and printer

and other output devices.

•VGA controller (onboard or add on) Controls output to computer monitors.

•Memory controller Control memory modules itted to

motherboard.

•Communication controller To communicate usin! telephone line or

network.

•"ystem bus #assa!e where the data is sent to all

devices when necessary.

•$%M $ead only memory that powered by a

small battery which contains basic

instructions to start computer and the

inormation on all the devices connected

to computer. This also stores date and

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Busses and ,ort" Brid-e . Sout"


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Busses and ,ort" Brid-e . Sout"Brid-e Data are constantly bein% moved bac' and forth bet#een

the C0 and all the other components (RAM hard dis'etc.). These transfers are all done usin% busses.

These busses #hich connect all the components to each

other. There are several buses they are all connected. so

that data can run from one to another.

&us system is subdivided into several branches.

That is because some of the 0C components #or' #ith hu%e

amount of data #hile others #or' #ith less amount ofdata.

96! the keyboard only sends very few bytes per second, whereas the

working storage (RAM) can send and receive several gigabytes per

second. So you cant attach RAM and the keyboard to the same bus.Sampe !ooter 51

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T#o busses #ith different capacities (band#idths) can be

connected if #e place a controller bet#een them.

/uch a controller is often called a bri%ge since it functions

as a brid%e bet#een the t#o different traffic systems.

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Cont


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Cont… The busses connectin% the motherboard to the 0CGs

peripheral devices are called !"# busses.

The motherboardGs busses are re%ulated by a number of

controllers. Most of these controller functions are %rouped

into a couple of lar%e chips #hich to%ether comprise the

chip set. The most #idespread chipset architecture consists of t#o

chips usually called the north and south brid%es

The north brid%e and south brid%e are connected by a

po#erful bus #hich sometimes is called a link channel!

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Cont


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Cont… The north brid%e controls the flo# of data bet#een the C0

and RAM and to the A"0 port

It has a lar%e heat sin'. It %ets hot because very lar%e amounts

of data traffic pass throu%h it.

The A"0 is actually an I84 port. It is used for the video card.

In contrast to the other I84 devices the A"0 port is directlyconnected to the north brid%e because it is close to the RAM.

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Cont… /outh brid%e loo's the transfer of data to and from the hard

dis' and all the other I84 devices and passes this data into

the lin' channel #hich connects to the north brid%e

south brid%e is physically located close to the 0CI slots #hich

are used for I84 devices

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04) Hardware Basics