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7/31/2019 02 Data Collection
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Statistical DataCollection &
Sampling
Techniques
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2
It is a capital mistake to theorize
before one has data.
-Sir Arthur Conan Doyle as SherlockHolmes
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How important is it?
Data collection is an extremely importantpart of any research because the
conclusions of a study are based on whatthe data reveal.
There are several ways of collecting data.The choice of procedures usually dependson the objectives and design of the studyand the availability of time, money andpersonnel.
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Examples of data
Demographic information such as age,sex, household size, civil status orreligion.
Social and economic information such aseducational attainment, health status,extent of participants in socialorganizations, occupation, income,
housing condition and the like.
Scores in exams, grades, etc.
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Types of Research Data
Generally classified as:1. quantitative or
2. qualitative
Types based on their source:
1. Primary
2. Secondary
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Quantitative and Qualitative Data
1. Quantitative Data
- are information which can becounted or expressed in numericalvalues.
Ex: age, grades, income, test score,number of children, level ofsatisfaction, amount of sales, lengthof service, etc.
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2. Qualitative Data
These are descriptive information which hasno numerical values.
Ex: attitude or perception towards something,
process used in accomplishing an activity, apersons experiences, ones idea about
certain concepts, situation, or phenomenonlike drug abuse , family planning,
immunization, etc.
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Primary and Secondary data
According to source, data mayalso be classified as Primary or
secondary. Two importantquestions to be considered are:Who will provide that data?
Where will the data be collected?
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Primary Data
These are informationcollected directly from thesubjects being studied,such are people, areas, or
objects
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Primary Data - Examples
o Surveys
o Focus groups
o Questionnaireso Personal interviews
o Experiments and observational
study
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Secondary Data
These are information collected
from other available sources, like
recent censuses, or data collectedby large scale national or worldwide surveys, such as agriculture
and industry surveys, demographicand health surveys, data ofcompleted studies.
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Secondary DataExamples of
Sources
o City/municipal health offices
o Vital Statistics birth, death certificates
o
Hospital, clinic, school nurse recordso Private and foundation databases
o City and government records
o Surveillance data from governmentprograms
o Census, NSO, etc.
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Techniques of Collecting Data
The choice of the best way to collect datadepends largely on the type of data to becollected and the source of data. Before
starting to collect data, a researchershould decide:
A. What data to collect,
B. Where or from whom the data will beobtain,
C. What instrument/s or device/s to use incollecting the data.
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METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA:
1. Surveys
a. Interview method
b. Indirect/questionnaire method2. Registration method3. Observation method
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Survey Types
Surveys can be
descriptive or explanatory
involve entire populations or samplesof populations
capture a moment or map trends
can be administered in a number ofways
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Survey Construction
Survey construction involves
formulating questions and response
categorieswriting up background information
and instruction
working through organization andlength
determining layout and design
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less expensive than an interview.
Less time - consuming
Can cover greater number of respondents
Can easily gather data.
Can give confidential response since theycan answer them in private.
Answers obtained are free from anyinfluence from the interviewer.
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Yield limited responses. Cannot ask morequestions
Mailed questionnaire -less turn-out/ High
proportion of non-return Can be influenced by coaching.
Tends to yield wrong information since it givesincomplete information
Questionnaires cannot be used on illiteraterespondents.
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a face to face interaction between thedata collector (the interviewer), andthe source of information (the
respondent).The interviewer directly asks the
respondent questions from a
prepared instrument, which is calledan Interview Schedule.
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20
involves asking respondents a series ofopen-endedquestions
can generate both standardized
quantifiable data, and more in-depthqualitative data
However, the complexities of people
and the complexities of communicationcan create many opportunities formiscommunication andmisinterpretation
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Interview Types
Interviews can range from
formal to informal
structured to unstructuredcan be one on one or involve
groups
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The interviewer can observe thebody language of the respondent.
The interviewer can probe forclarification of ambiguousresponses.-raise as many questions
Interview is effective for semi-literateor illiterate respondents.
The expected response rate in aninterview is high.
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More expensive because of travel cost.
Skilled interviewer is required. Trainingis needed for those who lack experience
and/ or those who are not yet skilled inconducting interviews.
Time-consuming
May give bias response to theinterviewer which for him can satisfy theinterviewer.
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In-depth interview
To answer Howand Whyquestions
USE FGD OR KII.
1. Example: In a Study about domestic violence, with avictim as key informant, the interviewer may ask:
Some people believe that men have the right to
discipline their wives. Do you share the same belief?(Probe) Why or why not?
2. In a study on students attitude towards cheating inclass, with teachers as key informants, the interviewermay ask:
Why do you think student cheat? (Probe) Can youexplain what you mean by habit?
Is cheating rampant in your classes? How rampant it is?(Probe) Why is it so?
Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
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Observation - oldest
A. Participant Observation
B. Non-Participant Observation
Content Analysis
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Observation
relies on the researchers ability to gatherdata through their senses - and allowsresearchers to document actual behaviourrather than responses related to behaviour
However, the observed can act differentlywhen surveilled, and observations can betainted by a researchers worldview
Hawthorne's effect
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Observation Types
Observation can range from
non-participant to participant
candid to covertfrom structured to unstructured
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Experimentation explores causeand effect relationships by
manipulating independent variablesin order to see if there is acorresponding effect on a
dependent variable
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Experimentation
Pure experimentation requires both
a controlled environment and the
use of a randomly assigned controlgroup
This can be difficult to achieve in
human centred experimentsconducted in the real-world
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Data collection choice
What you must ask yourself:
Will the data answer my research
question?
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Data collection choice
To answer that
You much first decide what your
research question isThen you need to decide what
data/variables are needed to
scientifically answer the question
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Data collection choice
If that data exist in secondary form,
then use them to the extent you
can, keeping in mind limitations.But if it does not, and you are able
to fund primary collection, then it is
the method of choice.
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Main aim: to obtain a samplethat is representative of the
target population
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- attempt to select units such
that each has a definable
probability of being chosen.
- attempts to ensure that each
unit has the same chance ofbeing included as every other
unit in the sample frame.
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- are all sampling procedures in which theunits that make up the sample are
collected with no specific probability
structure in mind.Examples: volunteer respondents, most
easily accessible (in geographical terms,
payment for participation, considered by
the researcher as in some way typical ofthe target population, units are chosen
with no obvious design
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Methods of Sampling
Simple Random sampling
Systematic sampling
Convenience sampling Stratified sampling
Quota Sampling
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Simple Random Sampling Selection so that each individual member has an
equal chance of being selected (eg. Roll of dice,random number tables, fishbowl method)
Systematic Sampling Select some starting point and then select every
kth element in the population
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Convenience Sampling Use results that are easy to get
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Stratified Sampling First need to split the population into sub-populations Draw a sample from each stratum
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- interviews, mail surveys, telephone
surveys are some examples.
- is based on defining the distribution of
characteristics required in the sample,and selecting respondents until a quota
has been filled.
Example: 50 women, 50 men
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Assignment : by pair (1 yellow
paper)
Look for 5 theses (published orunpublished, local or international) at thelibrary or the internet.
Cite the title of the study and the authorsproperly.
Identify the IV and the DV of the study.
Identify the sampling method used in thestudy
NOTE: No Same Study Please
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Study:
Demographics vs. epidemiology
Latest Philippine Demographic profile
National Health Situation
Top ten leading cause of deaths
Formulas and computations on:
Mortality rate (infant & maternal)
Morbidity rate
Crude birth rate
Crude death rate
Incidence rate
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5 members per group
Submit a letter to the medical director ofany hospital in Midsayap (MDC,AMADO, COHESCO, Pesante) to allow
you to interview their billing and recordspersonnel.
Submit to me a copy of the letterapproved by the medical director.
Topics co ered
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Topics covered:
1. Population census
2. Percentage of occupancy3. Mortality/morbidity rates
4. Computation of bills (Length of
stay/discharge)5. Miscellaneous rates
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-end -