Classification of Minerals

Classification of Minerals Dr. Ulva Ria Irfan

Kristalografi & MineralogyProgram Studi Teknik GeologiSemester Akhir 2013-2014Makassar, 15 April 2014Classification of Minerals by Anionic Species(Anions are negative ions)Anions are Negative Ions

May be single species : O, F, Cl, S. May be anionic group (polyanion): CO, SO, PO

Silicates are classified bypolymerization of the silicatePolyanion : Isolated tetrahedraChainsSheetsFrameworks

Silicates are classified by polymerization

Orthosilicates (SiO4)4-: Isolated tetrahedra Sorosilicates (Si2O7)6- Bow-Ties Chain silicates (SiO3)2- : Infinite single chains (Si4O11)6- : Double Chains Sheet Silicates (Si4O10)4- sheets Framework Silicates (SiO2) framework

Orthosilicates: (SiO4)4-Isolated SiO4 tetrahedra Olivine Group (Mg2SiO4) Garnet Group (Mg3Al2Si3O12) Aluminosilicate Group (Al2SiO5) Staurolite, Zircon, Titanite

Sorosilicates and Cyclosilicates Epidote Group Ca2Al2FeSi3O12(OH) Tourmaline NaMg3Al5B3Si6O27(OH)4 Beryl Be3Al2Si6O18 Cordierite (Mg,Fe)2Al(AlSi5)O18 nH2O

Chain SilicatesSingle Chains Orthopyroxenes Mg2Si2O6 Clinopyroxenes CaMgSi2O6 Pyroxenoids Ca3Si3O9

Double Chains Amphiboles (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2- Antigorite Mg3Si2O5(OH)4

Layer Silicates Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 Biotite K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 Muscovite KAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2 Chlorite (Mg,Fe)6AlSi3O10(OH)2Framework Silicates(Tektosilicates)Silica Group SiO2 Alkali Feldspar (Na,K)AlSi3O8 Plagioclase NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8 Feldspathoids (Leucite, Kalsilite, etc) Zeolites (open hydrous frameworks)

Halides: anion is F, Cl, Br or I

Halogens are the elements F, Cl, Br, IHalogens are monovalent anions Halite (NaCl), Sylvite (KCl) Fluorite (CaF) Cryolite NaAlF

Sulfides: anion is S

Sulfur is anion, but is more covalent than ionic Pyrite, marcasite (FeS), Chalcopyrite (CuFeS) Sphalerite ZnS, Galena (PbS) Chalcocite CuS, Covellite (CuS), Bornite CuFeS) Realgar (AsS), Orpiment (AsS), Cinnabar (HgS) Stibnite (SbS), Molybdenite (MoS)

Sulfide minerals typically have metallic luster, covalent bonding, and occur in hydrothermal veins.

Only rarely do they occur at the surface.

Oxides (Single): anion is O (no polyanion)

Hemi-oxide Cuprite (CuO), Ice (HO) Monoxides Periclase group MgO, FeO, CaO, MnO Zincite ZnO, Bromellite BeO Sesquioxides Corundum AlO, Hematite FeO Dioxides Rutile TiO, Cassiterite SnO, Pyrolusite MnO

Oxides (Complex): anion is O Ilmenite FeTiO Spinel Group Spinel MgAlO, Magnetite FeO Perovskite CaTiO

Hydroxides: anion is OH

Brucite Mg(OH) Gibbsite Al(OH) Diaspore AlOOH (Bauxite) Goethite FeOOH

Carbonates: Anion is (CO)

Calcite CaCO, Rhodochrosite MnCO Siderite FeCO, Smithsonite ZnCO Dolomite CaMg(CO) Aragonite CaCO, Witherite BaCO Strontianite SrCO,Cerussite PbCO Malachite and Azurite

Sulfates and Phosphates: (SO) and (PO )3-

Barite (BaSO4), Celestine (SrSO4) GypsumCaSO4 2H O .2H2O Anhydrite CaSO4 Apatite Ca5(PO4)3OH Turquoise CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)84H2O

Native Elements (no anions)

Pure elements that occur as minerals Graphite, diamond (C) Sulfur (S) Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu) Iron (kamacite) Nickel (taenite) As, Te, Se, Pt, Ir, Os, Pd, Ru, Rh

Periodic Table of Anions

Periodic Table of the Elements & their ions

Periodic Table of the Elements & their ions

TUGASTEMA : OrthosilicatesSorosilicates and CyclosilicatesChain SilicatesTektosilicatesHalides & HydroxidesSulfidesOxidesCarbonateSulfates and PhosphatesNative Elements

Buat Kelompok yang terdiri dari 2 orang.Pilih Tema Kelompok MineralBuat Makalah sesuai dengan tema yang dipilih.Isi Makalah : a. Pendahuluan (latar belakang, tujuan, manfaat tugas yang diberikan) .b. Kelompok Mineral , uraikan masing-masing karakteristik mineral (Nama Mineral, Rumus Kimia, Sistem kristal, sifat fisik, genesa/proses terbentuknya, gambar).c. Kesimpuland. Daftar PustakaTerima KasihSelamat belajar & mengerjakan tugasTugas dikumpulkan hari selasa, 22 April 2013.Kel 1 : Elvira, SulmaKel 2 : Didit, IbnuKel 3 : Aldy, AdlyKel 4 : Sandy, AskhariKel 5 : Imang, Paskal, SayyedKel 6 : Sandri, DianKel 7 : Nisa, IchaKel 8 : Musdalifa, SaidKel 9 : Nahrul, ErensKel 10 : Ummul, Fitri