01-Structure of Computers

7/29/2019 01-Structure of Computers

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IKI20210Pengantar Organisasi Komputer

Kuliah no. 1: Pendahuluan

14 Februari 2003

Bobby Nazief ([email protected])Qonita Shahab ([email protected])

bahan kuliah: http://www.cs.ui.ac.id/kuliah/iki20210/

Sumber:1. Hamacher. Computer Organization, ed-5.2. Materi kuliah CS61C/2000 & CS152/1997, UCB.


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IKI20210

Pengantar Organisasi Komputer Mata kuliah ini mengajarkan dasar-dasar organisasi

komputer sekuensial, yang terdiri dari komponen-komponen:input, output, memori, dan prosesor (kontrol dan datapath),melalui pemrograman dengan bahasa assembly.

Prasyarat: Pengantar Sistem Digital Konsep Pemrograman I

Bobot: 3 SKS

Buku Acuan: V. Carl Hamacher, dkk. Computer Organization. Edisi ke-5.

McGraw-Hill, 2002. David Patterson & John Hennessy. Computer Organization &

Design: The Hardware/Software Interface. Morgan KaufmannPublishers, Inc.


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ADMINISTRASI PERKULIAHAN

Penilaian: Tugas: 30% (5 tugas pemrograman + PR) UTS: 30% UAS: 40%

Jadwal Kuliah: Rabu: 8:00 9:40 WIB Jumat: 8:00 8:50 WIB

Jadwal Ujian: UTS: 16 April 2003 UAS: 9 - 20 Juni 2003


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Organisasi Sistem Komputer


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ORGANISASI SISTEM

KOMPUTER

Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat abstraksi

I/O systemProcessor

Compiler

Operating

System

(Windows 98)

Application (Netscape)

Digital Design

Circuit Design

Instruction SetArchitecture

Datapath & Control

transistors

MemoryHardware

Software Assembler

20210


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TINGKAT-TINGKAT ABSTRAKSI ORGANISASI

KOMPUTER Application S/W

MS Word computer as electronic type-writer MS Excel computer as electronic calculator

System S/W Compilers computer as translator (source to executable

program) Operating Systems computer as machine that executes

programs, stores files, prints content of files to printers,communicate with other computers

Instruction Set What basic operations can be carried out What, where, and how data can be stored & retrieved in/from

memory How can data be exchanged to the outside world

Computer H/W The 5 components: Datapath, Control, Memory, Input, Output


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TINGKAT-TINGKAT BAHASA

PEMROGRAMAN

lds r1, 0x100

lds r2, 0x102add r1, r2sts 0x104, r1

A = 25;

B = 8;

C = A * B;

0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000

1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110

1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001

0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111

High Level Language

Program (e.g., C)

Assembly LanguageProgram (e.g.,AVR)

Machine LanguageProgram (AVR)

Control SignalSpecification

Compiler

Assembler

Machine Interpretation

20210

O G S S S


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ORGANISASI BAHASA

PEMROGRAMAN JAVA

Java Language

Java Virtual Machine

Operating System

Computer H/W

byte code

JVM dapat langsungberhubungan dgn h/w

5 KOMPONEN UTAMA


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5 KOMPONEN UTAMA

KOMPUTER

Processor(active)

Computer

Control(brain)

Datapath(brawn)

Memory(passive)

(whereprograms,datalive whenrunning)

Devices

Input

Output

Keyboard,Mouse

Display,Printer

Disk(whereprograms,datalive whennot running)


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Contoh-contoh (Organisasi) Komputer


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CONTOH: KOMPUTER BERBASIS PENTIUM

Processor/MemoryBus

PCI Bus

I/O Busses


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CONTOH: KOMPUTER BERBASIS

SPARCSTATION20

TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun

SPARCstation20

Boot PROM

Floating-point Unit

Integer Unit

InstCache

RefMMU

DataCache

StoreBuffer

Bus Interface

SuperSPARC

L2

$

CC

MBus Module

MBus

L64852 MBus controlM-S Adapter

SBus

DRAM

Controller

SBusDMA

SCSI

Ethernet

STDIO

serial

kbdmouse

audio

RTC

Floppy

SBusCards


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CONTOH: MICROCONTROLLER AT90S8515


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STRUKTUR (UMUM) INTERKONEKSI

ANTAR-KOMPONEN

Semua komponen memiliki organisasi & antar-muka

Proc

CachesProcessor-Memory Bus

Memory

I/O Devices:

Controllers

adapters

Disks

DisplaysKeyboards Networks

I/O Bus


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OUTLINE MATERI KULIAH

Konsep-konsep Dasar Stored Program Computer Instruction Set

Set Instruksi/Pemrograman Input/Output Memori Aritmatika Prosesor

Datapath

Control Unit Pipeline


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GENERASI KOMPUTER

I: 46 57: UNIVAC 1103

Bahasa Rakitan Vacuum Tube 40.000 instruksi/detik

II: 58 64: IBM 7094 Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator Transistor I/O & Processor Parallelism 200.000 instruksi/detik

III: 65 71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8 Sistem Operasi Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC) Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism 1.000.000 instruksi/detik

IV: 72 77:Apple IIe, IBM PC Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI) Microprocessor, PC 10.000.000 instruksi/detik

IV: 78 : 80286 Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) 100.000.000 instruksi/detik


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Trend Teknologi

TREN TEKNOLOGI KAPASITAS


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Year

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

i80386

i4004

i8080

Pentium

i80486

i80286

i8086

TREN TEKNOLOGI: KAPASITAS

MIKROPROSESOR

2X transistors/Chip

Every 1.5 years

Called

Moores Law

Alpha 21264: 15 million

Pentium Pro: 5.5 million

PowerPC 620: 6.9 millionAlpha 21164: 9.3 millionSparc Ultra: 5.2 million

Moores Law


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TREN TEKNOLOGI: KINERJA PROSESOR

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

DEC Alpha 21264/600

DEC Alpha 5/500

DEC Alpha 5/300

DEC Alpha 4/266IBM POWER 100

DEC

AXP/

500

HP

9000/

750

Sun

-4/

260

IBM

RS/

6000

MIPS

M/

MIPS

M

1.54X/yr

Processor performance increase/year, mistakenlyreferred to as Moores Law (transistors/chip)

TREN TEKNOLOGI KAPASITAS MEMORI (1 CHIP


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TREN TEKNOLOGI: KAPASITAS MEMORI (1 CHIP

DRAM)

size

Year

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

1000000000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

year size(Megabit)1980 0.0625

1983 0.25

1986 1

1989 41992 16

1996 64

2000 256

Now 1.4X/yr, ordoubling every 2 years

4000X since 1980


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TEKNOLOGI KOMPUTER PERUBAHAN DRAMATIS

Prosessor 2X lebih cepat setiap 1,5 tahun 100X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir

Memori Kapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 years Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun Kapasitas meningkat 64X dalam dekade terakhir

Disk Kapasitas disk: > 2X setiap 1,0 tahun

Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun Kapasitas meningkat 120X dalam dekade terakhir

BICYCLE COMPUTER


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BICYCLE COMPUTER

(EMBEDDED)

P. Brain wirelessheartmonitor strap

record 5 measures: speed, time,current distance, elevation and

heart rate Every 10 to 60 sec. 8KB data 33 hours Stores information so can be

uploaded through a serial port intoPC to be analyzed

Speed

Altitude

Heart

Rate

Dramatic change !!!

Documents

01-Structure of Computers