Cement Standards

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• ASTM • Very different from other standard groups

• EN • Similar to old European standards (BS)

• GOST • Now similar or comparable with EN

• Asian standards • CN – similar or comparable to EN

• JP

• French standards - Africa

Cement standard groups

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• ASTM C109 : • Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength

• ASTM C114-15 : • Standard Test methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement

• ASTM C150 : • Standard Specification for Portland Cement

• ASTM C1157 : • Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement

ASTM (American Standard Testing and Materials)

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Portland cement: CEM I

Portland-composite cement: CEM II

Blastfurnace cement: CEM III

Pozzolanic cement: CEM IV

Slag-pozzolanic cement: CEM V

EN 197-1 Cement types (draft prEN2014)

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Composite cement: CEM VI

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CEM III / B 32.5 N - LH / HS / NA

Low heat on

hydration (LH)

High sulfate

resistance

Low effective alkali

content

DIN EN 197 DIN

1164

Cement

Cement category:

I,II, III, IV, V

Category for the share of

„admixtures“: A, B, C

Strength category: 32.5; 42.5; 52.5

Hardening speed category: L, N, R

Notation of the „admixture“:

S, D, P, Q, V, W, T, L, LL

-S (Addition for CEM II)

L only for CEM III – cements !

Classification of technical cement notations

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• SNI 2049:2015 : • Semen Portland (Reference : ASTM C150)

• SNI 0302:2014 : • Semen Portland Pozolan (Reference : ASTM C595, EN 197-1)

• SNI 7064:2014 : • Semen Portland Komposit (Reference : ASTM C595, EN 197-1)

• SNI 8363:2017 : • Semen Portland Slag (Reference : ASTM C595, EN 197-1) • Bedakan dengan SNI 6385-2016 Spesifikasi Semen Slag utk digunakan dalam

beton dan mortar

• SNI 15-0129-2004 : • Semen Portland Putih (Reference : ASTM C150)

• SNI 15-3578-2004 : • Semen Masonry (Reference : ASTM C91)

SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia)

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Cement Constituents

9

Cement Constituents

CLINKER

GYPSUM

SCMs:

Natural :

pozzolana, volcanic tuff

Industrial :

silica fume, slag, fly ash, calcined clay

FILLER : limestone

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Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs)

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Industrial/Processed / Manufactured 1. Silica fume (ASTM C 1240) 2. Fly Ash (ASTM C 215) 3. Slag (ASTM C 989).

Natural Pozzolanas (ASTM C 618 Class N) 1. Produced from natural mineral deposits (e.g., volcanic ash or pumicite,

diatomaceous earth, opaline cherts and shales) 2. May require heat treatment (e.g., metakaolin or calcined clay, calcined shale,

rice hull ash, calcined shale)

Classification by sources :

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• Can be activated by either grinding or by a chemical process;

• The main chemical activators are Na(OH), Ca(OH)2, SO42- and water glass

(Na2SiO3);

• Under an alkaline pH, Al2O3, SiO2 and CaO get into solution and generate

hydration products;

• The type of calcium sulfate, as well as the C3S content of the clinker, are

important factors for blended cement containing high amounts of slag since they

work as catalyst.

Slags

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• Low heat of hydration;

• Low initial strength and higher long term strengths;

• Lower permeability;

• High resistance against sulfate attack

• Higher elastic modulus due to the lower hydration rate compared to

ordinary Portland cement, reducing the risk of cracking due to shrinkage or

expansion.

• Bleeding: lower fineness (cement equivalent) increase. Finer decreases.

• Concrete finishability improved if content not too high

Blended Cement with Slag

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• Lower reactivity than clinker at early strength

• Requires activation: physical or chemical

• Physical activation by grinding finer

• Slag is harder than clinker and requires more electrical energy

• Not all slag are suitable

• Quality is sometimes hard to be evaluated, differently from clinker

• Concrete with cement with slag may show a greenish or bluish color

Some Slag Disadvantages

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• North America Type F x C

• Function of CaO content: type F under 8%

• Europe Type V and W respectively

• Function of SiO2 + Al2O3+ Fe2O3. If > 70% type V and if < 70% type W

• F provides better workability, lower heat of hydration, better protection against AAR and better late strengths

• Type C better early strengths, faster slump loss

• Pozolanic nature: function of C content, fineness, and mainly glass content and nature of the glass.

Fly Ash

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Other Additives

• Limestone filler is soft material to grind with benefits for cement grain size

distribution;

• Calcined clay or metakaolin

• Silica fume is an extremely fine residue of Si or Fe - Si manufacturing, that

highly improves strength, but too expensive

• Rice husk ashes: excellent pozzolan being constituted by extremely fine

particles of vitreous SiO2.

• Tuff: usually low quality pozzolan

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• Cheaper

• Easier to grind than clinker. High content coating

• The main cementitious material used in Africa

• Improve workability and cause less bleeding

• Less shrinkage: Physical- improving particle packing

• Impact on strength depending on the content

• At least 75% CaCO3 and careful with TOC (EN)

• Dolomite presence: risk of de-dolomitization and expansion

Limestone

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• As major constituent – mainly filler effect

• Filling hollow spaces between other particles;

• By this building more dense structure, resulting in slightly increased strength;

• Reducing the water demand and improving the workability of concrete;

• At higher incorporation levels the dilution effect dominates.

• Improvement option • is to grind the clinker share separately finer.

Effect of limestone in cement

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Quality Control: Influences on Cement Quality

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Raw

materials

Secondary

raw

materials

Primary fuels

Secondary

fuels

Clinker

ggbf-slag

Fly ash

Limestone

Pozzolana

Silica fume

Ca-Sulfate

Natural

gypsum

FGD gypsum

Anhydrite

Water

Cement

Admixtures

Aggregates

Grinding aid

Filler

Fly ash

ggbf-slag

Silica fume

Concrete

Workability Heat of hydration Early strength Final strength Durability Bleeding Color Surface …

specialized concrete and processes

differentiated products and environments