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Page 1: 01+ ,%&%23&2+4.(#%5#$+6&758%'3&+9)75)+'()+,:)5&+;2) Dhistory.fas.harvard.edu/files/history/files/blair... · 01+ ,%&%23&2+4.(#%5#$+6&758%'3&+9)75)+'()+,:)5&+;2) D ... 2

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`/$-I'#(>O#3,%$1(&%K,$,%"'H(9)#23-81+;1"#(>;1#@",/($,"$(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2H(<%K&%)#+abQ"(?$#%)1$&"(cE(W"QB"1(>WV<VO(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2H(E<(R"1#(>Q1%)1(-$#$&)2()*(R+"1#(&%K,$,%"'H(E1%B",'%#d(&%K,"(0"(<,Qe"&&"'(>EWNH(E1%B",'%#d(-$#+)&%bQ"(0"(W)QB$%1(<)'1%$ZA",U"2)B%1$C(

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E1%)1(-$#$&)2(>N`<VOOH(E5"%'3%1+E1%)1(-$#$&)2(f%g"T$(E1%B",'%#3(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(EF).(+G)=-C#3.C(E1%)1(-$#$&)2(>OcNf(\(OQK),13(T$#(NfH(?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3(>L-$,0(-$#$&)2(VPH(Y),$B%$1(W%K,$,3(N+$,&"'(E(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(Y$'$,3T(E(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(F%&'"1(,"2%)1(,"'"$,-+(&%K,$,3(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(`&).)Q-(f"'"$,-+(W%K,$,3(?$#%)1$&(;-$0".3()*(O-%"1-"'(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(?$#%)1$&(YQ'"Q.(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(H)&8%5B1+f)3$&(W%K,$,3(;$,+Q'(O#$#'K%K&%)#"T"#(I3&#%&:1+A"&'%1T%(&%K,$,%"'(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(>AXWc;H(JQ,TQ(E(;K)(E(>%1(JQ,TQH(I5%&.)1+N$#$&)2Q"(-)&&"-#%*(0"(h,$1-"(>NNhfH(<%K&%)#+abQ"(1$#%)1$&"(><?H(<%K&%)#+abQ"(%1#",Q1%B",'%#$%,"(0"(.d0"-%1"("#(0i)1#)&)2%"(J)58%&$1+<%K&%)#+"T''",B%-"8S"1#,Q.(<$0"18jk,##".K",2ZOk0@"'#0"Q#'-+"1(<%K&%)#+"T'B",KQ10"'(><OSZOj<=(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2H(<%K&%)#+"T'B",KQ10(<$3",1(><_<=(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2H(A"''%'-+"(<%K&%)#+"TV1*),.$#%)1O3'#".(>A"<VOZA<S=(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2H(c))/",$#%B",(<%K&%)#+"T'B",KQ10(<",&%18<,$10"1KQ,2(>c`<_H(O#$$#'K%K&%)#+"T(<",&%1(>O<H(R"."%1'$.",(<%K&%)#+"T'B",KQ10(>R<_=(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(*),(<,"."1=(A$.KQ,2=(Y"-T&"1KQ,28_),/l..",1=(?%"0",'$-+'"1=(O$-+'"18;1+$&#=(O-+&"'@%28A)&'#"%1=(J+k,%12"1=(F,"Q''%'-+",(cQ&#Q,K"'%#UH(_",KQ10T$#$&)2(^**"1#&%-+",(<%K&%)#+"T"1(>^_c=(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(@%#+%1(R<_(K)Q10$,%"'H(F*$&U(W$10"'K%K&%)#+"T(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(S@"%K,k-T"1(<%K&%)#+"T(<%/)1#%1$(K-&2%5$1+?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3(AQ12$,%$1(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(>Y`cc;H(6.)#%&:1(E1%)1(-$#$&)2(>RXR?VfH(65)#%&:1+

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Y$,'+(&%K,$,3(J,%1%#3(N)&&"2"(!QK&%1(W%1"1(A$&&(?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3()*(V,"&$10(mQ""1i'(E1%B",'%#3(<"&*$'#(6'%#$+V1'#%#Q#)(N"1#,$&"(/",(%&(N$#$&)2)(E1%-)(>VNNE=(1$#%)1$&(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2H(N$#$&)2+%(O#),%-%(>-$,0(-$#$&)2(0$#$K$'"H(J,%"'#"(E(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(<)&)21$(E(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(h&),"1-"(<%K&%)#"-$(Y$,Q-"&&%$1$(h&),"1-"(E**QU%(R$&&",3(&%K,$,3(_$#%-$1(&%K,$,3(><%K&%)#"-$($/)'#)&%-$(B$#%-$1$H(X,'-+&%"''Q12(A%'#),%'-+",(<%K&%)#+"T"1(>XA<=(O)Q#+(J%,)&(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2H(L3'(-%&3%1+E1%)1(-$#$&)2(?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(L-M)8C"-521+?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3(<%K1"#I&Q(,%.):"&3%1+E1%)1(-$#$&)2(<)'()5#%&:>1+f)3$&(W%K,$,3(>c<H(W"%0"1(E(?%g."2"1(E(E#,"-+#(E(h,""(E1%B",'%#3()*(;.'#",0$.(>E<_EH(f)##",0$.(E(;.'#",0$.(E1%B",'%#3(>EB;H(X%10+)B"1(E(J%&KQ,2(E(Y$$'#,%-+#(E(R,)1%12"1(E(S""Q@'"(<%K&%)#+""T(Y%00"&KQ,2(!"B"1#",(;#+"1$"Q.(<%K&%)#+""T(h,%'%$1(A%#'),%-$&($10(W%#",$,3(N"1#",(>JfXO`;fH(<"50%$+?),@"2%$1(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(><V<ODOH(`'&)(E(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(!"#%&:1+n$2%"&&)1%$1(E(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(!"5'-2%#1+F),#Q2$&(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(>F`f<;OXH(G->>3%1+fQ''%$1(O#$#"(W%K,$,3(>fOWH(

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4)5C3%1+E1%)1(-$#$&)2(>N`<VOOH(4#"?)&3%1+E1%)1(-$#$&)2(4#"?%B3%+?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3(E1%)1(-$#$&)2(4=%3&+f"0(0"(<%K&%)#"-$'(E1%B",'%#$,%$'(X'/$o)&$'(>fX<VE?=(1$#%)1$&(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2H(?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3(>Y$0,%0H(<%K&%)#"-$(0"(N$#$&Q13$(40):)&+?$#%)1$&(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(>WV<fVOH(W%11Tl/%12(O#$0'K%K&%)#+"T(403'F)5#%&:1+?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3(>A"&B"#%-$#H(<$'"&Z<",1(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(>V!O(<$'"&Z<",1H(Sk,%-+(E(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(>V!O(Sk,%-+H(Sk,%-+($,"$(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(>?X<VOH(fd'"$Q(0"'(K%K&%)#+abQ"'(0"(OQ%''"()--%0"1#$&"=(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(>fXf`H(E1%)1(-$#$&)2(*),()#+",(O@%''(&%K,$,%"'C(O-+@"%U",(_%,#Q"&&",(c$#$&)2(>NA_cH(O#I(R$&&"1(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(>V!O(O#(R$&&"1H(WQU",1(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(>V!O(WQU",1H(S"1#,$&K%K&%)#+"T(WQU",1(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(E(?"Q-+p#"&(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(WQU",1(S"1#,$&8(Q10(A)-+'-+Q&K%K&%)#+"T(>-$,0(-$#$&)2H(<%K&%)#+"T(0",(c$/QU%1",(0",(0"Q#'-+"1(O-+@"%U=(WQU",1(>-$,0(-$#=(c$/QU%1",K%K&%)#+"TH(_%,#Q"&&",(c$#$&)2(J+")&)2%"(Q10(c%,-+"(>_J+cH(N&3'):+/3&2:"8+E1%)1(-$#$&)2()*(Ec(,"'"$,-+(&%K,$,%"'(>N`F;NH(<,%#%'+(W%K,$,3(><WH(W)10)1(-)1'),#%Q.()*($-$0".%-(&%K,$,%"'(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(>YG5H(W)10)1(/QK&%-(&%K,$,%"'(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(O-)##%'+(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(>N;Vf?OH(?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3()*(j$&"'(E(W$./"#",(>j$&"'H((R"1",$&($KK,"B%$#%)1'C(<W(<,%#%'+(W%K,$,3(<?(<%K%)#+abQ"(1$#%)1$&"(O<(\(O#$0#K%K&%)#+"T(>),(B$,%$1#H(E<=(EW=(<E(\(Q1%B",'%#3(&%K,$,3(hE(\(h,""(E1%B",'%#3Zh,"%"(E1%B",'%#q#(c<\f)3$&(&%K,$,3(

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3%-45'%D"_"1%-"=($/Q0(V)I(RQ",%&%Q.(N)/%"'C(<$,%=(<%K(1$U%)1$&"(<,%e"1=(c$/QU%1",(<,%e"1(F,$2Q"=(?$#(&%K(f)."=(<%K(1$U%)1$&"(f)."=(<%K&%)#"-$(_$&&%-"&&%$1$(J)&"1#%1)=(<%K&%)#"-$(X2%0%$1$(E,K%1)=(<E(_%2"B$1)=(;,-+%B%)('#),%-)(-).Q1$&"I(h)10)($1#%-)(f)1-$&&%(_%#",K)=(<%K&%)#"-$($,-+%B%)(OI(h,$1-"'-)($&&$(f)--$("H>;N"M-51'"D"(h&),%&"2%%(.$21%=('"Q(F)&3$1#+"$"(*&),%KQ'(1)B%''%.%'('/$,'$"(&%K,%(}}(3%-45'%"D"(;,2"1#),$#%=('Q./#%KQ'(+$","0Q.(WI(S"#U1",%=(49G~I((K)5'"D"(#+"'"("0%#%)1'('+)Q&0(K"(-+"-T"0(*),(/)#"1#%$&(-)1*Q'%)1(@%#+(#+"(I#"53#)23-8+8%2&-8(K3(n$1Q'(R,Q#",Q'=($&')(>O#,$'K)Q,2C(S"#U1",=(49G~H(N)/%"'C(F,$2Q"=(1$#(&%K(>-$,0(-$#(VH(F$,%'=(<%K(?$#(>&%T"&3(#)(K"(R,Q#",H(!k''"&0),*=(E(Q10(W$10"'K%K(R,"%*'@$&0=(E<(c%"&=(E<(f)##@"%&=(;&K",#Q'8Y$21Q'8R3.1$'%Q.({K",&%12"1=(W")/)&08O)/+%"18<%K(>-&"$,&3(Y%,$K"&&%i'(!"#$%&'()%H(Y$$'#,%-+#=(O#$0'K%K&%)#+""T(?%g."2"1=(EW(Y$0,%0=(<%K(?$#(_%"11$=(?$#(W%K("H>;="3%-45'%D"W3)1=(;I(0"(A$,'3("#(FI(f$B$Q0I(N)/%"'C(N+$.Kd,3=(Yd0%$#+I(nn(f)Q''"$Q(F$,%'=(<?(f"11"'=(<%K(f"11"'(Yd#,)/)&"(?$/&"'=(<%K(1$U%)1$&"(f)."=(<%K(1$U%)1$&"(JQ,%1=(<%K&%)#"-$(/,)B%1-%$&"(0"%(h,$#%(Y%1),%(N$//Q--%1%(((E#,"-+#=(E<("H>;>"3%-45'%D"W3)1=(F"#,%(f$B$Q0(N)/%"'C(W3)1=(h$-Q&#d'(-$#+)&%bQ"'(?$1#"'=(<%K(.Q1%-(

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<$,-"&)1$=(EW((Y$0,%0=(E(N)./Q&#"1'"(Y$0,%0(Y$0,%0=(<%K(?$#(>/QK&%'+",C(WQ20Q1%(C('Q./#%KQ'(F"#,%(f$Q$Q0=(B%$(Y",-$#),%$=($0(O$1-#%(F"#,%(_"e%&&Q.PH("H>;J""3%-45'%D"h,$1T*Q,#=(S"#U1",(N)/%"'C(j%"'K$0"1("H>;L"3%-45'%D"h,$1T*Q,#=(S"#U1",I(_%"11$=(?$#(W%K(R+"1#=(E<(S$2,"K=(?$#(W%K(>)1&3(&%'#'(49G:($10(h,$1T*Q,#=($''Q.%12(%#i'(#+%'("0%#%)1H(;12",'=(<%K(.Q1%-(N+$.Kd,3=(Yd0%$#+(nn(f)Q''"$Q(?$1-3=(<%K(.Q1%-(F$,%'=(<?(F$,%'=(<%K(%1#",Q1%B",'%#$%,"(0"(.d0"-%1"("#(0i)1#)&)2%"(<",&%1=(O<(N)&)21"=(E(Q10(O<(!,"'0"1=(OWE<(X%-+'#q##=(E<(c%"&=(E<(W"%/U%2=(E<(Y"#"&"1=(F*$,,2"."%10"(O#I(N),1"&%Q'(Q10(N3/,%$1Q'=(<%K&%)#+"T(YQ1%-+=(<%K(0",(WYE(f)'#)-T=(E<(O#Q##2$,#=(jk,##".K",2%'-+"(W$10"'K%K(JkK%12"1=(E<(<)&U$1)=(h,$1U%'T$1",(<%K&I(Y$$'#,%-+#=(O#$0'K%K&%)#+""T(W)10)1=(<W(`e*),0=(<)0&"%$1(`e*),0=(<)0&"%$1(`e*),0=(N+,%'#(N+Q,-+("H>I<(3%-45'%D"_"1%-"=(;/Q0(A$",I(n)I(RQ",%&(N)/%"'C(<)&)21$=(<E(<)&U$1)=(h,$1U%'TI(c$&#",1(<%KI(N$2&%$,%=(<E(Y%&$1=(<%K&%)#"-$(0"&&zV'#%#Q#)(0%('#),%$(0"&(0%,%##)(."0%"B$&"("(.)0",1)(?$/&"'=(<%K(1$U%)1$&"(

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F$B%$=(<E(f)."=(<%K&%)#"-$(N"1#,$&"(0"%(h,$#%(Y%1),%(N$//Q--%1%"f)."=(<%K(1$U%)1$&"(f)."=(_$#%-$1(&%K,$,3(f)."=(F)1#%*%-$&(<%K&%-$&(V1'#%#Q#"(O/)&"#)=(<%K(-).Q1$&"(J,%"'#"=(<%K(-%B%-$(JQ,%1=(<%K&%)#"-$(0"&&zV'#%#Q#)(%1#",1$U%)1$&"(!)1(<)'-)(JQ,%1=(<%K&%)#"-$(0"&&zV'#%#Q#)(')-%$&"(0"%(/$0,%(2"'Q%#%(JQ,%1=(<%K&%)#"-$(XQ2"1%)(f"**)(0"&(N)&&"2%)(;,#%2%$1"&&%(_",)&%=(<%K(R%)B$,0%$1$(_%#",K)=(<%K&%)#"-$($,-+%B%)(OI(h,$1-"'-)($&&$(f)--$(c,$T)@=(n$2%"&&)1%$1(E(O$1#%$2)(0"(N)./)'#"&$=(E<("H>IH"3%-45'%D"R"1"B$"=("e(#3/)2,$/+%$(n$-)K%(O#)",(N)/%"'C(W3)1=(*$-Q&#d'(-$#+)&%bQ"'(>-)Q&0(#+%'(K"($(497M(O)#",(-)/3=(.%'#3/"0(%1#)(#+"(-$#$&)2[H("H>IO"3%-45'%D"S"#U1",=(O#,$'K)Q,2(t;,2"1#),$#%uI(N)/%"'C(N)&)21"=(E(Q10(O<(N)&)21"=(X,UK%'-+I(!%lUI(Q10(!).K%K("H>IO"3%-45'%D"N)&)1%$"=(V$-)K%(O)#",(t),(N)&)1%$"(;&&)K,)2Q.%(=(%I"I(R"1"B$u(N)/%"'C(R+"1#=(E<(;%e8"18F,)B"1-"=(<%K(Ydg$1"'(;&K%=(Yd0%$#+(.Q1%-(>1)#"'C(L;(&$(0",1%a,"(/I=(&z$//,)K$#%)1(>0"(vW3)1=(494Mv=(0z$/,a'(F,)'/",(Y$'')1H($(d#d(,"-)QB",#"(0zQ1"(*"Q%&&"(K&$1-+"(;Q80"'')Q'(0Q(&%"Q(0z%./,"''%)1(vR"1aB"v=(d#$%#(%./,%.d(vN)&)1%$"v=(bQ%($(d#d(,"10Q(%1B%'%K&"(J%#,"("1(,I("#(1I=(.$,bQ"(#3/)2,$/+%bQ"(2,I'IKI('Q,(&"(#%#,"=(K$10"$Qe("#(&"##,"'(),1d"'(2,I'IKIPH(N+$.Kd,3=(Yd0%$#+(nn(f)Q''"$Q(R,"1)K&"=(E<(W3)1=(<%K(V1#",E(0"(&"##,"'("#('-%"1-"'(+Q.(?$1#"'=(<%K(.Q1%-(F$,%'=(<%K(O#"8R"1"B%aB"(f)0"U=(Yd0%$#+(.Q1%-(Od&"'#$#=(<%K(+Q.$1%'#"(J)Q&)Q'"=(<%K(0iX#Q0"("#(0Q(F$#,%.)%1"(J)Q,'=(E(f$K"&$%'(&%K(_",'$%&&"'=(<%K(.Q1%-(

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DB",0)18&"'8<$%1'=(<%K(/QK&%bQ"(}$1#"1=(O#%*#'K%K(O#(_%T#),(OU"2"0=(EW(<)&U$1)=(F,)/'#"%8<%K&I(WQ--$=(<%K('#$#$&"(F$B%$=(<E(f)."=(<%K&%)#"-$(_$&&%-"&&%$1$(J,)10+"%.=(E<(Y$$'#,%-+#=(O#$#'K%K&%)#+""T(J%&KQ,2=(E<(E#,"-+#=(E<(W$Q'$11"=(<NE(!),%213(WQU",1=(c$/QU%1",K%K(WQU",1=(c$/QU%1",K%K(W)10)1=(c%12i'(N)&&"2"(W)10)1(>?)#"(%1(N`F;NC(J+"(/,%1#",(n$-bQ"'(O#)",(%'(T1)@1(#)(+$B"(K""1(K$'"0(%1(R"1"B$=(')(%#(%'(/)''%K&"(#+$#(#+"(/&$-"()*(/QK&%-$#%)1=(2%B"1($'(vN)&)1%$"v=(%'(R"1"B$(>N)&)1%$"(;&&)K,)2Q.(%1(W$#%1H((J%#&"(/$2"(/,%1#"0(%1(,"0($10(K&$-TH("H>N="3%-45'%D"S"#U1",=(O#,$'K)Q,2(t;,2"1#),$#%uI(N)/%"'C(R,$U=(O#"%,.q,T%'-+"(W$10"'K%K(V11'K,Q-T=(E<(O#I(Fl&#"1=(c&)'#",K%KI(Y$,%$(W$12"22(`&).)Q-=(f"'"$,-+(W%K(`&).)Q-=(f"'"$,-+(W%K(Y"#U=(<%K(.Q1%-(?$1-3=(<%K(.Q1%-(<",&%1=(O<(N)KQ,2=(W$10"'K%K(!,"'0"1=(OWE<(X,*Q,#=(E(Q10(h),'-+Q12'K%K(R,"%*'@$&0=(E<(n"1$=(J+I(E(Q10(W$10"'K%K(c$,&',Q+"=(<$0%'-+"(W$10"'K%K(c)1'#$1U=(A"%1,%-+8OQ')8R3.1$'%Q.(W"%/U%2=(E<(YQ1%-+=(<%K(0",(WYE(Yk1'#",=(!%lU"'$1K%K&%)#+"T(F$''$Q=(<%'-+)*&%-+"(<%K(f$'#$##=(A%'#),%'-+"(<%K(0",(WQ0@%28j%&+"&.8R3.I(f"2"1'KQ,2=(O#$$#&%-+"(<%K(f)'#)-T=(E<(O#Q##2$,#=(jk,##".KI(<%K({K",&%12"1=(W")/)&08O)/+%"18<%K(

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_"1%-"=(<%K(1$U%)1$&"(Y$$'#,%-+#=(O#$0'K%K&%)#+"T(E#,"-+#=(E<(c,$T)@=(n$2%"&&)1%$1(E(Y$0,%0=(<%K(?$#(_$&"1-%$=(EW(R&$'2)@=(EW("H>>I"3%-45'%D"S"#U1",=(h,$1T*Q,#I(N)/%"'C((A$.KQ,2=(O#$$#'8(Q10(E<("H>>O"3%-45'%D"W3)1=(AQ2Q"#$1(>),(AQ2Q"#$1I(<$,K%",H(N)/%"'C(;1#@",/=(O#$0'K%K&%)#+""T(;Qe",,"=(<%K(.Q1%-(N+$&)18'Q,8O$É1"=(<%K(.Q1%-(N+$.Kd,3=(Yd0%$#+(nn(f)Q''"$Q(N+",K)Q,2=(<%K(.Q1%-(N)Q#$1-"'=(<%K(.Q1%-(W"(Y$1'=(Yd0%$#+(W)Q%'(;,$2)1(W3)1=(<%K&(V1#",E1%B",'%#$%,"(W3)1=(h$-Q&#d'(-$#+)&%bQ"'(?$1#"'=(<%K(.Q1%-(?$1#"'=(<%K(.Q1%-(>$1)#+",(-)/3H(?$/&"'=(<%K(1$U%)1$&"(?%),#=(Yd0%$#+(0"(&$(-)..Q1$Q#d(0i$22&).(`,&d$1'=(<%K(.Q1%-(F$,%'=(<?(F$,%'=(<?(F$,%'=(<?(F$,%'=(<%K(%1#",Q1%B",'%#$%,"(0"(.d0"-%1"("#(0i)1#)&)2%"(f"11"'=(<%K(f"11"'(Yd#,)/)&"(W"'(N+$./'(W%K,"'(f)$11"=(Yd0%$#+(.Q1%-(_",'$%&&"'=(<%K(.Q1%-(;Q2'KQ,2=(O#$$#'(Q10(O<(<$0(Yk1'#","%*"&=(O#I(Y%-+$"&8R3.1$'%Q.=(W"+,",Kk-+","%(X%-+'#q##=(E<(YQ1%-+=(<$3",%'-+"(O#$$#'K%K(N%##$(0%(N$'#"&&)=(<%K(-).Q1$&"(X//$1(>O(J%,)&H=(c$/QU%1",(X//$1(>#+%'(%'(#+"(),%2%1$&(&)-$#%)1w(&%K,$,3i'(-)1#"1#'(1)@(%1(#+"(c$/QU%1",(<,%e"1H(>$00"0(#)('/,"$0'+""#($'(X//$1H(h&),"1-"=(<%K&%)#"-$(F,)B%1-%$&"(N$//Q--%1%(0"&&$(F,)B%1-%$(0%(J)'-$1$"W$1$=(!"Q#'-+",(`,0"1(W$1$(>c$/QU%1",(W$1$H(

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N$2&%$,%=(<%K&%)#"-$(Q1%B",'%#$,%$(0%(N$2&%$,%(N%B%#$B"--+%$=(<%K(-).Q1$&"(N,".)1$=(<%K('#$#$&"(N,"'-"1#%1)=(<%K(-%B%-$(h&),"1-"=(<%K&%)#"-$(F,)B%1-%$&"(N$//Q--%1%(0"&&$(F,)B%1-%$(0%(J)'-$1$"Y)1#"B$,-+%=(<%K&%)#"-$(0"&&z;--$0".%$(B$&0$,1"'"(0"&(F)22%)(?$/&"'=(<%K(1$U%)1$&"(O#Q##2$,#=(jk,#".KI(W$10"'K%K(j%"'K$0"1=(A"''%'-+"(W$10"'K%K(Y$0,%0=(<?(>1)#"'('$3(#+"3i,"(1)#('Q,"(%#i'(#+%'("0%#%)1(K"-$Q'"(#%#&"(/$2"(.%''%12H(Y$,#%1=(O&)B$T(?$#(W%K(WgQKg$1$=(?$#(W%K(WQ2$1)=(<%K&%)#"-$(-$1#)1$&"(<%,.%12+$.=(O+$T"'/"$,"(V1'#(W%B",/))&=(EW(?"@-$'#&"=(f)K%1')1(W%K(`e*),0=(J$3&),%$1((tHJI=P56-#"-#"/":-**'%'452"#6)%5'%"B)%Q"56/5":)'#"4)5":'#+'4:"*%)R"K/4-".-%/0'11-S#"!"#$%&'()%*3%-45'%D"N)&)1%$"=('Q./#I($Q#+I($/Q0(YQ&&",(M-51'C(LF)&3$1#+"$(+)-("'#(*&),%&"2%Q.('"Q()/Q'-Q&Q.(-)1#%1"1'('Q$B%''%.)'('"1#"1#%$,Q.(*&),"'=(-"&"K",,%.),Q.($Q#+),Q.(0%-#$=(*$-#$(-Q,%)'$=(%1#",.%e#%.(%)-)'$($K($Q#+),"(-)12"'#Q.=(bQ%("e(J+).I($(c"./%'(&%KI(V(-$/I(G($.$#%(1"'-%,%(]-I(L(N)/%"'C(N)&)21"=(X,UK%'-+I(!%lUI(Q10(!).K%K(N)&)21"=(E(Q10(O<(W"%0"1=(E<(?%g."2"1=(E<(Yk1'#",=(E(Q10(W$10"'K%K(J%&KQ,2=(E<(J,%",=(O#$0#K%Ku(

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K)48FT"+),-'#(!$#5%/1-/"(>*,).(W%K,$,%"'(;Q'#,$&%$(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2H(49~5(h,$1T*Q,#(>S"#U1",HC(4(49:4(W3)1(>AQ2Q"#$1HC(4(U%/V-1(>*,).(?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3(-$#$&)2H(494~(W3)1(>0"(A$,'3HC(4(@/4/:/((>*,).(;YVNEO(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2HC(456r(_"1%-"(>fQ'-)1%HC(4(454G(<$'"&(>W$12"10),**HC(4(454r(O#,$'K)Q,2(>O-+Q,",HC(4(4947(h,$1T*Q,#(>S"#U1",HC(4(49G4(h,$1T*Q,#(>S"#U1",HC(4(49~5(O#,$'K)Q,2(>S"#U1",HC(4(499M(W3)1(>AQ2Q"#$1(](<$,K%",HC(G(@6-1'">*,).(?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3(-$#$&)2=(+##/CZZG66I:MIr6IGG6Z@"KGZ#,$./GI"e"Z&)2Ñ%1['"##%12ÑT"3\K"&&)(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2H(494r(h,$1T*Q,#(>S"#U1",HC(4(@)1)R0-/(>*,).(?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3(-$#$&)2H(494r(h,$1T*Q,#(>S"#U1",HC(4(>1)#"'C(LW%K,",Ö$(0"(&$(N$'$(0"(F,)B$-%Ü1(0"(&$(N)./$oÖ$(0"(n"'á'(0"(JQ1g$I(Y$1-+$'(0"($-%0"UIPH(494M(W3)1(>0"(A$,'3HC(4(W#%/'1(>*,).(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2H(497M(O#,$'K)Q,2(>S"#U1",HC(4(X/,/4(>*,).(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2(+##/CZZ@"K-$#I1%%I$-Ig/Z-2%8K%1Z"12ZT,T/,)-H(456:(_"1%-"(>fQ'-).KHC(4(49G~(O#,$'K)Q,2(>S"#U1",HC(4(.'Y-+)(>*,).(?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3H(4566C('I0I=('I1I(>/,)K$K&3($(4567(-)/3=(KQ#(0$#"(%'(@,)12II(gQ'#('$3'(LF)&3$1#+"$PH(45~9(N)&)21"(>R"11"/$"Q'HC(4(45MG(_"1%-"(>N%)##Q'HC(4(4966(W3)1(>_%21)1HC(4(496~(W3)1(>N$,0)1HC(G(4947(h,$1T*Q,#(>S"#U1",HC(4(494M(W3)1(>0"(A$,'3HC(4(49G6(W3)1(>0"(A$,'3(](f$B$Q0HC(4(49G~(O#,$'K)Q,2(>S"#U1",HC(4(497:(N)&)21"(>O)#",HC(4(495M(W3)1(>AQ2Q"#$1(](f$B$Q0HC(4(

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49:4(W3)1(>AQ2Q"#$1HC(4(T?!((>*,).(j),&0-$#HC(4567(O$B)1$(>0"(O%&B$HC(G(456r(_"1%-"(>W%"-+#"1'#"%1HC(9(456:(_"1%-"(>fQ'-)1%HC(~(454G(<$'"&(>;&$1#'""HC(7(454~(O$B)1$(><%K&%$bQ$HC(4(454r(O#,$'K)Q,2(>O-+Q,",HC(~(457M(O)&%12"1(>O)#",HC(G(455G(N)&)21"(>R"11"/$"Q'HC(G(459r(N)&)21"(>N+)&%1Q'HC(4(45r~(N)&)21"(>N+)&%1Q'HC(G(45:5(N)&)21"(>N+)&%1Q'HC(5(496~(W3)1(>S"#U1",HC(7(496~(W3)1(>N$,0)1HC(4(496~(OI(R",B$'%(>_%21)1HC(7(496r(_"1%-"(>RQ",%&%Q.HC(r(496r(h,$1T*Q,#(>S"#U1",HC(5(496:(_"1%-"(>RQ",%&%Q'HC(4(494G(h,$1T*Q,#(>S"#U1",HC(G(494~(W3)1(>A$,'3HC(4(4949(_"1%-"(>RQ",%&%Q.HC(~(494r(h,$1T*Q,#(>S"#U1",HC(r(494M(W3)1(>A$,'3HC(7(49G4(h,$1T*Q,#(>S"#U1",HC(G(49G9(W3)1(>f$B$Q0HC(G(49G:(h,$1T*Q,#(>S"#U1",HC(G(4976(_"1%-"(>RQ",%&%Q.HC(~(497M(R"1"B$(>O)#",HC(G(49~5(O#,$'K)Q,2(>S"#U1",HC(:(49~:(W3)1(>f$B$Q0HC(9(495M(W3)1(>AQ2Q"#$1(](f$B$Q0HC(4(499M(W3)1(>AQ2Q"#$1HC(9(49:4(W3)1(>AQ2Q"#$1HC(G(>46~(#)#$&H((?'/%+6':2"*)$4:"4)56-49C((;,2"1#%1$(>?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3=(E(N$#)&%-$H(A)12(c)12(>AcE=(Ac;WW(Q1%)1(-$#$&)2H(?"@(S"$&$10(>E(j$%T$#)=(;EJ=(E(`#$2)=(_%-#),%$(E=(?$#%)1$&(W%K,$,3H((((((

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1

!"#$%&'()*(%+*,*-'&.+/,/,*-'()0,%&')1'23%'!"#$%&'()%''!"#$%'45'6$$'%7,2,)*&!! 1503 1507 1507 1508 1512 1512 1512 1512 1513 1514 1517 1517 1517 1517

Place Savona Venice Venice Venice Vienna Basel Basel Paris Lyon Savona Strasbourg Strasbourg Strasbourg Vienna

Printer de Silva Liechtenstein Rusconi Rusconi Alantsee Langendorff for Alantsee Alantsee

Petit et Bade Gueynard Bibliaqua Schurer Alantsee

apud Schurer, ductu Alantsee Alantsee

Austria - 2 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - Belgium - - 1 1 - 3 - - - - - - - - Croatia - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - Czech Rep. - 2 - - - 1 3 - - - 4 - - - Finland - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - France 1 2 - - - 1 - 1 5 - 1 - - - Germany - 11 5 6 1 9 2 3 - 1 5 4 11 1 Hungary - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - Ireland - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - Italy 13 1 5 1 - 1 - - 3 11 1 - - - Luxembourg - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - Netherlands - 1 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - Norway - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - Poland 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Russia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Slovenia - 2 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - Slovakia - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - Spain 2 - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - Sweden - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Switzerland - 1 - - - 6 1 - - - 3 - - - UK 3 3 - 1 - 1 - - - 3 - - 2 -

Total 20 28 11 9 1 26 7 5 10 16 21 4 13 1 '

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2

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1518 1522 1539 1546 1552 1567 1574 1575 1585 1592 1600 1600 1600 1604

Tridini Lyon Solingen Cologne Cologne Cologne Cologne Cologne Cologne Venice Paris Lyon Geneva Lyon Ferrari Gueynard Soter Gennepaeus Gennepaeus Cholinus Cholinus Cholinus Cholinus Ciollum Douceur Vignon Vignon Zetzner

Austria - - 1 1 2 - - - - - - 1 - 1 Belgium - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - Croatia - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - Czech Rep. - - 2 - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - Finland - - - - - - - - - - - - - - France - 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 - - 2 1 2 Germany - 1 22 9 14 17 3 6 7 2 1 1 - 5 Hungary - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - Ireland - - - - - - - - - - - - - Italy 2 1 1 - 5 2 - 3 2 10 - 2 - 1 Luxembourg - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - Netherlands - 1 - 2 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - Norway - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Poland - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 Portugal - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - Russia - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - Slovenia - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - Slovakia - - 1 - - - - - - - - 2 - - Spain - - 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 - 1 Sweden - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - Switzerland - - - 3 2 - - 3 2 - - - - - UK - - 3 1 2 - - 1 - - 1 - 4

Total 2 6 35 20 30 26 5 17 18 14 2 10 1 15

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3

' 1604 1604 1607 1607 1608 1612 1613 1614 1616 1617 1619 1620 1621 1622 1624 1625

St Gervais

(Geneva) Lyon Frankfurt Venice Venice Frankfurt Frankfurt Lyon Venice Frankfurt Lyon Lyon Frankfurt Venice Strasbourg Lyon

Vignon Cardon Zetzner Guerilius Guerilius Zetzner Zetzner Harsy Guerilius Zetzner Harsy/

Ravaud Harsy/

Ravaud Zetzner Guerilius Zetzner Harsy/

Ravaud

Austria - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 1 - 1 - Belgium - - 2 - - - 2 - - 2 - - 3 - - - Croatia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Czech Rep. - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 1 - Finland - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - France 2 1 4 - - 4 - 6 - 4 3 11 4 - 1 3 Germany - - 17 1 - 8 13 - 1 12 - - 17 - 5 - Hungary - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - Ireland - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - Italy - 3 3 10 1 - 4 - 14 1 - 2 1 8 - 3 Luxembourg - - - - 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - Netherlands - - 1 - - - 4 - - 4 - - 3 - 2 1 Norway - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - Poland - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Russia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Slovenia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Slovakia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Spain - 2 4 1 - - 5 - - 2 - 5 - - 1 - Sweden - - 1 - - 1 1 - - 1 - - - - - - Switzerland - - 5 - - - 3 - 1 1 1 1 3 - - - UK - - 4 - - 1 3 - - 5 - 1 2 - - -

Total 2 6 42 12 2 16 35 6 16 38 5 20 35 9 11 7

'

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' 1626 1627 1628 1630 1631 1639 1639 1645 1648 1649 1659 1663 1669 1681

Lyon Frankfurt Frankfurt Venice Geneva Strasbourg Geneva Strasbourg Lyon Lyon Lyon Frankfurt Lyon Lyon

Ravaud Zetzner Zetzner Guerilius Stoer Zetzner Stoer Zetzner Ravaud Huguetan Huguetan/

Ravaud Zetzner Huguetan Huguetan

Austria - - 1 - - - - 3 - - - - - 3 Belgium - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 2 - 1 2 Croatia - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - Czech Rep. - - - - - - - 2 - - 1 - - 2 Finland - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - France 2 - 5 - 1 - 13 2 15 - 11 - 20 3 Germany - 1 12 - - 2 1 21 1 - 1 1 4 10 Hungary - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 Ireland - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Italy - - 1 17 - - 4 4 5 - 8 - 10 12 Luxembourg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Netherlands - - 1 - - - 3 3 3 - 2 - - - Norway - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - Poland - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Russia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Slovenia - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 Slovakia - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Spain 3 - - 1 - - - - 2 1 2 - 3 1 Sweden - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - Switzerland - - - - - - 3 2 1 - - - 2 1 UK - - 4 - - - 1 2 1 - 1 - - 4

Total 5 1 26 19 1 2 28 42 29 1 30 1 41 41

''!"#$%'4'*)2%&!!"#$!%&''&()*+!&*$,-&./!$0)1)&*2!($3$!*&1!')21$04!52!1#$/!2$$6!272.$-1!5*0!*&!%731#$3!)*%&3651)&*!(52!585)'59'$!&*')*$:!;<;=!>52$'4!2?*?!@)*!A8)+*&*B!;=;C!D/&*4!2?*?!@)*!EF6$2B!!A-3&22!5''!$0)1)&*24!1#$!58$35+$!*769$3!&%!-&.)$2!)2!;<?C4!()1#!215*0530!0$8)51)&*!;G?<?!A-3&22!5''!$0)1)&*2!()1#!6&3$!1#5*!&*$!-&./4!1#$!58$35+$!*769$3!&%!-&.)$2!)2!;H?G4!()1#!215*0530!0$8)51)&*!;G?;?!

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'!"#$%'85'!)2"$'()0,%&'#9'().*2+9!'Austria 21 Belgium 22 Croatia 5 Czech Rep. 23 Finland 2 France 146 Germany 280 Hungary 6 Ireland 2 Italy 176 Luxembourg 6 Netherlands 39 Norway 3 Poland 9 Portugal 2 Russia 2 Slovenia 7 Slovakia 6 Spain 43 Sweden 8 Switzerland 45 UK 54 All 907 !

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!!"#$%':5';)0,%&'&)+2%7'#9'0+,*2%+!!

Zetzner Huguetan/

Ravaud Harsy/

Ravaud Alantsee Cholinus Stoer Guerilium Gennepaeus Rusconi Gueynard Vignon Other

Printers Total Austria 9 3 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 2 21 Belgium 10 5 0 3 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 23 Croatia 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 5 Czech Rep. 5 3 0 8 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 23 Finland 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 France 26 34 40 1 8 14 0 3 0 7 4 5 144 Germany 114 15 1 34 33 1 2 23 11 1 1 22 280 Hungary 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 Ireland 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Italy 15 30 10 2 7 4 50 5 6 4 2 40 176 Luxembourg 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 6 Netherlands 18 2 4 1 1 3 0 3 0 1 0 6 39 Norway 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Poland 3 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 Portugal 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 Russia 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Slovenia 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 7 Slovakia 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 6 Spain 13 7 11 0 3 0 1 0 0 2 1 5 44 Sweden 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 Switzerland 14 3 3 10 5 3 1 5 0 0 0 1 39 UK 25 5 2 3 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 9 54 Total 264 113 73 73 66 29 56 50 20 16 12 100 907 !!"#$%':'<%9!!I3)*1$32!2&31$0!9/!*769$3!&%!-&.)$24!%&''&($0!9/!J&1#$3!.3)*1$32K!@1#&2$!()1#!&*'/!&*$!$0)1)&*B?!L!)*0)-51$2!<!&3!%$($3!-&.)$2!%&7*0!LL!)*0)-51$2!G!&3!%$($3!-&.)$2!%&7*0!!M$1N*$3!$0)1)&*2:!;=OP!D/&*!;=OH!Q35*R%731!@()1#!S?!>$-R$3B!;=;G!Q35*R%731!@()1#!S?!>$-R$3B!;=;C!Q35*R%731!

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