DNA, RNA, PROTEINS STUDY GUIDE

Why is it important? Contains hereditary

material Directs cell function

DNA

1. phosphate 2. deoxyribose sugar 3. nitrogenous basesWHERE ARE THEY FOUND?-nucleus

WHAT THREE THINGS MAKE UP DNA?

-sugar backbone -nitrogenous bases

bonded with a hydrogen bond

“double helix”

DESCRIBE THE SHAPE OF DNA

- Adenine (A) -Guanine (G) -Cytosine (C) - Thymine (T)

WHAT ARE THE 4 NITROGENOUS BASES?

Adenine-Thymine A-T Guanine-Cytosine G-C*PURINES-double ring of carbon & nitrogen Adenine & Guanine*PYRIMIDINES-single ring of carbon & nitrogen Cytosine & Thymine

WHICH ONES PAIR TOGETHER?

GATTACA CTAATGT

COMPLEMENTARY BASES

WHEN DOES IT OCCUR? “S” phase of interphase

WHY DOES IT OCCUR? because the cell divides

DNA REPLICATION

1. helicase separates

double helix “unzips” it 2. DNA polymerases add

complementary nucleotides 3. DNA polymerases finish

replicating DNA and fall off

THREE STEPS OF REPLICATION

An incorrect nitrogenous

base is added to a DNA molecule.

WHERE IS THE MUTATION? CATGATC GTACAAG

WHAT IS A MUTATION?

1. Deletion 2. Insertion3. Inversion4. Duplication

FOUR TYPES OF MUTATIONS

WHAT IS A GENE? A segment of DNA that is located on a chromosome and that codes for a hereditary character.

PROTEINS AND RNA

The gene directs the making of a trait

WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE PROCESS THAT CREATES Mrna FROM A DNA SEQUENCE?

Transcription

HOW DO GENES DETERMINE OUR TRAITS?

Translation WHY ARE PROTEINS IMPORTANT

TO EVERYDAY LIFE? They do important work in cells, such as protecting the body against infections and carrying oxygen in RBC

WHAT IS THE PROCESS THAT CREATES A PROTEIN FROM

mRNA?

An organic molecule that

makes up proteins. The amino acid will determine the shape of the protein and the shape is critical to the proteins function

WHAT ARE AMINO ACIDS?

Sugar ribose sugar

deoxyribose Contains AUGC Contains ATGC Single stranded double

stranded Shorter long BOTH nucleic acids made up a

nucleotides

RNA VS DNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

THREE TYPES OF RNA

mRNA- carries the instructions

from a gene from DNA to ribosomes

rRNA-make up ribosomes tRNA-transfers amino acids to

the ribosome to make a protein.

RNA JOBS?

TAKES PLACE IN THE: Nucleus in eukaryotic cells and DNA region of cytoplasm or prokaryotic cells

RNA TRANSCRIPTION

1. RNA polymerase binds to

promoter(initiates transcription) 2. RNA polymerase adds free

RNA nucleotides that are complementary to the nucleotides on one of the DNA strands.

THREE STEPS IN TRANSCRIPTION?

3. RNA polymerase reaches

a termination signal. Upon reaches this “stop” signal, RNA polymerase releases both the DNA and the newly formed RNA.

An enzyme that catalyzes the

formation of RNA on a DNA template

TERMINATOR SIGNAL- a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene

RNA POLYMERASE

DNA- ATCCGATTA RNA- UAGGCUAAU

COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING

Making of proteins WHAT IS INVOLVED IN THIS? translation or decoding of

genetic instructions to form a polypeptide

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? proteins are critical for living things

RNA TRANSLATION

1. (initiation) tRNA and mRNA

join together. Enzymes attach a specific amino acid to one end of each tRNA according to the genetic code.

2. (elongation)The polypeptide chain is put together

5 STEPS OF TRANSLATION

3. (elongation) The polypeptide

continues to grow 4. (termination) ribosome

reaches the stop codon. The newly made polypeptide falls off.

5. (disassembly) The ribosome complex falls apart.

-The three nucleotide

sequence in mRNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start or start signal

AUG-start UAA, UAG- stop

CODON

By using the genetic code

HOW DO YOU KNOW WHAT AMINO ACIDS ARE ADDED TO

A PROTEIN CHAIN?