00557-2005annual rpt

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

1/32

Drug Enforcement AdministrationOffice of Diversion Control

N F L I SNATIONAL FORENSIC LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM

Y E A R 2 0 0 5 A N N U A L R E P O R T

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

2/32

CON T EN T S

Fo r ewo r d 3

Introduction 4

Section1

NationalandRegionalEstimates 6

11DrugItemsAnalyzed 6

12DrugCasesAnalyzed 8

13 NationalandRegionalDrug

Trends 9

Section2

Major DrugCategories 11

21NarcoticAnalgesics 11

22Benzodiazepines 12

23 ClubDrugs 13

24 AnabolicSteroids 14 25 Stimulants 15

Section3

Drug Combinat ions 16

31CocaineCombinations 17

32HeroinCombinations 17

33 Methamphetamine

Combinations 17

Section4

DrugsIdentifiedbyLocation 18

Section5

GISAnalysis:TopFourDrugs,

byPlaceofOrigin 20

Section6

Drug Pur i t y 2 3

61HeroinPurity 23

62 CocainePurity 24

DEAUpdate 26

AppendixA:ParticipatingandReporting

ForensicLaboratories 27

AppendixB:NFLISBenefits

andLimitations 28

AppendixC:NFLISInteractive

DataSite 29

AppendixD:NationalEstimates

Methodology 30

The new DEA-NFLIS Web site, which provides access

to the Interactive Data Site (IDS), is now available.

The address is

https://www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov

As part of the enhanced IDS, various access levels are assigned to

satisfy users specific NFLIS data needs. Basic information about NFLIS,

published reports, NFLIS contact information, information relevant to

drug control efforts, and links to agency Web sites are available to the

general public. Participating NFLIS laboratories have access to their own

case- and item-level data, as well as to aggregate national-, regional-,

state-, and city-level data. Laboratories in the process of joining

NFLIS have access to aggregate state- and city-level data. Approved

government agency staff have access to the aggregate data. Dependingon the level of access, users can conduct analyses using preset queries.

New usernames and passwords are required to gain access to restricted

areas of the IDS.

Laboratories with high-speed Internet access are no longer limited

to using dial-up to access the IDS. Laboratories without high-speed

Internet access can still use a modem to make a direct dial-up

connection to the IDS.

Please visit the new NFLIS Web site

for additional information.

NewDEA-NFLISWebSite

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

3/32

Foreword

TheDrugEnforcementAdministrations(DEAs)OfficeofDiversionControlispleased

topresenttheNationalForensicLaboratoryInformationSystem(NFLIS)2005Annual

Report.NFLISrepresentsapartnershipthatincludes263federal,state,andlocalforensiclaboratories.TheinformationcollectedthroughNFLISsupportsDEAsmissiontoenforce

thecontrolledsubstanceslawsandregulationsoftheUnitedStates,includingtrackingthe

diversionofcontrolledpharmaceuticalsandthediversionofcontrolledchemicalsinto

illegalmarkets.

NFLISprovidesauniquesourceofinformationonthenationsdrugproblem,providing

detailedandtimelyinformationonsubstancessecuredinlawenforcementoperationsacross

thecountry.TheNFLIS 2005 Annual Reportpresentsnationalandregionalfindingsondrug

casesanalyzedduringthepastyear,includingcity-andcounty-levelresultsondrugseizure

locations.AmongthekeyfindingspresentedintheNFLIS 2005 Annual Report:

Anestimated1.7milliondrugitemswereanalyzedbystateandlocallaboratoriesin

theUnitedStatesin2005.Cannabis/THCwasthemostfrequentlyidentifieddrug

(573,904items),followedbycocaine(570,176),methamphetamine(247,288),and

heroin(87,402).

Nationally,cannabis/THC,heroin,andMDMAdeclinedsignificantlyfrom2001

to2005,whilemethamphetamine,oxycodone,andhydrocodoneitemsincreased

significantly.

Regionally,methamphetamineincreasedsignificantlyintheSouth,morethandoubling

overthe5-yearperiod,whilecocaineandheroindeclined.Methamphetaminealso

increasedintheNortheast,whileheroindeclined.

Amongotherdrugsinthetop25,oxycodone,hydrocodone,andalprazolam,

allavailableinpharmaceuticalproducts,increasedsignificantlyintheNortheast

between2001and2005.Inaddition,oxycodoneincreasedintheWestandMidwest,

hydrocodoneincreasedintheSouthandMidwest,andalprazolamincreasedin

theMidwest.

Overall,hydrocodone(39%)andoxycodone(30%)accountedformorethantwo-thirds

ofallidentifiednarcoticanalgesics,whilealprazolam(e.g.,Xanax)accountedfor61%

ofreportedbenzodiazepinesandMDMAaccountedfor84%ofreportedclubdrugs.

TheDEAstandscommittedtocontinuallyimprovingdrugintelligencedataavailable

toU.S.drugcontrolagencies.Wefullyunderstandthatthesystemwouldnotbesuccessful

withouttheparticipationofforensiclaboratoriesfromacrossthecountry.TheDEAwould

liketoextendaspecialthankyoutothelaboratoriesthathavejoinedNFLISandencourage

thoselaboratoriesthatarenotcurrentlyparticipatinginNFLIStocontactusaboutjoining

thisimportantprogram.

Thankyouagainforyourongoingsupport.

Joseph T. RannazzisiDeputy Assistant AdministratorOffice of Diversion ControlU.S. Drug Enforcement Administration

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

4/32

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

5/32

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

6/32

Section 1

Thefollowingsectiondescribesnationalandregional

estimatesfordrugitemsanalyzedbystateandlocallaboratorie

in2005.Trendsarealsopresentedforselecteddrugsfrom200through2005.Themethodsusedinpreparingtheseestimates

aredescribedinAppendixD.

1.1 DRUGITEMSANALYZEDIn2005,anestimated1,749,275drugitemswereanalyzedb

stateandlocalforensiclaboratoriesintheUnitedStates.Thisi

aslightincreasefromthe1,734,658drugitemsanalyzeddurin

2004.Table1.1presentsthe25mostfrequentlyidentifieddrug

forthenationandforcensusregions.

The top 25 drugs accounted for 94% of all drugs analyzed

in 2005, an estimated 1,641,130 items. As in previous years,the vast majority of all drugs reported in NFLIS were

identified as the top 4 drugs, with cannabis/THC, cocaine,

methamphetamine, and heroin representing 85% of all

drugs analyzed. Nationally, 573,904 items were identified as

cannabis/THC (33%), 570,176 as cocaine (33%), 247,288

as methamphetamine (14%), and 87,402 as heroin (5%).

Amongotherdrugsinthetop25,morethanhalfare

availableinpharmaceuticalproducts.Ofthese,therewere

sevennarcoticanalgesics:hydrocodone(23,549items),

oxycodone(19,274items),methadone(7,302items),morphine

(3,619items),codeine(3,346items),propoxyphene(1,970items),andhydromorphone(1,218items).Alsoincludedwere

fourbenzodiazepines:alprazolam(24,631items),diazepam

(6,871items),clonazepam(6,723items),andlorazepam

(1,557items).Othercontrolledsubstanceswerephencyclindin

(PCP)(3,047items)andthepharmaceuticalmethylphenidate

(1,370items).Thenon-controlledpharmaceuticalcarisoprodo

(3,020items)aswellaspseudoephedrine(8,249items),alisted

chemical,werealsoincludedinthetop25mostfrequently

identifieddrugs.

N AT I O N A L A N D RSince 001, NFLIS has produced

estimates of the number of drug

items and drug cases analyzed

by state and local laboratories from

a nationally representative sample

of laboratories.

www.Erowid.org

LSD microdot

2-CB tablet

LSD blotter

2C-T-2 tablet

MDMA tablet

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

7/32

Table11 NATIONALANDREGIONALESTIMATESFORTHE25MOSTFREQUENTLYIDENTIFIEDDRUGS* Estimated number and percentage of total analyzed drug items, 2005.

National West Midwest Northeast South

Drug Number Percent NumberPercent NumberPercent Number Percent Number Percent

Cannabis/THC ,90 .81% ,91 1.% 19,0 .8% 8, 1.98% 1,9 1.09%

Cocaine 0,1 .9% ,08 0.0% 11,1 .% 11,19 1.% ,0 9.%

Methamphetamine ,88 1.1% 19,080 0.8% ,91 8.8% 99 0.0% 9,9 8.%

Heroin 8,0 .00% 1,8 .% , .1% ,0 11.9% 19,9 .91%

Alprazolam ,1 1.1% ** ** ,10 1.1% , 1.1% 1,1 .1%

Hydrocodone ,9 1.% ,1 0.% ,088 0.9% ,0 0.9% 1, .11%

Non-controlled, non-narcotic drug 0,19 1.1% ,9 1.0% ,8 1.% , 1.8% , 0.8%

Oxycodone 19, 1.10% , 0.0% , 1.0% ,18 1.% , 1.1%

MDMA 1,00 0.% ,0 0.8% ,1 0.1% 1,98 0.% ,8 0.9%

Pseudoephedrine*** 8,9 0.% 1,1 0.% , 0.8% ** ** ,1 0.0%

Methadone ,0 0.% 1,0 0.9% 1,0 0.% 1,8 0.8% , 0.9%

Diazepam ,81 0.9% 1,0 0.9% 1,9 0.% 89 0.% ,1 0.%

Clonazepam , 0.8% 0.1% 1,0 0.1% 1, 0.8% , 0.9%

Acetaminophen**** ,08 0.% ** ** ,0 0.% ** ** 8 0.1%

Morphine ,19 0.1% 88 0.% 900 0.1% 1 0.% 1,8 0.18%

Amphetamine ,1 0.19% 19 0.11% 1,001 0.% 0.1% 1,88 0.%

Codeine , 0.19% 9 0.1% 0.1% 0 0.1% 1,8 0.%

Phencyclidine (PCP) ,0 0.1% 8 0.1% 0.0% 1,0 0.% 81 0.1%

Psilocin ,08 0.1% 980 0.% 1,0 0.% 111 0.0% 81 0.1%

Carisoprodol ,00 0.1% ** ** 9 0.0% 1 0.0% 1,910 0.8%

Propoxyphene 1,90 0.11% 1 0.0% 88 0.0% 1 0.0% 8 0.1%

Lorazepam 1, 0.09% 0.08% 9 0.1% 08 0.08% 8 0.08%

MDA 1,9 0.08% 8 0.08% 18 0.0% 0.1% 08 0.09%

Methylphenidate 1,0 0.08% 1 0.0% 0 0.10% 0.08% 98 0.0%

Hydromorphone 1,18 0.0% 1 0.0% 9 0.0% 0.0% 0.09%

Top 25 Total 1,1,10 9.8% ,8 9.% 09,9 9.% ,0 9.% 8,8 9.01%

All Other Analyzed Items 108,1 .18% ,0 .% 18,1 .% 1,1 .8% 8,0 .99%

Total Analyzed Items 1,9, 100.00% ,8 100.00% ,9 100.00% 0,019 100.00% 8,908 100.00%

Numbers may not sum to totals due to suppression and rounding.

MDMA=3,4 MethylenedioxymethamphetamineMDA=3,4 Methylenedioxyamphetamine

* Sample ns and 95% confidence intervals for all estimates are available upon request.** The estimate for this drug does not meet standards of precision and reliability due to few laboratories reporting this specif ic drug.***Includes items from a small number of laboratories that do not specify between pseudoephedrine and ephedrine.****Substance is an ingredient of many controlled pharmaceutical products.

G I O N A L E S T I M AT E S

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

8/32

MOSTFREQUENTLYIDENTIFIEDDRUGSINSTRIDE,20

Drug Number Percen

Cocaine 1,0 .01%

Cannabis/THC 1,0 .%

Methamphetamine , 1.%

Heroin ,9 8.1%

MDMA 1,1 .1%

Non-controlled, non-narcotic drug 1,01 1.9%

Pseudoephedrine 81 1.%

Hydrocodone 91 1.1%

Alprazolam 0.8%Oxycodone 1 0.1%

All Other Drugs , 9.0%

Total All Drugs 1, 100.00%

System To Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence I(STRIDE)TheDEAsSystemToRetrieveInformationfromDrug

EvidenceII(STRIDE)collectstheresultsofdrugevidence

analyzedatDEAlaboratoriesacrossthecountry.STRIDE

reflectsevidencesubmittedbytheDEA,otherfederallaw

enforcementagencies,andsomelocalpoliceagenciesthatwas

obtainedduringdrugseizures,undercoverdrugbuys,andotheractivities.STRIDEcapturesdataonbothdomesticand

internationaldrugcases;however,thefollowingresultsdescribe

onlythosedrugsobtainedintheUnitedStates.

During2005,atotalof51,467drugexhibitsoritemswere

reportedinSTRIDE,about3%oftheestimated1.7million

drugexhibitsanalyzedbystateandlocallaboratoriesduringthi

period.MostdrugsinSTRIDEwereidentifiedascocaine

(34%),cannabis/THC(27%),methamphetamine(12%),or

heroin(9%).Amongotherdrugs,3%werereportedasMDMA

and2%aspseudoephedrine.

Table12 NATIONALCASEESTIMATES Number and percentage of cases containing the

25 most frequently identified drugs, 2005.

Drug Number Percent

Cocaine 1,99 8.%

Cannabis/THC ,88 .%

Methamphetamine 18,8 1.8%Heroin 9, .9%

Alprazolam 1,1 1.81%

Hydrocodone 19,9 1.%

Oxycodone 1, 1.%

Non-controlled, non-narcotic drug 1,0 1.0%

MDMA 10,1 0.9%

Methadone , 0.%

Diazepam ,1 0.%

Clonazepam ,01 0.%

Pseudoephedrine* ,8 0.8%

Acetaminophen** ,89 0.%

Morphine ,0 0.%

Amphetamine ,91 0.%

Carisoprodol ,80 0.%

Phencyclidine (PCP) ,9 0.%

Codeine ,8 0.%

Psilocin , 0.%

Propoxyphene 1,89 0.1%

Lorazepam 1, 0.1%

MDA 1,0 0.11%

Methylphenidate 1, 0.11%

Dihydrocodeine 1,10 0.10%

Top 25 Total 1,, 109.%

All Other Substances 8,1 .%

Total All Substances 1,, 11.81%***

* Includes cases from a small number of laboratories that do notspecify between pseudoephedrine and ephedrine.

** Substance is an ingredient of many controlled pharmaceutical products.

*** Multiple drugs can be reported within a single case, so thecumulative percentage exceeds 100%. The estimated national totalof distinct cases that drug case percentages are based on is 1,167,307.

Cocainewasthemostcommondrugreportedinalaborator

drugcaseduring2005.Nationally,anestimated39%ofanalyzed

drugcasescontainedoneormorecocaineitems,followedby

cannabis/THC,whichwasidentifiedin37%ofalldrugcases.

About16%ofdrugcaseswereestimatedtohavecontainedone

ormoremethamphetamineitems,and6%ofcasescontained

oneormoreheroinitems.About2%ofcasescontainedoneormorealprazolamorhydrocodoneitems,whileoxycodoneand

MDMAwerereportedinabout1%ofdrugcases.

1.2 DRUGCASESANALYZEDDruganalysisresultsarealsoreportedtoNFLISatthe

caselevel.Thesecase-leveldatatypicallydescribealldrugs

identifiedwithinadrug-relatedincident,althoughasmall

proportionoflaboratoriesmayassignasinglecasenumberto

alldrugsubmissionsrelatedtoanentireinvestigation.Table1.2

presentsnationalestimatesforthenumberofcasescontainingthe25mostcommonlyidentifieddrugs.Thistableillustrates

thenumberofcasesthatcontainedoneormoreitemsofthe

specifieddrug.

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

9/32

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1

2001 2002 2003

MDMAAlprazolamOxycodoneHydrocodone

Numbero

fItems

2004 2005

Figure12Nationalestimatesforotherselecteddrugs byquarter,20012005.

1.3 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL DRUGTRENDS

National drug trendsFigure1.1presentsnationaltrendsforthenumberof

drugitemsanalyzedbystateandlocallaboratoriesin3-month

incrementsfor2001through2005forthetopfourdrugs

reportedinNFLIS.Whilethesedatamaydescribetrafficking

andabusepatterns,theymayalsoreflectdifferingdrug

enforcementprioritiesandlaboratorypolicies.

Overall,amongthetopfourdrugs,therewasadecrease

intotalanalyzeditemsbetween2001and2005from457,967

itemsduringthe1stquarterof2001to436,769itemsduring

the4thquarterof2005.Amongthetopfourreporteddrugs,

cannabis/THCandheroinitemsdeclinedsignificantlyacross

thequartersfrom2001to2005( =.05).Reportsofcannabis/

THCdeclinedfrom161,343itemsto140,974items,while

heroindecreasedfrom26,750itemsto20,939items(Figure

1.1).Reportsofmethamphetamineincreasedsignificantlyacrossthequarters,from52,674itemsto62,971items.

Regional drug trendsFigure1.3presentsregionaltrendsper100,000persons

aged15orolderforthetopfourreporteddrugs.Thisillustratchangesindrugsreportedovertime,takingintoaccountthe

populationofeachregion.

Cannabis/THCreportingdeclinedsignificantlyinthe

SouthandMidwest(=.05).Overall,thehighestrateof

cannabis/THCcontinuestobereportedintheMidwest,

followedbytheSouthandtheNortheast.IntheSouth,report

ofcocainealsodeclinedsignificantlyoverthe5-yearperiod.

Methamphetaminereportingsignificantlyincreasedinthe

NortheastandtheSouth.Therateofmethamphetamineitem

reportedintheSouthmorethandoubled,from8to20items

per100,000persons(6,534itemsto15,631items).Figure1.4showsregionaltrendsper100,000persons

aged15orolderforotherselecteddrugshydrocodone,

oxycodone,MDMA,andalprazolamfromJanuary2001

throughDecember2005.ReportsofMDMAdeclined

significantlyacrossallcensusregions,andreportsofoxycodon

increasedsignificantlyintheWest,theMidwest,andthe

Northeast( =.05).IntheNortheast,thereportedrateof

oxycodoneitemsanalyzedmorethandoubled,from1.5

to3.1per100,000(636itemsto1,308items).Reportsof

hydrocodoneincreasedsignificantlyintheNortheast(from

0.3to1.2per100,000persons),theMidwest(from0.7to2.2itemsper100,000),andtheSouth(from2.3to5.0itemsper

100,000persons).Reportsofalprazolamincreasedsignificantl

intheNortheast(from1.3to2.2itemsper100,000persons)

andtheMidwest(from0.9to2.6itemsper100,000persons).

Figure1.2describesnationalreportingtrendsforselected

drugs:MDMA,alprazolam,oxycodone,andhydrocodone.

Amongthesedrugs,reportsofMDMAexperienceda

significantdecrease(from5,427itemsto3,396items).

Reportsofoxycodoneandhydrocodoneexperiencedsignificantincreases.Oxycodonereportingincreasedfrom2,771itemsin

the1stquarterof2001to4,892itemsinthe4thquarterof

2005.Hydrocodonereportingincreasedfrom2,742items

to6,182.

Figure11 Nationalestimatesforthetopfourdrugsby quarter,20012005.

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1

NumberofItems

Cannabis/THCCocaineMethamphetamineHeroin

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

10/32

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

11/32

Section 2 Ma jor drug

categoriesSection presents analytic results

for major drug categories reported

by NFLIS laboratories during 00.

It is important to note differences

between the results presented

in this section and the national

and regional estimates presented

in Section 1. The estimates

presented in Section 1 are basedon data reported by the NFLIS

national sample of laboratories.

Section and subsequent sections

present data reported by all NFLIS

laboratories that reported or

more months of data during 00.

During 00, NFLIS laboratories

analyzed a total of 1,01,

drug items.

2.1 NARCOTICANALGESICSNarcoticanalgesicsarepainrelieversavailablebyprescriptio

Accordingtothe2005NationalSurveyonDrugUseand

Health(NSDUH),approximately5%ofpersonsaged12or

older,or11.8million,usedpainrelieversinthepastyearfor

non-medicalreasons.Amongadolescentsaged12to17,an

estimated7%,or1.7million,reportedsuchuseduringthe

pastyear.1

Atotalof51,432narcoticanalgesicswereidentifiedby

NFLISlaboratoriesin2005,representingnearly4%ofall

itemsanalyzed(Table2.1).Hydrocodone(39%)andoxycodone

(30%)accountedforthemajorityofallnarcoticanalgesics

reported.Thefollowingdrugsmadeupmorethanone-quarter

ofnarcoticanalgesics:methadone(11%),morphine(6%),

codeine(5%),propoxyphene(3%),dihydrocodeine(2%),

andhydromorphone(2%).

1SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration,OfficeofAppliedStudies.Results from the 2005 NationalSurvey on Drug Use and Health: NationalFindings(DHHSPublicationNo.SMA06-4194,NSDUHSeriesH-30).Rockville,MD,2006.

Fentanyl

www.Erowid.o

rg

Table21 NARCOTICANALGESICS Number and percentage of identified narcotic

analgesics, 2005.

Analgesics Number Percen

Hydrocodone 19,89 8.8

Oxycodone 1, 0.0

Methadone , 10.

Morphine ,9 .

Codeine ,8 .8

Propoxyphene 1,9 .91

Dihydrocodeine 1,11 .

Hydromorphone 1,011 1.9

Tramadol* 90 0.9

Buprenorphine 0.8

Fentanyl 8 0.

Meperidine 0.9

Pentazocine 0.1

Oxymorphone 1 0.0

Nalbuphine* 11 0.0

Butorphanol 0.01

Total Narcotic Analgesics 1, 100.00

Total Items Analyzed 1,01,

*Non-controlled substance.

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

12/32

Figure22Distributionofbenzodiazepineswithinregion,200

Figure21Distributionofnarcoticanalgesicswithinregion,2005.

During2005,differenceswerefoundinthetypesof

analgesicsreportedbyregion(Figure2.1).Thehighest

percentagesofhydrocodonewerereportedintheSouth(48%)

andWest(37%).Oxycodonerepresented45%ofanalgesics

reportedintheNortheast,comparedto33%intheMidwest,28%intheWest,and25%intheSouth.TheNortheastalso

reportedthehighestrelativepercentageofmethadone(15%),

whiletheWestreportedthehighestpercentageofmorphine(9%).

2.2 BENZODIAZEPINESBenzodiazepinesareusedtherapeuticallytoproducesedation,

inducesleep,relieveanxietyandmusclespasms,andprevent

seizures.Benzodiazepineabuseisoftenassociatedwithyoung

adultsandadolescentswhotakebenzodiazepinestoget"high."2

During2005,alittlemorethan2%ofallanalyzeddrugs,

or33,834items,wereidentifiedasbenzodiazepinesinNFLIS(Table2.2).Alprazolam(e.g.,Xanax)accountedfor61%

ofreportedbenzodiazepines.Approximately17%of

benzodiazepineswereidentifiedasdiazepam,and16%

wereidentifiedasclonazepam.

MorethanhalfofbenzodiazepinesreportedintheSouth

(68%),Northeast(58%),andMidwest(53%)wereidentified

asalprazolam(Figure2.2).Diazepamaccountedfornearlyone

thirdofbenzodiazepinesidentifiedintheWestandmorethan

one-fifthofthoseidentifiedintheMidwest.Aquarterormore

ofitemsidentifiedintheWestandNortheastwereidentified

asclonazepam.

2DrugEnforcementAdministration.Drugs of Abuse. (2005).

Table22 BENZODIAZEPINES Number and percentage of identified

benzodiazepines, 2005.

Benzodiazepines Number Percen

Alprazolam 0, 1.1%

Diazepam ,81 1.19%

Clonazepam ,9 1.%

Lorazepam 1,9 .9%

Temazepam 8 0.%

Chlordiazepoxide 10 0.0%

Triazolam 9 0.1%

Flunitrazepam 0 0.0%

Midazolam 11 0.0%

Total Benzodiazepines ,8 100.00%


8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

13/32

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

14/32

Figure24Distributionofanabolicsteroidswithinregion,2005.2.4 ANABOLIC STEROIDSWhileanabolicsteroidsarelegallyavailableintheUnited

Statesbyprescription,manyusersobtainthesteroidsillegally

throughproductioninclandestinelaboratories,smugglingfrom

othercountries,ordiversionfromU.S.pharmacies.The2005

MonitoringtheFutureStudyshowsasignificantdeclineinpast

yearsteroiduseamong12thgradestudents,from2.5%in2004to1.5%in2005.However,pastyearsteroiduseremained

relativelythesamefrom2004to2005among8thand10th

gradestudents.3

During2005,atotalof1,728itemswereidentifiedas

anabolicsteroids(Table2.4).InNFLIS,themostcommonly

identifiedanabolicsteroidwastestosterone(38%),followedby

methandrostenolone(17%),nandrolone(13%),andstenozolol

(12%).Approximately44%ofitemsintheMidwestandSouth,

31%intheWest,and28%intheNortheastwereidentifiedas

testosterone(Figure2.4).Slightlylessthanone-fifthofitems

acrossallcensusregionswereidentifiedasmethandrostenolone.

Steroids

Table24 ANABOLICSTEROIDS Number and percentage of identified anabolic steroids,

2005.

Steroids Number Percent

Testosterone 8.0%

Methandrostenolone 0 1.8%

Nandrolone 0 1.%

Stenozolol 0 11.%Anabolic steroids, not specified 11 .%

Boldenone 1 .11%

Oxymetholone .%

Oxandrolone .01%

Mesterolone 1 0.98%

Methenolone 9 0.%

Methyltestosterone 9 0.%

Methandriol 0.%

Drostanolone 0.1%

Fluoxymesterone 0.1%

Androstene dione* 0.1%

Total Anabolic Steroids 1,8 100.00%


*Non-controlled substance.

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

15/32

4ElPasoIntelligenceCenters(EPICs)ClandestineLaboratorySeizureSystem(CLSS).(2005).

5SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration,OfficeofAppliedStudies.Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2003:Interim National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency DepartmentVisits. DAWNSeriesD-26,DHHSPublicationNo.(SMA)04-3972.Rockville,MD,2004.

2.5 STIMULANTSMethamphetamineisahighlyaddictivestimulant.The

numberofmethamphetaminelaboratoriesseizedbylaw

enforcementagenciesincreasedby25%between2001

and2004.4Stimulants,includingmethamphetamineand

amphetamine,wereinvolvedin42,538emergencydepartment

(ED)visits,accountingforabout7%ofalldrug-relatedEDvisitsduringthelasttwoquartersof2003.5

Atotalof230,769stimulantswereidentifiedinNFLIS

during2005,accountingforabout16%ofallitemsreported

(Table2.5).Anestimated97%ofstimulants,or224,605items,

wereidentifiedasmethamphetamine.Anadditional2,888items

wereidentifiedasamphetamine,and1,468asmethylphenidate.

Methamphetamineaccountedformorethan9outof10

stimulantsreportedintheWest,Midwest,andSouth,and

foralmost6outof10stimulantsreportedintheNortheast

(Figure2.5).IntheNortheast,24%ofstimulantswerereported

asamphetamineand12%asmethylphenidate.

Total Number

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

West Midwest Northeast South

Other

Amphetamine

Ephedrine

Methamphetamine

Methylphenidate

122,569 1,154 64,18342,863 230,769

356

121,8

51

113

185

64

809

41,2

12

377

350

115

664

1,4

45

134

71

7

60,8

78

278

844

626

390

Figure25Distributionofstimulantswithinregion,2005.

Table25 STIMULANTS Number and percentage of identified stimulants,

2005.

Stimulants Number Percent

Methamphetamine ,0 9.%

Amphetamine ,888 1.%Methylphenidate 1,8 0.%

Ephedrine* 0.%

Phentermine 0.19%

Caffeine** 0.19%

N,N-dimethylamphetamine 9 0.0%

Cathinone 9 0.0%

Phendimetrazine 1 0.0%

Benzphetamine 0.0%

Cathine 0.01%Methcathinone 1 0.01%

Modafinil 1 0.01%

Diethylpropion 11 0.00%

Pemoline 10 0.00%

Phenylpropanolamine* 0.00%

Clobenzorex 0.00%

Propylhexedrine 0.00%

Chlorphentermine 0.00%

Fenproporex 0.00%

Phenmetrazine 0.00%

Fenfluramine 0.00%

Sibutramine 0.00%

Aminorex 1 0.00%

Mazindol 1 0.00%

Mefenorex 1 0.00%

Total Stimulants 0,9 100.00%


*Listed chemical.

**Substance is an ingredient of many controlled pharmaceuticalproducts and is often used as a cutting agent for illicit drugs.

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

16/32

Takingmultipledrugssimultaneouslyormixingsubstances

canbedeadly.Thetypicaldrugmisusedeathreportedaspart

ofthe2003DrugAbuseWarningNetwork(DAWN)involved

twoormoredrugs.Cocainewithopiates/opioidswasthemost

commonillicitdrugcombinationinvolvingdeath.6

During2005,19,560itemsidentifiedinNFLIS,about

1%ofallreporteditems,containedtwoormoresubstances

(Figure3.1).Thefivemostcommoncombinationsin2005

cannabis/THCandcocaine(8%),methamphetamineand

MDMA(7%),cocaineandheroin(7%),methamphetaminean

dimethylsulfone(6%),andmethamphetamineandephedrine/

pseudoephedrine(4%)accountedfornearlyone-thirdofall

combinationsreported.

Figure31Distributionofdrugcombinations,2005.

Section 3

In addition to tracking the types

of substances identified by state

and local forensic laboratories,

another important function

of NFLIS is the systems ability

to capture information on

drug combinations or multiple

substances reported within a

single drug item. Combinations

reported in NFLIS are both mixtures

of substances and separately

packaged substances within

the same item or exhibit.

Drug combinations reported in STRIDE, 2005Atotalof17,045drugcombinations,or33%ofalldrugs,werereportedinSTRIDEduring2005.

STRIDEcollectsresultsofdrugevidenceanalyzedatDEAlaboratoriesacrossthecounty.Themost

commoncombinationidentifiedwasmethamphetamineanddimethysulfone,whichaccountedfor6%ofall

combinationsreported.Manyoftheothermostfrequentlyreportedcombinationsincludedexcipientsused

todiluteoradulterateeithercocaineorheroin,includingcocaineandprocaine(2%),cocaineandsodium

bicarbonate(2%),heroinandcaffeine(2%),andcocaineandcaffeine(2%).MDMAwasreportedin

combinationwithmethamphetamineinapproximately2%ofallcombinations.

6SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration,OfficeofAppliedStudies.Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2003: Area Prof ilesof Drug-Related Mortality. DAWNSeriesD-27,DHHSPublicationNo.(SMA)05-4023.Rockville,MD,2005.

Drug

Combinations

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

17/32

3.1 COCAINECOMBINATIONSCocaine,includingpowderandcrackcocaine,waspresentin

24%ofalldrugcombinationsreportedduring2005(Table3.1).

Themostcommoncocainecombinationcontainedcannabis/

THC(8%).Cocaine/heroin,whichisoftenreferredtoasa

speedball,representednearly7%ofcocainecombinations,and

cocaine/methamphetaminerepresentedabout3%.Manyoftheothercocaine-relatedcombinationsincludedexcipients

usedtodilutecocaine.Theseincludednon-controlledsubstances

suchasprocaine(alocalanesthetic),inositol,caffeine,boricacid,

benzocaine,andlactose.

3.2 HEROINCOMBINATIONSHeroinwaspresentin15%ofalldrugcombinations,or

2,899items,reportedin2005(Table3.2).Almostone-half

oftheheroincombinationswerereportedasheroin/cocaine.

Amongtheothersubstancescombinedwithheroin,manywereexcipientsdesignedtodiluteoradulterateheroin,including

procaine,caffeine,mannitol,lidocaine,inositol,andlactose.

3.3 METHAMPHETAMINECOMBINATIONSMethamphetaminewaspresentinatotalof6,012

items,orinabout31%ofalldrugcombinations(Table3.3).

Methamphetamine/MDMA(1,446items),methamphetamine/

dimethylsulfone(1,131items),methamphetamine/ephedrine

orpseudoephedrine(752items),methamphetamine/cocaine

(577items),andmethamphetamine/cannabis(548items)werethemostcommonlyreportedcombinations.MDMA

wasreportedin7%ofmethamphetaminecombinations,up

from5%in2004.

Table31 COCAINECOMBINATIONS

Items identified as cocaine combinations, 2005.

SubstanceOne SubstanceTwo Number Percent

Cocaine Cannabis/THC 1,8 .%Cocaine Heroin 1,1 .%Cocaine Methamphetamine .9%

Cocaine Procaine 9 .0%Cocaine Inositol 1 1.8%Cocaine Caffeine 90 0.%Cocaine Boric Acid 8 0.%Cocaine Oxycodone 9 0.0%Cocaine Benzocaine 0.%Cocaine Lactose 0.%Other cocaine combinations 1.%

Total Cocaine Combinations ,8 .9%

All Combinations 19,0 100.00%

Table32 HEROINCOMBINATIONS Items identified as heroin combinations, 2005.


Heroin Cocaine 1,1 .%Heroin Procaine 19 .%Heroin Cannabis/THC 1 0.90%Heroin Caffeine 1 0.%Heroin Mannitol 1 0.%Heroin Lidocaine 8 0.%Heroin Methamphetamine 0.8%Heroin Diphenhydramine 0.8%Heroin Inositol 9 0.1%

Heroin Lactose 0.1%Other heroin combinations 8 1.8%

Total Heroin Combinations ,899 1.8%

All Combinations 19,0 100.00%

Table33 METHAMPHETAMINECOMBINATIONS Items identified as methamphetamine combinations,

2005.


Methamphetamine MDMA 1, .9%

Methamphetamine Dimethylsulfone 1,11 .8%Methamphetamine Ephedrine/Pseudoephedrine .8%Methamphetamine Cocaine .9%Methamphetamine Cannabis/THC 8 .80%Methamphetamine Amphetamine 8 .9%Methamphetamine MDA 11 0.%Methamphetamine Heroin 0.8%Methamphetamine Chlorpheniramine 0.%Methamphetamine Caffeine 8 0.%Other methamphetamine combinations .81%

Total Methamphetamine Combinations ,01 0.%All Combinations 19,0 100.00%

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

18/32

NFLIS can be used to monitor and analyze

drugs reported by forensic laboratoriesacross the country, including large U.S.

cities. The drug analysis results presented in

this section were reported during 00 by

NFLIS laboratories in selected large cities.

Section 4 DRUGS IDENTIFIED

Thetypesofdrugsreportedvaryacrossregionsofthe

country.Thefollowingresultshighlightgeographicdifferences

inthetypesofdrugsabusedandtrafficked,suchasthehigher

levelsofreportingmethamphetamineontheWestCoastand

cocaineontheEastCoast.Thisanalysispresents2005datafor

thefourmostcommondrugsreportedbyNFLISlaboratories

inselectedlocations.Drugsreported2%orlessarenotpresentedeveniftheywereoneofthetopfourdrugsfor

aselectedlocation.

EastCoastcitiessuchasthefollowingreportedthehighest

relativepercentagesofcocaine:Miami(61%),Newark(54%),

Atlanta(52%),NewYorkCity(51%),Baltimore(44%),

Philadelphia(44%),andTampa(42%).Denver(49%)and

Cincinnati(45%)alsoreportedahighpercentageofdrugs

identifiedascocaine.Nationally,33%ofalldrugswereidentifie

ascocaine.Thehighestpercentagesofmethamphetaminewere

reportedincitieslocatedintheMidwestandWest,suchas

8

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

19/32

BY LOCATION Lab locations include:Atlanta (Georgia Bureau of

InvestigationDecatur Laboratory)

Baltimore (Baltimore City Police

Department)

Boston (Massachusetts Department of

Public HealthBoston Laboratory)

Chicago (Illinois State PoliceChicago

Laboratory)

Cincinnati (Hamilton County Coroners

Office)

Dallas (Texas Department of Public

SafetyGarland Laboratory)

Denver (Denver Police Department

Crime Laboratory)

Detroit (Detroit Police Department)

Houston (Harris County Medical

Examiners Office)

Las Vegas (Las Vegas Police

Department)

Los Angeles (Los Angeles Police

Department and Los Angeles County

Sheriffs Department)

Miami (Miami-Dade Police Department

Crime Laboratory)

Minneapolis (Minnesota Bureau

of Criminal Apprehension

Minneapolis Laboratory)

Newark (Newark Police Department)

New York City (New York City PoliceDepartment Crime Laboratory)

Philadelphia (Philadelphia Police

Department Forensic Science

Laboratory)

Phoenix (Phoenix Police Department)

Pittsburgh (Allegheny County Coroners

Office)

Portland (Oregon State Police Forensic

Services DivisionPortland Laboratory)

Sacramento (Sacramento County

District Attorneys Office)

Seattle (Washington State Patrol Crime

LaboratorySeattle Laboratory)

St. Louis (St. Louis Police Department

Crime Laboratory)

San Diego (San Diego Police

Department Crime Laboratory)

Santa Fe (New Mexico Department of

Public Safety)

Tampa (Florida Department of Law

EnforcementTampa)

Minneapolis(47%),Sacramento(40%),Portland(34%),

Phoenix(33%),LosAngeles(32%),Dallas(32%),and

SantaFe(31%).Nationally,13%ofdrugswereidentifiedasmethamphetamine.Highpercentagesofheroinwerereported

inNortheasterncities,suchasNewark(32%),Baltimore(29%),

Pittsburgh(23%),Boston(13%),NewYorkCity(11%),and

Philadelphia(9%),althoughChicago(17%),Detroit(10%),and

St.Louis(10%)alsoreportedheroinataratehigherthanthe

nationalaverageof5%.Cannabis/THCreportingdidnotshow

thesametypeofpatternswithrespecttoregions,withChicago

(48%),Boston(44%),Cincinnati(38%),SanDiego(36%),

St.Louis(35%),andDetroit(34%)reportingcannabis/THC

atahigherratethanthenationalaverageof33%.

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

20/32

Section 5

Thissectionpresents2005dataatthestateandcountylevelsfor

thepercentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedasoneofthetopfou

drugs.TheGISanalysisisbasedoninformationprovidedtothe

forensiclaboratoriesbythesubmittinglawenforcementagencies.

TheinformationsubmittedbylawenforcementincludestheZIP

Codeorcountyoforiginassociatedwiththedrugseizureincidentor

thenameofthesubmittinglawenforcementagency.WhentheZIP

Codeorcountyoforiginisnotavailable,thedrugseizureorincident

isassignedtothesamecountyasthesubmittinglawenforcement

agency.Ifthesubmittingagencyisunknown,theseizureorincidenti

assignedtothecountyinwhichthelaboratorycompletingtheanalyse

islocated.

Itisimportanttonotethatthesedatamaynotincludeall

drugitemsseizedatthestateandcountylevels.Instead,thesedata

representonlythoseitemsthatweresubmittedandanalyzedby

forensiclaboratories.Inaddition,somelaboratorieswithinseveral

statesarenotcurrentlyreportingdatatoNFLIS.However,thesedata

canserveasanimportantsourceforidentifyingabuseandtrafficking

trendsandpatternsacrossandwithinstates.

GIS ANALYSIS:

TOP FOUR DRUGS, BY

One of the new features of NFLIS is

the ability to analyze and monitor

variations in drugs reported by

laboratories by the county of origin.

This is part of the larger initiative to

use geographic information system

(GIS) analyses in providing more

detailed geographical information

on drug seizure location.

Figure51Percentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedascannabis/THC,bystate,2005.

35.056.0

25.034.9

17.024.9

10.016.9

0.09.9

No Data

Percent/State

0

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

21/32

ACE Of origin

Figure53Percentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedascocaine,bystate,2005.

30.058.0

25.029.9

17.024.9

6.016.9

0.05.9

No Data

Percent/State

Figure52Percentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedasmethamphetamine,bystate,2005.

25.062.0

17.024.9

6.016.9

2.05.9

0.01.9

No Data

Percent/State

Figure54Percentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedasheroin,bystate,2005.

10.016.2

4.09.9

2.03.9

1.01.9

0.00.9

No Data

Percent/State

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

22/32

Cleveland

Toledo

Cincinnati

Dayton71

675

75

70

470

77

80 475 280

Akron

90

271

490 480

68076

Columbus

50.078.5

35.049.9

25.034.90.124.9

0.0

No Data*

Percent/County

Figure55PercentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedascannabisinOhio,bycounty,2005.

Winston-Salem GreensboroDurham

Raleigh

FayettevilleCharlotte40

7377240

26

85

95

55.0100.035.054.9

20.034.9

0.119.9

0.0

Percent/County

Figure57PercentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedascocaineinNorthCarolina,bycounty,2005.

Figure58PercentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedasheroininNewJersey,bycounty,2005.

Medford

Portland

Eugene

Salem

84

205

105

5

70.0100.0

50.069.930.049.9

0.129.9

0.0

No Data*

Percent/County

Figure56PercentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedasmethamphetamineinOregon,bycounty,2005.

15.025.0

10.014.9

7.09.9

0.16.9

0.0

Percent/County

295

76

676

Trenton95

195

78

80

Elizabeth47

Newark280

Paterson287

Atlantic City

*Based on information submitted by law enforcement agencies,no analyzed drug items came from these counties.

*Based on information submitted by law enforcement agencies,no analyzed drug items came from these counties.

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

23/32

Section 6 DRUG PURITY

One of the unique functions of

NFLIS is the systems ability to

monitor and analyze drug purity

data. NFLIS drug purity data reflect

results verified by chemical analysis

and therefore have a high degree

of validity. In addition, the NFLIS

purity data are timely, allowing for

recent fluctuations in purity to be

monitored and assessed.

Somestateandlocalforensiclaboratoriesperform

quantitative(orpurity)analyses,butthemajoritydosoonly

underspecialcircumstances,suchasaspecialrequestfrom

lawenforcementorfromtheprosecutor.Asmallernumber

oflaboratoriesperformquantitativeanalysisonamoreroutine

basisduetostatelawsthatrequiretheamountofpureheroin

orcocaineinanitemtobedetermined.During2005,atotal

of12stateorlocallaboratoriesorlaboratorysystemsreported

puritydatatoNFLIS.

Itisimportanttoconsiderthelaboratorypoliciesfor

conductingquantitativeanalysiswhencomparingpurity

dataacrosslaboratories,asthesefactorscanimpacttheresults

presented.Forexample,theIllinoisStatePoliceandtheTexas

DepartmentofPublicSafetytypicallylimitquantitative

analysistolargerseizures(e.g.,powdersover200gramsor1

kilogram).Otherlaboratories,suchastheBaltimoreCityPoli

DepartmentCrimeLaboratory,performquantitativeanalyses

onamoreroutinebasis,includingsmallercocaine

andheroinseizures.

6.1 HEROINPURITYThissectiondescribesheroinpurityanalysesreportedby

theBaltimoreCityPoliceDepartmentandtheMassachusetts

StatePoliceCrimeLaboratory.TheBaltimoreCityPolice

Departmentlaboratoryperformsquantitativeanalysison

allwhitepowdersgreaterthan1/4ounceorifmorethan30

dosageunitsarepresentinacase,especiallyforheroinseizure

TheMassachusettsStatePoliceCrimeLaboratoryexpresses

purityintermsoffreebaseandhasapolicyofroutinely

performingquantitativeanalysesforheroinandcocaine

submissions.Theaveragepurityofheroin,asreportedby

bothoftheselaboratoriesaswellasbyDEAlaboratoriesin

STRIDE,hasdeclinedsince2001.AccordingtoSTRIDE,th

averagepurityofheroinexhibitswas45%in2005,compared

to40%in2004,42%in2003,49%in2002,and48%in2001.

Heroin

www.Erowid.org

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

24/32

Crack Cocaine

TheBaltimoreCityPoliceDepartmentreportedheroin

purityresultsfor236drugitemsin2005(Figure6.1).The

averagepurityofheroinwas35%,downslightlyfrom38%in

2004andconsiderablylowerthantheaveragepurityof45%in

2003and49%in2002.Overall,morethan40%ofheroinitems

reportedbytheBaltimoreCityPoliceDepartmentwereless

than25%pure.

TheMassachusettsStatePolicereportedheroinpurityresults

for685itemsin2005(Figure6.2).Theaveragepurityofheroin

was31%,thesameaveragepurityasreportedin2004butlower

thantheaverageof40%in2003and47%in2002.Overone-

thirdofheroinitemsreportedbytheMassachusettslabwereless

than25%pure.

6.2 COCAINEPURITYCocainepurityispresentedforfourNFLISlaboratories:

theTexasDepartmentofPublicSafety(DPS),theArkansas

StateCrimeLaboratory,theBaltimoreCityPoliceDepartmen

CrimeLaboratory,andtheMassachusettsStatePoliceCrimeLaboratory.Incontrasttothedeclineinheroinpurity,NFLIS

laboratoriesreportedcocainepurityaveragesin2005atlevels

eitherequaltoorincreasedfrom2001to2004levels.Cocaine

purityreportedbyfederallaboratoriesinSTRIDEincreased

duringthisperiod,fromanaverageof58%in2001to73%

in2005.

TheTexasDPSlaboratorysystem,whichtypicallyconducts

quantitativeanalysesforpowdersof200gramsormore,reporte

puritydatafor231cocaineitemsduring2005(Figure6.3).The

averagecocainepurityfor2005was71%,upfrom66%in2004

63%in2003,60%in2002,and56%in2001.

Figure63 Cocainepurity,2005:TexasDepartmentofPublic SafetyCrimeLaboratory.

Figure62Heroinpurity,2005:MassachusettsStatePolice CrimeLaboratory.

Figure61Heroinpurity,2005:BaltimoreCityPoliceDepartment CrimeLaboratory.

2004LGC

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

25/32

TheMassachusettsStatePolicereportedcocainepurityfor

1,694itemsin2005(Figure6.6).Theaveragecocainepurity

reportedbyMassachusettshasincreasedsteadily,withaverage

purityof60%in2005,55%in2004,53%in2003,and48%in

2002.

TheArkansasStateCrimeLaboratoryreportedcocaine

purityfor119itemsin2005(Figure6.4).TheArkansasState

CrimeLaboratorytypicallyconductsquantitativeanalysisif

thedrugexhibitcontainsanamountforwhichpossessionwith

intenttodeliverischarged.Theaveragecocainepurityreported

inArkansaswas69%in2005,thesameaveragepurityreported

in2004and2003.

TheBaltimoreCityPoliceDepartmentCrimeLaboratory

reportedcocainepurityfor65itemsin2005(Figure6.5).

Theaveragecocainepurityreportedduring2005was71%,

comparedto79%in2004,75%in2003,67%in2002,and

61%in2001.

Figure64Cocainepurity,2005:ArkansasStateCrime Laboratory.

Figure66Cocainepurity,2005:MassachusettsStatePolice CrimeLaboratory.

Figure65Cocainepurity,2005:BaltimoreCityPolice DepartmentCrimeLaboratory.

Powder Cocaine

www.Erowid.org

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

26/32

DEA UpdateIllicit Manufacture of Fentanyl

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is

concerned about the apparent increase in the illicit manufacture

and distribution of fentanyl. Within the last two and a half

years, at least three fentanyl clandestine laboratories, akilogram of high-purity fentanyl hydrochloride, a variety

of fentanyl-containing tablets (both Ecstasy mimics and

OxyContin mimics), and various mixtures of fentanyl

powders, heroin, and cocaine have been seized throughout the

United States. Several hundred overdoses and overdose deaths

in the Chicago, Detroit, and Philadelphia metropolitan areas

have been attributed to fentanyl since September 2005. The

initial review of this fentanyl activity has indicated the

presence and distribution of illicitly manufactured fentanyl.

The DEAs Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section (ODE)

is considering controlling fentanyls precursor chemicals. ODEis interested in obtaining information on all seizures of illicitly

manufactured fentanyl within the past 4 years, as well as all

seizures through the end of 2007, to document the extent

of the problem. It is seeking information concerning the

synthetic route used by clandestine laboratories to manufacture

fentanyl. Furthermore, to evaluate the impact on public health,

ODE is requesting data on the number of overdoses and

overdose deaths attributed to illicitly manufactured fentanyl

only (i.e., not to legitimately manufactured fentanyl patches

or to pharmaceutical-grade fentanyl citrate, both of which

are occasionally abused).In 1965, Janssen Pharmaceutica patented the original

synthesis route for fentanyl, which uses N-benzyl-4-piperidone

as its starting material. The challenging Janssen synthesis route

is beyond the skill level of most chemists manufacturing drugs

illicitly; however, it has been used illicitly by chemists with

advanced technical training. In the early 1980s, an alternative

fentanyl synthesis route was published in the scientific

literature. This route, which uses N-phenethyl-4-piperidone

(NPP) as its starting material, has been used in a number

of clandestine laboratories.

Illicit fentanyls synthesis route can be determined byidentifying marker contaminants in the seized material.

The presence of benzylfentanyl (also known as N-1-benzyl-

4-piperidyl-N-phenylpropanamide) suggests that the Janssen

synthesis route was used to manufacture the illicit fentanyl.

From a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS)

analysis of the drug exhibits, the benzylfentanyl contaminant

can be tentatively identified by matching the four primary

mass fragments (82, 91, 146, 173) in benzylfentanyls mass

spectrum (see the May 2006 Microgram Bulletin for a printed

mass spectrum).7 If present, the benzylfentanyl contaminant

peak has a relative retention time of about 0.963 to that of

fentanyl, depending on the type of capillary column used

and the GC temperature program used.

In contrast, the presence of the immediate precursor

4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine (ANPP) suggests that

the NPP synthesis route was used. Likewise, the ANPPcontaminant can be tentatively identified by matching the

three primary mass fragments (146, 189, 280) in ANPPs

mass spectrum (see the May 2006 Microgram Bulletin for a

printed mass spectrum).7 If present, the ANPP contaminant

peak has a relative retention time of about 0.891 to that of

fentanyl. The NPP synthesis route was independently tested

by F. Taylor Noggle et al., and the results were published

inMicrogram.8

Unfortunately, the information on fentanyl seizures in

databases such as DEAs System To Retrieve Information fro

Drug Evidence (STRIDE), the El Paso Intelligence CentersClandestine Laboratory Seizure System (CLSS), and DEAs

National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS)

does not include sufficient detail to identify the synthesis

route. Therefore, ODE is soliciting information from all

federal, state, and local agencies and offices (e.g., law

enforcement, forensic and crime laboratories, toxicology

laboratories, coroners offices, and medical examiners) to

document the presence or absence of the contaminants

benzylfentanyl and ANPP in fentanyl seizures within the

past 4 years, as well as all seizures through the end of 2007.

ODE is requesting the documentation of all occurrences ofillicitly manufactured fentanyl (again, not from pharmaceutic

sources), the synthesis route used (e.g., as determined from

the presence of marker compounds), and the number of

known overdoses and overdose deaths cause by illicitly

manufactured fentanyl. Please contact Michael Wilson,

Drug Science Specialist, at 202-307-7183 with any related

information.

Contact Us

Michael Wilson

Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section

Office of Diversion Control

Drug Enforcement Administration, Washington, DC 20537

Phone: 202-307-7183

Fax: 202-353-1263

E-mail: [email protected]

7Microgram Bulletin.May2006,[http://www.usdoj.gov/dea.gov/programs/forensicsci/microgram/mg0506/mg0506.html].

8Noggle,F.Tayloretal.(1993).Microgram.(26)12:285.WashingtonDC:U.S.DrugEnforcementAdministration(DEA).

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

27/32

participating and reporting

FORENSIC laboratories

Appendix A

LabState Type Lab Name Reporting

AK State Alaska Department of Public Safety

AL State AlabamaDepartmentofForensic Sciences (9s ites)

AR S tate A rkansasStateCr imeLaboratory

AZ Local Mesa Police Department Local Phoenix Police Department

Local Scottsdale Police DepartmentCA State CaliforniaDepartmentofJustice(10sites) Local Contra Costa County Sheriff s Office Local Fresno County Sheriff s Forensic Laboratory Local Kern County District Attorneys Office (Bakersfield) Local LongBeachPoliceDepartment Local LosAngelesPoliceDepartment(2sites)

Local Los Angeles CountySher if fs Department (4 s ites ) Local Orange County Sheriff s Department Local SacramentoCountyDistrictAttorneysOffice

L oc al S anBerna rd ino Sher iff s Off ic e (2 si te s) Local San Diego County Sheriff s Department Local SanDiegoPoliceDepartment

Local SanFranciscoPoliceDepartment Local San Mateo County Sheriff s Office (San Mateo) Local Santa Clara District Attorneys Office (San Jose) Local Ventura County Sheriff s Department

CO Local Aurora Police Department

Local Colorado Springs Police Department Local DenverPoliceDepartment Local Grand Junction Police Department Local Jefferson County Sheriff s Office (Golden)

CT S tate Connect icut Departmentof Publi c Sa fe ty

DE State Chief Medical Examiners Office

FL State FloridaDepartmentofLawEnforcement(8sites) Local BrowardCountySheriffsOffice(Ft.Lauderdale)

Local Miami-DadePoliceDepartment Local Indian River Crime Laboratory Local Pinellas County Forensic Laboratory (Largo) Local Sarasota County Sheriff s Office

GA State GeorgiaStateBureauofInvestigation(7sites)

HI Local Honolulu Police Department

IA State IowaDivisionofCriminalInvestigation

ID State Idaho State Police ( sites)

IL State IllinoisStatePolice(8sites)

Local DuPage County Sheriff s Office (Wheaton) Local NorthernIllinoisPoliceCrimeLaboratory(Chicago)

IN State IndianaStatePoliceLaboratory(4sites) Local Indianapolis-Marion County Forensic Laboratory

KS State Kansas Bureau of Investigation ( sites) Local Johnson County Sheriff s Office (Mission) Local Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center (Wichita)

KY State KentuckyStatePolice(6sites)

LA State LouisianaStatePolice L oc al Ac ad iana Cr im inal ist ics L aborator y (New Iber ia )

Local Jefferson Parish Sheriff s Office (Metairie) Local NewOrleansPoliceDepartmentCrimeLaboratory Local North Louisiana Criminalistics Laboratory System ( sites) Local Southwest Louisiana Regional Laboratory (Lake Charles)

MA State MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth(2sites) State MassachusettsStatePolice

Local University of Massachusetts Medical Center (Worcester)

MD Local AnneArundelCountyPoliceDepartment(Millersville) Local Baltimore City Police Depar tment

Local Baltimore County Police Department (Towson) Local Montgomery County Crime Laboratory (Rockville)

ME State Maine Department of Human Services

MI State MichiganStatePolice(7sites) Local DetroitPoliceDepartment

MN State Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension ( sites) Local St. Paul Police Department

MO State MissouriStateHighwayPatrol(6sites) Local Independence Police Department Local KCMO Regional Crime Laboratory (Kansas City) Local MSSU Regional Crime Laboratory (Joplin) Local St. Charles County Criminalistics Laboratory Local St. Louis County Crime Laboratory (Clayton) Local St.LouisPoliceDepartment

Local South Eas tMi ssou ri Regiona lCr imeLaboratory (CapeGi ra rdeau)

LabState Type Lab Name Reportin

MS State MississippiDepartmentofPublicSafety(4sites) Local Jackson Police Department Crime Laboratory Local Tupelo Police Department

MT State Montana Forensic Science Division

NC State NorthCarolinaStateBureauofInvestigation(2sites) Local Charlotte-Meck lenburg Police Department

NE State NebraskaStatePatrolCriminalisticsLaboratory(2sites)

NJ State NewJerseyStatePolice(4sites) Local Burlington County Forensic Laboratory (Mt. Holly) Local Cape May County Prosecutors Office Local Hudson County Prosecutors Office (Jersey City) Local Newark Police Department Local Ocean County Sheriff s Department (Toms River) Local UnionCountyProsecutorsOffice(Westfield)

NM State NewMexicoDepartmentofPublicSafety

NV Local LasVegasPoliceDepartment

NY State NewYorkStatePolice(4sites) Local Erie County Central Police Services Laboratory (Buffalo) Local Monroe County Department of Public Safety (Rochester) Local NassauCountyPoliceDepartment(Mineola) Local NewYorkCityPoliceDepartmentCrimeLaboratory* Local Niagara County Police Department (Lockport) Local OnondagaCountyCenterforForensicSciences(Syracuse) Local Suffolk County Crime Laboratory (Hauppauge) Local Westchester County Forensic Sciences Laboratory (Valhalla) Local Yonkers Police Department Forensic Science Laboratory

OH State OhioBureauofCriminalIdentification&Investigation(3sites) State OhioStateHighwayPatrol Local Canton-Stark County Crime Laboratory Local Columbus Police Department

L oc al Hami lton County Co roner s O ffi ce (C in ci nnat i) Local LakeCounty Regiona l Forens ic Laboratory (Painesv il le )

Local Mansfield Police Department Local Miami Valley Regional Crime Laboratory (Dayton) Local Newark Police Department Forensic Services

Local Toledo Police Forensic Laboratory

OK State OklahomaStateBureauofInvestigation(5sites)

OR State OregonStatePoliceForensicServicesDivision(8sites)

PA State Pennsylvania State Police Crime Laboratory ( sites)Local AlleghenyCountyCoronersOffice(Pittsburgh)

Local PhiladelphiaPoliceDepartment SC State SouthCarolinaLawEnforcementDivision

Local Charleston Police Department Local Spartanburg Police Department

SD Local Rapid City Police Department

TN State TennesseeBureauofInvestigation(3sites)

TX State TexasDepartmentofPublicSafety(13sites) Local AustinPoliceDepartment Local BexarCountyCriminalInvestigationsLaboratory(SanAntonio)

Local Brazoria County Crime Laboratory (Angleton) Local Harris County Medical Examiners Office (Houston) Local Jefferson County Sheriff 's Regional Crime Laboratory (Beaumont)

Local Pasadena Police Department Local Fort Worth Police Department Criminalistics Laboratory

UT State Utah State Crime Laboratory ( sites)

VA State VirginiaDivisionForensicScience(4sites)

WA State WashingtonStatePatrol(6sites)

WI State Wisconsin Department of Justice ( sites) WV State WestVirginiaStatePolice

WY State Wyoming State Crime Laboratory

PR Territory Puerto Rico Crime Laboratory

This list identifies participating and reporting laboratories as of September 9, 00.

Laboratories in bold are part of our national sample.

*The New York City Police Department Crime Laboratory currently reports summary data.

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

28/32

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

29/32

Available since September 2001, the NFLIS Interactive Data

Site (IDS) allows NFLIS laboratories to run queries on their

own case-level data as well as on aggregated regional and

national data.

The IDS operates as a secure Web site located on a restricted

server. To access the IDS, each NFLIS laboratory is assigned a

laboratory-specific username and password.

Over the past year, a number of enhancements have been

made to the IDS, including providing World Wide Web access

to the IDS. This provides more secure and confidential IDS

access, as well as improved system performance for laboratories

with high-speed/broadband Web access. Laboratories without

Internet access can still use a modem to make a direct dial-up

connection to the IDS. As part of the enhanced IDS, different

access levels are assigned to satisfy the specific NFLIS data

NFLIS Interactive Data Site

needs of various users. Information about NFLIS, published

reports, links to agencies, information relevant to drug control

efforts, and NFLIS contact information are available to the

general public. Participating NFLIS laboratories have access

to their own case- and item-level data, as well as to aggregated

state- and metropolitan-level data. Nonparticipating laboratori

have access to aggregated state- and metropolitan-level data.

Approved government agency staff and researchers are able to

access the aggregated and summarized data. Depending upon

the level of access, users have the ability to conduct analyses

using preset queries. New usernames and passwords are require

to access restricted areas of the IDS. To request a username and

password, please visit the NFLIS Web site at https://www.nflis

deadiversion.usdoj.gov.

Appendix C

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

30/320

Appendix D

NATIONAL ESTIMATES METHODOLOGY

Since2001,NFLISreportshaveincludednationaland

regionalestimatesforthenumberofdrugitemsanddrugcases

analyzedbystateandlocalforensiclaboratoriesintheUnited

States.Thisappendixdiscussesthemethodsusedforproducingtheseestimates,includingsampleselection,weighting,and

imputationandadjustmentprocedures.RTIInternational,under

contracttotheDEA,beganimplementingNFLISinSeptember

1997.Resultsfroma1998surveyprovidedlaboratory-specific

information,includingannualcaseloadfigures,usedtoestablish

anationalsamplingframeofallstateandlocalforensiclabsthat

routinelyperformdruganalyses.Arepresentativeprobability

proportionaltosizesamplewasdrawnonthebasisofannual

casesanalyzedperlaboratory,resultinginaNFLISnational

sampleof29statelaboratorysystemsand31localormunicipal

laboratories,atotalof165individuallaboratories(seeAppendixAforalistofsampledandnonsampledNFLISlabs).Onlythe

dataforthoselaboratoriesthatreporteddruganalysisdatafor

7ormoremonthsduring2005wereincludedinthenational

estimates.

WEIGHTINGPROCEDURESDatawereweightedwithrespecttoboththeoriginal

samplingdesignandnonresponseinordertocomputedesign-

consistent,nonresponse-adjustedestimates.Weightedprevalence

estimateswereproducedfordrugcasesanddrugitemsanalyzed

bystateandlocalforensiclabsfromJanuary2005through

December2005.

Aseparateitem-levelandcase-levelweightwascomputed

foreachsamplelaboratoryorlaboratorysystemusingcaseload

informationobtainedfromanupdatedlabsurveyadministered

in2004.Thesesurveyresultsallowedforthecase-anditem-

levelweightstobepost-stratifiedtoreflectcurrentlevelsof

laboratoryactivity.Item-levelprevalenceestimateswere

computedusingtheitem-levelweights,andcase-levelestimates

werecomputedusingthecase-levelweights.

DRUGREPORTCUTOFFNotalldrugsarereportedbylaboratorieswithsufficient

frequencytoallowreliableestimatestobecomputed.Forsome

drugs,suchascannabis/THCandcocaine,thousandsofitems

arereportedannually,allowingforreliablenationalprevalence

estimatestobecomputed.Manyothersubstanceshave100or

fewerannualobservationsfortheentiresample.Aprevalence

estimatebaseduponsuchfewobservationsisnotlikelytobe

reliableandthuswasnotincludedinthenationalestimates.

Themethodforevaluatingthecutoffpointwasestablished

usingthecoefficientofvariation,orCV,whichistheratiobetweenthestandarderrorofanestimateandtheestimateitse

Asarule,drugestimateswithaCVgreaterthan0.5were

suppressedandnotshowninthetables.

IMPUTATIONS ANDADJUSTMENTSDuetotechnicalandotherreportingissues,severallabsdid

notreportdataforeverymonthduring2005.Thisresultedin

missingmonthlydata,whichisaconcernincalculatingnationa

estimatesofdrugprevalence.Imputationswereperformed

separatelybydrugforlaboratoriesmissingmonthlydata,using

drug-specificproportionsgeneratedfromlabsreportingafullyearofdata.

Whilemostforensiclaboratoriesreportcase-levelanalyses

inaconsistentmanner,asmallnumberoflabsdonotproduce

item-levelcountsthatarecomparabletothosesubmittedbyth

vastmajorityoflabs.Mostlaboratoriesreportitemsintermsof

thenumberofvialsoftheparticularpill,yetafewlaboratories

reportthecountoftheindividualpillsthemselvesasitems.Sin

thecase-levelcountsacrosslabsarecomparable,theywereused

todevelopitem-levelcountsforthefewlabsthatcountitems

differently.Forthoselabs,itwasassumedthatdrug-specific

ratiosofcasestoitemsshouldbesimilartolabsservingsimilarl

sizedareas.Item-to-caseratiosforeachdrugwereproducedfo

thesimilarlysizedlaboratories,andthesedrug-specificratios

werethenusedtoadjustthedrugitemcountsfortherelevant

laboratories.

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR TRENDANALYSISAtrendanalysiswasperformedontheJanuary2001through

December2005nationalandregionalestimates.Typically,

modelstestformeandifferences;however,thenationaland

regionalestimatesaretotals.Toworkaroundthischallenge,

abootstrappingtechniquewasemployed.(Bootstrappingisan

iterativetechniqueusedtoestimatevarianceswhenstandard

varianceestimationprocedurescannotbeused.)*Allstatistical

testswereperformedatthe95%confidencelevel(=.05).

Inotherwords,ifalineartrendwasfoundtobestatistically

different,thentheprobabilityofobservingalineartrend(unde

theassumptionthatnolineartrendexisted)waslessthan5%.

* For more information on this technique, please refer to Chernick, M.R. (1999).BootstrapMethods:APractitionersGuide.NewYork:Wiley.

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

31/32

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThisreportwaspreparedundercontractDEA-03-C-

0013,DrugEnforcementAdministration,U.S.Department

ofJustice.Pointsofvieworopinionsexpressedinthis

documentdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheofficialposition

oftheDEAortheU.S.DepartmentofJustice.AtDEA,LiqunWongcontributedtothereportand

providedoversightacrossallpreparationstages.AtRTI,

BeLindaWeimerwasthemajorcontributorandledits

production;KevinStromandValleyRachalprovided

oversightandguidance;JeffreyAnchetaoversawthe

databasepreparation;CeliaEicheldingerprovided

statisticalanalysisandreview;ShariLambertoversaw

thegraphicdesign;andJoanneStuddersandMarceline

BunzeyMurawskieditedthereport.

PUBLICDOMAINNOTICEAllmaterialappearinginthisreportisinthepublicdomainandmaybereproducedorcopiedwithout

permissionfromtheDEA.However,thispublication

maynotbereproducedordistributedforafeewithout

thespecific,writtenauthorizationoftheU.S.Drug

EnforcementAdministration,U.S.DepartmentofJustice.

Citationofthesourceisappreciated.Suggestedcitation:

Weimer,B.J.,Wong,L.,Sannerud,C.,Eicheldinger,C.,

Ancheta,J.,Strom,K.,andRachal,V.(2006).The National

Forensic Laboratory Information System: 2005 Annual Report.

WashingtonDC:U.S.DrugEnforcementAdministration.

OBTAINING COPIES OFTHISREPORTElectroniccopiesofthisreportcanbedownloadedfrom

theNFLISWebsiteathttps://www.nflis.deadiversion.

usdoj.gov/.

8/14/2019 00557-2005annual rpt

32/32

DrugEnforcementAdministration

OfficeofDiversionControl

600ArmyNavyDrive

Arlington,VA22202

Attention:LiqunWong,DEAProgramOfficerPhone:202-307-7176

Fax:202-353-1263

E-mail:[email protected]

RTIInternational*

Health,Social,andEconomicsResearch3040CornwallisRoad,POBox12194

ResearchTrianglePark,NC27709-2194

Attention:ValleyRachal,ProjectDirector

Phone:1-800-334-8571,ext.7712

Fax:919-485-7700

E-mail:[email protected]

August2006

Documents

00557-2005annual rpt