Upload
others
View
16
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
!"# $%&' (&!# )* +,-.) /012* 34"#156
!"#$%&'% ()*+ *
(7"89
!"#$% &#'()* +,'- ./0 12 3 "456% 7 8"%9-+ 3 &":7; <=">?% @ 7 !"#' +",AB; ./"0 1"28% /: 7; C; 8D(E; 7 +';/F'/FB9 /G1H +2 31GI1J0I 1"B- K&:; 8'()* LJMBC 8D(E; 1B- NO'C
&"#'()* C; 85O"% +"P 1"2 K&":; I1QC1": &"#'()* 31RJD; 12 LJMBC 8D(E;@ S"$*@ 7 S")*8% 8>$* TUOJ:; K9/V W109 LJMBC 8D(E; C; X;=Y
Z%1[ \=M>#0 SF#' ]%1Y ^/_ &B1` a\;/_U; /b1c% 8>#>dYN 8"D(E; &"#'()* C; W109&:; LJMBC. ^/_ LB; I9 7; e7IN f8":OAg% X7/"#2 7 h=",c%V 85;="Y 7 i1"j7/4% XO#"k
S21)% 1QOB9 T=)c%1' 7 O:10)=E9Q8AB! 8D(E; = ethical egoism (&:; . /"2 +"#,Y 1"2 37Tl% TUOJ:; I9 m#DOY 7 S#>dY +'1kBO';)prudetial (8% +n#J' "op(% /"Q; +"V 9/#Q+ 3 Z01"A%
q1n'; 3;/2 8>#59 NS$* rB iO%C;I9X- 8"% /"j1p T1"p I9 /"2 8"AJs% e!"#F'; L"B; N9="tOA$'1%C/#` 3I=uY )timeless (F'; L#AP I9 8AcB N&:; vwt 7 X1%C C; ;I 9="E 9/"0 8"t!#
+2 "$G I9 +"V X1%C I9 /kJA% 39=[=% X;=A*+ 3 X1"%C I="uY &":; 8"cD;7 C;O"'; r"B +"2 1"G
* +%(* 1Fk';9 +4M>0 7/Q I1B91J:;8B1s_1s_ [email protected]
hI9- :X;/gY NX;/gY N O#gt ;/QI!2N82=A[ +%(* X121#E N&B/BO% Sx NX;/$P X12C 7 i1#29; O,k';9 7/Q N8[I1E 31G+4M>0 .4>YL :88692345 -021
&01BI9 yBI1Y :15/7/90
e/Bzx yBI1Y :5/8/90
vw"t 8&:; vw
C;O"'; r W 7 8J":79
X1"k)B(* (
C; {I1"0 iOt12 +Jt;9
/"2 8,J% e !"#$% | 3
9/#.
3I1" 3;/"2 C» 3/"oA% O" ( q/"FA2 .
}"G C1"2 +" /"oA% X1 7
) /"G +"~'- Z"j=% C; 7
X1"B;/QN +"2
8"AB!Q/( N
C 3 8">c0 Z01"A%wt LG� I9 X1%
8N r"B +"2 8'1"%CW="' 9I="% I9 +
9;/0)7 * 7 Z01A%i1"op(% 7 i1g
e!#F»8'()*« 98 .(e!#F'; LB;
8'7 8"%9- |#"G/#Q I;/D X;/FB9
"nAG 37/#' +VC; ;I q9="E }';="
8cD;7 C;O'; r O"'; 8"% 3= "V q/"F'
(dissociatio 1"#% } 8"% �"'I q/"2)
7 8"uwt/#` XQ9=E S"F#' /"o
8% OAV.
W= 8J":79 )/FB9
;O"'; +"2 O"AB- Z3 &:;%C C; +V8 O';9.(
8"A#* 3/"oA% C; +"V }BI;O"' 8">#
a&#cD;7 0; /FB9+'1J:)g[ /B1: 7Tl% F'; +'1kBO';
r#' 7 85 8G;=E9I;9 .7/#2 /oA% C;
+[=Y !V/% I9
&c4A% ] " 8s>_ 8"% L"% 1"%; N "Y
rB +2 +V 8';/F�1E (;I +"2 ="d'
&"MMQ C; on)
}"t12 +J"t;9 9=EX1"%C I9 iI="bo' /21A2 +V /%; L
(solipsis I;9;7
W="' NS"F#' ]%
8% � Z01A% 9=t+c#s?5;Oc21% I1 3;
8% X1%C 8cD;7 38% ;I OAB X;="Y
9I;9 I79 ;I@ #59op(% 12 8t+ 3W=' i1op( :79
i1op(% 7 iO$G �_=* 7 i9 X;/FB9 7 9=E
9/s' �'I 7 OA 78b1E i" ]p
OAJMG =#J,n21:v« )FB9 X1#% I9
i1op(% L)1EL Nq/"FA' +"'=Q
E 9I=% I9 }';=Yb X1"$G +"2 O';=LB; e/Bzx qO*
3I1F';1gAY sm)
"MBC 8"D1"Y NLJ
�[=% NI=uY LB1AV I9 /B=uY L
C;O'; rN 3;![;8kBO';N B- X1%C
I C; 8"t!#F'; /"(al t!#F'; L#APOt .(% 7 i1g[
C;O'; +2 & 3 i1g[i1:1Mp; 1B 9/0
+V vwtE +2X- h1: A#s2 IOD
%L i1op(% /21A2+59; 1g'- 7 } 3 :
vwt rB X;=A8% +'=Q LB; q/F'
)L"B; L"% /Q; 78% +V 8uwt Y
8% X1# 8% OAV =Y((PA, ch11) .
9=E C; 8JB;7I +
D(E; N&"#'()*
O .; 8t!#F'; /�;Ot12 +Jt;9 & )LB;
rB +2 ;I T1p 7 OI9 /Q 9I=%Tl% ;
/"�; +"V &"M';9
8AB!Q ltruism)
t12 +Jt;O' W=D7
8% &:I9 O';=YZ01A% 7 S#% C; 0
8'7/#2 3/ &:; 8 9I;O'+V :; /2
% +V &:; &:I8% S$* O'I }AV
+2 �10/b 8uw A*LB; ;I 9=E L% QO'I;9 8t!#F';
t/#` 7 8uwt q3 1#2 vwt T7;
9=t +J4Q 8uw+2 ;I 1g'- NO'O)J
7":; (<*= &>? :*3I1F';1gA
!"#$
%&'(
)* +
,-./
0-"1)2*
6%
3"4(5"/
13
89
96
8% OAV&#$G;OAB- 7Q;8cD;7Q/FB9X1,%;S*10(
)/Y;/0/B=uY8b1EI9I;9 L%wt/#`% 8JD737/#'q1,p;+>$[ 3
wt/#`Jc% X-
:;
gAY9=E
!&
35
6
97
678
9 :-"/ "79
;< =
4(>;
&?,
@< AB
89,C
D
/3<E@<
FGH-
I4JK
4@!
+"2 8>% &"%( K9;9 L 8*="'
$ ;I 8"> 8"D(E
+5�"M 3 �1"E +"2 LJ"
} I9 7
} X=""P9I;9 8 .
NS"21)% f/"o' m e!"#F rB S
�1":1:;
1. Fran
131.
O'I;9 .
+A @* +.* BCD-%
fX1"M'; %�"Y S"G; /"#` 7 / (% S"21D
LJ"MBC 8"D(E; Z"D;7 +"2 8J":7$* /"Q; +"V &:E; 1"B- 1"As% LB;
+"2 K&" M% L"B;E 8'1"s% /21"A2 SF"MBC 8"D(E; X
"M% L�I7- +>}"B
/#=E"F*EG (
}""G i71""4J% 3T 8Y71""4J% 31""G
% I9 7 +Jt;9 8Ym"s_ /"2 +"V 1"Ac%F'; |#"G 1"%; N9IS#>dY I9 O'O)Jc%
7 9I;9 I1"t; W
nkena, W.K, O
vb NX1167 – 1
I;/D 9=E �d2 &$
+,-.) /#156
/"G /#$"j 7 L/B!Q1' a&:799=X1,%; 8Jp 1B &
W="' +",'- 1"B 79#:; X- 8>$* &
Ot12 X- &$ ./2":; Z"$[ S"21D }
' ]%1Y 7 &MF# "JB1g' 7�1 C;;1",%
L"B; I9 S"F#' 8'
/#=HI F = *EG
31""G7/$>D I9 7 9T=5O""% X1""2C 3Y;�/#` 7 8j�/�*
8% OA';9 .% LBO"2I;9 q;!"5; 3/%; +
8'7I9 % X1B;/Q
W;!"' L"B; +"2 <1
Obligation and
I1$t 3161JM21Y N
+?)' ;I +51)% $B!* 3
6 &. +,-.) /0
+4M>@ LG� I9 +V9=[=E &t/:
=>?% 1B q7!5 B Ot12 LB!Q/FB
K#'()* 31RJD;$pC 7 +AB!G Op
W=' }G 12 8J:798% 8 MB/F' X;=Y
7 9I;9 X- Su0 7
1s% 7 391s% C; 8
J6)I K*7L
9I;9 q1""g2; 8""B;/S""$*@ +4""M>0 7 3
�1sYI; Ne!#F'8% 3I7/j 7 8Y+2 +V OAV h1Mp
O . I9 1%;NS21)%&:; 3I7/j .
I1 12 LB; I9 9=E
d Motivation,
%; O#: 3#N8%/V; /
9/V ^/?% LB; O';
M*N# :( 012*
1Y /:;/: II>0 yB[7 12 +V &:; X
8% +2 },p X;=YW=' B9 7 &:79
K&:; +';/G1oJ% X- C; � p I9 1B
' 7 X9=2 8'()*8Y714J% 31B;7C C7 Sp I9 8c: 8
8p/t ;OJ2; 1Y }#}B.
16 +""O' = /0
8""'7I9 X;=""A /Q+4""M>0 N+""c 3 *
; 7 q;!5; +V O';Y;� N8'7I9 ;I 79p; 1B /,0 8>*10
Ot12 +Jt;O' Sc0 !#F j NS%1* 31G
I=gk% 7 r#:(
&:; :
) (1379(+$[/Y N 3
;I 8cj=% 7 9/V �
B
.) P% E.EP'
I9 1gAY +' +V 3 Ot ^/?% X-X
% 8'()* �1d5 +8% �1J)#)p O';=Y
8J:799=E 7 8�#2 X- 9=: }#G* 1B- K&:; 8'(C; 3Oc�2 OAP 7
8: "8,B!#01J%8% W109 8 OAV.
#'-/2 I1JM[ LB; 9/�2 7; TUOJ;}BC
.12* !"#$%
! "#$$%&' ()$$*+*,-./+0)1 2"$$3) 4/*5! 67. 80 9)7: 67. ;),<=. 9)7' 2>3. 6?@1 2
4A5-) B)CD. E0 F.GD. E0 H)I=. "JK
E-)51 =: ) KL F
/1M 87N O, 1 =: E-
4 E#%&' F PKQ. F
RS,1 TU8V EL "D)%
1- &'()'
1- 1.
E-W%1 .)XD )7 9)*!
8Y02 E0 )7M"1:M )7M Z
" 7[\:AQ"1 B)CD. :
K5! 6]%7N"+&^/ _
>'8+1 ) `"&5! a)S-
=: )1.]3. E0 E1.:.
2- 1.
*0:. =:>$$'8+1 `
"Db8*0 .8\"Db=: .8\"Db8*0 .8\
)0 )7 c+#-)0KQ. d?Z) ?D.8'
E@I8< )51 F
9A e=.)f7b
N. F=)*%0%L
>3 67. b g/$@h 9)$ b i$-)' F
)$0 .= 9)$7.8
"$?7 9M )
E$L :=.: g c$+' E$LB
j[$*GD. :
k$,V 8$0 c" :=.:l
9M 6m$3
.= c7)@< "
2 n>-)Z =:
F )$< =)$X_ 9b 9)$7.8\
:87o.
OD)$J .8$1 )@" /7)0 dD.:
2B=.: =)$L
6$1 6]m*G
4:A0 E-)51 6*@."$Db8*0 O$^ $7.8\
gp/]3. q)r F)$h
"$Db8*0 >,$% 8\
"$ )$0 )$7 b :8$*\
g)$,D: E$0 .= 6$7. L >$3. 61 :A3
:A$Ib E$L / ]%h/Dl
4/ D.[*GD c$@! F"1 sb8#1 t*
t*u 67. s8'
"!AD v)%Z. E0 l:
r)QEL :=.: "2
"Db8 F)$!:. .8$\b=: b >$3. >$3
" "1 .8\ ow0 /D.A<@` b d* L RS
"1 F.b d7A\ !"1L 6$7. B)$CD. F.8
GD.80 b 9:8L /!
E#%& @h PKQ. F^A1 )$0 :A$Q E$
"1 U / L)AxQ
1 /D/5%D b U8y
$1 80 =: .= j[*
q)5y 1 )7 >3) +B B=.: «) )7»3 E0
>3. / 1:«(l
h "&7p: 9)@h 2 80 =: .= c7pD=.:
Ez.= E-:. F D.80 F*u N. .= "G]m*G
«2:=.: B.[-. ELl:=.:
t7.8\ 6]`.: )"1 g),D: E :=bM
/Y7/ EL Q B.[-./`)0 E]`.: =.
80 2=ALo1 F)h"D {:)D "$7.8\3=
| u )< "Db8*0 .="ySJ S0 9)\:N"1 gA 1 61 /3=
80 "&*-: E_ EL /
!)5]1 F.80 EL .=
"Db8*0 %&' =: .8\"1 N) /D.: .$L b.
U8y1 c*x#< b
.(
5]+1 9M E0 9)7.8\
*GD. 6]`.: 2})
B=.: B.[ «+1 9./0c+' B)CD. F.80B
:A3 61 "7)'A?"1 E*IA< . 2/ L
" p: 9M )7 / L"J2 =. 80 c@]Y1
GD.80 9) _ :AIb:A` E]#\ Fb F8~D :=A1 c+' B)7 b c7)@< "!AD
E0 >3. 4:8L [7A *0 )7 / *,0 )7 /D./=.8J 8~D :=A1 c
(=Ar 9: F/ 0"Db80 /`)0 >3=
()?D E], >YhE0 9/D)3= F=)7Au 9:.: B)G h "/7:8?D /!)5]1 .
)@`= BNp jK<
"Db=: n( .8\ /0>`AD83 =)*% )3
>J: E0 .= "7.8\"Db=: .= "7.8\(
"Db=: EL .= 4 \
)Q FASD E0 B.[-
c+' B)CD. B [-.4[*GD. c+#- 80 F.
cB ?`:AQ F.80= "1.[-. d?Z i
"1 (),�. .= B.[-. JKQ. d?Z i7
E0 dL b 4A5-)0 ASD4=)0=: )7 b /7A F
"7B)CD. F.80 .=D v)%Z. 2B.[-.
< B.[-. EL FAAC"1 "xm /0 /D.A<
c@! B)CD. E0 >," :A,D k*J: de=
: ()?D 67. 8\/ L >0)� .= .,-.
7 E*&! b E- c7p:"]Jb )1. 2d L i.81 )@` )1. d L
" d L.
"Db q.8h)� .8\`
E7)u b ()*0:. =.o\%0 PKQ. =: .= E
"Db=: O^A1 \: :A3 E0 >*@34=.[\ / _ ) ?D.8
"1 9)*0 / L:
-. 6]`.: n>-)Z
E&@I F»E0 61E0 )0 )7 4A5-)0 ASD
dh: B)« )7 2»c+' i7 EL "&7p:
9M k,V 80 c@! 7 E*IA< / _8h
L >3: )1. 2>% "%L 8\.»AG0
:8' EL 4[*GD. 7)h i7 )0 >5'.A1
ASD E0 c+' B)CD 2"]Jb �5' m`
,%D F/!)%1 T"`"&! ) ?D.8' d!N
"1 := .= \. b / LE] . 67. /D.)h)!:
: 80 )1 /* L s8i@L /7)0 61 EL
" =)7 .= 9)\:NF"@D .= =)L 67. 6
4/*5! E0 ) b=: F
!"#$
%&'(
)* +
,-./
0-"1)2*
6%
3"4(5"/
13
89
98
b Hn/,1EYJ) 12>3.. gbAD8'
9M 0 )h1.
>3.l2.
»E0 261)CD. .=3.
! F.804.
%*D 9M5.
L >3.6.
D. F.807.
`[*GD.E0 i7=
]%D.A]D8'
L /* L"ySJ
61 �u)1.
!&
35
8
99
678
9 :-"/ "79
;< =
4(>;
&?,
@< AB
89,C
D
/3<E@<
FGH-
I4JK
"]Q) (
qK1)$L
E$L F
" .8$\1
2"&@!
8$0.80 = gA$xS
n�A E$0 n�"$A
�/S1 N. i7 b �*S
b :=.: /$]'. ...
9M �Z (=)$,!
(Falk
Korsg
� F)h9.b= ) `E$L >3. 4:)]'
F=)$L 8$h 9)\:N
:=.: B)D ."$Db=:
! a)S- E0 8\. 2:
=: E$L �"$` "?S1 E$ *zM =: c$n�"$` N. .= E$ *zM$` 8$0.80 =: E$L
EL 8G "' 1 c�@-.d 67. 8< 7 �*h EL 9 S$r 87A$x< )$h
: =.8$J E$ *zM 6$7 "$1 E$ *zM =: E$ .
�Z)$r E$L F:8$ $XI = E$0 )$7 9) !
1948, Frank
gaard 1986, Br
�5D 87)3 b 4:.=. �. P)#<. "D)1N 2d
"ySJ E0 i@L N
E........
"Db=: 2: "7.8\
:=.: "&@! B)CD.
*$+,
:8L :
>3. [*_ b :"?787Ax< 2OJ $r)Z
> .M Fb= 8$\. E$ *zM 8$\ L .= F.E *zM 9M G7: F.
"1 F dX1 b /0)79M N. "$?7 EL
7. 8$0.80 =: E$L >$L >3. F87Ax
8$' 9M >$`83 �=: b. >$*+JA1 b
kenal 1945, D
rink 1986, Wa
B)�+^ :A,D )0d L tYm0 /7)0
B8,0 d.
@L >XI 61 9:
E0 61 6]m*GD.80:=.: "&@! n/1)*u
" . 80 "&*-: / L>%
*$+-". -/0/
!"#$ %&'( )*
+ , - . *, /012)3'&45 ,"6 .78)- *,
9:;) 3:'&45 ,"6 -+< .) =>:? @,"A
5 B>C 3D - E!*),B F!, G>; - H
+IJ 9K. G)"$9.
L+:A :;) B)9+< #$ G>IM 0D>!
N!>:#6 D 9;+.O 7:P- B>M
Davidson 19
allace 1990, D
+QR S*), G>.,T%!) 3D %< G, 3U
EV&C *, 9;, 3, U 0W>X1< B) D
0.
..........
Y - Z[>? +8\6
*>U (+< E]? 3UJ^&J +J\XW ,"_
!"# $%&'# %()*+
+K^`2 B ZF&J+< 3'&45 *, 3U
6 , U*>U - *>1- 3'&45 aZD>X< bL+< 3J". ., !"#, D /9;) cQ^<
H &; !"#$ EM
- ,*)0J F!, !9;*,>J - d`e FG5 /+1:^M G>:f+1^M G>fC T) ;) +'1V< - +]1<O!- D %&'gIM -
70, Williams
Dorwall and, 1
R8 B*>! D +`&h,0!) ., U 0W>X1<
3U 0&A>D 31A), 7D >IA 9;>i'!) j,), S>iJ) )* 0!)
) G, U%! %< 3U.
6) S>]?) 3U j09:
Z<>W)j0''U U BJ 31k&FJ) D l>'
,-'. /#&0 :*+
3<>J D - m n G BB !"#$ aG"( -16>; B F!, -
+A ZD>X1< o'U bLB #$ E&J), FD+ 3'&45 ZpIh) < B)
T>D E!*)qFD /9!"#$ D +J>RCF!, !"#$ - 9fC - 9;) 3'&45
G>^J) 3U +_J),T n >!$< B ]K
- 9;) ]K$ T
+J-*, G>!) .:
s 1980, Rilto
1992)
%!) D , 3Uj,), S>iJ) )78"$ %< T)rh>C9;) STsU *->D0!) %!)9;) +W0<W t!'1< aZIW 3D
2 .0 123
+< G)"$- 0'(9;) 3'&45)- - o'UL+A B";+2 - 9;)
9;) uX< >!* / !->#$
9;) 9;*,5 G>^J), - +M>.5! 3! vJ M n >! 3! vJ
2. , 3`IC T)
on 1986,
+:J-*, >:2
G>:fC 9: K< %: /S":f
T) w:. M -G>'( )* 3:U
=>:R< :<) 9:&'& « E:M
Z<>:A )* + - +:?-* H
1:_&D - 1 T) B0:!0C $) 2 x! n B v'< T) -
+'&W )* - $ 7 N:[ /
d! :K$ - y +:X`$ /9: - 7<>:C B 3zh>V< 9&'&
+:'& BT>:; /G>:fC T)
1. subjec
2. intern
3. object
4. extern
5. over o
+:#kA B :1 :!
:u&Vn 9:&M>< 3D :!) /0:A>D 31A)0J- ,*), )* B vJ * G>fC - ,-* G) %:!) 3:D G0:A
&W G,":D r:$) <
+u&:;- {:&n -H>:J>]<) - ,)0u
1:_&D )* G>I$>W\3:V$ < 3:D G C B
n T) *>U %!) - E3D - j,*-5 9;,
* ,"6 j>.0!, >1375 j*>I:A / B
E/ y) :2) T) 0:!>D:^M 3:^KJ +:2 3
0/ &WB :vJ /9:&'j*>D*, &W 0? B
&W w:&J S-, j- :3:V'C /j>:F !>:M+
ctive
nal
tive
nal
objectificatio
:]K$ T n >! vJ
dX2 3U 0A>D B0J vJ G5 r?>[%&'( 3D ="[-
G- &D ,"6 T) 3Ut:!,wJ >:<) 0&:
3:D )* +J- »<-|
- 9:;) r:$) <-u1:;) /H*08 /9
9&'M| (\n) 0!>D>:fC T) )* G>I1:
9;) ()E&M, >X$*7&;- +M>. D B $
>< - ,"A *) ]$ '12 +) /G>:&]`<5
E:M 9:&'&W }>D G>:'( G>:fC 3:U
0:J0X1u< 3:U G>:+< +#kA ,"A
:. a :D) D *, - , , :U :FJ t:! T)
on
J M 9fC %!0D
3 +J- &D >!4
Bw&([ 7Vn - 9!"M 3B>!~* - -T*5 GU 9;) 31^_J 9
+IJ +h :;* G)"$ &D - +'&W �"P"
+: -| B :<) / :$9&2 l 3D 1IU 9
+' 9;) $ .
9&'&W T) 3V$)-:A), D - E:f2 >! 1IU G,"D +#.5 3U B"RJ 3D
+< 0 �>I4), 0J)"$2>:&J 9;, 9;)
�T* D *, B*-),E:f2 B) :D +A>:J5 /Z:D>X< *, -A H) vJ %&_J>C :U �>:2, 9:&'&U j*>:A) 9:&'&W
- ,*), +F1^D .D
+'&W a vJ - ]23
+F1^D )- 3J". 3DG>^J) F!, B";
9;, 3J)T)- Y0'`D h>W 0#X< %!) 3D"< 3D 1_&D 3( M
+#kA :'&W - $9A), D - Ef2 B'&W /0A>D 31A),
$ < M *, /%1^!E&!)wK&D G>fC T
#kA - 1_&D 9D 9;) G><,"6
E! F'D .0J-* %!)+h>IU x`Q< 9
*) - +D>!T*) *,
A-* )* 9&'&W 3U+< EU - @0J &.+< 34)* C - 0'U
&W T) =-) j- :.
W 9!,-0:R< 3D
) �>6 o'< D
]2 T n T) ,) < .�&M - 31A), + .
,*)0J � .; T) ><)9;)"6 - �0
0'&VD / .D 0'( M . M a}� X$ G>]<)
, U &Vu$ G .
A H) vJ G>&< � ," .j"RJ 3( M B
#kA +F1^D ++'&W B) ! FJ $
T) G>I16>'A D - 9)9&'&W 0C)- 3U
�>6 j>. vJ TD 78)- G>fC 3D
9&'&W ><) /E&'U 62.(
9;) 0X1u< ZF, U } .U +J>^U
9;, )* G5 0'') G>fC 3D 9V^J
0' .a D) D *, 0!>D+5
- , U 0XJ )*
!"#$
%&'(
)* +
,-./
0-"1)2*
6%
3"4(5"/
13
89
10
D F!,9;).
.)+F1^D�)0#<0M %!)/9^M9^&J.
+< G)"$ 2
+< "A+'M| D- E&'U9&'&W) %12*�) 2 $+'&W $
65- 2
F&J}>'1C)
+IJ 'UZ<>U+< ''U
+n) 2)
!
"#
0
101
$%&'
()*+ ,*%' -.
/01
2- !
345. 67&'489
/
".:5. ;<=)
>0?@
!" #"$
%&'( )"* +, -"./ .
% /0"*
1!"23 4 -"5 6!
-..
7!"8 4-'9::
)"*/);
%< )*
= >)"? @"A #"
#"$ !
%B@"CVF(
VFN,
!"8 D4
E'F<*
@&G"H'C %"I ."&J'( KL03 6/ /4
/ )*4=, ML/=,!"G;%&'( ) %3 )G98 )*
4, #J = )NC 1!23 .!8 O-'&$ #J )5
-.4/, !9: >/P:4, %"Q/);/ R"S
T !8 :/03 #UVH3 #!"W 40"XY = ,=@"
<ZS #J)5 %.!5
O/4 ?; [!"F\ 6/"J !"* +!B@"., =
!"9: !"I5 7!8(VFW
C6 %"<ZS = % ])FW, p.155
!"(
%3 %T @"C/,1 )
4!^* 4, = ,4/, _
* )5/0` = !5,0IC =
#a& I9; b"8!L >!5 c /0GC #$ @S!= 6/ O-'S0?8 ]
]'^)N&3 6/ /4 !5
23 4, #J !3 #$ ,-.0S =)'8 ,0d
!3, =#'28 :/ >S %"&^. ]"T/ %
e./ b<A !3 #$"A c 6/ !"3 %"$
]'^Lf=4 !8 !55
4 %"&5g = %"&'(
=, e"./ = h-'"&$
8 4, %&'( >)NC h-'&$ «W, p.3)
%"&'( >!"5)N&3 !]T/ c ]H.PI5
# $%&'( $% " )
T!T/ = >40F3 >_!d >)'a^* =
,0S +,/, i'Zj*
&: = #GS/, /4 ]!8 #GS/, ,0:= ]
]'&'( ]9: 4, )'^L/= %d)8 !3/ ]
%3 )$kG3 b ,0SR. -')Td 6/ +
,0d %^L/= ]S)%l"HU; ]'$!?S
%Lmd/ ]2' .A!3$ = @"&3/@$ ,0"
%&'( L/= #J = )*
K"L03 =, K"$ n"'lU* )o.@"?
h)o.@?
@C:
!8 /4 !9: 4, M% %3 n'lU* O,0S%3 !"8 +/)I5 /0*
5 #?U8 ]H'C %<
* +,-()#./.0
#UVH3 /4 ]p'< >]'&'( qbO )'Hl*
* ]'^L/= )N&3 c 6
]'&'( )r$/@A #$#a&: ]'^L/= 6/ >/
)Gj'8 #J)5 #a&:
]H5 >@C0'W ]%<ZS ) )*.
bo'C = ]T/ c
%IC -'GH5 'C/0*)T #8 >,=@F3 S O%Q/);/ >6!T'2A !. >,/6c O]0"d 6/ eG";4 =)
f( #J )5 %.!5
"UGZ3 bs!"H3 4,
?. !"8 %"UI( = %?. 4, 1!t,/ b8!L
e./ /4%3 #C0B C/,ML/= _!d iZ%3 -5 =/ +!B@.,%3 ]T/ @2G^3 K<ZS )N&3 >/)8
*% *1&23 ! )
]'&'( P'C /<ZSf#\,/ O!5 bI( >
%3 u0T 6/ #$ @5,
!HC/ $ ]H5 !5%3 4 : )B/ @5,
c 7!8 4, ,)$]'^L/= = ]'&'( e)N&3 6/ /4 %d)8 4, ]'&'( ].,#$ -'&'I5 #$ 1%T)GT, = -'C!9%&'( K'Q b8! T
]d!&S %(0C #8 ].,=@)"'8 >!5
]'^L/= f=4 !8 !5h@C0
%3 #C0o O-'C/0"*%"Lmd/ [!"F\ 6@A #J !* = @C)
#UVH3 ,0d4 f/)N&3 #CZS R.
, = iZS c ,#C!'3 K'Q e./ >
%&'jC!: %&'( )
"&4/5 *67-8
umd/ ,403 4,f64/ =)IUL 4, !3
%8 >)N&3 # T v)Q
/ = %B@C6/@j5 #w'C$ -9; )G98e'8 @&J)5= ]d!&S=@F31/,!3 ObI(9: >/P:/!23 x)Tb'C !?3/
1. @F3+,!9C h-./
2 .#J%3 -9; 0S
3 .oJ>)NCy 6/ =n'lU* ).kW!C
d bo'C»0oJb3!S ,0d 4, =/,)$ .)N&3
3- 9:7!8
, bo'Ccha 8 .(3/
1
.#8 /4 !3 #$,0S
ML/= %"./)B z{@G"T/ 4 #"$ @S!8
%"3 @"&$( .
-"5 M"L/= 4 g!Z*/ %S=
VFW.(
!
!
b3!( ( #"$ b"'|3 b"r3 (
(imperson
@"&./); /4 %
"#$
!"#$% &'
("$#) *"
+#) ,-./
+"01 ,-". 23 ("4% 56
1. objecti
7"8 ("%9:3 * *"; .&' *".<.)
=7>? &' (%9:= 36"? @87A!"BC
&D"C3 '&DC &' ( & @EF!G =3D<
( 6;&)W, p.147
:
!" #$%&" '()*+!,-.+ -/ 0*/ 1)2
(VFW, p.
)@H'3 23 I&71 J 'D"?DC K."L)C
("MNO!.nal)
@"BF6 ("%9:3 J6 :
34 )1 56)78 9: 8) ;< =>) !3."
?' «
("P8 J& 'D"O".<.) @"A 7Q 'DO (
/83 '7.<A &' +F7#"./83 J7"<RC 3& +6"O7A +"01 S7";
ivity as a me
6< .*.T7U"O 3;3 ("0%3 (4";
*U13 @T3 (F7V=DG913 WX.H7Y&
,*X.8 7V .(4Z@A 3& *.<.) (< <)
@A @8D/[ (C !\8(C !F!EQ @8 6<T
!" @A)1) -" B0*C!" 2 ' 2'D") ;)*+0E4 F «p.139)
'&3' 'D? +#]-./83 2 L 23 J7"V
(external) .^ W."<T .683 +"/.8
((C ]'3&3 !A 683'
:) G) H1-D&/ 9"" @/ !IJK) ;-D'C-/ !3D> 2 EDL)E
7"/837><Q'D: 6"F(P8 J&7/837><Q'
#Q +._C @A 5@83!'! )+._C !`3 (<0F
;3 +"._C !"`3 3
ethod
("C ("F3!`<."B8aD"8 =7"UC3 !U '
*)T 7<0C bF3 @A23 3& 'D: ]3& !.
,2&3 c(;7<O'D?dF!G1
(<0F e*;37f(nowhere)
bF3 3& =g D`
@/ #M> 0*8 @/ '3C-/ NO-4 -: P
$D$Q -FR4 )1
@H' #) 'D; @A J323 3& @H'3 =g @T("8 !.A J!"\<C
T +".#hQ =7"C&7(%9:3 *E.EZ(
!/ =DC-/ SET.
D3/ -U3:) 10 9" !" 'Q @ EV '()*+
"F7A 5J!"\8 i"%'D: ,2&3 @A !j
(<.)!.^ !FDM !/8(C ikDC ]7 !.`
( W.413 .(W")2 @A
("MNO ("F`(C U<C @T 683'
*X.8 = !.A @A a7?6O7A ..XPQ bF3 7A+/.8 5 _*.<.) ? @A7lC G , & J
fT78 = !.A 23 =a71' J&7f<V (
@,0) N-/ 1 @4 H)P0-W B-" E/ 1*"
@()0-$( !8 ;< H -X
'3 e@T *;3 =g (W.<)@AbF3 J7? T
C 23 = &' 23 J741& bm."0Q @"A 3&
Z n6o p7A &
':-/ !$:ET @Y GZ0 @4 ) !,*[R"
@Y -+ PJK) H-3
\70.(
%3 &D"C3 @"A !j7X.H7Y& 6F7A j78 W
MQ J7<RC +/.8 !7`6F' bF3 @.$) 5
(<.)!. (C @83!/8
(R"X8 *.3!`(V7`6F' 3& J
(5 ?&3 @A @4XA3 A @4O3' 7C !A (q$)!\8 6C c(O & _*C @A *.<.) @A 6E=7>? W.<.RA 7Q W.
i%3 23 +/ (F3!`
»]1)^L 10 !:-X]*_( ) 0*M( H
81E/ 2 -X0*M(
i%3 J7) (F3!`= <T rBT 3& 7VW .(J s&3!"1 7A 7C
(8 !.A !\<C W.8*.<.) cJ&3t`)'
»G) 2 1'$Y -"@%C)`L )EY Ba)9:) !3.: 3b" @4
)B#cD(1384\B
7"8 WX.H7Y& &' !` eWV ($#) 7V.
=g @A @T 7? !\8 5+.MPQ @A '&3'
^ !FDMQ u3' @A .
!"#$
%&'(
)* +
,-./
0-"1)2*
6%
3"4(5"/
13
89
102
!"#$%"&'(
)*+,-. / 01234 ' .5678 9-
)8 '!: ;
.<-=> ?@"AB@/ :A
)8 ;-C2D/ 012
D-EF%-B G/A.
F-<"56.-B ;-?A
!
"#
2
103
$%&'
()*+ ,*%' -.
/01
2- !
345. 67&'489
/
".:5. ;<=)
>0?@
"HA );"H ?H''! .
) B H@>
I%"H 6 ? -?H6A-
)HJ K<
)H*+, )) LHM
4 !"# BHNM
"H8- O</ "H8] LHA
"H(3 "H@
)8 ?;-<
O? 5. P
3. arg
H 8<> L! -/M QB)H8 ="H A -% <CH
)H8 =9/H A <CH,
!"#$% &%'$()* +&,-.) /0 /1
&( !2) .3* /4VFW, (
6,- RHS. =</H!4G .?T* R: ;
)HU %< VWHG 9
LH@/X; %< -% ,- I)6 !"#H$ YCH; Z
#H$ LH J. =-CH2=> I1
[ HU -%
/#; \/]8 )^ _ 6` :;-/HA 9 =8 a
L]H bc?6HG- I (
LA"N8 L7 d]K-?7A"8
)8 Y"e P?. L! ?'!
guments
)S; ="^_ % B ' AH, f+@"S2 EF
, 4HGCU F- )H6* Q)8C ( g8?58(.
5$%60 789 (* ':!;3'# !"#2 &-'2< ( =>? @8 3'? ?(« .p.141)
<:
9 )H2 .! )H'6d8- bC578 9 Y"e<
%9"HA H RH 8 " (9 (?@>/A.
% )JHh- bc?6HGZ H( iY"H'68- 9- I)8 L! )N8 9 j O</6HkD 9 jH S I
_C2 a6k@F )*+=</H! ?."568 LA
LHA =?H$ LH HG-9
%< 4l J. 9 =?A 9
e< ".?8 a@- F- <C,
EF%- I-/A %< "(F%- Q="AF "A L! ?
= )6,"'$ ?H;- .*9VFW, p.14 ,8
91 /0 @8 )9A B@ CD ? #%@ />,0 + %@
<'$(@ E F'G( E?'0 7 0 =$H) IJ@
<%-< )J! I"'d8 H*+,- RHS. ERA"* )J K< LM L
4J. L;)"H@ RH 8)))'@mD/:@<
(PA, p.143HG-a O?H 5. LA L! I
j@/n a@/6^A "8- LHN@?;- I S. I-
L +,- I-/A Q9- IA %<"* )*+,- f
H6` :;-/A RHA"58
k8 %< BLK1 a(o I
(Nic LK"58 %< I ,<%-?;.
)@"_ p+h- B '!?;%-< <C_9 =CD=-9% I%C8- Q)$
)8 ?@? ?;C$1)
)K-@ IL( CM +/13'?? /"N$L%@I0
&( =CM O E !!1PQ@ =$H)@ &"R
9< EF%- 9 q+EmH :;- <" 'A F- )
a@- rkA 9 \ L!; 4G- R K< ibCJ
F- Y"e< YC; )6G9<YC; = )6G9< «3)
)8 ) ?;-< .a@- "AQ<C$ 4A"0 ?;-C
LH b+6H,- I I"H(
L #2 <%C8 bc?f"^ _C2 p"8CS.
%< 4G- )("D?
Bk K"#@m e "A -% "&'
cholas L. Stu
?; -% R: ; I".<- <%
)8 /X; )D?; '!D";CD f+@"S2 9
/@CTQ $F%- %C8-EF%- ?G% ?U"; "(
<%-< ".<- R: :
3 &( '( /4 5$!$0<'$(@ S'Q@I0 / ?OQ'!('% '- OQ') +PQ@ =CM =$
+,- %< R: ; IG"ks- /( "@ R )
\/$ 9 R K< I"'d8J78 "8 RS. ?'!
< I-/A )5]'8 9
t"6! %<» !"#$%&'($ )*+!",
%&'($ - (%./ 0123456 -2+ )27$
897$ )7$ %:8#$;< 83+ =**>1 ?
%/' [839@6.
84? %&'($ )*
%3*: A34$ B? %4$;C
(VFW.
=D;97urgeon)
-3456 =*3< % B0# E
/F -G H;*GI5*J/$ H !6
K1 =4$ ;G!3G-G %# ;L/ B
J*/ !#$
» !
"#
$%&
'()
IMH;N E*# %O/
%#?P ># ;G)G!Q ?B$?
R/!& I833+? SJ*/-*T: ?0(-< %9U;V# P ),$?
W4BHP.2
# SJ*/?B$? X'1'Y: E0Z/*+!",
1
.8[ SJ*/
W, p.141)2
.7$ \']"*/
^0/ -G %97H?
F$ P 54!2.
%22_345C ! S2 -2+ 82/$
%2K`,5 H
?!2A4$ F$ R 82,!G a52T#
% 823+ . B? 82*3+ b2 .
a!2J36 H$ - !21?0( E
)27$ P % -2+ W4B$?
1. reason
2. tast
3. sentim
4.arbitra
5. person
6. impers
7. dissoc c!< d !*"T# -+ ;4F R>3# ef!`# H ;J
Ethics: C
co - edited
=*2.d -24!# .1 E
2 \!22@g$ H3
!224-f?$ 2.: ;G !# E
, ;L3# H? F$ !)7.
R/!# ;#$ =4$ !#$ d8# %2K`, 84!G
%2# -2h$B$ $B i62.+ $B H$ %G!29+=4$ j'k# 8*3+ -+
I?!O927$ E$;G 8 E
%927B?!/ dB!2+
S*f? %:0/ !# E (LW, p.122)
ns
ment
ary and ultim
nal
sonal
ciation
-97$;4 T# %OlK# Em' (8, ;_93# .B?
I!C84 %3*: E!6 J/
Contemporary
d with Earl W. S
.6 H )7$ S*n# !4
oW22, H mHp -22G2
I5*J -G -9@G$H !6!#?0( X;J/ -G $ -9@G$H ;L3# H?
%# %O/ ql 83+$;< 87;rG 8/$01
-2/!`G!9d 6!C824?+ 84?F? B? -++ ?B $B H$ )7$0
=4 %# -+ 8*6$0(
=4$ F$ ^!39#$ E$(ru 8,!G .(-.6 E
s)7$ %T*f? ^0
mate choice
=*V# E8t# 4H dI?$FIu4H -O@TU E '($ E
I;#F B? SJ*/ ? E
Readings (Ne
Spur gin and Ja
4 SVU d)*+!",
B P !22G v>1;22G $-G J/$ =4$ H$ W:F
!# %4!/$01 -G ?0=4$ F$ %T.: w?
l7 =4$ B? $B )*%# %@+ ;6 x? 183+ y!39D$ %.
!"# $%!#
9+ F$ R2D;# %G%# !., + 86$0(
0(B? )7$ =".=4$ !4 H 840, H;G
1 z d58(8.
;G !., S*f? -+
{$B;Y# eules)
0/ -< S*f? =4$ !
-. E # H %D!/ 8*V7 03|B$ B? =4$ F)H
/ y!9+ F$ SKU =
ew York and Lo
ames C.
, }~TV9# !A34$ B?)7$ %9(.
I522*J/$ 22# E!226%./ -9@G$H d8/$?-G0/ -G H 8 0( E
�897$ B? 8,
*+!", H$ E!:?}*.: %./ ;1 ?0,
%T.: B0#$ B? ;L
&' ()*+' #
!29+ 824?F? w, F$ %97H? H 8*3
.# %1H!O9# E!6GHB S"_# !G H?;
8/) dSJ*/1384
%# �;l# $ 83+ef!`# -+ !3V# =!#$ W*3+ �!Zf $B
%,-. (/ 01.D;1 dF$ i*N y!9+ SKU=*.6 d)7$ m'(
ondon: Routled
1 %3*: %&'($.
)U;V# )* (!3,^022/ H %9227H?
%4!t/ H %6$04 H)*3*: EB0� 8/$
%K`6 ;*CB? H
$ -G SJ*/ w�897: %Zl7 B? )*
)@@C 7 L3# H?
"21 3 45"!
w!2k# !2G ?0( SJ-/! %# B!+ E$ 3+
I5*J/$ H S4�? -;6 H 89O*G ;*C �/!.G -/!`G!9+ B?
B �;U =4$ SJ=4$ -G -/ %97B?!/B P $;J4? SG
d�#!1 d)1384( d1�#;6 d $;t .U =4$
-O@TU 09# F$ $ E;)7$ I8#P %4$:
dge, 2004), Sw
!"#$
%&'(
)* +
,-./
0-"1)2*
6%
3"4(5"/
13
89
104
!"# $%&'()*#
+" ,-./ 01)-)1%23#%&'()4 5# &
4- !"
6%7'-.'8& . '9):*1;<'8&
6%7)'7 8=!#
'>? @"
8. A6%7
BC D+*#E6FGE=H7 14
windal,
!&
35
4
105
678
9 :-"/ "79
;< =
4(>;
&?,
@< AB
89,C
D
/3<E@<
FGH-
I4JK
I'JHK
EJL%!" (
M'J%7'N DO #1JP Q RJS# J JP *
+,J=>? E8J3@
1. ge
2. un
!"#$ %&'()
#* )+ ,-#. )/0
1!* 2!3 4#!5 +6 /!7) 8!96 1* :#5+) #* ;)'8<#-+ #=><) 1 ...
1?@- A6' 4#9 BCDE F) G#HID>J
%* K6#=L M#@7 10 NL#* 1>L)6
(L.
"@#" ":
K# T%JU * EJ=LV
WE)" 1JU J7 J8=!#
OH%7 '? I'HK XS1 E? @#" QJF&
QJ)'. 8J)#Q7)J."@#YJ6. 1%NZJC [
EJ7\>] DEJ^? *"@#Y6. [#16 .@"'7
8</O* %. :'P
enerality
iversal stand
QR+ ; R 1&6) B#9S6/T %78<F
0 R NI@T %78<F
- ...%!JT /!9A#!?<) 8$#* 10 %
U-/ %H< )+ #9 'V1* )+ 1I5'V R 6F
(LW, p.10.
'W ;R+6 +6 AR+ ;R/I .J3 23
2 * 46/" 1IXE 1T) 4)/* 6 +#T 2$
LW, pp.111-1
",; E_\;# $O`aF? * QFS') V
WEJ7*1%. * EF%]
K# DA`b cS E831G #@ [#16S" d7 [#16S" d'3'H[#1J6S" 1J. JP
Je^-)1%2 $16S" 1. $1%NZC
P'3 2$) 1* #YE
dards
Z[W :%3 !" #$%&' #" ( )$*+ , -./%01 23/$4+ 23
)$ 5678 9:8 ;4< = (5>? *@
A 8 B) (*C D!$E> F G? 5H= GI
5J A 7& 4G?06)
D37 ...!DJ J$5 3+ K%= '$ K' )
D!$ *+ -K*? 4!4L5M ? E8 NI ;
4" 2G? KF «117)
!"#$ %& $'(")*+,- . /0* "( 1/
/02& 3'45"( 1/
674%& / /4%&'$8'4'9:5 6;<= >9:5 "( ?"@5 A
6BC-5"0D /EF
#G* H5 IA 6I;02& J .5 K/EF L+'M$
8$ 5=*+ ! ./ O
=$ P + FK QR4H)K%S/ 5TOI ! 5
5J 5UV= 3@$%=(LW, p.101).
B) 5J $F @ 4@KW4@K A)B)*C
W4I + LG& <)*C)>!' , 50G@*M ;5
.XY Z $F .3[%& \7@ 5GX! 5678
2 5J FK U $*J .?5 L& DH]? .+ $*J
2G? KF 2/$%).15J # .? 2/$K"4! +
67$'A 6('N!5 .
/EF O! 6BC-
/EF O! 6BC-
/02& PQ.5 A R4>0GJ A L+'( >!
&"A S"= ?5L$,)$ "M-'( .(F
T!%5& U & TV WXM$ TY* Z!5"( PC[
&5& \0],:
O+ H? ^3_F *`
)$ .+ *a / B)*5S>/ # IF SH8$ .
QR4H)$ F $ \'F,23@4+ 56? *3+ X)
)*C D!$ b) C .cA N/$ 4! + .1 4I< = E3XU%J D5/$,F d\K 3G+ \*ZJ ;.3[%& e! L
fE3J%7! 8 9:8
# L 5J Q%7I 2+ !57Y a 5HU, 2@ `
2@ :5J 5J 2/$K %&2I + .HI$ (#%1
6M;4 ?'F&5 .&674 /-5 674%&'$
R90$ 6G7.
674 /-5 674%&'$R .
R9^$ 45 WX"(6E$ 67: !5 L$5,_
( 5% /EF W $,`WX H5 PC[5 L!'+
R45 R4%&.
H'0$ /02& ( '* 5"[5 69A L!'+ W,_ Z!5"( L!'( $,
5J D `$ .? 2/$K
»*C.?FK X&c/"I +D!$*J$LG&78L[`"@K4/
& /a0$1 .4%&
7M* ?"a!&2 .4%&
R45 /*'F?'F&5: /02& >!5
A 6* W5,_+ A /02&&'$ 1&%5ba$"J '*5
L+'(. W,J,aJ 5% .5
»DJ
# @
I( IA &% 6Ic;_ RI4 RI4& I( RI4%&'$ 1
Z0Id /Ia >I!5 %& 6I I( '! . LGA 85%,7I4&
5% 6IVQ5"*
IA 8.'Ie 6 'IG( W5,I_
W,$'IB f.5 &%5L$.(
!"#(
I!"#$ W ? gIhM* >I %& /Ia0$ >
I( 67 %,Ii I 67-'GI+
/I<= O3 .
1. funda
2. metap
3. metap
.+ 4! + #" *gM
5& &,Ij. 6I;02&4%&'$ A ?%'A
6I* 5% LIV5,-1&%5LI$ &,Ij. 'I
LI+'( / .a0$ PCkI*Il^+ "I`5 1L!,A 85H'N* m"*
no0 H5 RF'i5 ? I!"#$ &5"I! *5 ?
&%5& .e_ >I!5 'I(6I* ?%.'I( . %,l
8%,I[ K?LIG(n% $ "*5 >!5 ( ?5
)$%&' ()*+#,
eI9;=) TIV W,IJI!5 /I!p . LGA H
L .>^I4 6*'IE_q,I$ . 1r' 7I4.&
W5.% >0I0M_ 6Id + 6s!2OI!o0='7* 1
amental
physical ethic
physic of acti
5J $*1 ;2@$%=
(LW, p.10
& IJ U J LVL$R9V TV (H5 .
WX L$5,7( 62 IJIV%'A >!5 H5 .5
5LI$ R0/I02& 1&%>! ,a( 69A A A 5% .5 * H5 tdL .0a$5 "`5 67:&")!5 I4 /Ia0$
67$ n%'+5 6(")*_ 3'45"( 5% /l
I( O!o0='7* ?u0V %& r %'+5 'j
-.,/ 0)*+
?&'I0G( gI ;= "I_H'DX 1T!%5& /<= LIGA 6I$CcF 6I
I( /IEF 'IF %,Iiq,I d %& 67I4.&
!o0='I7* vCI-5 5
cs
ion
$F P H? DJ Wh
UR45 "!bd'$ 1)
$X ( $ R0EV5 'Y s;Y* H5 .5 o!"'EF5 >0GJ W&5&
w'G7j5 ?5"( 6;UL+'( 7+5&
0:CI[ 6I;02& " 6* nL!'= L$5& .!5
A R9V ?L$.5Ln LV& x5&'d 1L$5
6IE$ 6!'Ij "I(
$'A !" #$%& '()*+ .,-./ 0$1/2342 .'+.56 784 9
0:82 75 '; $</
« !"#$ %&'()
=>$?5 64 '; @AB)CD E$5:)5 =+..?D (52F G$HI%J 64 (/K)J 7..
' =/ '=.LMD 9$=L43 !=" 784 #4M
!" #$ !%& '()*
+ '59.(
782$.+N1 /O8!P Q
Q :R$?/ #4!-82)!P S#$T54 (UVQ
0$</4 $N Q4 !P4 W.X2 !P4 Q Y:+;
(5 (8$+H5 2 :/4MD!& '; 2342 :.;Z(N 43 [M\M5 7:] ^:&2 0$</4 @_24:/ 0$</4 43 @'N _43 ^`!D '/ :
'N G$%L4 'N ,-.+5 $D @A4 (T8O#4!-82 Q 2M]
@)F $D Q4 'a!P4
* « +»,-.
A4 #F ,-./ (W;
Q ,%J bO.-/' I4 64 (T8 #4M+J
.?D #$T54 '; @A'=N Q4 '=; $=</F 6M+J @A4 cdR
,% -.&/!) *0
120!" «)'3!45
N ^(VK]4 Ge:U!P 2 #4!-/ (f;
:&:N @.%&4 # 2MY:+; g$+UL4
; 7.+a :8$?/ 4!a5 'a ^$&3$; 78ZD h& 784 !N ,-784 'N 4:] 9$i #@A32$/ 93$; j@A32$/ 3$; '; (:+/4:N BkJ ^43 :
23.(
./ '; @A$<+84 3O.I$U5 !Uk.N Q4 E'N @?f/ 2!I ';@A4 '.?R 3$.fN
/0!1'2&3»*45
; (k5 (W; 3M" 4 64 '; (+..?D Q
[M/ 'N 43 (UAQ2lW%J 9 A4 #F
2342 2M=LQ .64R Q ,%J (H.?*X
!"#$
%&'(
)* +
,-./
0-"1)2*
6%
3"4(5"/
13
89
106
UA4 $8FP4#4!-82
(5 MRa 23QF4 #2MN-./#:.k;j84!R(/$f;:/Q4:]
(5 3QF32E$5:)5; 2!;@/$;
5- 36
'N ",%J(
^(W;'8!1/ 9m$]X4:HN$5
!&
35
6
107
678
9 :-"/ "79
;< =
4(>;
&?,
@< AB
89,C
D
/3<E@<
FGH-
I4JK
@A4 9 Q :=/42 l&Qn
7=84 '=
@.I!o :=/4:N
:R$N.
, =& 43 $ ,=.p5 6 !=P4 ( (/K)J
'=8!1 9a 3M=*
(=W%J ( :=&2 .
789
1. me
2. sus
3. nor
4.affe
9:> $D ^2342 (#4Q (=5 (=A$+R 2
n=i ,=N$)5 32 ';
=; :+U=f& ,=HI
o Q !-82 m$dR!-82 m$dR4 #
N 'UR42 9!o$+U5 ,=.5 (=U> '=TWN 64 !=.q 9!=-82 9
:+=R .(=U> ,=.p5J (N$8634 'N @?f
( 1/ mM=rdX4 '=; @=A4 78»a
Y2!;
J Q (=W)J bO=.-(=5 B=.?*D (U=A
93:;< &:! ='>&:
etaphysic of p
sceptible
rmative requ
ection
#4Q3 'N ,- (A$+R']$=R 4 Q3 64 94
; (RO.-/4 !"#!$ %
% &'"() *'+ ,-!.
/01 2"341% 5+ 6!6!") 78 9/0
:;4 <0=">#1 :% ?0!+ &"() @1 *:!'A 78 17 BC!+ ?'D# % <+!'E@7F# 2GA H"IJ
<'KL M='">#1 :E1 =")N@17 % 71;0
& ""OP <KIL- H2O'F >#1 !'+ M1
Q;'# % <'RE S%8T2F"U V!L 7;
!" #$ %&"
person
uirement
>"# 5- :?"-WP %17 BC'X1 2.1*% 2S1 M=">#1
Y2!+?0.
2S1 H"ZU :
. <#CDL [E1*0<) ?ZEN.
!L\1 *+ <]^) % <_E !`*a 17 M
5#1;^Rb % 5ODL :*P1*` :*)1 ?#1;PC'X1 <0=">#1 :71 &'+!4 c5'Ed H
6!e4 2S1)5+ %871?#.(
5'E*f# % g8;'+ < :8718 .5KhF) 08 :
&"() 5+ Q!A71 6%?M= (F# % [+7 %
ij') k!'X E?#15+ <KDL M="> ;l
'( ))*+,-"
<) ?Z- .5"]P %Q <^S%8 «*a 5+
5E*f# m/+ d :!F. 9/0 % &&>"# <4CX1 :0 *>#!"+ ,G) <4
5+ <^S%8 ) 2S8<Z^O) 2S1 <Ka
HE M8;X 8*` 5-
L ?E!+ &IL *+ ,-<) <)8N 78 B P5IRU*S % nOZ) ::8!"Z+ 78 < HE*P
e"J % 5ol!L _?# !E 8718 17 6N !E<'KIL p!')1=q1 8 *Erb!#=E*s <e?+ 17 <4CX1 M
5IRU*S =">#1 :87;) *+ 17 6N %
&") m ">#1 78 !J
.$/ 0 ) )1*02
9/0 1
<`*3)5)? : «Q;# 6!])1
61%7 d%1 <S!Z0&3` 5+ <]E="`!^)5E*f# p!"L?) :
g 4CX1 i;a1 :1Q;# HE8!"Z+ V1=q 8
Q <^S%8c a1 8;X:%!F) <E (E1 *+
(P.
:7!eZJ V3 -!.
BCX1 <0=">#1 8) 8718 ?t4 &>
M="> <4CX1 :!J_E !`*a ?0!+ i!E &L!` _E 2FHI'u^) cBC'X
2S1 <KDc eE!^#5IRU* M=">#1 :
6N 20*S @1)S<) vw+ % ?Z-2S1 HE1 5"q :mD#
34" 5 )67+/8
)
_E="`!^)?D) 78 5-@1 %1 81*)) *E;tP %<X*+
1 .g7!bq1 @1 i;a1
2 .Q;# *+1*+)!#1;Pp.3) PA,
3 .V1=q14 .8!"Z+
?ZeZF+ .>"#>#1 !P ?+!"+
6!GA ;I0F.F"# Y!
X1 *s1DL M=">#1
<) *S 61;P1 &>"#
5+ V!L 7;l"q%1 mS*b
6- 59:;<
)7=&1*8
5'A;P % 5' id? :@7%
!"
M=''">#1 % <'Z""OP 5'+
6!'R# !'P ? <'KDL :8 &'"KwP 5'+
!'E 2'S1 @ <'#CDL H
#$
1. motive
2. altruism2 <Z"U 61*s
HE1 @1 % ?ZSm#1 8!E @;)N
5- 2S1 *"X
4. practic
'qx81 &'"KwP % <' 5'E%7 H' ?^'S1 :
(Thomas, 2.
%&' () (*+ ,-. "/ 01&2 03$
%8 H"''"OP ?''J8 65']K+ ?0!+ V!IP
,E718 @!.
<') 8!'E <e ?'Z-!'"Z+ *'+ c2'S1 5
.!^'S17 H'E1 78
@!'S7!- &'"() !'E < "'"OP 5'+ ?'#1;PH
2S1 718!Z3) Y.
$ -' 4516, 137
e of prudence
m
g7!+78 <] 23Za : &)yE*/P (<) S!Z0
+ M% ;eR#18 5 /18X1 :!Z3) Y!);P H
<) z*{) ?Z-
cal foresight
'0=">#1 7!^X!'S<^'S2
2'S1 .H'E1?009, p.245)
89: ;<= 03$ )5>'6.?@ -A -BCA D>E3
6!''R# 5''- 2''S1 % V!P % <`!- <9/0 % 6!) [!"#
g="> : g?ZEN eZS5'R4!Z) 87;) <^S
<) <^S%8 ?S7
N 5- 8;0 H"3) <'#%78 <'I# 1*'s
HE1 *+ <R Y!S1
(CF/ 0#« #+
<) g8!o^S1 ?ZZ- .]E&"KwP % 5E=eP !+ c2%7 HE1 78 |2S1 <#HqN 8;tD) d!I^.1
Q;# 6!] ) 17 <^S%8
S @1 v'w+ @1 }Q;'# @1 <'K"K S%8
Y;]3 «<) ?#1;X<) 6 5- ?Z-
:G'6 ,1&= 1, -7 3.' (?*.= !:H= -A 3
(P.
6N &''>"# &''"Kw<I# & <Z""OP ?#1;P
)@ _E="`!^) @1 Q; <^S%8>#1 @1 c
Q;# @1 *^I- S%8Q;# &"KwP 5+ 7!^
<) & b8@18*.
<) <S7 !P ?Z-<^X!Z'0 g!s?'
ij) 2"#CD RE?#1<) ~"� ?J8:
-IJK= 0»8>?5L #G'4516, (.C.
*"O3P HE1 @1 !A %82S1 :*>E8 :!A
g7! 2FP M%7 : @?S*+ �1;A 5+ [.
Q;# :!O4 ])1 c<^S%8
}'b &'>"# mJ%�ij <'RE?#11
KwPY»]3) <S?ZG)
HE1 17 M 6!"+ 5#;s
M+6 0,3:?A N3O'L 3A P.Q#= 03$
>E3A «PA, p.15)
:wP % id?^''S1&"() :!ZO) *+ <R<#CDL :7;tP
Q;# @1 vw+ *+ V?g="># - 5- 17 :1
!^X!S 6!IJ :!ZO&3` !+ %8 6N 2OF
34 )67+/8
ij 7*+ 17 5#!RE?#1'E8 @1 *'"� &'>"
5 DL *>E8 p7!OLij) ;P 17 <RE?#1
;<= K= 3A D()5>'6MRI?= !"#$ %&'
Rev !"#$ % &#'#()*+,-. /0 1" *2*3
*')#4( .#("% 5672%/829: 2# ;<= 5#>
/829> ?" 5@#( 5#>
A2 BCD 51-EF,1G9+7'1 /( HI 5
J#I-. KL,M 1" 2N*E? %-O P7
»()* +$ ,-./01234 5678 9: ;<=:4> ?&@A
Q#CC: )1 CCR 5#CC>SHI T U!T V2*'1
]. T PFW %#+8( 6(*FI T 6X#8UI P7
I /'-7Y '1 &1-.%1 .ZI 6( [\! T
4' T ;(" T P+,%
! "#$%& '(()
HI N9+7'1 P7+'/( ]16Y T +' 6C^'
%)1%6\( V2* ./(HI )1 %16I 1*U(1 5
»$ B4 CD: EFB4 ;* GE!-H
verse engineer
"19(1 T P2#!T #_'M4( 1" &M /(#VI *8'1-.#!#8` a26b )1 #. *T Pb#( Q)1-, 60c
!"#$
%&'(
)* +
,-./
0-"1)2*
6%
3"4(5"/
13
89
108
#= <+Ed.efU!17+'
R2g-' T%
672%]
7+'Y *>%% "16?hP+iI %
7- ()*
+'jP+,%SHI *'1
5T
3..ring
M jA!1 I G1" . I *8>%
#( P7+'
!&
35
8
109
678
9 :-"/ "79
;< =
4(>;
&?,
@< AB
89,C
D
/3<E@<
FGH-
I4JK
PCI#W 6C( 62* "% k
6C(16( P l-C4
F<. K S@*U!
6C( /mC n#C!# C<+<o %"-CI &-CY
/C,p% 5
/C0 16C /C0 1" )1 1" &
/C,% 5 PCC+,% q
P7+' / *C2-3
I F!J> ;376!J K,L6M NO7L$ +<P
r$#C8I )1 s"#CO*CI qC2 CU?T
ktC` A262*CI "
PCf$ .M 5#>* S u2*C'1 4oI 6C.
>#)S-ZFI K26. I /'#V2 !1 h*'1%
C( T v+FU4 C!1T#4w1 h%6C$ %-COo. #C. %"1% *CE?
u<+C<o. x C "%G# C?eO1 5#C>
1 &#CRI1 )1 y#$6z
CY %6C+: "16C? /&16C72% n#C+w&M yeZC? &16C72%1 n"-Cz /C( hv
/'#UCC!T% qCC2 5
I {3 /0 %-`g 5"#C2 U!T%
IQ#L$ !"#$ R7%65P78 S945O > TE
CI 1" O &1-C.#C2 *C'"1% 1" &#C
CI A *C80)"%
*I#+D #( &M "% {SHCI6+= *C'1*( 6C
#:*2% P(#FI "% /,%1 |V !" # $%&'
! "#$%&'
(" )*+,- )"-. /0 12345" 678 )
9(+& /: .; <=+&4>?@0 /4A %5A
/*B& 3C%$- ? 3D9E .F <+*BG H$'
/>7G -I7" %$3J K L34M?' ? N$'@- /A 9E' ),'7K
L7 /&3:4E?-O P4DL744& @Q3445:" # -
>7" -I'- -7>? /L7& 9+&RST U' L
!" #$%&' ()* +
,*-" .,$' ,. *,
.
!" V7WX" )Y$%&'4Z%&U@2 [%45$. #9$@$%4" )&3"U34E
\E35" 6U? /A 94G@]:^" 'I )&745A
/A 9E' 6. )Y_Y5" 'I )G. 3+"
!( )**+, -. /0
/A 9E' 6. ):E/`E'? /J /A )$3D
a :(J'? )D'70?' $)" #I?.-3 A
9E-I7" I- ?[% 9E' 9A3E @=&.
9^X5" b+& )]*c94E' /4&3]* .@4Z
K' ? L3M?' dP$@/4,e-' fI74 74& #<g44Z %44&? #@44+C
9^X5" ? / /&3]*cL32- #'@J 6. U'
+&/01 23 4 +5$6
78 1 4 9 +:0;
.« (PA, p.36)
)*A " O35^" H$@G/4h%h- )5$%4 #
E #I3A I- @=$
9E' ):;? )Y$%&A f34iKR" )(
!" <+*BG Y$%&'"' ? 1235" #3MI
0-1, 23 "4563
I7" IL7& - E?-)*+,- O-I'- 6'@
a+& ? ),%jD /J @%D- /k'I' ):E .')kb> ? l30E'
%$32 %T3; #I?3J)" L32- ? % %5A
/,-' U' )Z3& #/4,e- 94^X5" # *c
@+=J @i& I- %5A/ %&' .4F H$'@J35J
?I /44J OP44D ? 9
/,- L7& # /&3:E?-' ? %5A mBJ )
6<' . =,>? ,. @A
@? ., 91>B' C0D
.,*. .$E F>B<' ,
A I- 9E' %S:^"4,'? /4A ):;? <
#I' - -'@2' #3D)&3"U.(
[ !" #35^" # %&'(A ):;? <J3S"
? mBJ U' <=+&I' /J )&75A <+n"
78& "&9:; ) 3
- L32- -I7" )*@=$- 1235" ? o$@Q3& pqZ H+Y
L7& rb+=&' E?-0 ? )*+sXG d);
<jT # 2 ? I7B")" HqE ) %$7C
]G H+<+*BG )5++ e-' 1J34G /&3:4E?-
)" Vb*" 'I 3" O) A9 c/:($@=& /&3]*
944E' /:44(J'? /44&3]/&3 t?@X" #.
-' I- /A )WJ3Y"[b+= !" # )Y$%&'
A:5*
,*.
,.
" <=+&9(&'- .<u"/$3"@E vC
U3E #I3A[@D7>I- ? %Z3J
)" -7Z.
+& %s;6. U' (/A%5A.
8- )**+,
*A @i&$RT oSBGY+w ? V%S"U' )&RSTR0' x$3:&
[%$32 #I?3JL7& ):E?-
+58 I-/,e-' L7& #L7& ):E?-
9^X5" @i5"944^X5" ]*c9^X5" 3]*c
" %&?I:J'=&' U' '%
@4M3K 34 )4 ? %4&'7G
'I @Q35:" ? ? %45j&3"U
)45+T ?) ?
)4" I -@4J .
67C34&7C [7+4 /4A #'
6'@4=$- # /4J )4F @4i&
)4"?b, 6%(individu
H+4T I- 34" PD74G 345^"
subj )ZUI')" I3gJ %EIr P$I'- )$3D
)sqZ@+ O@GDerek Pa (
yrUI' ?' /z #'@J {3GI?@M
(VFN, p.
? @+J H$
?
) 4K I- 34G %4D-4j& #I34A H+458? /J3Y" ),|%:E<+,- b$3jG /J )
/4,- ? )4sqZ #
objec I34A /4J 'I }@4c /J ~*:q
s 4Z ? <g4Z /4J#'@4J 94E' H4g
/4&7C ) # F30%Y& [3]:Z' ? N*0
(pe #-@42 ?ual)
("' -74Z @D34Q)" " H4$' /4J %5+J
- : yrUI'jective
6. /J <+,- /8 " @i&/,-' /A %E rUI' ?)5+T #@i5" +h 3$ @G
I3w � 9+2)arfit
-@+C@J I- 'I .z&.M /& 9E' l30
)*"3T @D #p.152)
»subjective«
%&)J3^G 3�5$' I-Par .($' H" \*h'
)sqZ @Q35:" #
)4" ?' /4J )4*+,-
[b4+=&' I7c 8 #L7& ' b+& ):E?-
!" rb+= )Y$%&'-' 634+" b4+jG 3J
) %D-1.
subject ?ctive
/5+"U I- 6 q" #3D/4^+subjective
gj" I7"' /A 9E)4(A #'@4J I7"
%Z3J f .0 #'@J)4sersonal)
f)l30 <gZ" )(A @D %58
)" I3A /J )^+]` -@J. #'@J 'I @+]^G H$'
/J /A 9 )" 3" @i& EI" U' 3DI'%$%w H$' /
�yIn- U' <=+& �3:A
H+Y+w a+g I r')*"3T #'@J /,-' 1#'@J /,-' 1]5" ? -7
/J /,-' fI7F #&I'- )G?3X:" -@J
V@$vw)rfit, 143
rUI' /J H" #3D
9E' /J3Y" -I.(
[%45$. 1 -@42 #63jD O%5A H+"_O-7Z H++]G @M3=&' I- )&RST -
L7& -I7" ):E?-<"3T ()" V3�&'):4 « @+J34^Gtive
678 %5:(D \E+]`,'%^J3" I- {RuE' H$' @J t@2 ?' /A 9E35^" H$
f?3X:" %5:(D 1;9 )4E35Z [sqZ) a$ /J fI7F
@D 'I �'@E {Ru )" H %&'-.
`,'%^J3" #35^" /J 'I3�A3& U' H:($@=«O
9E' H$' @J %+A_G ?)" �@`" 'I /A %5A
H$' I- <+,- H$' /J)" V'? gXG 3G -@+C)" I7 1]5" /A -7Z
3T U' �I32 )" <" 7ZJ 'I b$3jG H$' JI3A @+J3^G H$' 6
<"3T U' � )" 'I 4)" /F [3C ? P5A
P5«
I7" ?- @D I- 12345" ? f3S*^G _G 'I 1235" 6. /A3K )&75A ? /`E-3+5J �+E_G I- <" I- 'I I3A H$' U' �I32 ? <"3T
L74& 634g" 4E?-E35"3& @+J3^G H$'
)" 3j -74Z .u4"-I'- [I3Z' 9)?
92@ H$' /J )E35Z6. /z )2 3D '7,'
345^" H$' ]942@^"@D #'@J %&)(A
H$ u" %Z3]& /&7C
H+=&I #@$7sG 3J /) «subjective I
%Z3J � . I- 3"'»=&)E[ ? L32- ?' �@c
I �E@w H$' ��E�/& 3$ %)<s28 (/J
/<T32 I7B" (? 'I<T32 O)ZUI' 7B"
)" ) rUI' %&'70L7& ):E?- «H"
678 3"' OV-I?.<"3T /J /
�I32 ?FR0 �I32 ? /:()" [I3Z' 3W&. / 5A
|%:E' fI7F ? ! O)5^$ )Y$%&'/ A %5A <jT #'
<+" 3 )J #3D E'?) %5A .<=+& @C'
O-U 9E- %5j&3/J /:(J'? 6'75T
�3:A I- <=»"'9E' %S:^" -I3=j^:E' )G?3X:" )9(D #-@2 #'@J
%Z3J f .(@^" I-Ez&. 3J %$3Z /A % subjective I-
)" b+8 a$ &'7G)5+T @i5" U @G $'
>'7" I- 'I f'-7/W I»L7& 63g"' ):E?-
�70 #-@2 #'@J /A]92@^" #35^" E35Z
@subjective(E O%:(D 7+:g�J3E @i5
#) <T32 U' �I32/
subje )" O%&'70)5+T rUI' /z&. ?
» I-»7& 63g"'»objective«
/:(J'? 4 ):+2I3w(J'? /J 'I @+J3^G
)sqZ@+h /J
!"#$
%&'(
)* +
,-./
0-"1)2*
6%
3"4(5"/
13
89
11
) !"#$%
&' &()*+' ,-+.(/% /0+%1"23+' 45,6'72(789:";</(+6%
=)%5> '? +@A%
/% 9=B=5,(,C+' .-
15 D+E
1
.)F)%B G72(< H95
/% B"']
)"IJ% 15J% KL)MN"2'+6Mective
O5"7-B
!&
35
0
111
678
9 :-"/ "79
;< =
4(>;
&?,
@< AB
89,C
D
/3<E@<
FGH-
I4JK
NB+P2J /PQ2RB
=B >,L
+P- ,PL "P*5 N H2S9 "*5
N +PE
1. age
J' T+PF=5 +UJM &</PV< "PL "P*L+W' 5= /AX','
LB !+PY(5 5= N=+NB=)P% Z2J[ =B95 ,LB \= "%5 ,JAVL G%+] 15 ^
,(.(
!"#$ %& '"(& )"*+, -.!/01
N,P E +P- &P< N5
1 )2$.3 $45 6278 6578 !& %9 $45 :6";
6<:
!=7> « $4?@
$) %& 27? A$6(« .)PA,p91(
ent-free varia
/_ /% ,(5B.
< ,C+' &AC5B /QB)`( 5 .5 4ab%
c(= O5d2% O+U
+P< ,PC+' &APC5BH95 &AV'5 G .BOe &< B=5B Z-^=+# G%+] &' &/J2] >,()C f- (5
BC& DA >6< 1 ., E2D FD G7>$
?=)g hVE PJ',().
3 $AD$ %& HA78 E& I"#$ 6<D4J8 K;KL A41 FD KMD
N <68 DA I2O H7<
PQ A»R$DFQ K"S/1
TUV, K8A $AD$ 1 W70X %8 62Q
able
_XC &'"YM HQ_Q< ?=)g ,(5)MG%+C ij# ,CUF =B &< Nd2[
H9.
B /PQ2RB /PV<"LO G2RB Oe ?=)g
5 "' /Q2RB d()F
&AV'5 G2RB B "-,_M B=5B 5= G-
6278 6(& TUV1 DK5@ P7"8 @ Y
PA,p90(
/% /J E"' ,J(5)M,)/J2] ()C O+2'
/% O+2' / ,J<:
EMD@ K"01 A$ DA 6(& Z&KX .KMD
[A4 $45 H6(8.
< 6N;7L FD )2 K 1 3 6(&.
1 6(&.
1 6(&.
s (A$ P49 Z;DE"(9Z;D:
PQ :7MP 8 !"#$A PQ TUV,)A (
k(= & _l 5= +LG%+]: /% /Q2RB M
C+' &AC5,( >B=5B
[ ZA95)l +- N=] 15 ^=+# 95 G%+ !"# !: !"#
$% &' ()*+# ,('-. )/0*# &!1
2 23 4& 56) .! 78' $% 56 9'!
! "#$% &' (! (
$)*+ ,- ./01 .
23 "456 7 ").
$:;< =/> + ?-0@ABC@ (2@:D3 :7
AE:FG :. #& H/E' I
(89 !8: ;*< &+ " = $>*+ &' (?5@
;)general (8A": 7 (! ( B $< 81
C»!8: «<D8E !»B «"<D8E !»"F' «"<D8E !" «)subjective
G!8A 80< H ?1
": "<D8E $4',( ( ;*I< 2A
)* .56 AJ6 :7> K# L&:M H/E' N#& H/E' $% 56 A&:6 O:P3# 9#!. 2+ AF=Q AR/E' S! "#!$% &'()
,T3 5. 56 2 #-C1 5. + U3-< ,T
AG H/E 6 2 #-QV!W=)X:"27' (!M
"J5K( "F' *L?!( G(?# ?% G
&K( ,* "MN) G
< ?-Y# + 5E'# AR>:M 1
2@:.)@I-3 +' Z7# U7:0[
G(?# $54' O?" ": &I5P< 7 $45+
;*6 ?5+*Q1 *+ RSB!*' T> ?+ "J5
U (C*5= !*' T> V (C*5= !*' T>
(C*5= !*' T> R5)V (»"MN)
&+ R5K( T> 7 (!
?A C*5=P !A 23 RQ# W43 X
*# ABC@N7!\[ABC@ 5.2@:. 5]@#'S&-Y $%*+,-
C. #& 9U/^T3 5. 9U/^
$:0 5.E'=G V$+!/. K#
?% ?+*5:
AG:0['#K% !/_]G[ H`/3
»?#": D5K(
UK VY(5K(! (
?@ A
'-a@. AaE+ AG-a0> )
:a;=[ 5abR.( &#!ac!. A3: Aa=/> Ha/E A]CDa@-Q daef[ !a. daefG #& A ga #& 9!
5aE'# h5a6 9#& . Za7# !a.
S':\a* S 2a@:. &:a6 !/Q ABC
2=.
:aa=\G iaa7 23.
!aW3 &' #&
!aW=G K# 5a 5a^ (g]aJ :a. 9&#' )
1.token-r
3. good-fo
4. good-a
5. unreal
6. illusory
7. person
AG $:/. + jC @)RaBQ Aa=/> 9R. (2=]aJ/3 AaY:Q:aGK AaBC@ H/
AR>:M «' + 2@:.Q + S':\a* 5a6AaR/E' ZaG 5a. +
!a SAaBC@!a`7' S':\a* 5
AaG 5a3- 6 '&+% daRkG l-aQ«
4 &
$% &' '& S&-aY6 &' AaR/E' ARG:C@ ! S':\* (S
AG ':P7# #& A =65aa. + Aaa\c#+ :aa;
ABC@ 97 3&#'
A]/\c-aG ZaG 5a A 2a ')a6 #!a^
5aD7!m noFa 9# ( )*+' :7% '-@ X
eflexives pron
for
absdutely
y
nal
Ac#2BG a1 CpG
5aE'# )a;< Z/ 9:Q '#!M# '-* 5. H/E' 9&-Y $:.K
. H !»M '#K% !/_]G6 )aJ ARG:a>
+ $:a['-Q S':\S':\a* 56 )J 5abR. q'-aQ S
Z7# (A@K&# r -" O-a;TG A=/> »Q
&#' '-a<+ q'-:> ! 9#!. !"#
$% &' (2 S&-Y50 AG#UE# (:G 9Aaa06
;3% )aaJ/35B/BQ + )RB 9
AG !7-B a6 2=6Aa03 sa*:t ZaG 9
5P AaJ6 9)aGX2/*!t ZG K# A]
nouns
9&+!1 ? )J/3
a A*:b\3# 9: !A)J/3 ./a0 5a.
5E'# :;3% 56 ) 9#u':Y 5 23#.
2 .5.
H0]pG ?-0fG »! 9#!. AR/E'
\a* daef[ 9#!a ARG:> ! 9#!.S':\a* :;=[ 53 56
rE:c &' + $:.K 55E'# + '&#'!. 9
-Q S':\* def:0@ 9#!. :0 .:G#
A 2 ' O:P3# 2=6!. 56 )*# A=/>
Aaa\c#+!5 0 + :aa7
$:Jb 23# (BQ :G#
&.
Z7# H`/ B[ 53-"5aE'# 5a. 9!a` 9
P=b@ ?:v &' ZGK:. &:6 ]c+ w'&#'
82]*# &-W=G 9#!.
!/01 :. 9!W=G A7: !/01 Z/=^)*# Z7# 5E'# $56 2=]J 9&-G
5. H/E' V9 S&-Y(PA, pp 9 noFG
«a. AR/E' :0@ 5.2 . &' :G#». AR/E'
AG :G K# i 6 2 '
5. #& H`/3 i/bV9#!. l«
3 &' #&
f[ !. AR/E' ARG:0@ S':\* + )*AG defG #& AJ6/> A@K&# (A3:J!/m 9!aaG# AaaBCb7 AJ6! 9#!
.'/ *01"2$ 3
*# Z7/3 #& ?82]`7' jC@ ()/
A=/> (53 .(G !"#6 Z7# K# #!G 23#-
A 5]b3 '-@ !/Q# 9
K# (ABC@ AR/E^ !. H0]pG A=/>
'-. AR6 9:=\GG# I-c+ '-* 5. 9
S&-Y 56 V92=.)J/3 53-90 ff)
2=6 defG #& q«
AG O'-Q S 2 'i7 ! 5. AR/E'
2=6 .
bT[ Z7# '&:`x*y!O-;TG -/]b»l-Q
:> ! 9#!. !"# *# l-Q ZG 96! S':\* 5z
)*# .\*J3# S':C@ Haa/E' K# '#!a
?-0@ 23#)!. :;3%
3)456 7849
7# 9'-;@ S&-Y/\c-G $% &' 56
3 h)*# H/E' (AAG AR/E' + 5W -[
AG &+%':7 :P=7# &'
!"#$
%&'(
)* +
,-./
0-"1)2*
6%
3"4(5"/
13
89
112
!"# $%&'()*+".
,!"+ -+. /0+
12+ 345"367"890
(&. «":;<'
$=.>?@80A80++$@ 1'
B)C ,.+ :DE'
$FF'G8HI J
9-
KL$ M@
NOPJ%QR'
2 .SM )
!&
35
2
113
678
9 :-"/ "79
;< =
4(>;
&?,
@< AB
89,C
D
/3<E@<
FGH-
I4JK
L*+(F) 1F' $F *8F. 1 TF08U N& # +* LVFWD'
» XF2 ,F!" -+
YFZ G "+$F[+ - NFD !"
L"3F@ «
,F. N) 8\FJ 8F
8F'+ (F&N' Y&.
]3F) 1 ^+ $F_+$
(2 .
/0`" +* *8. 1 ,?&>FJ ,. Y F4
NF' 1F2+ YZ+3F61F' SF !" ,F@ ,.* S !" 12+ ,. /
36-*8FM)+8H&_"
aF;[ ,Fb2$c X,! ,@ +* L+ "+ G+3&#
FM2" ^+ ` (&WFd+$ ,F!"+ ,F. (F&. -
"*+" "3FI` NF
3F_ -8FI 1F' $N)8d. NWQ "+$[+
F@ -$FM2" ,. -
&. 1 F&e 1F' 8@ ' -$M2" 8@ +* *
1F2+ ,. Nd. /$[ ,FWb!+ 78F08d
N' $f86 g( 23J
! "#$% &' ()$
$*+&, -. )"#)
/012# 3405*2
-. )$. 6&7#89
6::. ;0:* . <=#
-. )>&?@#$» 0=A
N' , 12+ ,. L3JYWh @ $>[ 12+ ,@
1F2+ $F@ /F ,F.,? . Y9i3W' L$4
/0+ /HI GC ^ jPFJ L30 )6
XF2 8F@ /bFd) *"N !"+ 1' ,. (Z"
dZ jPFJ X NF' LVFWD' g84 .
FOPJ NFD !" 8I
kl(W0+ +* »$4+-*8 d@ S@8;' *
" :»N' 82C -(&dU
-$M2" ,. L(&8. GC ,. YWdZ
9' SM ) /0+ (;W ,F&'+" /F dQ+ -
N ( ?)* 8\J "3J
6=6BC )"8! D#$
)8EF G&H) (D#$
! I&J 2# (6&:&,
9@ $KL 05M (6
*E# 05M -, D)N
$, 05M ") #" O4
138 P (63(
,I3W' mR'8. 1'N' nI3' "3J
!" (&)F0+ 1F' S L* .?&>J ^+ 1'
(PA ^+ 1' oi3_ `` jPJ k`+ $
jPJ -«" 1' p$M (N' G8q) 12+
,!"+ ,. 8?)C X2 -4(2" 12+ ,@ +$' 1
12 I $Z 7*3K(Z" T.
3_ 1r!CGC A8'N' ]` *" ,. (&.
N "$. s$E' G+3_«t
7 "$. -(&@:
(23M@ :»N\) &dUN\ (&. .Z 1' 12+
t/h4 (28@ ,e
F0+ g(Fq) ,FI3W'N' 8\J o[8&' , D#
, " $?=) Q40R!
$?=) DA S#$, -.
TJ# ! ."# $%&'()*(+ ,-.*/ 01
2# 345-"# 6/ !7$ 8(%"/ 9:/ ;'<
=;1> «) ?@A-284
!"#$ %&$ %'()'* +,$- . /0
1 :$(23 !#41 *56-67$ 89.1 6- :A, pp.82-85)
%&) /(;<6 :(#
=»>?#@A467?'( B"51 CDEF (5 GH (I J(K%L M7$-61
7)31 /(,$ .*56 .7$-61 B-(, .6 -1
N9(O 75(' CPQ%3B)H >Q C4R7S96
(Thomas, T.%FC M7$-61 B0U
C .6 (' (2F 7#)Q«
V-0L 75(' >$0"8PE$ +9%O
C2$ * (' 6- -(Q
W3 «.6 N9(O -1 6- X6YZ9 C[ZL
8 .[\ B-(Q CSU.
<!%B< 5C" 3+ !D 9:/ E:(FG ' 4!"# ?())H+ /< ;1I1J1D 9:/ 3+ (:4 ;</(2 !72# 3+ $K$D <!L%2/ 34 ,"> M!N2/ !.> !+ (+
10F -(SK- *56 ].
C ^7#,$- % 0F1-61 _-(Q `%
10 :*56 :H * >Q731 :(a$ +)Q
8PPb >' . ^1
=(96%' %"51 cWSP)GEF *56
1 B-(,)3 :60I >$6 6- -(Q *#23 /,)3 B.%#$ * B3 >Q 1-61 10d.B10eF XR7S9 2009, p.120)
>$(360f10f B B2F >Q 7);' 6- B
S96 *"g 6- XR7>' N9(O -1 CPQ*56 CPQ :h6 >C2$ :H >' CS# 31
C >S;$ 731 L6 B /896 :757)Pi$
;1I OB!)D $%&'P<; !D QR4/ S/
3LTU I <!%B< S$ :!+ /QA:; (-)4
K+< !%2(:; 5-""/ $"!VT/ !.
$ <!4 # (:()VW
]#$ V10f 6 *56 j6 .%I %' C[#410F kU0S Q6. . >Slb1%Q -0DI
WSP#$.(
c%m j6GEF «P3
C >Q W$61/-61 -(&S$6B6%' %"51. W3 C)#\96 j6 .6
C 7$60f)
^]#"$6 B(3 :(23 B-(Q
*56 ( 6PQ %b6>$(SE@F0fS#236 J67'6 .C 6- N9(O
:757)PO/
»'/Q+UD$D"#.*$D
CZ M1%ZQ CZ[#41 -(ZQ
(2« >ZQ 7Z#5 (Z 6 7F(' >S M7ZF(' >ZQ 8Z96 CZ[#
1.
>Z' 7Z5(@$ ] 6- XR7SZ9 1%'-(ZQ .6
]Z#$ (2ZF 1
PA, p.8.(
CZ)#\ !;F >Z CZ)#\ B
:(Z; 6 >ZQ j6 1%ZK %Z3 -.1 ^6- j6 >SZF67$ T0
CZ 7Z)$60I !Z\(K GE
Z\(K j6 !5 M 8Z#?U0 *
1. simple
2. ration
3. impers
4. perspe
5. agent-
(2F (' M751%Q .Q :H :167Z$ /(Z,
noK *56 :»2ZFSF61 CL(f !#4
Q >g%3 :7$(9%$ 1-61 B .#41 *Z56
1-61 CDEF %3]Z#$ (2F pO M7$(
> .(96 *Z56 !Z"#$ (2ZF 1-0Z -(Z5
1-0Z -1 :0Z)Q6 7#$(.
CZ _ 7Z31)2
F >' 75(' J(S5(e$ >8 .Z416 /(&$ %#PlI
Q 8Z96 7Z)2$( j3 >ZQ 8Z96 >SZP_]Z#"$6 MV7Z
Z; 6 CZF0ZU. :( !Z\(K j6 q-(ZK(
7)F(' >SF61 .EF%&) :4
q-(K .7)SP3 C? .*56 j6
e consistency
nal altruism
sonal
ective less
-neutral
W3 >Q .6 (' :0)Q6,$6 B6%Z' .6 7#)Q
8P#g .
>23 :(ed /1% B:7$(,$ »(2F «1
r#9H B6%' .6 B%Z"51 pQ %3
3 (5 (2F >' :1]$ (9%' r#9H B%"
CZ)?5 pZQ>Z23-1 noK !#41 *5
!#41 :(23 7#)Q(9%' r#9H B%"
1-0Z ^(b7_%Z&$>416 M>Q 896 :H896 Ca57$6-.1
416 %#Pl> j%#s BP'6. B%50ZDI >Z
> B Z j6-1 tK(Z) F]#"$6 *#Z)g CSK V(Z&<u . V1 C$uo\ _]#"
C3.7' MC$.%#' M?U6. ^j67$6 v5
y
Q 6- B-(Q B%"C %;K >Q 75 )Q
!#41 :H 7#$67' 3 :(# j6 >Q 7F%$ B6%' .6 >Q 8
7F(' >SF6 .!#41>' :1]$ > 7L >
' M>'(a> 7L B6%"51 GEF w#3
7) :0Zg w#Z3 Q56 >Q 751%Q x5
89 .pO:
Q x57DI 75(' 7"51 >' 75(@$ ]#$ (
!"#$ >Q 751 >'T0$ 10 CS9.1 «H
1 yz' >'(a .
lI (' %{()S 89Z' %#9(lI *56 j6 >Z&<u (Z' CZa
T0$ 1-0 - SZ9.1)V(Zed %5(9 .
X| V "$6 >$(a57$6CDEF%#s B%&>' >Q C$6%"51 :
"51 pQ ^(b%3
^1%Q x57DI 5675(' 751%Q x57
C2$ F(' *56 7$60I 756 .$ *#)g8P#
67$ 6- !#41 :H :>#[\ >'(a Co5%ma C?}. -1 ]#3 >' Co5%m >' 757#$(Z9%' r#Z9H
7$611 .7DI CSU.
C 02\ -(#P' 967F(' -(bj(9 :(I-(2F 1-61 1%'-(Q
C2 896 C$60)\
09 >' . C56%b10%{()S M7)56%K *6 >SP'6. :H >' C
10' >SP .v5 %3X|Z 1-0Z a57$6
-1 >Q W5-67$ CT0$ V(& >$(S9.1
V(&<u . V(eT0 &) j6 >$(S9.1
C :(# -1 7)#'
7#)Q x57DI %b757#, «tU6. -1
7DI 6- *56 %b6 .$ noK !#41 *56 (7F tU6. .6 -6jH:6%"51 :7$(,$%m >' .6 >Q 896 #$ B%"51 pQ %5(@$ pQ w#3 %bB7<6 >' >'(a C c%L B- 1
_1%'-(Q >;[' *56 B6 -(;K6 >Q
!2\ !\(K :60 (QT C$uo\ CS9.1
0f >#[\ XR7S97)F(' k5%? .*56
T0$ >Q B CS9.1P'6. :H >' Ca57
1-61 _ .-1 %b6C[#41 M896 %5~O&<u . V(ed
^j67$6 >' 8 ed B0$ V(&<u /("CDEF J(K%L 6-
!"#$
!"#
$% &
'()*
+(,
-$.
%6
/
,0#
1,*1
38
9
114
!»"# $%&
' (&!()#!* (&+#,% -!,."/01(,2 34 !-+5%) 6)78(&!9%,.
)3. +:;<+%
»7! =>1?@ A.)B
3. -+5%9%!&'(C(+DE)F#! G9H). .I
J7&(K:2 &(& (+D
2!
/1
4
115
345
6 7(,
* 8,
46 9
: ;0#
<9 !
='>:
?@56
'AB
/
/:C
>: D
EF(
G0H
I
,L)M7 ) AMK0% )M. !& N 3F/. ( "M?B!' -&+M5
/ ,M0O
-&)M«3
,M7 "
)MP%* , "M1' (
6»Q# «
(,M4 .
) &)0MR. ,MKL(
C(+MD E!,KL
1. ma
2.obj
3.soli
4. von
)M. !& C(+MD (, 9M%!9 .9M?. 3MST1!
N)MU E)M#6 34 (,0K. "FL E!,K
V6!9M%! 3M. ' '! -5# ' -()0:. 8N)U
3M1(! 9M:W%)#6 -
!"# $%& '()*
(PA, p.10.
)M. »MK%!)P:@(+D"M7)F?%! -)2,0W
,2+MI 3M4 9::4"# 3SRL,K (+MH
6! "XYH,0O ,LE)0. "XYH,0O
"# -6). " 9:4)
E)M#6 E)M0 -)M2MD (&+M# &( (,M( (&+# &( 9H).
ass self
ective self
ipsism
ntage
"W% 9% 9.)L.
,MZ 3M4 9MH). -9. "MFL 8(,M0 ,(+T% [6\ -,]4!KL( ). !& C(+D
. )MP%* 34 -,KLU ^E)#6 &+X@ )$
AM.)_@ ,`):S# a)_
&+ ,-)./0)1 ,
2!3 !/4 , « 00)
)P%* JTR% ' bWc ,L)7 )L dY
"# &()e !& "L"XYH ,f:# (K%
JR0% "7 .L+X@O ,0.)?@ ). 8J7!
E!, ("WP# g_%0# &( "%)#6 E!+:MZ 3M4 -hM0i ,M
92 (W# 9L).QF
3j_ )k:. ,@,. -!" (3. 9L). 3%+ -!
,. &( !& l)YH9U &+X@ QL! "(,Z (&!9% "#'hL( l)YH! E)0#
J7! "Z .$%* &(":0; -(2
9H)..
!"#
/<+% _0B( "S7'(Thom(
5678& 9 '7:& ,
5678& '8:; % ,
b.& 9L). ' J7! "YH N'! ,0Wc ).
"_/@ ' [)FU! )2"«4
E* E'&()#7)F?%! )L dYHdYH N'! ,f:
E)0# &( J7,KL(3. )P:@ N)U "_ :;
M2 "M:?L (&!( E*"# [)$%! )L 9: 2(
_% &( !& '! 34 -"kL9%!&'( ). ,`)
"1 «H! "#)W@ 34Nm# &( 34 "kL9%!QL! &( h1 n2 )I
"XYH a)Z,e EZ)4 9:SR2 -9U
^[»(+D «(+D 34
#$%"&'()*+ ", -
A.) "L!, (+D/
mas, 2009, pp
!" #$%&' ()*+
, " #-.)/0 (-.12
!"#$%& $'() !"# $'() *+
, -.,+/012, 3 /45) $' 6/7 3 8/1
# 93, :/4$%5;
() 8, </%= >=/? @ABC, !"# /D(E 0FE *+ G/)8$%& H 8, I"J# @JK ) L/MN, -O (K
PQ%5) R : PST3 ,UVG 1C3+)/(1) /= /»V7 (%W1)/G +
</54 O4+ K *VX /4» YT «+$%Z=
= +V7 8, @ <,V(2N,3 </D[ *+ @54\]VD^) *V!E /_(
!"# $%&'()
/0E L/)VE `aH bBC)p.120-121
+ #2&3.4$ 5678
9-"%:; <=9> " (
>=/0) - !"# )+V# I"c) .+
bT.
4*3/= d !"# $8, </D[ @K»'()
/= P,$54 !"#AGH $4 <,V1= @K
!"#)+$e @KP*,Qf @K :/4
O(K .(K :$TV!E ) @AGH OcTOG,
R%4 $'() 3$%M^E/T g/"#, ) $KhE +</)8 $T/C 4+$e *V!E54 3 O(1M4_(T, *+ -+V=
10- )*+
b28 @=C, O(5G/)8
»8"
(?
# $'()<H ^G 3T*,+ */K 3$'() 8,K BC, `T,#$%& $'()K BC, `T,#$%& $'() c0G @%i# ) :8/= K
) OTVf)
g/"J#, 8 j/e$J6 3 +V
bTVJf» `J) @J1^f `J)
) <VJA54 k$1Jc) :
+*VJ) *+ @
O.
l%J6VE
1%W?VJ) * BJC, @JGVZ @JK BJC/_ *+ OJ(G,$Z
JT, 3 @JK J) OJ(K
3 /J)$f L @JK OJ(K
@JK b(JK >b1M4 .
]VJC 3 I 93, 17/(J
J) P +VJ#
+VJ#]<H *+ [8, J) OT$_E ` VJ#
+$K *.
+* . J) J1?3 f@J= BJ%W?V) </J<Vf/JGVf g/":$J), @J= $m/G .
@Jn o+VJ7 +*V
fST3 4ON,3 :/ J!"#$%& B%
*+ `J) pJ;3 :Zn BJ%W?V) <H
BJM%n ._(T, *+@J=$_E 8, . ZT+ :
J) 3 PO +8VJC 1"=OJ= 3 /J)$fL/JMN, b1JM4 < J5G +/J_T, `) *
J) >J%"E bG,VJE`) p?,3 *+ @K
I"J# 93, G/JM <,3* .qVJ5 (J#
P+,*, I"J# ]V
J) @1JMT$ZG l #`"C 3 PO(TVf
) : */Dm, +V#*,OJG ,* rJ=,3* `J54 *+ :$JZT+ "J#, 9/JN $J4 @.3/^1) :/4$'()
OJ()VJ) *+ @Jn
3 3 ON,3 B%W?V%WJ;3 `T, *+ @K
TVZc%s PO((K :H !"#$%& :n rT,$# <H *+ .3/J^1) @JK +$e
OJ# </JMYT k/f L/JMN, 3 P+/1
. </J54 `J) .<*V!E *+ E3/^E
) *V! ) -b(JK ) L/MN +V#
B.
M^G 3 JG3*+ .5t) >J5N /J= @J
<,3 VJC 17/(J#
lJF1") :/J4$'@u=,* 8, !" :@u=,* `%(n $4 :,
`JT, BJ%54, >J%F< :VJC 8, @Jn
O#/= .3 .@J= /J), ) ,* ) 8, O(G,VE
(K *+/J6 J!"BC, :
V) +*V) *+ ON, OTVf» MK «K
!" ( 5G OG,VE:$'() 8, @K bG,O`) P/ZT/[ 3 p;
@ $e !"# :/4
@G/7 /7 /= @K ,* ],1MT, <H >=/0) *@JK bT,QJ^%= `JE `T, /), ]+$K *!E 3 L/MN, :QN, PO# l%6VE BC, :*/ZG,/D(E+./^%J6VE 3 /4+/(JAGH @K O#/= O03* .qVJ5t) >
/(W.(
'() 8, 1?3 /D(E +V ."#$%& $'()
4 v$e /= @K O(K%F0E OJ!? @JK +*H /= OT/# -PO#
BC «3/^1) */%M=P*,Qf :ON,3 :O(.
"# $'() 8, ,* PO# ]Q1F) $ZT+,3 $w, @= !"# ) @K :+/%(=
!"# bYN >%FtO= `) $f, 1N
) x p;3 3 OTH@=$_E /), -BC, b
BC, !"# .
/7 !"#$%& V>Z%G y)/E l [+
`T, : JT, @J= ,* /4*V!E ,* 9O54 <
) O4+ .$4 Q%n !"#$%& VtG+V7 >=/0) *+ .(JC, @JK BC, `
.,O01W) MK $f>J5N *+ @AGH /=
OTVZ)W) </54 @=ON,3 B%W?,3 ` ) P+/^1C, . V# ) </%= ,* :Q% K*,+ zT$J!E >Z
], «<H </%= @n +V»C, G/i!2 3,
Vf :/4<Vf/G (f(TVZ= B%W?V) { 5YN $4 MK$
< (+ bYN 3+ @=l (#$%& 5YN| ( !"# P*,Qf
BC3.
}Fu) `T, @1i)tE ) x O#/= OTH.
bG,O= bG,Vx%s @n. bD) :+$e :/4
"#$%& l%6VE v ) ` @= bG,VE VtG. I . <]l^")b(K .@54 $f, :
<,$=/2 <OT+ 3 ~* +*,+ E3/^1G @= @K !"#
./%2O) `T, )/5`T, $= +/012, j/)V5BC, .3/^1) I.
) P+,*, I = +V#
!"#$
%&'(
)* +
,-./
0-"1)2*
6%
3"4(5"/
13
89
116
Z= b4`T,.3/^1)%n <HZ%G G/i!2
) V#</)8 4
{T *+$4<,$ZT+la,|3, PO#1ia,x%s @K 5G VE
.3/^Ev$W)`)I"#*V!E 1"=O=1) Q%nrCVE5E52I"#I"#
!&
35
6
117
678
9 !"# $"%& '(
)*+,'
-./0( 123&/45
/
6(70( 89:!
;*<=
Wi( ! "#$%&
'()$*
+ ,-$& . /$0)1
PA, p
2 .( 34 5! 2* 2$*4 '67$8 "#$9:
;<4; + 4< '$3 /$3 6
/$3 =
'$)0>
(3 ?'& $:
/$6 @ . A $9
-.
'$:06
ittgenstein,195
&; ;#@ #B 5C8D
2$*4 'E .5$F.&; G$&4 "; $(3 .1H 4< ID 5$F73
2$J08 )pp.84-
2*4 ':06 ')0K;
' (subjective *4(P. -$LEM3 /$%08
2$ .4 N$6O 5$!:3 O4 -$847E! /$3
'3 584< -:P.
-$0L6 /$%08 . -3;D QR7$SM3 -$&
')S O4 T< @ U-84
V«/6 @«] (5$P#$,4 W-:X ! /M@
3 /$0K; Y& O4 '
#$! /SE$Z3 -$8479=[3 . -$X ! G
2*<; A<7\ -84A $9=[3 /$&]
2*4 +;#.
+7^ "4«)58,p56
'3 _= ! N:P`;7
a78 O4 .4 a E$*.; -$L8 b: . '8 $(3
3 8 "; $(3 & cO47
'$:06 U'$)0K; d ;<4; ; LE64 )#B
':B] Q)'efXPA, pp.90 and
$*4 /$3 6 O4 T< 6 5$P -$Z8 cg$<713;7> #9:3
'3#! 4< %84-$84g0 ! g08 'efX#0hS6 Ni= " :(3 5
. ;#P G&.-H.
;7> .4)V@ :3 &M@ c b84 '& ^8 "'ej 8 A efZ
'3 k&4g@ -B;.
'$S8 /M@ c b 7HG0$:l -& ! 'j[
"<4 (\ G&4 -j @] -& ! -87X m7
#P n.-6 ID O4 B-
2.
m EP »^j . '!DU;<; o J=4 c
'3 5l -X ! A 7X5i* #% a @; "
:&4 <; NB O ! 5E(K' 7K 5i)! U;O4;#p.
d0$B 5P 2*4 +-5(F73 Y 50)P "
Q @#\ ')0K; #B N+-$X N$&4d 115)
$@ . '$:06 '$)0$E)3 ID 5$! I47$HO4 5P -:i! q;'3;D QR7SM3 U'
h + ,-&; O4 ;7>5K;4 5P -X 5P "4
')6 @ ; «N09:HG V@ :3 U/S6 5P
'S8 U 5K;4 -:847H "Z3 UA 9=[3 .
V@ :»'JP «@4 4<'& ^ b84 "4#! "4
[>4 nR-E*4 2*4g!4 208[L6 . '7J13 /0K; -:B4
-M! /%08 '>#! #98
2*4 -LEM3 "< %<; "< %84 ^:H;P %:B QR7SM3 G3
'3 A. rE3 -:P%&; ".< '&4#,;
2*4 '&4#,; .K4'3 + ,-&; s;7>
5b o7iM3.(
-0L6 G&4 #! ':E(35( P "Y& 5! 50)
N0X ! ID #! #,4 cg$E)3)<4;4. (Xc b84 " 0K; U/$M@
'$3 '$Ej. ^:H H ;7> ;<73 <; 4<
'efX #9:3 O4+< !<; ')S6 > "
G&4 -847 X ! 587,Y& »4OD #t0uE3
G&4 -:8 3 'H 9='3 k&4g@4 U-B;
A ^F G&4 2r,:3 /S6 5P /0K;
2* :^8 /0K; d0B*<; A<7\ /%'efX V@ :3 /v7f! 'efX A
5 /%08 "5! 5P ;7! 8
%84 ^:H;7> 5! 2*;7> /! L3 G& EZ3 5C8D #,4 5P k_= U;<; o J;7> 50)6 /%08 ;7> ! 2rK f3 /
2* .> 5! #ESP .4' -:P)3 '*-:^3
'@ '&4#, 3 Vj47K4G&4 /! L3 <1(K *
5P 2*4 ID .4 3 "< %84 ^:H;7>
5K; "4#! 'Mj4. "5P 2JB "< %'Si= I SB '
4 ')S6 c i=4 q6 Ni= <.-\ G
'3 'Ej. ^:H 7HI.-! 4< ^8D I47[3 . A ^F 5b
2*4 #0uE3 [4 4<'3 N0X ! , I47H
/6 ; G&4 Q[v3 U-84*4 G&4 "<7\ "
-X ! .5! %08 N6Ow[>4 ! ; x)v3
A ^F . A 9=[
584O4.#p-:)! " 6-3
*4 A. rE3Z:%E&.
#p G&4k*J=4 c %:BVy73/%08 z#{*.4 #98-3'3 '*<#!,;7>
89 .(<; .4')P gH #H
> O4 ')iX»'3 SH « ;4
%84 ^:H;7>'efX#0hq#&|pG&4#! :! 5P-84g0%84#!.
7E! . -:X !b0E8 <;;4OD /6 @
q7> G0!6 @ O4 T< @5b0E8 "#0uE3 ;4OD
xE3 A ^F[3 #,4
1
.I SB G&4
4< ID .4 '
G) +#$L@ " +O4-$84 G0$ < $%84 ^:H;
! "#$ %&
1 -
U/! L3 <; . O4 I $SK47=
n.4 U'E> '$efX#0 5$i:&4 }#
I $03 '$e
!
"' (L
1. valuel
2*4 ~y4..
4 "g2*«'$Ej. U584< %84 ^:H -84.
'r$ «G& E$Z:%E&. ' $SB 5$! . -$:P
'efX ;7> I 3
(#) ! &*+ ,-$.)&./0 &1 ,02) ...$
2 ... 3*4) 567+ &891380:9; 0
. -:P cO[3 "<=4 . a $y.4 . I
I4.< A 06- :$X0h 7$18 5$! '$Ej#$@ . 2$*4 Gi
efX Q @#$\ I47$
53& %&*0 (<&= !>& ?3 *@ (A/
BC& 27# «LW,
less
. 'efX#0h . 'g0l 587%l 'JP;7> I !O '\7
»$J)@ A $L0L1H'$S8 "< $%84 ^:H
5!#bH <; 3 2
&1 D"-! 53& EF"0"-! ! G1&G G.H26-I6) J"-01"K< L
(' M2 G.$)8N6)
< %84 ^:H;7> ! I $3;7> GEJ&#%
-$3 5$)SF O4 $3 �&4#$X I $S).
iS3 $8 I4#%&; 5!
5$! '$efX " $:6
86OG P6@ L ,6G1 ./$ *47' 1G»"' %&*0 «#$>1&
'efX " B#9:P GEX4; ;<;#*
7e> . 'efX
5$! 4< #E$Z0! �;7> O4 ')LE$J3
2*4 G&4 ;<4; 20
"#-Q& !"#$ %&'()* +,-.$ /0 1* 2343567# +#8*
[&7#9: ;'03<"
! "# $%&'( )*+, "#-, '. /01
"2345 6-27809 :-2; !& $<-2=
/# >?9-@A ),'%BC D'E.
FG2# )2; G2#-; H
=> ?@8# '!AB
8#&7 $9)* &"3> 1C DE 1> ;F#
=A I?7@. -; H!G=* J4KA G
)@LMA -# "N' H"OCP« Q2R; S+?,
" A Q2R; P G29&G#'+ :»?09 )T,U
.
"A $ G#'%:
(4 +83-7#3GHI$9:10 !"#&7 8*3> 2* +J'C K'B L
=<.J'M D]N5F[
* BC VU S+?"# 1OA P 6WXOYABC.
8 6-20. )2* G5-2=OA Z"345$?[
"A \G=*A ]^_ E`A-, G,! & &'a-A )* BC "#-,
3O P=QR",'S =A0 (3O ,<M 1>
1!A>#* .8#$ 10
G,$?%.
!-+, -b=.&'( cG#-; !-+, -b=.&'('3( V-;d Ge '
!»P& f', V-7A 258 ("A f-a!
"A B *+; )* G= «(PA, p.106).
$+#& "#-a !& -
»9: 1> LO ,T#289U L.# 8$L!:3H" 1> 8$3V
%83>8$ D3G) +11(
?, H!'RA H-eG $%&'( "@, P C "345$?[ H-g, "#-, '. /# $%6-78 ); ! -A J
&'5 )OY (A 6WOXAaP -A V'T09 ",
, '. /# H $hA >?=* !i% V.
»,WHO @# 3O# D#,-.$)A0 ,B
1X$# 0 =YZ4 +p.121).
!"#$
%&'(
)* +
,-./
0-"1)2*
6%
3"4(5"/
13
89
118
% ! $jc;!
»('j &! &!&
261-
B#-@*>?OY?,-A
GA$k, d
H$k=A%
J45Y#$+,, $+#&d
V $+#&
!&
35
8
119
678
9 :-"/ "79
;< =
4(>;
&?,
@< AB
89,C
D
/3<E@<
FGH-
I4JK
$2% l m2C-n "2o=(
\G2=*
"5W?+ "2=`#
P )22,-=.
V-2K, ,-A G2=
V& & 6 )2,'%$ G25-; H B#-@* H $2; FG25 ) p!'2N >#! G2 p-22k8 P p-2b
1.*#@ @ %3-7 +&7 ( 1> 3. &HH'5>
&HH'5> .L.# 3> 10[\]X3> 28 [ 3O#
DE ^3R!7# 1> 1
"2A )2,'+q G29&G25-; )O25 & c
P»rd! B?=?eH (:-=Oa VU d
+, H 'ORA /A /2# P B2C "2
)22A-,$; P .P$s H13 t \52.(
\&! & VU d B# S2e-s d« (B2C
" 6-2h, H $; H $9 ! "#$%& '%(!)
*+(!$( ,*-./«0!1 234! 5671 ,89!7:$%;: < 671
-.=( > -./*+(!7:? 89'%: @'%A %( B%C*D6 234! 7
.EFA < @$%%GH5 !'%(! -%: GH 0
! !" #$% &'(!$)*+,-. /01 2,3 (!
/. !" ,3 + 4&(56( 4567# 81]"$9+
*1 #"!&( #$:; ,
6#!6 07+96 .IJ%:# <! -%: '%9$: 3
': -KL(« < 34!07+96 -I < 8A
-( M=E 0!7: $G;N%;*O P)%I 3%4
3 :< Q7%%R B%%=9 28C.9# S6#$T381
B.4<6 U) «$=E @$GH » ! "#$%&-D6! ';(! BVW!< 0!
BA X*N7N 89! )N -()Y7Z 'W$& »*A
,[O ,\O 0$].\B^\CN _`*+(! a'A
-bEFA < >9 0-%b 0 !#6 c&$%;A
P$=A! #<6 5 79de'%%f$: -.%%f!'( U.
B 3%4#6 ';(!)N
)+ 4*1 <=! >?@3: *+ AB+,@1 ;3(C *1 D567# E$1 *( ; FB)GH E,,. 5I'. J,+ "# D
6 -: Bg:# -I $[f8%A h(# -3%4!
'f»( B& 6#6 89!BK1 7Z )A -I
(PA E 89! B;V907 (! 8*%;I `%*(
'(#!6 3*VW.
!"# $%& '( )
3%%f!6 ,%%+*( ! - 7N)T*Y Si!<#!6
j$.1 »U)( P$=A!< @$bEFA <! 7
B 'k/:«BA 2 !)N! -: 2,O$& @$L.Dl,O$& 7Y! B^.E
\A -: !7I -=;9! mnBA !# # 'A$*e P!)N
< S3GH >9 -:bEFA $: 34! 85!# ! _`*+(! BU)%%W< P$%%=A! B%%
,O$& ! "#$ (BA'f$: -.f!6.
@. /K!#$:$. DL ! ; /MN!; ;! D
FH !" #$% & $O% 5I'. 5BP",.#$
D#5Q *+ 59R'. (Ib.
f h(# -1 !# i!o-1 3GH Pp ! h'f$: '\.VA 7Y! $A
BA X 0!7: 6)f34! -A, p.85)
)7%+96 -%C[H !W!< MZ P!7+96 <
*% :)+(%, -.
B%%A 3%%q!7 P!)%%N5r -(! !<7e';C: 0!
1 P!);O -1 ,+*(7st.A 7*TVN -: $9
BA 8*=KN !# BK! 34! ,q$W ,+'f$: -.f!6 B(Fmn*u)N 0!7: ,*
346 < #$1#'(!$»@$L.D! mvlL(«
8=[A BA6p ,+iwA 6#)A Bk9'(!
%%f`*+(! 8*%%;I B$& @$bEFA < @
_`*+»B(F\O«
.D!5+ ,3'K ST%!E!56)!&(! *+ *1
&'(!$)+ 567# 2",U"# ; V5P5= ,3'K ; W,% XBO YB
F7$Z ;5+; «bid)
o4 89! x4$e !7Yh(# < 6#6 89! 'A! 34! 56!'( 0
,A$O «XH)A Pp-.&7Y -C?$& B9!B%K17Z 0!7: )
< 34$gs 0#$+
/0"1# - /2 %"3
7W <6 2B%%s7: 7%%r<7e 07+96 < 7
-($;N<7& 6)y *( 7NB;*O @$bE 0!)9
z{p ,V& z$| K1 .+*( Q7R 89! #6
F\O _`*+(! <! 0*D6 < S-bEFA -:6)H)A m,*A -($+
8 $: ,O$& !7I -13K*( .-: +*( 7b(6)f .A #6 7Y! <
U)%%( 6#) B.%%4<6 -)@$GH 79$4 <
iwA +(! -($k9'(!
»..
67#U[,.
YBH;"
Y6)s'f$: '\.VA
c($W 5';;1 !O ! "#$& <7Y6)s !-=C: 6#!6+($G;N6)s
11- 2456
%%b( -%%:-($Vu$s 7N
1 .y\AEFA P6!6
89! -1»|(!';f$: ,V&.
»,*aA «0!7:: <! @$L.D!
BA ';1 .+989! mn*u)Nz { 34!-./*+(!7:
)%%A #6 -%%1U)( -($.4<6
@$bEFA
-% c&$%;A 0 -%: !# P$%A @$%GH 79$
B%C*D6 2,V 7%*TVN B%VW -%1 '%k( z 7%%b;A ! -%%
6#!6 5'%*\O !# B%A6p }{ ,%A$O ! "
] ,A$E -1 B%C*s 7%Y mB9$%;TA ,%*
,%O$& 7%: , < @$%bEF
3 '(!.
B%;*O @$%
1. Fee - a
%bEFA 6#)%A #6-%LDoA < M9) 0
U -($.%4<6)$%4 <
V& z$|(! 0!7: BVW!< mB%C[O z$%=Ez`%.CA Pp -%: P!)%%1 '%%;=: _6)%%
O ,%+*( < '%(!`*}{)%[VA '%9$: `*(
BC[O M "#$& 2'(!67.
mc&$;A $9»,O$&«(
Y! S';f$: ,V& z$|*D6 >%9 ! By
'Z.
B[ ,[.%kA '%(!)NFA < '%f$: 8*%;I
34#6 @#)? 89%bEFA ,%9~ '9
agent variab
6 B%.W< 3%4! ' : @)%f -%./*+(!7
U)%( @$%bEFA
BA$« -D6! VW!< 0 mB%f`*+(! 0 «E!
B%A B.W< $G;N )%NB %%s 6#)%%A #6 !#
BA6 BA7: !# *+(!By/f7*� 5$Y
M=E 0$;TA -1 071 89<'N < M*b
mc&$;A»<! 6)s «)9-D6! |(! B9$G( 0
yW$( @$y/kA @BA �9!`&! !# Z6
B[( ,V& z$|(! 0$: BWFs! iI '9
0#!`:! 3 (9! 'W$&$: '()f j)K�
le
U '%\.VA 2B.%4<6@#)%? 89': M< @$GH #6 M*(
M*f$:.
34! '\.VA »$[N-: Pp ! »0!).�A
N -1 3KZ 0#$B%%[=E P$%%[Z
6p }{)[VA 2By/5 Y'96 ! 6)s 0
-D6! -1 'f$: - 0!BCA$O 6! p «
1 b;N
89! ' A 2,[O -1B[( 2'Z6 ';(!)N
@$bEFA < @$Gc&$;A ,[»BK1«
B9$G( ,*D !7: 0!i{'.4! 34#6
3*(F\O < By/�A ,*D6 ';Z!)/:
i U)%( < B%k9'(!Bk (BA $A M*(!)N
(!).( !7I 2M*;1 7_ : -.f!6 B(F\O
,+*( 2-(! !<7e'-1 0`*I 34!$+(!$G;N6)s BO)B%%y/f7*� 07
[y/f 7b;A ! BC5#$:#6 BC[O M=
BA 89! '(!)N -()Y>9 P<'»7�*�.A
';($A BN$bEFA <[BA �9!`&! !# 6
! 3LY P!GH 89,[O -1 ,*D6 89!
34! 89 :6 �*Z@#)? ,+*( M
�)/f !"#$ %&$'()* +",-
./0$ 12"#3 "4 %5+6)./$ 78 9:6;<
1=; 6#>;"$?1@A
%B"! ? (CD@5;< 6#E4 F;<GH 78
< I7"! J< %$"B ?81 .K4 G; LJ MB?
100=#$ ?< 600;<GN4 '$ K;<7GO 6#P.
>B Q"RS< C1:TRS 7J6U V:<14
6;<D .$ 'NWJ ",#3;X Y<GN4 J 64 <7",
J +",- KZ@N; 7[\< 1@]N$ 8<?X[
'$ M@*"4 V@4 G3%B"! ? < ^_&$ `6;<
KZ@ < `L7GU L6*"4 1@]N$ .K4 MB?
a_H< "4 8"bN$ +- J +"=S_$ 1c
6;1@c.
!"#$
%&'(
)* +
,-./
0-"1)2*
6%
3"4(5"/
13
89
12
5@;6$6#E4LGO;?< I7"!
2.
J '#@B'$ 1P
%00$"BO$8GHTd4"#4 KPD@5;<146#*"478X %B"!CGH?< I7"!@N;$ 8<?X+",-c<c 7<1W
!&
35
0
121
678
9 :-"/ "79
;< =
4(>;
&?,
@< AB
89,C
D
/3<E@<
FGH-
I4JK
!"#$ .
K>- L
%$ &'
KN\< L
` ()*
6. Na
Univ
7. 00000(20):
8. 00000Princ
9. 00000Press
10. M
Index
11. T
Ques
12.
Oxfo
$ +,- ./ 0
0123 4-13 `
'5&* 63 7!"8
V@e$ L 1:J `f8<?
Y"@RE$ 'gh($
agel, Thomas
ersity Press.
000000, 00000000000000pp.716-27.
000000 , 000000000000ceton Univers
000000, 00000000000000s.
MacGinn C,
xical Though
Thomas, Alan
tion s Unive
Wittgenste
rd:Blackwel
%9":; 4 123
%9":; %$ 4( 4
8,<* =%>&)? @
i65 – 62.
L6,$ J '-"; 6
KN\<1:J `L7 L
s, (1970), Th
00000 , (1971),
00000000 , (1978)
sity press.
0000 , (1997),
(1983), The
hts (Oxford,O
n, (2009), T
rsity Press.
ein,L(1958),
l
( `; %$ AB&<*
L87J1,\ 19.
A-12 :(?C./
@8 ./ D&!5
f7">* 7!" #
!"$%&' ()*+, #
( -.+/0 $%)1
1.
he Possibilit
"The Absur
) The Possib
the Last W
e Subjective
OUP)
Thomas Nag
The Blu
#23+4.)1381(
56 7 897:; +<=>
1383( ##$ % &'
?).
1375( #»( )*
0 #@-4563> 7 @AB
13( #"+ ,- ./
CD+9 E3F-5<.
,01-« .()*+,
3 !" #92- 07
ty of Altruis
rd", Journa
bility of Alt
ord, Oxford
View, Seco
el , (Philoso
e and
2B%<'3 #G .> 7
> #23+/, #2-%HID
#$.B.> #J,B)3
)' #23+/, # F3$
#KLMND #2)5
(IOD #PQ B1
#RRRRRRRRRR #R)384
<63 #23+/, #2-%HI
CD-,)1382 (»-
@F-)0 29-30
sm, Oxford,
al of Philoso
truism, New
d, Oxford Un
ondary Quali
ophy Now), M
Brown
23 !+
1 .S37F3>
()*+, D
2 . TD B6
$6-%D JU1
3 .2-%HID
4(56«#
4 .RRRRRRRRR
ID KLMND
5 ., #V4%6
57' 8 #0Oxford
phy, 68
w Jersey,
niversity
ties and
McGill-
Books,