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1
International Space Station as a Testbed for Long-Duration
Human Exploration
Robyn Gatens, NASA HQ ISS DivisionAffording Mars Workshop, Dec 2, 2015
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Technologies & Capabilities Human Health
Operations
ECLSS & Environmental Monitoring
Crew Autonomy, Comm Delay
Long Duration Health & Performance
Microgravity Biomedical Countermeasures/Exerci
se Equipment
Radiation Monitoring
EVA
Fire Safety
Earth re-entry systems
Communications & Navigation
Long duration Cryogenic Storage Systems
Fission Power
Electric Propulsion
Nuclear Propulsion
Habitation, Structures & Materials
Telerobotics
Variable, low mass thermal systems
ISRU
Robotic crew assist
Power & energy storage
Mars Entry, Descent & Landing Systems
Docking systems
Autonomous AR&D
Radiation Protection
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* = NRC priority area
In-space manufacturing
ISS can close these gaps for future missions
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The OCT Road mapping, NRC recommendations, teams of NASA experts, and International teams identified these key areas where ISS research would be beneficial to advance the SOA reducing risk and improve capability for exploration. Benefits include system demonstration (+flight safety and system interoperability), training (flight and ground crew), con-ops (nominal and off nominal), and understand system logistics/reliability.
Key areas include:• Long Duration Health & Performance• In-Space Propulsion• Space Power and Energy• Robotics, Tele-Robotics and Autonomous Systems • Communication and Navigation• Life Support and Habitation Systems (air, water, waste, Environmental Monitoring)
• Exploration Destination Systems• Science Instruments• Entry, Descent and Landing Systems• Materials, Structures and Manufacturing• Thermal Management Systems (including Cryo)
• Radiation (monitoring & protection)• Fire Safety• Operational Processes and Procedures
Technology Demonstration focus - Technical Areas
MISSE-8
SCAN
Robonaut
Amine Swingbed
REBR
* NRC priority area
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Human Research ProgramIntegrated Path to Risk Reduction, Revision C (2015)
Assumptions:
- 450 crew hrs/ Increment pair
- 3 crew/ Increment pair
- 6 month missions
Updated6/10/15
HRPCB-approvedPPBE17 baseline
Uncontrolled
PartiallyControlled
Controlled
Optimized
InsufficientData
Milestones Requires ISS Milestone ShiftISS Not RequiredISS Required 1
Long-Duration Human Health
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Exercise and Bone Loss Prevention
Effects of microgravity on ocular health and intra-cranial pressure
Nutrition
Radiation Effects
Medical Kits & Devices
One-Year Crew
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ISS Exploration Technology “Fly-Off Plan” (page 1 of 2)
Revision dated 12/1/15
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ISS Exploration Technology “Fly-Off Plan” (page 2 of 2)
Revision dated 12/1/15
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• Developed initially in 2013 following ISS SIP action to determine necessary gap-closing technology demonstrations needed on ISS
• Continuously revised with agency System Maturation Team inputs• Not a listing of ALL ISS technology demonstrations; intended to capture
critical gap-closing ones• Does not include international partner demonstrations related to gaps.
Administrator has sent matrix to the IP’s for input, and I-SMT’s coordinating with their counterparts.
Fly-Off Plan
Key Takeaways:• Many gap-filling demonstrations lack sufficient funding
commitments at this time• Joint coordination and sponsorship needed between HEOMD
(ISS, AES) and STMD
ISS Technology Development for Exploration
Life Support
Optical Communication
Lightweight Structures & Materials
Fire Safety
In-Space Manufacturing
Zero Boil-off Cryogenic Fluid Storage
Robotic Refueling
Environmental Monitoring
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Recent Technology Demonstrations on ISS
Examples of research recently performed SPHERES HALO
– testing of on-orbit robotic assembly and servicing
SPHERES-Slosh– understanding of liquid movement in a zero gravity
3D Printing In Zero-G– characterization of 3D printing in micro gravity
Orion Optical Navigation– Orion Optical Navigation Algorithm Demo
AMO TOCA and AMO EXPRESS– demonstrates advanced software to help astronauts operate a component of
ISS with less assistance from Earth
Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Testbed
– reconfigurable software defined radios (SDRs)
Payloads transitioned to ISS Core operations Amine Swingbed (CO2 removal system for Orion)
Disruption Tolerant Networking for Space Operations (DTN)
SPHERES - HALO
Orion Optical Navigation
SPHERES - Slosh
AMO Interface
SCaN
Amine Swingbed
Disruption Tolerant Networking
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April 2014-September 2015, NASA technology demonstrations have accounted for 20-28% of the NASA research on ISS
Recent ISS Research
18 TDO Experiments
17 TDO Experiments
19 TDO Experiments
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Upcoming Planned Demos (FY16 and 17)
Technology Demonstrations planned for FY 2016 Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM)
– Demonstrate inflatable module technologies
Packed Bed Reactor Experiment (PBRE) – Fluid physics experiment in packed bed reactor system design in microgravity
environment
Water Monitoring Suite [1-E]– monitor microbial, reactive silica and organics on-board
Long Duration Sorbent Testbed (LDST) [1-E]– evaluates CO2 adsorption capacity
Zero Boil-Off Tank (ZBOT) – cryogenic tank experiment
Personal CO2 Monitor [1-E]– Wearable CO2 monitor
Saffire Spacecraft Fire Safety Demonstration (SAFFIRE I, II, (III in FY17 )
– 3 CYGNUS flights post undock test flammability of different materials in low gravity
NICER– demonstrate real-time, on-board X-ray pulsar-based navigation (XNAV) for the first
time
Mini Exercise Device-2 (MED-2) [1-E]– Demonstrate resistive, rowing and cycling exercise concept with a single cable
device to reduce weight and volume
BEAM
Water Monitoring Suite
Silica Analyzer Microbial Monitoring
OrganicWaterMonitor
NICER
ZBOT
LDST
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Technology Demonstrations planned for FY 2017 Space Debris Sensor (SDS) [1-E]
– directly measure orbital debris
Phase Change HX – test PCM HXs for Orion and future exploration vehicles
RFID Logistics Awareness [1-E]– Autonomous logistics management
RED-Data2 – measurement system to characterize the entry environment for Orion
Roll-Out Solar Array – demonstrate an advanced, lightweight, solar array technology
Phase Change Heat exchanger
Space Debris Sensor
Roll out solar Array Demo
Upcoming Planned Demos (FY16 and 17)
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Specific Habitation System Objectives
System Includes Today Cis-Lunar Goal
Life Support
Air revitalization, water recovery, waste collection and
processing
42% recovery of O2 from CO2; 90% recovery of H2O;
<6 mo MTBF for some components
>75% recovery of O2 from CO2; >98% recovery of H2O;
>2 yr MTBF
Environmental Monitoring
atmosphere, water, microbial, particulate, and acoustic
monitors
Limited, crew-intensive on-board capability; rely on sample return to
Earth
On-board analysis capability with no sample return; identify and quantify species and organisms in air & water
Crew Health
exercise equipment, medical treatment and diagnostic
equipment, long-duration food storage
Large, cumbersome exercise equipment, limited on-orbit medical
capability, food system based on frequent resupply
Small, effective exercise equipment, on-board medical capabilities, long-duration
food system
EVA
Exploration suit ISS EMU’s based on Shuttle heritage technology; not extensible to
surface ops
Next generation spacesuit with greater mobility, reliability, enhanced life support,
operational flexibility
Fire
Non-toxic portable fire extinguisher, emergency mask, combustion products monitor,
fire cleanup device
Large CO2 suppressant tanks, 2-cartridge mask, obsolete fire
products. No fire cleanup other than depress/repress
Unified fire safety approach that works across small and large architecture
elements
Radiation Protection
Low atomic number materials including polyethylene, water,
or any hydrogen-containing materials
Node 2 CQ’s augmented with polyethylene to reduce the impacts of trapped proton irradiation for ISS
crew members
Solar particle event storm shelter based on optimized position of on-board materials and CQ’s with minimized
upmass to eliminate major impact of solar particle event on total mission dose