01 Mobile Wirel

Wireless Market Segments & Partners

Fixed

Mobile

Broadband Multiservice

2G+

Cellular

3G

Cellular

Residential/

Premise/ Campus

LMDS

MMDS

Cisco/

Bosch

Data

Services

GPRS

Mobile IP

Packet

Data/Voice

UMTS

BLUE

TOOTH

IEEE

802.11

Wireless Internetworking

Overview

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N+I_2k 2000, Peter Tomsu

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Residential WLANsFound in office environment for wireless network accessEither infrared or radioStandards are

BluetoothIEEE 802.11

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Fixed WirelessProvide high speed wireless link to connect remote sitesPoint-to-point or point-to-multipointLine-of-sight or non-line-of-sight systemsTwo standards

LMDS Local Multipoint Distribution SystemMMDS

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Mobile Wireless NetworksUsually digital cellular radion networksProvide voice and data services1G analog transmission2G digital cellular networks (like GSM)

Circuit switched 2G+

HSCSD (circuit switched bundeled timeslots)GPRS (voice CS, data PS)3G like UMTS

Completely packet switched voice and data

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GPRS and other Mobile Wireless TechnologiesGSM dataCircuit 9.6 kbits/s Low ETSI Now

HSCSDCircuit 56 kbits/s Medium ETSI 1999-2000EDGEPacket 380 kbits/s Medium Ericsson 2000-2001GPRSPacket 150 kbits/s Medium ETSI 2000-2001UMTSPacket 2 Mbits/s High (radio) ETSI 2002HSCSDHigh Speed Circuit Switched DataEDGE Enhanced Data Rate for GSM EvolutionGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceUMTS Universal Mobile Telephone ServiceTechnology Type Throughput Investment Std. Body Availability

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GSM Packet Data Service OptionsTwo services as part of "Phase 2+" of the GSM specification

High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) General Packet Radio Service(GPRS)

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High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) allows the combination of multiple timeslotsChannels can be multiplexed together to offer a data rate of up to 56 Kbit/s when using all four slots (14.4 Kbs/channel)because each time slot could carry a conventional conversation, the use of multiple slots restricts the capacity for speech traffic, resulting in the handset user specifying a minimum acceptable data rate and a preferred (and usually higher) data ratewill prove particularly useful for applications with high-speed data requirements, such as large-scale file transfers, advanced fax services and mobile video communications

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General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) available over GSM networksData is packet switched - voice remains circuit switchedmay also be supported as part of other standards, such as DECT and TDMAbased on the transportation and routing of packetized dataCapacity limitation is hence in terms of the amount of data being transmitted rather than the time of connectionreduces the time spent setting up and taking down connectionsworks with public data networks using Internet protocol & X.25"bursty" applications such as e-mail, traffic telematics, telemetry, broadcast services, and Web browsingrequires modifications to the GSM system architecture and has targeted commercial availability in the 1999 timeframe

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HSCSD vs GPRSHSCSD is a small market HSCD doesnt do anything to ease spectrum capacity constraints that operators are facingGPRS benefits

ultimately, higher speed datathe packet data element is most important because it uses the spectrum in a better waynot tying up a whole channel end-to-end for one user

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Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

GSM Standard bodies are defining data networking technologies which will build upon GPRS

One such technology is Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

EDGE will offer a theroretical rate of up to 384 Kbs.

Beyond EDGE, 3G (UMTS) cellular systems will eventually offer data rates up to 2 Mbs

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Universal Mobile Telephone Service UMTS3G mobile systemDeveloped within ITU-2000 frameworkFrequency bands

Terrestrial: 1885 2025 MHz and 2110 2200 MHzSattelite: 1980 2010 MHz and 2170 2200 MHzData rates up to 2MbpsInherent IP support Fully packet switched (data and voice)Concept of VME (Virtual Home Environment)

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GSM Cellular Packet DataGPRS SGSN and GGSN provide packet data services

EIRAUCHLRVLRBTSBTSBackhaulInternetTransitNetTransitNetSSSSSS Switching SubsystemVLR Visitor Location RegisterHLR Home Location RegisterAUC Authentication CenterEIR Equipment Identity CenterMSC Mobile Switching CenterBSSBSS Base Station SubsystemBSC Base Station ControllerBTS Base Transceiver StationsGSN GPRS Support NodeSGSN Serving GSNGGSN Gateway GSN

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GSM Network Areas

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GSM Network AreasGSM network consists of geographical areas

Location Areas LAmade up of a group of cells served by a BSCBSC hndles inter cell signaling updates Keeps track of the cell a user is locatedMSC/VLR Service AreasMSC administers several BSCshandles signaling traffic of inter LA updates Public Land Mobile Networks PLMNs

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GPRS Logical ArchitecturePS GPRS uses completely different network architecture as underlying GSM networkThus introduction of two new network nodes GPRS Support Nodes

SGSN Serving GSN (GPRS Support Node)GGSN Gateway GSN (GPRS Support Node)

D

C

E

Gn

SGSN

Gf

R

Um

Gp

Gb

Gc

Gd

Gs

Gi

Gn

EIR

Signalling and Data Transfer Interface

Signalling Interface

TE

MT

BSS

TE

PDN

GGSN

SGSN

Gr

Other PLMN

GGSN

A

HLR

MSC/VLR

SM-SC

SMS-GMSCSMS-IWMSC

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SGSN and GGSN FunctionalitySGSN

Keeps track of users locationPerforms security functions and access controlGGSN

Provides internetworking functions with external networksSimply a strong router with IP and X.25 capability

D

C

E

Gn

SGSN

Gf

R

Um

Gp

Gb

Gc

Gd

Gs

Gi

Gn

EIR



TE

MT

BSS

TE

PDN

GGSN

SGSN

Gr

Other PLMN

GGSN

A

HLR

MSC/VLR

SM-SC

SMS-GMSCSMS-IWMSC

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Further Elements and EnhancementsSGSNs are connected to PCUs (Packet Control Units which are part of the BSC)

Via Gb interface with FR linksGSNs are interconnected over Gn interface via IP backbone

GPRS backbone or GPRS networkHLR is enhanced with GPRS subscriber informationSMS components are upgraded to support SMS transmission via SGSN

D

C

E

Gn

SGSN

Gf

R

Um

Gp

Gb

Gc

Gd

Gs

Gi

Gn

EIR



TE

MT

BSS

TE

PDN

GGSN

SGSN

Gr

Other PLMN

GGSN

A

HLR

MSC/VLR

SM-SC

SMS-GMSCSMS-IWMSC

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Intra and Inter PLMN Backbone NetworksGp interface

Connects two independent GPRS networks for message exchangeMessage exchange done by BG (router)Gi interface

Connection between operators GPRS networks and external networks (Internet)

Gi

SGSN

Gp

Intra-PLMN Backbone

Intra-PLMN Backbone

PLMN B

PLMN A

SGSN

SGSN

GGSN

GGSN

BG

BG

Gi

Inter-PLMN Backbone

Packet Data Network

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GPRS Support NodesGSN is main element in GPRS infrastructure

Mobility routerProvides connectionEnables interworking with various data networks

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GGSNUsed to access external data networkIP router containing all necessary routing info for attached GPRS usersRouting info used to tunnel PDUs to MSs current point of attachement (SGSN)Allocation of dynamic IP addresses

Either itself or external DHCP server

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SGSNServes MS in terms of packet data servicesSGSN establishes connection via GGSN to requested data networkMaintains all data structures (contexts) for

AuthenticationRouting processIn case of roaming (SGSN and GGSN in different PLMNs) interconnected via Gp interface

Provides security and others

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PCULocated in the BSCActs as an interface to the SGSNDistinguishes data and voiceSends data over FR via SGSN into GPRS backboneRealized in SW or HW

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APN Access Point NameDefined by ETSI in order to deal with huge number of IP networks to connect toUniquely identifies the network a user wants to accessL3 protocols defined are IPv4 and IPv6

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APNContains

Name of foreign NWNetwork access modeStored in HLRUser may select APN by himself from the MS

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GPRS ConceptsAPN: targeted network (ISP, intranet)PDP context: session id1) reach the SGSN (telecom part)2) reach the GGSN serving the APN (GTP=moving tunnel) 3) reach the APN (dedicated link, tunnel)

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GPRS PDN Interworking ModelGGSN is access point for internetworking

Seen from outside as normal routerGPRS network seems to be normal IP subnet

GPRS Bearer

L1

L2

IP

IP

GGSN

Gi

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GPRS Transmission PlaneUm radio interfaceUses same PL coding as classical GSMThus no HW changesTE requires up to 8 slots / TDMA frameGTP GPRS Tunneling ProtocolSNDCP Subnetwork Dependent Convergence ProtocolBSSGP Base Station System GPRS Protocol

RLCMAC

BSSGP

BSSGP

RLCMAC

LLC

LLC

IP / X.25

Application

IP / X.25

SNDCP

SNDCP

GTP

GTP

Relay

BSS

MS

Gn

Um

Gb

Gi

L2

IP

L1bis

L1

L2

UDP /TCP

L1

SGSN

GGSN

Network Service

IP

UDP / TCP

GSM RF

L1bis

Network Service

Relay

GSM RF

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Gb InterfaceLink layer is FRBSSGP (BSS GPRS) conveys routing and QoS info between BSS and SGSNSNDCP encapsulates IP traffic between terminal and SGSN

Multiplexing of L3 connectionsCiphering, segmentation, compression

RLCMAC

BSSGP

BSSGP

RLCMAC

LLC

LLC

IP / X.25

Application

IP / X.25

SNDCP

SNDCP

GTP

GTP

Relay

BSS

MS

Gn

Um

Gb

Gi

L2

IP

L1bis

L1

L2

UDP /TCP

L1

SGSN

GGSN

Network Service

IP

UDP / TCP

GSM RF

L1bis

Network Service

Relay

GSM RF

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Gn InterfaceGTP (ETSI) tunnels IP packets between SGSN and GGSN

One tunnel per active TERuns either over UDP or TCP

RLCMAC

BSSGP

BSSGP

RLCMAC

LLC

LLC

IP / X.25

Application

IP / X.25

SNDCP

SNDCP

GTP

GTP

Relay

BSS

MS

Gn

Um

Gb

Gi

L2

IP

L1bis

L1

L2

UDP /TCP

L1

SGSN

GGSN

Network Service

IP

UDP / TCP

GSM RF

L1bis

Network Service

Relay

GSM RF

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MSMS could be

Only GPRS phone User with NW connection via GPRS to his PC

MS

Gi reference point

R reference point

Um

Gp

TE

MT

PDNs orother networks

GPRS network 2

GPRS network 1

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Transparent Internet AccessUser who wants to get connected to internetMS is given an IP address out of the operators address space

Could be statically or dynamically allocatedMay be public or privateAuthentication performed by SGSN via HLR

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Transparent Internet Access

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Non Transparent AccessAllows user to select SPs of his choiceConnection to intranet VPN for email access, intraweb, databasesHas to request IP address and perform authentication in company networkRealized by SGSN during PDP context activation via selected APNMS sends authentication requestGGSN requests authentication and IP address from specified server (Radius, DHCP) of customers intranetUse of Ipsec and/or L2 tunnel for terminating private IP addresses at GGSN via Internet

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Interworking Between GPRS Roaming UsersBGP (RFC 1771)

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QoS on GPRSH.323 clientIP QoSCRTPFR CoSPriotitiesIP QoSCARWFQCRTPIP QoSWFQWREDIP QoSH.323 Gateway

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Quality of ServiceMapping between GPRS QoS and IP QoS levelsUse of IP CoS mechanisms in GGSN/SGSN and in the Backbone: WRED, WFQ, CARAdmission Control (GGSN): S traffic < Total BW

Delay Class

Precedence

Mean-Throughput

Resulting canonical QoS Class

Best Effort

any

any

Best Effort

1, 2, 3

low

any

Best Effort

1,2, 3

any

Best Effort

Best Effort

1,2, 3

normal

specified

Normal

1,2,3

high

specified

Premium

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Backbone IssuesLeverage End-to-End ConsistencyWFQ, WRED, CARMPLS (GGSN as edge router)Integrated management

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IP Address ManagementGGSN can hold (local pool/DHCP): Operators public IP addresses Operators private IP addresses (NAT) Others public IP addresses (local pool) Others private IP addresses (local pool, dedicated I/F)configuration per APN

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IP Address ManagementGGSN can allocate addresses: transparently (local pool using built-in DHCP server/DHCP) non-transparently (CHAP/IPCP processing, RADIUS/DHCP requests generation) through IOS built-in RADIUS/DHCP clientsconfiguration per APN

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GSM to UMTS Evolution

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Evolution TowardsUMTSUMTS Backward compatibility to legacy systemsOperators will try to use existing infrastructure as long as possibleDevelopment steps

1) MIP on top of GPRS2) optimize existing routing mechanisms3) SGSN and GGSN combined in one nodeIn future UMTS will completely integrate PSTN

VSCs will replace all class 4 and class 5 switchesCalls will be routed over IP backbone

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01_mobile_wirel

Questions ???

Mobile Wireless

2000, Peter TomsuMobile Wireless










2000, Peter Tomsu

Documents

01 Mobile Wirel