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8/11/2019 01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-1010-rev-5-ver-200 1/19
Journal of PetroleumScience and Technology
*Corresponding author
Chen Guojun
Email: [email protected]
Tel: +86 931 496 0908
Fa: +86 931 496 0916
Article history
!ecei"e#: $anua%& 0'( '013
!ecei"e# in %e"i)e# *o%m: c,obe% 08( '013
-cce,e#: /o"embe% 18( '013
-"ailable online: a%ch 10( '014
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014 , 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
1
DIAGENESIS AND RESERVOIR QUALITY EVOLUTION OF SHELF-
MARGIN SANDSTONES IN PEARL RIVER MOUTH BASIN, SOUTH
CHINA SEA
Lyu Chengfu1 Chen !uo"un
1* #u !uichao
12 $hang !ongcheng
% $heng Sheng
12 and Li Chao
12
1e& abo%a,o%& o* 7e,%oleum !e)ou%ce) !e)ea%ch( n),i,u,e o* Geolog& an# Geoh&)ic)( Chine)e -ca#em& o*
cience)( anzhou ;30000( China'
<ni"e%)i,& o* Chine)e -ca#em& o* cience)( =eijing 100049( China3
!e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* China /a,ional **)ho%e il Co%o%a,ion( =eijing 1000';( China
ABSTRACT
- ),u#& o* ,he #iagene,ic e"olu,ion o* )an#),one) *%om 7an&u lo>uli*, in ,he 7ea%l !i"e% ou,h
=a)in >a) ca%%ie# ou, ,o un%a"el ,he con,%ol) on )hel* ma%gin )an#),one %e)e%"oi% ?uali,&. The
%e)e%"oi% %oc)( ligocene "olcanic cla),ic )an#),one) o* ,he Ahuhai Fo%ma,ion( ha"e a bu%ial #e,h
o* ';6B ,o 3440 m. ;0 )amle) >e%e ),u#ie# u)ing ,he g%anulome,%ic anal&)e)( %a& #i**%ac,ion
!D2 anal&)e)( o%o)i,& an# e%meabili,& mea)u%emen,)( E ob)e%"a,ion)( an# me%cu%&
o%o)ime,%& mea)u%emen,). The )an#),one) a%e *ine ,o me#iumg%aine# li,hic )uba%o)e( )ub
li,ha%eni,e( an# )uba%o)e >i,h an a"e%age *%ame>o% como)i,ion o* ;'F131B. igh con,en, an#
),%ongl& al,e%e# "olcanic %oc *%agmen,) a%e ,he mo), imo%,an, #e,%i,al comonen,). n ,hi) >o%(
,&ical #iagene,ic %oce))e) )uch a) comac,ion( !F "olcanic %oc *%agmen,)2 an# *el#)a%
#i))olu,ion( ca%bona,e cemen,)( ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h( an# cla& cemen,) a%e ob)e%"e#. Cemen,) in
eo#iagene)i) ),age mainl& inclu#e cla& coa,ing( ea%l& calci,e an# )i#e%i,e. The main me)ogene,iccemen,) inclu#e aolini,e( ane%i,e( an# mino% ?ua%,z. The #i))olu,ion o* !F( *el#)a%( an#
ca%bona,e cemen,) i) ,he mo), #i),ingui)hing *ea,u%e >hich ha# con,%olle# o%o)i,& an#
e%meabili,&. Ca%bon an# o&gen i)o,oe) >e%e mea)u%e# ,o #i)cu)) ,he ca%bon )ou%ce) *o%
%ecii,a,ion an# #iagene,ic ,eme%a,u%e) o* ca%bona,e cemen,) e,en)i"el& #e"eloe# in )amle#
in,e%"al). 7o%e ,&e) in ,he anal&ze# )amle) change *%om a mi o* %ima%& ,o )econ#a%& o%e).
7%ima%& o%e) ha"e been #e),%o&e# b& mechanical comac,ion o% occlu#e# b& ?ua%,z( cla&( an#
ca%bona,e cemen,). econ#a%& o%e) >e%e gene%a,e# b& ,he #i))olu,ion o* !F an# *el#)a%)
#u%ing bu%ial hi),o%&. ,) "olume "a%ie# *%om ,%ace ,o 8H an# g%ea,l& im%o"e# ,he o%o)i,& o*
)an#),one) >i,h inc%ea)ing bu%ial #e,h. 7o%o)i,& "a%ie) *%om 4 ,o '0H in ,hi) >o% an# i) ,he
highe), *o% ,he )amle) >he%e ca%bona,e cemen, con,en,) a%e lo> an# #i))olu,ion i) >ell
#e"eloe#.
&ey'ords: an#),one Diagene)i)( !e)e%"oi% uali,&( Ca%bona,e Cemen,( Comac,ion( 7an&u o>
uli*,( 7ea% !i"e% ou,h =a)in
8/11/2019 01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-1010-rev-5-ver-200 2/19
Journal of Petroleum
Science and Technology . Cheng*u( C. Guojun( D. Guichao( A. Gongcheng( A. heng( an# . Chao
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
2 (
INTRODUCTION
The 7an&u lo>uli*, i) one o* ,he mo),
imo%,an, oil %o#uc,ion an# e,%oli*e%ou) a%ea)
in 7ea% !i"e% ou,h =a)in. , lie) on ,he )hel* o*
ou,h China ea >i,h a >a,e% #e,h o* le)) ,han
300m. e"e%al ga) *iel#) >e%e #i)co"e%e# in ,hi)
a%ea )ince '001 I1J( in#ica,ing ,ha, ,he 7an&u
lo>uli*, ha) g%ea, h&#%oca%bon o,en,ial I'J.
-l,hough big %og%e)) >a) ma#e in oilga)
elo%a,ion)( limi,e# #%illing) >e%e ca%%ie# ou, in
,he ),u#ie# a%ea an# no>le#ge o* #iagene)i)(
e,%oh&)ical %oe%,ie)( o%o)i,& e"olu,ion( an#
con,%ol) o* #iagene)i) on %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& i) ),ill
limi,e#. o( ,he ),u#& o* %e)e%"oi% cha%ac,e%iza
,ion in %e)e%"oi% )an#),one) in 7an&u lo>uli*,
i) nece))a%&.
!e)e%"oi% ?uali,& a))e))men, i) one o* ,he e&
elemen,) on ,a%ge, )an#),one %e)e%"oi% %o)ec
,i"e,& #u%ing h&#%oca%bon elo%a,ion) I3;J.
De,aile# un#e%),an#ing o* %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& an#
*ac,o%) ,ha, con,%ol %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& i) imo%
,an, an# e))en,ial ,o a))i), >i,h ,he %e)e%"oi%
?uali,& %e#ic,ion an# e,%oleum elo%a,ion)
I811J. n ,hi) ),u#&( a )ui,e o* #el,aic )an#),one)
*%om *ou% >ell) o* 7an&u lo>uli*, in ,he 7ea%l
!i"e% ou,h =a)in >a) in"e),iga,e# >i,h aiming
,o eamine ,he #iagene,ic *ea,u%e) #u%ing
bu%ial( #e)c%ibing %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& cha%ac,e%
i),ic)( anal&zing o%o)i,& e"olu,ion( an# #e,e%
mining *ac,o%) ,ha, con,%ol )hel*ma%gin )an#
),one) %e)e%"oi% ?uali,&. Ke hoe ,ha, ,he
be,,e% un#e%),an#ing o* ,he %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& in
,he )hallo> >a,e% a%ea o* ,he 7an&u lo>uli*,coul# hel *u%,he% elo%a,ion in ,hi) a%ea an#
gi"e an in)igh, in,o ,he a#jacen, #ee >a,e%
%o)ec,) o* ,he a#jacen, =ai&un ag in Ahu
#e%e))ion.
EXPERIMENTAL
Geological Setting
The 7ea%l !i"e% ou,h =a)in 7!=2 i) a a))i"e
con,inen,al ma%gin ba)in an# i) como)e# o*
,h%ee )ubba)in) I1'14J( inclu#ing ,he Ahu
#e%e))ion( ,he Ahu #e%e))ion( an# ,he Ahu
#e%e))ion. , i) loca,e# in ,he no%,he%n
con,inen,al )hel* o* ,he ou,h China ea(
co"e%ing abou, 1;.BL104
m'
. The geologicale"olu,ion o* ,he ba)in can be #i"i#e# in,o ,h%ee
main ,ec,onic ),age)( namel& 12 %i*,ing ),age in
,he la,e C%e,aceou) e%io#,he ea%l& ligocene
Eoch( '2 #e%e))ion ),age #u%ing ,he la,e
ligocene,he ea%l& iocene( an# 32 bloc
*aul,ing ),age *%om ,he la,e iocene ,o ,he
%e)en, I1'J.
The ),u#& a%ea( 7an&u lo>uli*,( i) )i,ua,e# in
,he mi##le o* 7!= I1B(16J. , lie) in ,he mi##le
a%, o* C<= an# i) boun#e# b& =ai&un ag in Ahu
#e%e))ion ,o ,he )ou,h an# Ahu #e%e))ion
,o ,he no%,h Figu%e 12. -"e%age >a,e% #e,h i)
'00 m. Eigh, *o%ma,ion) *%om ,he bo,,om ,o ,he
,o ha"e been %ecognize# Figu%e '2. The bu%ial
an# ,he%mal hi),o%ie) o* ,he )an#),one) *%om
7an&u lo>uli*, i) )ho>n in Figu%e 3. Ga)
%e)e%"oi%) a%e #e"eloe# mainl& in Ahujiang(
anjiang( an# Muehai *o%ma,ion I1;J. Thic an#
e,en)i"el& #i),%ibu,e# lacu),%ine mu#),one in,he Eoceneligocene ha) been i#en,i*ie# a) ,he
main )ou%ce %oc in ,he a#jacen, =ai&un )ag
I16(18(19J. The%e a%e *ou% imo%,an, Cenozoic
,ec,onic e"en,) in ,he #e"elomen, an# e"olu
,ion o* 7an&u lo>uli*,:
12 Ea%l& Eocenemi##le Eocene. -**ec,e# b& ,he
*i%), ei)o#e o* Ahu?iong mo"emen,( ,he )ou,h
o* 7!= ee%ience# ),%ong %i*,ing an# a )e%ie)
o* )ea%a,e #ee )ubba)in) >e%e *o%me#. n,hi) ),age( Kencang *o%ma,ion in ,he 7an&u lo>
uli*, >a) #eo)i,e# an# mainl& cha%ac,e%ize#
b& ,he #eo)i,) o* allu"ial *an*lu"iallae *acie).
'2 i##le Eoceneea%l& ligocene. -**ec,e# b&
,he )econ# ei)o#e o* Ahu?iong mo"emen,( ,he
7!= >a) uli*, an# *u%,he% e,en)ionall&
*aul,e#. The a%ea o* lacu),%ine ba)in ean#e# in
,hi) e%io# an# Ening *o%ma,ion >a) #eo)i,e#N
,he )e#imen,a%& en"i%onmen,) a%e ),%eam lain
8/11/2019 01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0
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Journal of PetroleumDiagene)i) an# !e)e%"oi% uali,& E"olu,ionO Science and Technology
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
( %
#el,alae *acie) in 7an&u lo>uli*,. The ),%a,a
o* Ening *o%ma,ion a%e al)o imo%,an, )ou%ce
%oc) in 7!=.
32 a,e ligocenemi##le iocene( /anhai
mo"emen,( ,he ),%onge), ,ec,onic mo"emen,,ha, 7!= ee%ience#( cau)e# %egional u
li*,ing an# e%o)ion( %e)ul,ing in %egional uncon*o%
mi,& in 7!=. n ,hi) ),age( >a,e% le"el became
)hallo>e% an# Ahuhai *o%ma,ion >a) #eo)i,e#N
,he )e#imen,a%& en"i%onmen,) a%e #el,a( li,,o%al
*acie). The )ea *loo% o* ou,h China ea )%ea# in
abou, 30 illion &ea%) an# >a) al)o a**ec,e# b&
,he global inc%ea)e o* )ea le"el. 7!= en,e%e# an
en,i%e )ub)i#ence ),age an# #eo)i,e# ,hic
),%a,a o* Ahujiang *o%ma,ionN ,he )e#imen,a%&
en"i%onmen,) a%e mainl& #el,a( )hallo> ma%ine
*acie). !ee*)( )hoal( an# ca%bona,e %oc) >e%e
#e"eloe# on ,he ma%gin o* uli*,) o% la,*o%m).
42 i##le iocenela,e iocene. -**ec,e# b&
Dong)ha mo"emen,( ,he a%ea >a) comle,el&
co"e%e# a, ,hi) ),age. Deo)i,) o* anjiang
Muehai *o%ma,ion in ,he no%,h #e%e))ion zone
o* 7!= a%e mainl& #el,ane%i,ic *acie)( >hile
con,inen,al )hel*ue% ,o con,inen,al )loe
#eo)i,) a%e %e)en, in ,he )ou,h #e%e))ion
zone.
)igure 1 Location map of the Pear +i,er -outh .asin and the 'ells included in this study/ P+-. Pearl +i,er
-outh .asin #. iongdongnan .asin $hu 3 $hu 3 #epression $hu 33 $hu 33 #epression $hu 333 $hu 333
#epression . orthern plift .elt C. Central plift .elt S. Southern plift .elt .S .aiyun Sag 5167/
8/11/2019 01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0
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Journal of Petroleum
Science and Technology . Cheng*u( C. Guojun( D. Guichao( A. Gongcheng( A. heng( an# . Chao
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
4 (
)igure 2 !enerali8ed stratigraphic column of the Pearl +i,er -outh .asin modified from $hang et al/ 517
)igure % #iagram of 9urial:thermal history and time of hydrocar9on fillings for Panyu lo':uplift ;modified
after Pang et al/</ =P =nping $> $huhai $J $hu"iang >J >an"iang ?> ?uehai @S @anshan 57/
8/11/2019 01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0
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Journal of PetroleumDiagene)i) an# !e)e%"oi% uali,& E"olu,ionO Science and Technology
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
( 6
Samples and Methodology
- ,o,al o* ;0 co%e )amle) *%om Ahuhai
*o%ma,ion in *ou% >ell) in ,he ),u#ie# a%ea
inclu#ing 1B )amle) *%om >ell 7M341'
3348.633386 m2( B )amle) *%om >ell 7M';'1
30'8.B3034.6 m2( 'B )amle) *%om >ell 7M';
11 ';6B.B';83.06 m an# 3''1.;3'44.;8 m2(
an# 19 )amle) *%om >ell 7M3311 3401.B4
3438.'m2 >e%e ,aen *%om ,he main %e)e%"oi%
in,e%"al). =e*o%e )amling( ,he #e,aile# ob)e%"a
,ion an# #e)c%i,ion o* co%e) >e%e ca%%ie# ou,.
The )amle) >e%e im%egna,e# >i,h blue #&e
%e)in be*o%e ,hin )ec,ion %ea%a,ion ,o highligh,
o%o)i,& an# a))i), ,he ob)e%"a,ion o* o%e ,&e)(*ea,u%e)( #i),%ibu,ion( an# %ela,ion)hi >i,h
*%ame>o% g%ain). Thin )ec,ion) >e%e ),aine#
>i,h ,he mie# )olu,ion o* aliza%in %e# an#
o,a))ium *e%%ic&ani#e ,o #i),ingui)h ca%bona,e
mine%al). Ca%bona,e an# cla& mine%al) o* 4'
)amle) >e%e anal&ze# b& %a& #i**%ac,ion u)ing
a 7hili) 7K3;10 %a& 7o>#e% Di**%ac,ome,e%
an# )uo%,e# b& )canning elec,%on mic%o)coe
E2 ob)e%"a,ion( aiming ,o cha%ac,e%ize
cemen, mo%holog&( o%e geome,%&( an# #ia
gene,ic %ela,ion)hi). The g%ain )ize an# %oc
como)i,ion) #e,%i,al an# au,higenic como
nen,)2 o* '' %e%e)en,a,i"e )amle) >e%e
e%*o%me# b& coun,ing B00 oin,) e% ,hin
)ec,ion. 7e,%oh&)ical %oe%,ie) >e%e #e,e%
mine# *%om 3B )amle) u)ing con"en,ional
helium o%o)ime,%& an# linenbe%gco%%ec,e#
ga) e%meame,%& b& !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o*
inghai il*iel#( C/7C.
The ),able ca%bon an# o&gen i)o,oe) o*
ca%bona,e cemen,) o* 18 )amle) >e%e anal&ze#.
The anal&)i) >a) e%*o%me# on calci,e( #olomi,e(
*e%%o#olomi,e( an# )i#e%i,ecemen,e# )an#),one
)amle). The )amle) >e%e c%u)he# an# g%oun#
a) *ine a) o>#e% P100 me)h2 %io% ,o anal&)i).
Then( 100H ho)ho%ic aci# >a) #%oe# in,o
)amle o>#e% a, 'B QC *o% 36 hou%) ,o le, u%e
calci,e )amle) e,%ac, C' *%om ,he calci,e
*%ac,ion( ,hen a, B0 QC ,o ob,ain C' *%om
*e%%i*e%ou) calci,e( an# a, 100 QC ,o ob,ain C'
*%om ane%i,e. )o,oic como)i,ion >a) anal&ze#
on a Finnigan -T'B' ),able i)o,oe %a,io ma))
)ec,%ome,e% in ,he Geochemi),%& Dea%,men,(
,he Te), Cen,e% o* anzhou =%anch( Chine)e
-ca#em& o* cience). )o,oe "alue) >e%e %eo%,
e# in ),an#a%# #el,a no,a,ion a) e% mil R2
#i**e%ence *%om ,he 7D= ),an#a%#. !elica,e
mea)u%emen,) o* ,he in,e%nal labo%a,o%& ),an
#a%# ga"e a ,o,al anal&,ical %eci)ion o* S0.0'R
*o% bo,h ca%bon an# o&gen mea)u%emen,)
I10('0J. The e?ua,ion) o* C%aig >e%e u)e# ,o cal
cula,e ,he %ecii,a,ion ,eme%a,u%e o* )i#e%i,e(calci,e( an# ane%i,e I'1J.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Petrographic Features and Mineralogical
Compositions
!e)e%"oi% )an#),one) in >ell 7M341' an# >ell
7M';'1 a%e mo),l& cla))i*ie# a) *ine ,o
me#iumg%aine# li,hic )uba%o)e( an# a *e> a)
)ubli,ha%eni,e. The a"e%age *%ame>o% como)i,ion o* ,he )an#),one) i) 69F1318 Figu%e 42.
Con,en, o* #e,%i,al ?ua%,z g%ain) i) highe% ,han
60H( li,hic g%ain) a%e le)) ,han '0H( an# *el#)a%
g%ain) a%e le)) ,han1;H Table 12. i,hic g%ain)
a%e #omina,e# b& "olcanic B19H2( mino% che%,(
?ua%,z )chi),( an# h&lli,e BH2. olcanic li,hic)
a%e )ligh,l& )e%ici,iza,e#. Diagene,ic comonen,)
a%e cha%ac,e%ize# b& mino% ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h
0.B1.1H2 an# ca%bona,e cemen, a"e%age BH2.
The #el,a *%on, )an#),one) a%e *ine ,o me#ium
g%aine# an# mo#e%a,el& )o%,e# I18J.
an#),one) ,aen *%om >ell 7M';11 a%e li,hic
)uba%o)e( >i,h a *e> a) )uba%o)e. The& a%e
*ine ,o me#iumg%aine# an# oo%l& ,o mo#e%
a,el& )o%,e#.
8/11/2019 01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0
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Journal of Petroleum
Science and Technology . Cheng*u( C. Guojun( D. Guichao( A. Gongcheng( A. heng( an# . Chao
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
B (
Ta9le 1 A,erage detrital composition and main diagenetic constituents in the deltaic front sandstones ;<
#etrital and #iagenetic Constituents@ell
P?%4:1:2
@ell
P?2D:2:1
@ell
P?2D:1:1Ea
@ell
P?2D:1:1E9
@ell
P?%%:1:1
amle 1B B 9 16 19
ua%,z 6B.9 ;1.; ;6 ;1.8 ;6.B*el#)a% 1'.B 1'.; 1'.6 1'.' 14.1
7lagiocla)e 1.1 1.4 1.4 '.; 1.1
olcanic !oc F%agmen,) 16 11 9.B 9.' 9.8
e,amo%hic !oc F%agmen,) B.6 4.; '.1 4.B 3.9
Chlo%i,e 0 0 0.; 0.8 0
aolini,e '.1 1.' 0.9 0.6B 1.8
lli,e 1.3 '.6 0.8B 0.B6 1.9
mec,i,e 0 0 ,%ace 0 0
i#e%i,e 0 0.4 ,%ace 0.' 0
Calci,e 4.6 1.B 9.6 4.B 9.B
Dolom-ne%i,e 1.4 1.' 1.3 0.4 1.B
n,e%g%anula% i#e%i,e 0.' 0.4 0.' 0.' 0.3
ua%,z "e%g%o>,h 0.B 1.1 0.B 0.9 0.8
7&%i,e ,%ace 0 ,%ace ,%ace 0
)igure 4 uart8:feldspar:lithic grain ternary plot
sho'ing the composition of the detrital grains of
the sandstones under -c.rideFs 1GB% classification
scheme 5227
The a"e%age *%ame>o% como)i,ion o* ,he
)an#),one) i) ;6F1311 in ,he ue% in,e%"al an#
;'F1'16 in ,he lo>e% in,e%"al. i,hic g%ain) a%e
mo%e abun#an, in ,he lo>e% in,e%"al an# a%e
mainl& "olcanic li,hic) B1BH2 Table 12. The
)amle) o* >ell 7M';11 a%e cha%ac,e%ize# b&
chlo%i,e cemen,) 0.;H2( ca%bona,e cemen,) '
1BH2( an# ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h 0.B0.9H2.
The )amle) o* >ell 7M3311 a%e cla))i*ie# a)
li,hic )uba%o)e( >i,h a *e> )uba%o)e( ha"ing
an a"e%age *%ame>o% como)i,ion o* ;;F149.
The )an#),one) a%e *ine ,o me#iumg%aine# an#
oo%l& ,o mo#e%a,el& )o%,e#. i,hic) a%e mainl&
"olcanic 9.8H2 an# ),%ongl& )e%ici,iza,e#.
Cha%ac,e%ize# #iagene,ic comonen,) a%e ca%
bona,e B1BH2 an# ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h 0.B1H2
Table 12.
Diagenetic Processes
Compaction and Pressure Dissolution
The)e )an#),one) a%e mo#e%a,el& ,o ),%ongl&
a**ec,e# b& comac,ion #u%ing bu%ial. Du%ing
comac,ion( mica la,e) >e%e mo#e%a,el& ,o
),%ongl& #e*o%me#. The ),%onge% comac,ion
occu%%e# in lo>e% )amle) o* >ell 7M3311.
olcanic %oc *%agmen,) >e%e ),%ongl& #e*o%me#
an# )?ueeze# in in,e%g%anula% o%e )ace)
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Journal of PetroleumDiagene)i) an# !e)e%"oi% uali,& E"olu,ionO Science and Technology
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
( D
be,>een ?ua%,z g%ain) Figu%e Ba2( a) in#ica,e# b&
,he )amle) *%om ,he #e,h lo>e% ,han 3400m.
G%ain con,ac,) a%e mainl& line an# conca"e
con"e con,ac,). ino% %igi# ?ua%,z g%ain) >e%e
%ea%%ange# an# occa)ionall& *%ac,u%e#. 7%e))u%e
#i))olu,ion a%,icula%l& occu%) bo,h along in,e%
g%anula% con,ac,) an# ),&loli,e) be,>een ?ua%,z
g%ain). 7%e))u%e #i))olu,ion no, onl& %e#uce)
%ima%& o%o)i,&( bu, al)o %o"i#e) ,he )olu,e
>hich >ill %ecii,a,e a%oun# ,he g%ain) a)
)econ#a%& o"e%g%o>,h an# >ill #e),%o& in,e%
g%anula% o%e).
)igure 6 ;a< @ell P?%4:1:2 ;H60< %%4G/B m =%28h
strongly compacted sandstones/ #uctile lithic grains
'ere strongly deformed and sIuee8ed into pore
spaces ;9< @ell P?%4:1:2 ;H100< %%1/G1 m =%28h
ferro:dolomite fills intragranular pores and replaces
Iuart8 grains ;c< @ell P?2D:1:1 ;H26< %2%G/B2 m
=%28h Iuart8 o,ergro'th 'ith dust lines 9et'een
them ;d< @ell P?2D:2:1 ;H60< %14%/D6 m =%28h
dissol,ed pores generated 9y dissolution of ,olcanic
de9ris/
Carbonate Cementation
Siderite
i#e%i,e i) ,&icall& le)) common in ,he)e
)an#),one)( bu, i, )igni*ican,l& )ho>) #iagene,ic
*ea,u%e). , occu%) commonl& a) )ca,,e%e#
c%&),al) an# conc%e,ion) in *ine ,o coa%)e
g%aine# )an#),one) Figu%e 6b2( >hich a%e oo%l&
)o%,e# an# mo#e%a,el& comac,e#. ca,,e%e#
c%&),al) a%e #e"eloe# a) cemen,) in *illing
in,e%g%anula% o%e) an# )econ#a%& o%e) *o%me#
b& ,he #i))olu,ion o* !F an# *el#)a%)(
gene%all& in#ica,ing ,ha, )i#e%i,e %e#a,e)
#i))olu,ion). -l)o( )i#e%i,e c%&),al) a%e a%,icu
la%l& embe##e# in ane%i,e conc%e,ion)( )ho>ing
,ha, )i#e%i,e %ecii,a,e# be*o%e ,he #e"elo
men, o* ane%i,e. i#e%i,e )ligh,l& %elace)
?ua%,z g%ain) in ,he )amle ,aen *%om ,he
#e,h o* 3'38.' m in >ell 7M';11 an# no
?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h can be )een a%oun# ,he
?ua%,z g%ain) >%ae# b& )i#e%i,e cemen,).
)igure B S=- images of sandstones;a< @ell P?%4:1:
2 %%4/B% m =%28h 'ell P?2D:1:1 crystalli8ed
calcite cement ;9< @ell P?2D:1:1 2D1/12 m =%28h
siderite occurs as scattered crystals in intragranular
pores ;c< @ell P?%4:1:2 %%B/%2 m =%2
8hauthigenic Iuart8 cements that fill intragranular
space ;d< @ell P?2D:1:1 %221/D m =%28h authigenic
aolinite and partly filling pores/
i#e%i,e i) c%ea,e# in mino% amoun,) an# i)
al>a&) embe##e# in ane%i,e conc%e,ion). The
13
C "alue o* )i#e%i,e cemen, i) ;.'R an# ,he
18
"alue i) 11.4R Table '2. The %ela,i"el&
ligh, "alue in#ica,e) ,ha, ,he )ou%ce o* )i#e%i,e
cemen, >a) %ecii,a,e# *%om ,he a##i,ion o*
o%ganic ma,,e% #eca%bo&la,ion. , >a) %ecii
,a,e# %ela,i"el& la,e in #iagene,ic hi),o%& an#
%e#a,e# #i))olu,ion an# a%,) o* ane%i,e. The
%ecii,a,ion o* )i#e%i,e >a) a, a %e)e%"oi%
,eme%a,u%e o* 80 QC.
Calcite
Calci,e cemen,) ha"e a he,e%ogeneou)l& #i),%i
bu,ion an# ,en# ,o ha"e a ,>o),age #e"elo
men, in ,hi) ),u#&.
a b
c #
a b
#c
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8/11/2019 01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0
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Journal of PetroleumDiagene)i) an# !e)e%"oi% uali,& E"olu,ionO Science and Technology
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
( G
cemen,). -l)o( ha"ing ca%bon #ioi#e ga) been
inu, in,o *lui#( ,he en"i%onmen, >a) ,%an)
*o%me# in,o an aci#ic en"i%onmen,. Khen ,he
aci# en,e%e# ,he %e)e%"oi% )an#),one)( i, >ill
#i))ol"e ,he *el#)a%( li,hic g%ain)( an# ea%l&
ca%bona,e cemen,) ,o gene%a,e )econ#a%& o%e)
)ee Figu%e B#2 I'0J. Calci,e cemen, >a) %ecii
,a,e# a, ,eme%a,u%e) %anging *%om 64 QC ,o 106
QC calcula,e# b& ,he *o%mula li),e# b& Ahang I6J(
)ho>ing bo,h ea%l& an# la,e %ecii,a,ion) in
#iagene,ic hi),o%& I'6J. n #ee bu%ie#( )ou%ce
%oc) %eache# a high ma,u%i,& ),age >i,h high
,eme%a,u%e an# %e))u%e. The%e*o%e( h&#%o
ca%bon gene%a,ion *%om )ou%ce %oc) %eache# i,)
ea "olume. a%ge "olume o* h&#%oca%bon in*illing ,he )an#),one %e)e%"oi% cau)e# ,he *o%me%
aci#ic en"i%onmen, ,%an)*o%me# in,o an alaline
en"i%onmen, an# ligh,e%13
C#ele,e# ma,e%ial)
>e%e a##e# *o% calci,e %ecii,a,ion.
Anerite
-ne%i,e cemen, i) e,en)i"el& #e"eloe# in ,he
)an#),one) >i,h i,) con,en, le)) ,han calci,e. ,
commonl& occu%) a) o%e*illing) an# cemen,)
%elacing *%ame>o% g%ain). 7o%e*illing cemen,)
,&icall& occu% a*,e% e**ec,i"e comac,ion.
ua%,z g%ain)( ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h( an# li,hic
g%ain) a%e %elace# b& ane%i,e c%&),al) in ,he
)an#),one) Figu%e Bb2( in#ica,ing ,ha, ,hi)
ane%i,e )ho>) a cha%ac,e%i),ic o* la,e% #e"elo
men, ,han ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h). mall ane%i,e
c%&),al) al)o occu% a) cemen,) *illing in )econ#
a%& o%e) *o%me# b& ,he #i))olu,ion o* !F an#
*el#)a%)( cha%ac,e%izing ,ha, i, %ecii,a,e#
la,e% ,han ,he #i))olu,ion o* !F an# *el#)a%) in
,hi) ),u#&.
Th%ee ane%i,ecemen,e# )amle) >e%e ice#
,o anal&ze ca%bon an# o&gen i)o,oe como)i
,ion). The 13
C "alue) o* calci,e cemen,) %ange)
*%om 6.' ,o 10.4R an# 18
"a%ie) *%om 6.8 ,o
1'.3R Table '2. -ne%i,e >a) *o%me# a,
%e)e%"oi% ,eme%a,u%e) %anging *%om B0 QC ,o
86 QC calcula,e# b& ,he *o%mula li),e# b& Ahang
I6J( in#ica,ing bo,h ea%l& an# la,e %ecii,a,ion)
I'6J.
Quartz cements
The %ecii,a,ion o* ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h) occu%)
a*,e% e**ec,i"e bu%ial an# comac,ion. ua%,z
cemen,) in ,he )an#),one) occu% mainl& a)
?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h) a%oun# ?ua%,z g%ain) an#
i)ola,e# a,che) an# a%e como)e# o* )mall
c%&),al) an# ,%ace amoun,) o* i)ola,e# ?ua%,z
c%&),al) >hich *ill in,e%g%anula% o%e )ace)
Figu%e 6c2 o% )econ#a%& #i))ol"e# o%e).
Di)con,inuou) o"e%g%o>,h i) common. , occu%)
on ?ua%,z )u%*ace >i,h a oo%l& #e*ine# boun#
a%&. ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h) ,en# ,o be much mo%e
abun#an, in ,he #eee% bu%ie# )an#),one) a,,he #e,h o* lo>e% ,han 3'00 m. 7a%,icula%l&(
,he amoun, o* ?ua%,z cemen, i) g%ea,l& limi,e#
in )amle) ,ha, ha"e a high con,en, o* #uc,ile
li,hic g%ain). Duc,ileli,hic con,en,) in >ell 7M34
1' an# ,he lo>e% )amle# in,e%"al o* >ell 7M';
11 a%e 613.B "ol.H an# B1; "ol.H %e)ec,i"el&(
>i,h ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h o* ,%ace ,o 1.4 "ol.H an#
1.B "ol.H %e)ec,i"el&. Duc,ileli,hic g%ain) a%e 3
B "ol.H an# much lo>e% in ,he )amle) o* >ell
7M3311( bu, ,he& ,en# ,o ha"e much highe%
?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h o* '.3 ,o B "ol.H . Duc,ile
con,en,) aea% ,o con,%ol ,he amoun, o* ?ua%,z
cemen, becau)e #uc,ile li,hic g%ain) a%e #e*o%m
e# an# become clo)el& con,ac,e# >i,h ,he
)u%*ace o* %igi# g%ain) a) comac,ion inc%ea)e).
n )ome ca)e)( #uc,ile g%ain) a%e )?ueeze# in,o
in,e%g%anula% o%e )ace).
Gene%all&( ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h on #e,%i,al ?ua%,z
g%ain) i) inhibi,e# b& >ell #e"eloe# chlo%i,ecemen,) Figu%e ;a2. ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h) a%e
%e)en, >hen ?ua%,z g%ain) a%e no, coa,e# b&
chlo%i,e %im o% chlo%i,e %im i) ,hin o% #i)con,inuou).
Kell #e"eloe# chlo%i,e %im) la& ,he %ole o*
e**ec,i"e ba%%ie%) ,o inhibi, ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h I';J.
The )ou%ce) o* )ilica ma& ha"e been *%om ,h%ee
)ou%ce)( inclu#ing 12 ,he %e))u%e #i))olu,ion o*
#e,%i,al ?ua%,z along in,e%g%anula% con,ac,) an#
#i)c%e,e ),&loli,e) Figu%e Ba2( '2 ,he #i))olu,ion
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Journal of Petroleum
Science and Technology . Cheng*u( C. Guojun( D. Guichao( A. Gongcheng( A. heng( an# . Chao
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
10 (
o% al,e%a,ion o* #e,%i,al )ilica,e)( mainl& "olcanic
%oc *%agmen,) Figu%e B#2( an# 32 ,he illi,iza
,ion o* #e,%i,al an# au,higenic aolini,e Figu%e
8a2.
)igure D ;a< @ell P?2D:1:1 ;H60< %4%2/14 m =%28h
chlorite rims and intergranular pores grain contact
and point:line contact ;9< @ell P?2D:2:1 ;H26<
%02/0 m =%28h intergranular and intragranular
pores rather open pore:structures for sandstonesof delta facies/
n common( ,he in,e%g%o>,h o* ?ua%,z i)
occu%%e# b& *ib%ou) illi,e( aolini,e( an# chlo%i,e
Figu%e 8c2. o%eo"e%( )iliceou) cemen,) )ou%ce#
*%om ,he #i))olu,ion o* *el#)a% a%e in#ica,e# b&
,he common occu%%ence o* in,e%g%o>,h o*
?ua%,z >i,h *ib%ou) illi,e( aolini,e( an# chlo%i,e
Figu%e 8c2.
Clay Minerals
Cla& mine%al) i#en,i*ie# in ,he )an#),one) o* ,he
),u#ie# a%ea inclu#e illi,e( aolini,e( chlo%i,e( an#
)mec,i,e. -) #e,e%mine# b& ,hin )ec,ion ob)e%
"a,ion)( E an# !D anal&)i)( lli,e an#
aolini,e a%e ,he mo), common cla& mine%al)
an# ,he& a%e %e)en, in almo), all ,he anal&ze#
)amle). The %e)ence o* chlo%i,e an# )mec,i,e
i) limi,e#.
aolini,e occu%) a) agg%ega,e) ),ace# b& )eu#o
heagonal c%&),al) %elacing *el#)a% g%ain). , *ill)
,he #i))ol"e# o%e) an# occu%) a#jacen, ,o
?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h. aolini,e al)o occu%) a)
boole,) 1B Um ac%o))2 in *illing in,e%g%anula%
o%e )ace) an# a))ocia,e) >i,h ?ua%,z o"e%
g%o>,h Figu%e 6#2. -l,hough ,he%e i) no clea%
e"i#ence on ,he ma,e%ial )ou%ce *o% i,) %ecii,a
,ion( i, %e*e%en,iall& occu%) a))ocia,e# >i,h
?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h. n )ome ca)e)( aolini,e
occu%) a) i)ola,e# an# #i)o%#e%e# c%&),al) B Um2
engul*e# b& illi,e c%&),al). aolini,e ha) a highl&
i%%egula% #i),%ibu,ion an# i,) amoun, "a%ie) *%om
)amle ,o )amle. , como)e) u ,o abou, 4H
o* ,he %oc) an# occuie) u ,o abou, 4BH o*,he cla& mine%al).
)igure S=- images of sandstones;a< @ell P?2D:2:
1 %B%0/26 m =%28h fi9rous illite crystals in deep
9uried sandstones ;9< @ell P?2D:1:1 %244/D m
=%28h fine:crystalline chlorite rims co,ering detrital
Iuart8 grains ;c< @ell P?2D:1:1 %2%G/B2 m =%28h
Iuart8 o,ergro'th and chlorite coat co,ering Iuart8
grains ;d< @ell P?%%:1:1 %2GG/6 m =%28h
dissolution of feldspar generates a9undant second:
ary pores/
lli,e i) *oun# mo),l& in o%e )ace) an# a%,l&
>i,hin ,he ma,%i. , i) %e%e)en,e# b& ,h%ee
#i**e%en, ,e,u%e ,&e)( namel& 12 hai%lie(
%a#icall& #i)o)e# c%&),al) Figu%e 8a2 >hich occu%
a) o%e*illing an# o%elining cemen,N '2 *ib%ou)
c%&),al)N an# 32 memb%anou) ),%uc,u%e)( >hich
occu% a) o%e*illing an# o%elining cemen,).
lli,e *o%m) u ,o abou, BH o* ,he %oc) an#*o%m) u ,o B0H o* ,he cla& mine%al). ou%ce) o*
illi,e cemen, a%e mo),l& *%om ,he al,e%a,ion o*
*el#)a% an# !F an# )mec,i,e).
Chlo%i,e cemen, i) onl& *oun# in ,he )amle) o*
>ell 7M';11 an# ,he amoun, "a%ie) *o%m 0.B
'H. - %ela,ion)hi be,>een chlo%i,e cemen, an#
highe% o%o)i,& in ,he )amle) i) ob)e%"e# in ,hi)
),u#&. Chlo%i,e i) %e)en, in ,h%ee *o%m)( namel&
o%e*illing an# o%elining cemen,) PB Um2(
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Journal of PetroleumDiagene)i) an# !e)e%"oi% uali,& E"olu,ionO Science and Technology
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
( 11
c%&),al agg%ega,e) *illing >i,hin ,he o%e) an#
g%o>ing on ,he )u%*ace o* #e,%i,al g%ain) Figu%e
8b an# 8c( Figu%e ;a2( an# chlo%i,e coa,ing)
>hich in#ica,e a %ecomac,ional %ecii,a,ion
an# a%e #e*o%me# be,>een a#jacen, %igi# g%ain)
a) comac,ion inc%ea)e). , i) ,he mo), imo%
,an, ,&e o* cla& mine%al). ince o,he% cemen,)
a%e inhibi,e# b& chlo%i,e cemen,)( #e,%i,al g%ain)
coa,e# b& chlo%i,e a%e clean. i,,le o% no ?ua%,z
o"e%g%o>,h) a%e #e"eloe# in )amle) >hen
#e,%i,al g%ain) a%e coa,e#N i, i) onl& #e"eloe# in
)ace) >he%e chlo%i,e %im) a%e ,hin o% #i)con,in
uou) a) )ho>n in E image). !F an# *el#)a%
g%ain) a%e a%,iall& ,o comle,el& #i))ol"e# in
,he )amle) >i,hou, chlo%i,e coa,ing). ence,he #e"elomen, o* chlo%i,e %im) a%oun# #e,%i,al
g%ain) aea%) ,o ha"e hele# ,he %e"en,ion o*
,he #i))olu,ion o* !F an# *el#)a% g%ain) b&
o%e >a,e%. The #e"elomen, o* chlo%i,e %im)
ha) al)o hele# ,he %e)e%"a,ion o* o%o)i,& b&
enhancing ,he mechanical ),%eng,h o* ,he
#e,%i,al g%ain) again), mechanical comac,ion
an# %e))u%e #i))olu,ion. -l,hough no #i%ec,
e"i#ence *o% con*i%ming ,he )ou%ce o* chlo%i,e
cemen, i) )ho>n( ,he #i))olu,ion o* !F mu),
%o"i#e abun#an, Fe'+
an# g'+
in,o o%e
>a,e%) ,o hel ,he ,%an)*o%ma,ion o* chlo%i,e
cemen,).
mec,i,e cemen,) a%e mino% in ,he ),u#ie#
)an#),one) acco%#ing ,o ,he E e"i#ence an#
!D #a,a an# a%e mo),l& #e"eloe# a, ,he
#e,h) lo>e% ,han 3000 m. ,) con,en, i) in ,he
o%#e% o* ,%ace) in ,he mo), ,e),e# )amle) an# i)
lo>e% ,han 1H in ,he )amle) ,aen *%om ,he#e,h) o* ';6B m an# ';68 m. The cu%%en, >o%
)ho>) ,ha, )mec,i,e *o%m) ea%l& in eo#iagene)i)
an# ee%ience) illi,iza,ion o% #i))olu,ion. The
illi,iza,ion o* )mec,i,e cemen,) occu%) >hen -l3+
an# + a%e a##e# in,o o%e *lui#). Thi) %eac,ion
al)o %elea)e) abun#an, i4+
a) one o))ible
)ou%ce o* ?ua%,z cemen,.
Diagenetic Sequence
Diagene,ic %oce)) i) clo)el& %ela,e# ,o o%o)i,&
e"olu,ion( bu, ,he ,iming o* #i**e%en, %oce))e)
an# ,hei% e**ec,) on o%o)i,& "a%& g%ea,l& #u%ing
,he bu%ial hi),o%& o* %e)e%"oi% )an#),one).
The%e*o%e( #e,aile# un#e%),an#ing o* #iagene,ic
)e?uence i) hel*ul *o% *in#ing ,he majo%
con,%olling *ac,o%) o* %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& an#
%e#ic,ing %e)e%"oi% ?uali,ie). =a)e# on ,he
abo"e ob)e%"a,ion) o* #iagene,ic cha%ac,e%i),ic)(
,he )e?uence o* au,higenic mine%al)( *ab%ic
*ea,u%e) con,ac, o* #e,%i,al g%ain) an# o%e
,&e)( e,c2( e"olu,ion( coei),ing %ela,ion)hi o*au,higenic mine%al)( h&#%oca%bon mig%a,ion an#
emlacemen,( ,&omo%hic mine%al) %ecii
,a,e# in aci# an# alaline en"i%onmen,( ,he
#iagene,ic en"i%onmen,( #iagene,ic ha)e)( an#
#iagene,ic )e?uence o* ,he %e)e%"oi% )an#),one)
ha"e been con),%uc,e#.
an#),one) bu%ie# a, ,he #e,h o* le)) ,han
3000 m in ,he Ahuhai *o%ma,ion a%e mainl& in
,he -1 ),age o* me)o#iagene)i)( >hile ,ho)e
bu%ie# a, ,he #e,h o* g%ea,e% ,han 3000 m a%e
in ,he -' ),age o* me)o#iagene)i). Diagene,ic
en"i%onmen, in ,he *i%), ),age i) ),%ongl& aci#ic
an# g%a#uall& )>i,che# ,o >eal& aci#ic an#
*inall& >eal& alaline in ,he la,e ),age. Diagen
e,ic )e?uence in ,he %e)e%"oi% )an#),one) i)
)chema,icall& illu),%a,e# in Figu%e 9. n )umma%&(
,he #iagene,ic g%a#a,ion o* #el,aic )an#),one) can
gene%all& be a%%ange# a):
Comac,ionV ea%l& cla& coaWng) V ea%l&
ca%bona,e cemen,) V o%ganic aci#) in"a#ing V
,he #i))olu,ion o* "olcanic %oc *%agmen,) an#
*el#)a%) V aolini,e an# ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h V
me,aha)e ca%bona,e cemen,) V h&#%oca%bon
a,e emlacemen, V ,he #i)lacemen, o* ?ua%,z
g%ain) b& la,e ca%bona,e cemen,).
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Journal of Petroleum
Science and Technology . Cheng*u( C. Guojun( D. Guichao( A. Gongcheng( A. heng( an# . Chao
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
12 (
)igure G Paragenetic seIuence for the main diagenetic processes occurring in the sandstones as interpreted
from petrographic relationships #= #iagenetic temperature Tem Temperature Strata temperature 'as
modified after Pang et al/ 57/
echanical comac,ion an# #i))olu,ion a%e ,he
mo), imo%,an, #iagene,ic *ea,u%e) in ,he
#el,aic )an#),one) o* Ahuhai *o%ma,ion. The)an#),one) ee%ience ,&icall& me#ium me
chanical comac,ion ,h%ough bu%ial hi),o%& an#
mul,iha)e #i))olu,ion b& aci# *lui# #i)cha%ge#
b& mul,ile )e, o* )ou%ce %oc). The -1 ),age o*
me)o#iagene)i) )eci*icall& ha) a ),%ong aci#
en"i%onmen, >i,h abun#an, o%ganic aci# in o%e
>a,e%). Gene%all&( in ,hi) ),age( ,he comlica,e#
*lui#%oc in,e%ac,ion i) >i#el& #e"eloe#. -bun
#an, )econ#a%& o%e) a%e gene%a,e# b& ,he
),%ong #i))olu,ion o* !F an# *el#)a%)( an# ,he
*o%me# )econ#a%& o%e zone im%o"e) ,he
connec,i"i,& o* o%e) in ,hi) ),age.
Petrophysical Properties
Pore Types
7o%e ,&e) in ,he )an#),one) o* Ahuhai *o%ma
,ion inclu#e %e)i#ual in,e%g%anula% o%e( in,e%
g%anula% #i))olu,ion o%e( in,%ag%anula% #i)
)ol"e# o%e( in,e%c%&),alline o%e *%ac,u%e( an#
mino% mic%oo%e) in in,e%),i,ial ma,e%ial) Table
32. The mo), )igni*ican, o%e ,&e) a%e in,e%g%anula% o%e( in,e%g%anula% #i))olu,ion o%e(
an# in,%ag%anula% #i))olu,ion o%e. The a"e%age
"olume o* in,e%g%anula% o%e "a%ie) *%om 14
"ol.H ,o 4' "ol.H a"e%age '3 "ol.H2 o* ,he ,o,al
o%o)i,&. The )econ#a%& o%e) inclu#ing in,e%
g%anula% #i))olu,ion o%e an# in,%ag%anula%
o%e2 %ange) *%om BB "ol.H ,o 84 "ol.H a"e%age
;B "ol.H2 o* ,he ,o,al o%o)i,&. ic%oo%e(
in,e%c%&),alline o%e( an# *%ac,u%e o%e a%e
"olume,%icall& limi,e# ,o a "olume o* 13H o* ,he
,o,al o%o)i,&.
Porosity and Permeability
The %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& anal&)i) o* )an#),one)
ob,aine# *%om ,he *ou% >ell) )ho>) ,ha,
o%o)i,& %ange) *%om '.3H'B.4H a"e%age
13.9H2 an# e%meabili,& "a%ie) *%om 0.0;L103
m# ,o 1310L103
m# a"e%age 133.9L103
m#2.
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Journal of PetroleumDiagene)i) an# !e)e%"oi% uali,& E"olu,ionO Science and Technology
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
( 1%
Ta9le % A,erage ,alues of sandstone pore types Pore data are from thin:section data9ase/
@ell
Pore types
P?%4:1:2 P?2D:2:1 P?%%:1:1 P?2D:1:1Ea P?2D:1:1E9
n,e%g%anula% o%e 14H 1BH 'BH 19H 4'H
n,e%g%anula% Di))olu,ion o%e ;3H 46H 64H 34H 48H
n,%ag%anula% 7o%e 11H 3;H 9H 4BH 9H
n,e%c%&),alline X*%ac,u%eXmic%oo%e 'H 3H 'H 'H 1H
)igure 10 The relationship 9et'een measured porosity and permea9ility for the samples from Panyu lo':
uplift
F%om ,he ,o,al o%o)i,& an# e%meabili,& #a,a
*%om Ahuhai *o%ma,ion( 16.BH o* )an#),one)
ha"e a o%o)i,& )malle% ,han 10H( 31.BH be,
>een 10H an# 1BH( 4B.'H be,>een 1BH an#
'0H( an# 6.8H be,>een '0H an# 'BH. The "alue
o* e%meabili,& lo>e% ,han 10L103
Um' %eache)
4'.4HN '3.3H o* e%meabili,& "alue) lie be,>een10L10
3 Um
' an# 100L10
3Um
'N 19.'H o* ,he
"alue) a%e be,>een 100L103
Um' an# 300L10
3
Um' an# 1B.1H a%e g%ea,e% ,han 300L10
3Um
'
Figu%e 102.
Porosity Evolution
=a)e# on ,he e,%og%ahic ob)e%"a,ion)( #iagen
e)i) )eci*icall& con,%ol) %e)e%"oi% ?uali,&(
inclu#ing mechanical comac,ion( #i))olu,ion(
cemen,a,ion( au,higenic mine%al *illing( e,c.
Gene%all&( mechanical comac,ion occu%)
,h%ough ,he en,i%e bu%ial hi),o%& o* )an#),one)
an# la&) a majo% %ole in o%o)i,& %e#uc,ion.
Di))olu,ion c%ea,e) )econ#a%& o%o)i,& an#
e%meabili,&. , g%ea,l& im%o"e) )an#),one %e
)e%"oi% ?uali,& in ,he ),u#ie# a%ea. -##i,ionall&(
cemen,a,ion ca%bona,e an# ?ua%,z2 cau)e# ,he
%og%e))i"e lo)) o* o%o)i,& an# e%meabili,&
#u%ing bu%ial. Con)i#e%ing ,he #i**e%en, e**ec,)
o* majo% #iagene,ic %oce))e) on %e)e%"oi%
?uali,&( o%o)i,& e"olu,ion can be #i"i#e# in,o
,h%ee ),age) a) *ollo>) Figu%e 92:
12 - ),age o* eo#iagene)i)N ,he bu%ial #e,h o*
)an#),one) i) lo>e% ,han 1B00m an# i) mainl& in
a >ea alaline #iagene,ic en"i%onmen,). n ,hi)
),age( a**ec,e# b& o"e%l&ing ),a,ic %e))u%e(
o%o)i,& i) )ha%l& %e#uce# becau)e o* ,he
7e%meabili,& L103 Ym'2
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Journal of Petroleum
Science and Technology . Cheng*u( C. Guojun( D. Guichao( A. Gongcheng( A. heng( an# . Chao
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
14 (
%ea%%angemen, o* #e,%i,al g%ain) an# ,he #i)
cha%ge o* o%e >a,e%). De,%i,al g%ain) become
oin, con,ac,. 7o%e ,&e i) mainl& %ima%& o%e.
n >eal& alaline #iagene,ic en"i%onmen,)(
ea%l& calci,e an# ane%i,e begin ,o %ecii,a,ean# *ill in,e%g%anula% o%e). The %e%e)en,a,i"e
)amle i) )amle *%om ,he #e,h o* ';;1.68 m
an# 3433.3 m %e)ec,i"el& *%om >ell 7M';11
an# 7M341'. The con,en,) o* ca%bona,e
cemen,) a%e '030 "ol.H >i,h a %ecemen,e#
o%o)i,& o* 404BH un#e% ,hin)ec,ion. Ea%l&
chlo%i,e) begin ,o %ecii,a,e >hen #iagene,ic
,eme%a,u%e i) le)) ,han B0 QC an# be*o%e e**ec,
,i"e comac,ion ),a%,). n,e%g%anula% o%e) a%e
e**ec,i"el& %e)e%"e# in )an#),one) >i,h >ell
#e"eloe# chlo%i,e coa,ing). Gene%all&( ea%l&
mechanical comac,ion %e#uce) o%o)i,& b& B
10H an# ea%l& ca%bona,e cemen,) #ec%ea)e)
o%o)i,& b& B10H.
'2 = ),age o* eo#iagene)i)Zan ea%l& -1 ),age o*
me)o#iagene)i)N ,he bu%ial #e,h o* )an#),one)
%ange) *%om 1B00 ,o 'B00 m. De,%i,al g%ain) a%e
mainl& oin, an# oin,line con,ac,. 7o%e) a, ,hi)
),age a%e mainl& %ima%& o%e). Di))olu,iono%e) begin ,o #e"elo >i,h #iagene,ic en"i%on
men, g%a#uall& change# *%om a >eal& alaline
,o a >eal& aci#ic en"i%onmen,. echanical
comac,ion i) enhance# b& o"e%bu%#en )e#i
men,) an# g%ea,l& %e#uce) o%o)i,& ,h%ough
bu%ial. Ca%bona,e cemen,) con,inue ,o %ecii
,a,e an# *ill in,e%g%anula% o%e) an# e**ec,i"el&
%e#uce in,e%g%anula% o%o)i,&. -, ,hi) ),age( cla&
mine%al) an# ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h begin ,o
%ecii,a,e an# a%e >i#el& #e"eloe# in ,he
),u#ie# a%ea( bu, >i,h a limi,e# e**ec, on o%o
)i,& %e#uc,ion. Kea #i))olu,ion ,&icall& begin)
,o occu% a) aci# *lui# en,e%e# ,he o%e >a,e%).
Gene%all&( mechanical comac,ion %e#uce) o%
o)i,& b& B1BH an# ca%bona,e cemen,) #e
c%ea)e) o%o)i,& b& B'BH.
32 -1 ),age-' ),age o* me)o#iagene)i)N ,he
bu%ial #e,h o* )an#),one) %ange) *%om 'B00 ,o
3B00 m. De,%i,al g%ain) a%e oin,line an# line
con,ac,. Diagene,ic en"i%onmen,) ha"e )>i,che#
*%om >eal& aci#ic ,o ),%ongl& aci#ic. -, ,hi)
),age( ,he mo), cha%ac,e%izing *ea,u%e i) ,ha,
o%ganic aci# #i)cha%ge# *%om lo> ma,u%e ,o
ma,u%e o%ganic ma,,e% i) a##e# in,o o%e>a,e%). The& ),%ongl& #i))ol"e !F( *el#)a%( an#
ea%l& ca%bona,e cemen,). Gene%all&( mechanical
comac,ion %e#uce) o%o)i,& b& B1BH an#
cemen,a,ion b& '10H. Khile( ),%ong #i))olu,ion
g%ea,l& im%o"e) an# inc%ea)e) o%o)i,& b& B
1'H. - )econ#a%& o%o)i,& zone i) #e"eloe# in
,he #e,h) in,e%"al be,>een ';B0 an# 3B00 m.
Thi) i) ,he %ea)on >h& %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& in
)an#),one) o* Ahuhai *o%ma,ion i) g%ea,l&
im%o"e#.
Major Factors Controlling Reservoir
Quality
Compaction and Porosity
echanical comac,ion i) )imle bu, la&) a
majo% %ole in %e#ucing o%o)i,& Figu%e 112.
b"iou) e"i#ence o* mechanical comac,ion in
%e#ucing o%o)i,& i) )ho>n. Co%%e)on#ingl&(
o%o)i,& i) lo), #u%ing ,he %oce))e) o* in,e%
g%anula% %ea%%angemen,( #e*o%ma,ion o* #uc,ile
g%ain)( e,c. Thin )ec,ion ),u#ie) )ho> ,ha, g%ain
con,ac, e"ol"e) *%om )ea%a,ion ,o oin, ,o
oin,line an# ,o line con,ac, becau)e o* ),%ong
comac,ion *%om )hallo> ,o #ee bu%ial. Thi)
cha%ac,e%i),ic al)o in#ica,e) ,he %ela,ion)hi o*
o%o)i,& >i,h bu%ial #e,h. Thu) o%o)i,& %e
#uce# b& comac,ion can be #i"i#e# in,o ,>o
),age)( namel& eo#iagene)i) P'000 m2 an#
me)o#iagene)i) '0003B00 m2. -"e%age %i
ma%& o%o)i,& in #el,aic )an#),one) >a)
a))ume# ,o be 40H imme#ia,el& a*,e% #eo)i
,ion I'8J. , ,en#e# ,o #ec%ea)e in,en)i"el& >i,h
inc%ea)ing ,he #e,h o* bu%ial an# %ela,i"el&
#ec%ea)e# *%om 40H ,o le)) ,han 'BH in
eo#iagene)i). The %a,e o* %e#uc,ion in o%o)i,&
b& comac,ion >a) )lo>e% in me)o#iagene)i)
,han in eo#iagene)i) an# became le)) ,han '0H.
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Journal of PetroleumDiagene)i) an# !e)e%"oi% uali,& E"olu,ionO Science and Technology
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
( 16
)igure 11 Plot of cement ,olume percent ,s/ intergranular ,olume percent of Panyu lo':uplift sandstones
;cf/ >ousenecht 527</ Compaction and cementation had a similar importance in the destruction of porosity
in the deltaic sandstones of Panyu lo':uplift/
Dissolution and Porosity
Di))olu,ion i) ,he main *ac,o% gene%a,ing
)econ#a%& o%o)i,&( >hich la&) a e& %ole in
o%o)i,& e"olu,ion. Thin )ec,ion an# E
ob)e%"a,ion) )ho> ,ha, ,he con,en, o* un),able
comonen,) i) "olume,%icall& high an# can be
cla))i*ie# in,o ,h%ee ca,ego%ie) inclu#ing !F B
30H2( *el#)a% 'BH2( an# ea%l& ca%bona,e
cemen,) B30H2. n ,he ),u#ie# a%ea( #i))olu,ion begin) in ,he = ),age o* eo#iagene)i)(
an# un),able con),i,uen,) a%e #i))ol"e# >hen
o%ganic aci# en,e%) in,o o%e >a,e%. n ,he -1
),age o* me)o#iagene)i)( abun#an, o%ganic aci#
i) #i)cha%ge# b& ,he e"olu,ion o* )ou%ce %oc
an# i) a##e# in,o o%e >a,e%). The un),able
con),i,uen,) a%e ),%ongl& #i))ol"e# in ,he aci#
en"i%onmen,. The %ela,ion)hi be,>een o%o)i,&
an# #e,h )ho>) ,ha, a )econ#a%& o%o)i,& zone
i) #e"eloe# in ,he #e,h in,e%"al be,>een ';B0
an# 3B00 m. n ,hi) in,e%"al( in,e%g%anula%
#i))olu,ion o%e an# in,%ag%anula% #i))olu,ion
o%e a%e abun#an,l& gene%a,e#. econ#a%&
o%o)i,& gene%a,e# b& #i))olu,ion ma& %each B
1BH acco%#ing ,o ,hin )ec,ion #a,aba)e.
Carbonate Cementation and Porosity
Ca%bona,e cemen, i) a main *ac,o% in con,%olling
)an#),one %e)e%"oi% %oe%,ie) Figu%e 112 an#
ma& ha"e a ),%ong in*luence on *lui# *lo>
I''('9J. Ca%bona,e cemen,) a%e >i#el& #e"el
oe# in )an#),one) *%om ,he *ou% >ell) Figu%e
1'2. The e**ec,) o* ca%bona,e cemen,) on
o%o)i,& a%e e"i#en,l& ob)e%"e# b& ,he %ela,ion
be,>een ,he amoun,) o* ,he cemen, an# ,he
mea)u%e# o%o)i,& an# e%meabili,& Figu%e 132.
Khen ,he con,en, o* ca%bona,e cemen, i) highe%
,han 1BH( ,he o%o)i,& i) no%mall& lo>e% ,han
10H.
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Journal of Petroleum
Science and Technology . Cheng*u( C. Guojun( D. Guichao( A. Gongcheng( A. heng( an# . Chao
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
1B (
)igure 12 Sampled inter,als from 'ell P?2D:2:1 P?2D:1:1 P?%4:1:2 and P?%%:1:1 Lithology and macro:
sedimentary facies are interpreted 9ased on log response and core samples taen from the inter,als/
n ,he o,he% han#( >hen i,) con,en, i) le)) ,han10H( ,he o%o)i,& ma& %each 'BH. -n in"e%)e
%ela,ion)hi i) al)o )een be,>een ca%bona,e
con,en, an# e%meabili,& Figu%e 13b2. Ca%bon
a,e cemen,) occu% in ,he ,hicne)) %ange o* 0.B
m ,o lo>e% ,han 4 m an# ac, a) a main o%o)i,&
%e#ucing *ac,o% coma%e# >i,h ,he o,he%
cemen,) Figu%e 1'2. Fineg%aine# )an#),one)
a%e gene%all& mo%e *a"o%able *o% ,he #e"elo
men, o* ca%bona,e cemen,) ,han ,he coa%)e
g%aine# )an#),one). Thin )an#),one) ha"ehighe% ca%bona,e cemen,) ,han ,hic )an#
),one). Fu%,he%( ,hic )an#),one) ,en# ,o ha"e
ca%bona,e cemen,) in ,he ue% an# lo>e%
%ange) o* ,he in,e%"al). 7oo% ?uali,& i) ,&icall&
%ela,e# ,o ca%bona,e cemen,) in ,he ),u#ie#
)an#),one) *%om ,he ,>o >ell)( >hich a%e
#e"eloe# a, ,he #e,h) be,>een ';69 ,o ';;1
m an# ';;B ,o ';80.B m. o#e%a,el& ,o ),%ongl&
comac,e# )amle) ,aen *%om ,he #e,h o*
';69.B8 m *%om ,he *i%), in,e%"al a%e mo),l&
cha%ac,e%ize# b& ,he high amoun, o* ane%i,e
an# 0.'H o* )i#e%i,e cemen,. -ne%i,e an#
)i#e%i,e cemen,) *ill in in,e%g%anula% o%e) an#
#i))ol"e# o%e) an# g%ea,l& #e),%o& o%o)i,&.
The lo>e% a%, ';;B ,o ';80.B m2 i) mo),l&
cha%ac,e%ize# b& ,he high con,en, o* calci,e
cemen,( g%ea,l& #e),%o&ing o%o)i,&. Thi) e"i
#ence ei),) in )amle) lie ,he )amle o* ,he
#e,h o* ';;9 m >i,h i,) con,en, o* 30H "e%)u)
,he o%o)i,& o* 9H. an#),one) *%om ,he)amle# in,e%"al in >ell 7M3311 a%e
cha%ac,e%ize# b& lo> o%o)i,& an# lo> e%mea
bili,& mean "alue o* o%o)i,& i) 1'H an# ,he
e%meabili,& i) 33 Um'2.
)igure 1% +eser,oir Iuality data from the
sandstones in Panyu lo':uplift ;a< porosity ,s/
car9onate content ;9< permea9ility ,s/ car9onate
content/
an#),one) *%om ,he #e,h o* lo>e% ,han 3434
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Porosity(%)
C a r b o n
a t e c o n t e n t ( % )
0
2
46
8
10
12
14
16
0 100 200 300 400Permeability(10
-3µm
2)
C a r b o n a t e c o n t e n t ( % )
a
9
7o%o)i,& H2
7e%meabili,& L103 Ym
'2
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Journal of PetroleumDiagene)i) an# !e)e%"oi% uali,& E"olu,ionO Science and Technology
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
( 1D
m a%e mo#e%a,el& ,o ),%ongl& ca%bona,e
cemen,e# a%,icula%l& calci,e an# ane%i,e
cemen,2. -ne%i,e cemen,) a%e highl& #e"eloe#
in ,he )an#),one) loca,e# a, ,he #e,h) mo%e
,han 3434 m an# mo#e%a,el& #i)lace #e,%i,al
g%ain). =o,h o* ,hem la& an imo%,an, %ole in
%e#ucing o%o)i,& in ,he ),u#ie# in,e%"al).
CONCLUSIONS
1 The )hel*ma%gin #el,aic )an#),one %e)e%"oi% o*
Ahuhai *o%ma,ion *%om 7an&u lo>uli*, i) *ine
,o me#iumg%aine# li,hic )uba%o)e( )ub
li,ha%eni,e( an# )uba%o)e. ajo% #iagene)i)
conclu#e) comac,ion( #i))olu,ion !F(
*el#)a%( an# ca%bona,e cemen,)2( cemen,a,ionca%bona,e an# ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h2( an#
au,higenic mine%al *illing) aolini,e( chlo%i,e(
illi,e( an# )mec,i,e2.
' Comac,ion occu%%e# ,h%ough all ,he en,i%e
bu%ial hi),o%& an# la&e# a majo% %ole in
o%o)i,& %e#uc,ion. The e**ec, o* comac,ion
on o%o)i,& %e#uc,ion can be #i"i#e# in,o ,>o
),age)( namel& eo#iagene)i) an# me)o
#iagene)i). n eo#iagene)i)( o%o)i,& >a)
)ha%l& %e#uce# becau)e o* ,he %ea%%angemen,
o* #e,%i,al g%ain) an# #i)cha%ge o* o%e >a,e%)
a) comac,ion inc%ea)e#. n me)o#iagene)i)(
o%o)i,& >a) ),abl& %e#uce# b& comac,ion bu,
much )lo>e% ,han ,he *i%), ),age.
3 Di))olu,ion >a) ,he e& *ac,o% ,ha, im%o"e#
,he %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& o* ,he )hel*ma%gin
)an#),one). Di))olu,ion began in ,he = ),age
o* eo#iagene)i) an# con,inue# ,o #e"elo in
,he -' ),age o* me)o#iagene)i). -ci#ic o%e*lui#) #i))ol"e# !F( *el#)a%( an# ca%bona,e
cemen,) an# gene%a,e# )econ#a%& o%e).
n,e%g%anula% #i))olu,ion o%e an# in,%a
g%anula% #i))olu,ion o%e >e%e ,he main o%e
,&e) in ,he ),u#ie# a%ea. ,%ong an# e,en
)i"el& #i))olu,ion in Ahuhai *o%ma,ion c%ea,e#
a )econ#a%& o%o)i,& zone in ,he #e,h
in,e%"al be,>een ';B0 an# 3B00 m. , g%ea,l&
im%o"e# %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& in ,he ),u#ie#
a%ea.
4 Ca%bona,e cemen,) calci,e( )i#e%i,e( an#
ane%i,e2 >e%e *o%me# ea%l& in ,he - ),age o*
eo#iagene)i) an# con,inue# ,o ,he -' ),age
o* me)o#iagene)i). The& la&e# an imo%
,an, %ole in ,he %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& e"olu,ion o*
)hel*ma%gin )an#),one). n eo#iagene)i)(
ca%bona,e cemen,) >e%e mainl& *o%me#
>hich e**ec,i"el& %e"en,e# comac,ion an#
,he occuie# o%e )ace) ,%an)*o%me# in,o
#i))olu,ion o%e )ace) >hen ,he& >e%e
#i))ol"e# la,e% in me)o#iagene)i). o%e
o"e%( ca%bona,e cemen,) *o%me# in me)o
#iagene)i)( e)eciall& in ,he -' ),age( *ille# in
in,e%g%anula% o%e) an# #i))olu,ion o%e) o%
#i)lace# #e,%i,al g%ain) an# g%ea,l&#e),%o&e# %e)e%"oi% ?uali,&. Ca%bona,e
cemen,) ha# an in"e%)e %ela,ion)hi >i,h
%e)e%"oi% ?uali,&. Gene%all&( o%o)i,& an#
e%meabili,& >e%e highe% *o% ,he )amle)
con,aining a )malle% amoun, o* ca%bona,e
cemen,).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thi) ),u#& >a) join,l& *un#e# b& ,he China
/a,ional cienceTechnolog& 7%ojec, '011
A0B0'B0062 an# China 9;3 e& Foun#a,ion
!e)ea%ch De"elomen, 7%ojec, '009C='194002.
Ke al)o e%e)) ou% g%a,i,u#e ,o hu,ong i
*%om The e& abo%a,o%& o* 7e,%oleum !e
)ou%ce) !e)ea%ch( n),i,u,e o* Geolog& an# Geo
h&)ic)( an# Chine)e -ca#em& o* cience)N
C/C !e)ea%ch Cen,e% %o"i#e# all ,he ),u#ie#
)amle).
NOMENCLATURE
= =ai&un )ag
C/C China /a,ional **)ho%e il
Co%o%a,ion
C/7C China /a,ional 7e,%oleum
Co%o%a,ion
C<= Cen,%al uli*, bel,
a illion &ea%)
/<= /o%,he%n uli*, bel,
7D= 7ee#ee =elemni,e
8/11/2019 01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-1010-rev-5-ver-200 18/19
Journal of Petroleum
Science and Technology . Cheng*u( C. Guojun( D. Guichao( A. Gongcheng( A. heng( an# . Chao
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%
5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72
1 (
7!= 7ea%l !i"e% ou,h =a)in
D/= iong#ongnan ba)in
E canning elec,%on mic%o)coe
<= ou,he%n uli*, bel,
!F olcanic %oc *%agmen,)!D %a& #i**%ac,ion
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