‘Are you more French than him?’

France in Crisis: 1934-1944Part Two

HIH 3316

Course convenor: Dr. Chris Millington

Email: c.d.millington@swansea.ac.uk Website: www.frenchhistory.wordpress.com

Follow me on Twitter using @DrChris82

Office hours: Tues. 12-1pm; Wed. 11-12pm in JC 104

Course outline

1.w/c 28th Jan Introduction to the course2.w/c 4th Feb Vichy in History3.w/c 11th Feb The Nature of the Vichy Regime4.w/c 18th Feb Collaboration and Resistance I5.w/c 25th Feb The Resistance on film: L’armée du

crime/ The Army of Crime

6.w/c 4th Mar Collaboration and Resistance II7.w/c 11th Mar France and the Final Solution8.w/c 18th Mar France and the Jews on film: La

rafle / The Round up [assignment due 20th March]

9.w/c 15th Apr Liberation and Purge10. w/c 22 Apr Vichy on Trial11. w/c 29 Apr REVISION

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CONTACT You may contact me at c.d.millington@swansea.ac.uk . You may visit me during my office hours – Tuesday 12-1pm and Wednesday 11-12pm.

If you are absent from a class, or know that you are going to be absent, please contact me as soon as possible by email. Absence will be monitored in line with school policy.

ASSESSMENT

This course is assessed through 1 x 2500 essay [50%] and 1 x 2 hour examination [50%] (comprising one essay and two source analyses).

PART ONE : ESSAY

Answer ONE of the following questions. The word limit is 2500 word. Two marks will be deducted for going over this limit – this is the department’s policy.

1. ‘In France, since the end of the Second World War, political positions and attitudes under the Occupation have been presented in such a way as to render untenable a straightforward pro-Resistance reading of the war years (Margaret Atack). Discuss.

2. Was Vichy fascist? 3. Compare the roles of women in the Resistance and in the Vichy

regime. 4. What explains collaboration? Discuss with reference to both the

Vichy regime and the Paris-based collaborationists.5. ‘...it must be remembered that historians are no better placed to

judge than any other citizen. The special skill of the historian resides in understanding, not the conducting of trials’ (Kevin Passmore). Discuss, with reference to one or more of the post-war trials of French collaborators.

The DEADLINE for this essay is Wednesday 20 th March between 1pm and 4pm.

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PART TWO – EXAMINATION

Date to be announced. See sample exam paper at the end of this guide.

GENERAL READING

You are not required to buy these books, but if you decide to do so, it’s worth checking www.abebooks.co.uk. This site sells used books and I have used it many times.

A veritable encyclopedia of Vichy France: Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, 1940-44 (Oxford, 2001) [ebook in library]

The book that changed the history of Vichy forever:Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944 (NY: Columbia University Press, 1972), [one week]

Other works

There are many articles and books on wartime France. Use the bibliographies in this guide and do some research into the available literature in the library.

John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France (NY/London: OUP, 1994) [one week]Sarah Fishman et al (eds.), France at War: Vichy and the Historians Rod Kedward, La vie en Bleu: France and the French since 1900 (London: Penguin, 2006) Charles Sowerwine, France since 1870 (London: Palgrave, 2009). [Both are in the library: Kedward [one week loan] ; Sowerwine, 2001 edition [normal loan]]Maurice Larkin, France since the Popular Front (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1988) [one week loan]James McMillan, Twentieth Century France: Politics and Society, 1898-1991 (New York: Edward Arnold, 1992) [one week loan]

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Maurice Agulhon, The French Republic: 1879-1992 (London: Wiley Blackwell, 1995) [normal loan]James McMillan, (ed) Modern France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003) [one week loan]Herman Lebovics, True France: The Wars Over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945 (London: Cornell UP, 1992) [normal loan]Kenneth Mouré (ed.) Crisis and Renewal 1918-1962 (New York: Berghahn, 2002) [normal loan]Richard Vinen, France, 1934-1970 (London: Macmillan, 1996) normal and [one week loan]Martin Alexander (ed.), French History since Napoleon, (London: Arnold, 1999). [normal loan]

Class 1: Introduction to the course

In this class, I will give you information about the course, readings, assessment, etc. There is no need to prepare anything.

Class 2: Vichy in History

Context (optional)EITHER Rod Kedward, La vie en Blue: France and the French since 1900 (London: Penguin, 2006), chapters 11 and 12 on collaboration and resistance [Short Loan] OR Charles Sowerwine, France Since 1870: Culture, Politics and Society (Palgrave Macmillan, 2000) [Short Loan] Chapters 14 and 15 on Vichy and the resistance

Essential reading

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- Kim Munholland, ‘Review article: Wartime France: Remembering Vichy’, French Historical Studies, 18, 3, Spring 1994, 801-820. [online]

- Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, introduction [ebook]- Nicholas Atkin, The French at War, 1934-1944, pp. 1-13.- Moshik Temkin, ‘Avec un certain malaise: The Paxtonian trauma in

France 1973-1974’, Journal of Contemporary History, 38 (2003).

Further readingOn the ‘Vichy Syndrome’H. Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (1991 [1987])Eric Conan and Henry Rousso, Vichy, an ever-present past [normal loan]For a critique of the Vichy Syndrome analysis see: B. Gordon, ‘The “Vichy Syndrome” Problem in History’ French Historical Studies 19/2 (Autumn 1995), 495-518 [available online through the library catalogue]D. Reid, ‘Germaine Tillon and the Resistance to the Vichy Syndrome,’ History and Memory, 15/2 (Fall/Winter 2003): 36-63[available online through the library catalogue]D. Reid, ‘French Singularity, the Resistance, and the Vichy Syndrome: Lucie Aubrac to the Rescue’, European History Quarterly 36/2 (April 2006) [available online through the library catalogue]On the memory of Vichy, non-fiction and fictionPhilippe Burrin, France under the Germans (also published as Living with Defeat), preface and intro H. R. Kedward, ‘French Resistance: a few home truths’, in Historical Controversies and Historians.S. Farmer, ‘Oradour-sur-Glane: Memory in a Preserved Landscape,’ French Historical Studies, 19/1 (Spring 1995): 27-47 [available online through the library catalogue]S. Farmer, Martyred Village: Commemorating the 1944 Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane (1999) [normal loan]H. Footitt, ‘Women and the (Cold) War: The Creation of the Myth of “La France Resistante”’, French Cultural Studies 8 (1997), 41-51 [available online through the library catalogue]M. Atack, Literature and the French Resistance: Cultural Politics and Narrative Forms, 1940-1950 (1989) [one week]R. J. Golsan, Vichy’s Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France (2000) [normal loan]J. Hellman, ‘Wounding Memories: Mitterrand, Moulin, Touvier, and the Divine Half-Lie of Resistance’ French Historical Studies 19/2 (Autumn 1995), 461-486, [available online through the library catalogue]P. Lagrou, The Legacy of Nazi Occupation: Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe 1945-1965 (2000), [normal loan]A. Morris, Collaboration and Resistance Reviewed: Writers and the mode rétro in Post-Gaullist France (1992) [normal loan]

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N. Bracher, ‘La Memoire vive et convulsive: The Papon Trail and France's Passion for History’ The French Review 73/2 (1999) 314-324 [available online through the library catalogue]N Wood, Vectors of Memory (1999) [one week]

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Class 3: The Nature of the Vichy Regime

Read Document Collection A

Context (optional)EITHER Charles Sowerwine, France since 1870, 183-203 OR Maurice Larkin, France since the Popular Front (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1988), ‘The Occupation’, 82-108 OR James MacMillan, Twentieth Century France, chapter 13 OR Richard Vinen, France, 1934-1970 (London: Macmillan, 1996), chapter four (Vichy), 25-70.

Essential reading- Richard Vinen, The Unfree French, chapter 2, ‘Vichy’.- Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, chapter 7- Julian Jackson, ‘Vichy and Fascism’ in Edward J. Arnold, The

Development of the Radical Right in France: From Boulanger to Le Pen (Hampshire: Macmillan, 2000), 153-172.[normal loan], 153-169

Further reading available in the library or online through the library catalogueGeneralRobert Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New OrderStanley Hoffman, ‘The Vichy circle of French conservatives,’ in Decline or Renewal?: France since the 1930sStanley Hoffman, ‘The effects of World War Two on French society and politics’, French Historical Studies 2, 1961John Sweets, Choices in Vichy France, chapters 2-3 and 6Sarah Fishman (ed.), France at War: Vichy and the HistoriansYves Durand, ‘Collaboration French-style: A European Perspective,’ in France at War: Vichy and the Historians 61-61-76Dominique Veillon, ‘The Resistance and Vichy’, in France at War: Vichy and the Historians, 161-177Michael R. Marrus, ‘Vichy et les Juifs: After Fifteen Years,’ in France at War: Vichy and the Historians, 35-49Denis Peschanski, ‘Vichy Singular and Plural’, in Sarah Fishman et al (eds), Franceat War: Vichy and the Historians (Oxford: Berg, 2000), 107-125.Philippe Burrin, ‘The Ideology of the National Revolution’, in Edward J. Arnold, TheDevelopment of the Radical Right in France: From Boulanger to Le Pen (Hampshire: Macmillan, 2000), 135-153.The question of fascismRoger Bouderon, ‘Was Vichy fascist? A tentative approach to the question’ in John C. Cairns (ed.), Contemporary France: Illusion, Conflict

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and Regenration (New York: New Viewpoints, 1978) [normal loan], 200-228Ariane Chebel d’Appollonia, ‘Collaborationist Fascism’, in Edward J. Arnold, The Development of the Radical Right in France: From Boulanger to Le Pen (Hampshire:Macmillan, 2000), 172-193On gender and the familyHanna Diamond, Women and the Second World War in France: Choices and Constraints (1999).Héléne Eck, ‘French women under Vichy’, in A History of Women in the West, Volume 5 ed. Francois Thébaud (1994)Sarah Fishman, ‘Grand delusions: the unintended conseuqences of Vichy’s prisoner of war propaganda’, Journal of Contemporary History, 26 (1991), 229-254Sarah Fishman, We Will Wait: The Wives of French Prisoners of War (1992)Miranda Pollard, ‘Women and the National Revolution’, in H.R Kedward, (ed.) Vichy France and the Resistance (1985)Miranda Pollard, Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France (1998)Education, youth and the ChurchW.D.Halls, Politics, Society and Christianity in Vichy France (1995)Nicholas Atkin, ‘Church and Teachers in Vichy France, 1940-1944’, French History 4 (1990), 1-22.Essays by Nicholas Atkin and Bill Halls in H.R Kedward, (ed.) Vichy France and the Resistance (1985)W.D Halls, The Youth of Vichy France (1981)Philip Nord, ‘Pierre Schaeffer and Jeune France: Cultural politics in the Vichy Years’, French Historical Studies, 30.4 (2007).Roger Austin, ‘The Chantiers de la Jeunesse in languedoc, 1940-44’, in French Historical Studies 13 (1983).

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Class 4: Collaboration and Resistance I

BackgroundRod Kedward, La vie en Bleu: France and the French since 1900 (London: Penguin, 2006), chapter 11, 245-271 Charles Sowerwine, France since 1870, sections on WW2 and on collaboration James McMillan, Twentieth Century France: Politics and Society, 1898-1991 (New York: Edward Arnold, 1992), 134-145.

Essential reading- Nick Atkin, The French at War, chapter 5- Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-

1944 (NY: Columbia University Press, 1972), 234-259 and 280-299- John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France (NY/London: OUP, 1994),

chapter 6.- Philippe Burrin, France under the Germans (also published as

Living with Defeat), pp. 459-468 (conclusion)

Further readingStanley Hoffmann, ‘Collaborationism in France during World War Two’, Journal of Modern History, 40 (1968), 375-395. [available online through the library catalogue] Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years [ebook]Denis Peschanski, ‘Vichy Singular and Plural’, in Sarah Fishman et al (eds), Franceat War: Vichy and the Historians (Oxford: Berg, 2000), 107-125.Stanley Hoffmann, ‘Collaborationism in France during World War Two’, Journal of Modern History, 40 (1968), 375-395. [available online through the library catalogue]

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Bertram Gordon, ‘The Vichy Syndrome problem in history’, French Historical Studies, 2, 19, Autumn 1995 [available online through the library catalogue]John F. Sweets “Hold that Pendulum! Redefining Fascism, Collaborationism and Resistance in France” French Historical Studies 15:4 (Fall 1988): 731-58. [available online through the library catalogue]Kim Munholland, ‘Review article: Wartime France: Remembering Vichy’, French Historical Studies, 18, 3, Spring 1994, 801-820.R. Vinen, The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation [one week and lib use only]R. Kedward, Resistance in Vichy France (Oxford, 1978), [normal loan]R. Kedward, In Search of the Maquis (Oxford, 1994) [normal loan]Philippe Carrard, ‘From the Outcasts' Point of View: The Memoirs of the French Who Fought for Hitler’, French Historical Studies 31(2008): 477-503. [available online through the library catalogue]Linda L. Clark, ‘Higher-ranking women civil servants and the Vichy regime: Firings and hirings, collaboration and resistance’, French History 13 (1999), 332-359. [available online through the library catalogue]Bertram M. Gordon, Collaborationism in France during the Second World War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980) [one week]Sarah Farmer, ‘The communist resistance in the Haute-Vienne’, French Historical Studies 14 (1985), 89-116. [available online through the library catalogue]J. Simmonds, ‘The French Communist Party and the Beginnings of Resistance, September 1939-June 1941’, European Studies Review 11 (1981) [available online through the library catalogue]Andrew Shennan, De Gaulle (London ; New York: Longman, 1993) chapter on the Resistance [one week]Miranda Pollard, ‘Women and the National Revolution’, in Kedward, R. and Austin, R. Vichy and the Resistance (London: Croom Helm, 1985) [normal loan]Miranda Pollard, Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France (Chicago; London: Univ. Of Chicago Press, 1998). [normal loan]H. Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (1991 [1987]), R. Golsan, ‘The Legacy of World War II in France: Mapping the Discourses of Memory,’ in R. N. Lebow et al (eds), The Politics of Memory on Postwar Europe (2006) [normal and one week]Maurice Larkin, France since the Popular Front (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1988),‘The Road to Compiegne’, 63-82 and ‘The Occupation’, 82-108.Richard Vinen, France, 1934-1970 (London: Macmillan, 1996), chapters three(Strange Defeat) and four (Vichy), 25-70.

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Class 5: Film showing – L’armée du crime: The Army of Crime

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Read Document Collection B

Before viewing the film please read the review below and:- H. Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France

since 1944 (1991 [1987]), chapter ‘Vectors of Memory’ – relevant section on the cinema

- Nick Atkin, The French at War, 1934-1944, chapter 6- Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, 494-498.

Review of Army of Crime by Philip French, The Observer, 4 October 2009

This morally engaging tale is one of the most important revisionist accounts of life under

The second world war was scarcely over when René Clément embarked on the first French movie about life under German Occupation, La Bataille du Rail, a celebration of courageous railwaymen working with the Resistance. The films that followed over the next 25 years also presented a largely unified nation defying the occupying power, most notably the Gaullist Jean-Pierre Melville's masterly, downbeat Army of Shadows (1969) about the Resistance movement, the third movie in his trilogy on the Occupation. But in 1971 Marcel Ophuls's four-and-a-half-hour documentary The Sorrow and the Pity told a very different story of a deeply divided country, many of whose citizens happily collaborated with the Germans, informed on their neighbours and connived in the deportation of Jews. Originally commissioned for TV, it was banned from transmission in France but enjoyed a long run in the Paris cinemas. Then Louis Malle, whose own company had undertaken the exhibition of The Sorrow and the Pity, made Lacombe Lucien (1974), a feature film centring on a simple-minded country boy who, having been rejected by the Maquis, throws in his hand with the local auxiliaries working with the Gestapo, betrays his old schoolteacher (who works for the Resistance) and sets about exploiting a fugitive Jewish tailor and his daughter. Lucien is not presented as a monster but as a fairly average Frenchman.

Since Ophuls and Malle shattered the silence and broke up the moral logjam, a considerable body of honest, complex interrogative films has appeared, and in the run-up to the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of the second world war there's been a wave of revisionist accounts of life under German occupation not just in France but in Denmark, Norway, Holland and Belarus, Army of Crime (L'Armée du Crime) being one of the most important. It's directed and co-scripted by Robert Guédiguian, son of a German mother and an Armenian father, best known for his leftwing movies about working-class life in the Marseilles area, where he was born in 1953. Like Days of Glory, Rachid Bouchareb's film about the black people and Arabs recruited from France's African colonies to fight for La Patrie in the second world war, Guédiguian's film throws light on a neglected group who paid a high price for their patriotism. These are the anti-fascist refugees from Spain, Hungary, Poland, Armenia, Italy and other countries, most of them Jews and communists, who saw France as the cradle of freedom and played a significant role in the Resistance.

The film begins with a convoy of buses, their windows barred, passing through the bright, summery streets of Paris. The time is 1944, the passengers are prisoners on their way to be

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executed, and a voice on the soundtrack delivers a litany of names, each followed by the phrase "Mort pour La France". The narrative then begins in 1941 at the point when Germany invades the Soviet Union. The sundering of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact results in the simultaneous round-up of communists and a commitment to armed resistance by the Communist Party.

One of the film's focal figures, and certainly the most striking one, is Missak Manouchian (Simon Abkarian), a charismatic Armenian poet and factory worker, happily married to a Frenchwoman (Virginie Ledoyen). He's arrested as a suspected communist but released after denying his political affiliations and then recruited to be a leading member of the communist resistance group FTP-MOI.

The FTP stands for "Francs-tireurs et partisans", named after the irregular force from the 1870 Franco-Prussian War; the MOI ('Main-d'oeuvre immigrée') denotes that they're immigrant workers. Missak is initially opposed to violence but is persuaded of its necessity in opposing Nazism. As a child he lost most of his family in the Turkish massacres in Armenia, and he tells the people he gathers and trains: "Remember what Hitler said in 1936, 'No one remembers the Armenians now'."

He persuades the hot-headed teenagers around him to abandon their activities as freelance assassins and bombers, and soon his team becomes the deadliest, best organised anti-Nazi force in Paris, though a heavy price is paid in the deaths of hostages. Their victims are Germans, but the people who pursue the FTP-MOI are almost entirely French – regular police and auxiliaries eager to please and impress their Nazi masters and the Gestapo. The gang is ultimately betrayed by a vindictive concierge, a Jewish girl vainly seeking to help her incarcerated parents, and – the very embodiment of evil banality – a weaselly middle-aged police inspector from the 11th arrondissement, the poor area where many of the foreign immigrants live.

This is a consistently exciting, morally engaging movie, and a particularly remarkable sequence involves some very black humour when a night raid on a brothel used by German soldiers is called off because two young resistants can't bring themselves to blow up the teenage girls. Unfortunately the pin of the grenade has been dropped in a dark street, so they must make their way to Missak's house and get a safety pin from his wife's sewing basket to replace it. But most of the movie is as sombre as Melville's Army of Shadows, if less intense. The scenes of torture, all conducted by willing collaborators, are truly sickening, as in another way are the pro-Nazi propaganda broadcasts that figure regularly on the soundtrack. Most terrible of all perhaps is a scene in which Missak and his men are paraded before French cameraman to be photographed for the infamous "Affiche Rouge", the red poster put up all over France in 1943 to denounce them as an "Army of Crime", a band of Jews, communists and terrorists seeking to undermine the French state. This film is a much needed antidote to the inanities of Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds.

Further reading/viewing:L Malle, Lacombe, Lucien (1974) [film in library]L. Malle, Au revoir les enfants (1989) [film in library]M. Ophuls, The Sorrow and the Pity: Chronicle of a French City under the German Occupation (1975) [film in library]J Audiard, A self-made hero [film in library]

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C Berri Lucie Aubrac [film in library - see also the book - L Aubrac, Outwitting the Gestapo [1993])J-P Melville, Army in the Shadows / L’armée des ombres [film in library]Academic works on Vichy and FilmH. Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (1991 [1987]), chapter ‘Vectors of Memory’.M. Atack, May 68 in French Fiction and Film: Rethinking Society, Rethinking Representation (1999). Chapter on Marcel Ophuls’ ‘The Sorrow and the Pity’ [normal loan]R. J. Golsan, Vichy’s Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France (2000), Chapter 3 [normal loan]N. Greene, Landscapes of Loss: The National Past in Postwar French Cinema (1999) [normal loan]P. Jankowski, “In Defense of Fiction: Resistance, Collaboration and Lacombe Lucien,” in Journal of Modern History 63/3 (September 1991), 457-482, [available online through the library catalogue]R. Kedward, “The Anti-Carnival of Collaboration: Louis Malle’s Lacombe Lucien” in S. Hayward, and G. Vincendeau, French Film: Texts and Contexts (2000) [N.B. this chapter is only in the 2nd edition (2000)] [one week]S. Langlois, ‘Images that Matter: The French resistance in Film, 1944-1946,’ French History, 11/4 (December 1997), 461-490 [available online through the library catalogue]L. Mazdon, ‘Screening the Past, Representing Resistance in Un Héros très discret,’ in L. Mazdon (ed.), France on Film: Reflections on Popular French Cinema (2001) [one week]S. Reynolds, ‘The Sorrow and the Pity Revisited,’ French Cultural Studies 1 2/2 (1990) 149-59 [normal loan]H. Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (1987, 1991), 226-40

Class 6: Collaboration and Resistance II

Read Document Collection C – we will discuss the film The Army of Crime in this session too.

Context (optional)EITHER Rod Kedward, La vie en Blue: France and the French since 1900 (London: Penguin, 2006), chapters on collaboration and resistance OR Charles Sowerwine, France Since 1870: Culture, Politics and Society (Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, Chapters on Vichy and the resistance OR Maurice Larkin, France since the Popular Front (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1988), ‘Resistance and Liberation’, 108-124.

Essential reading- John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France (NY/London: OUP, 1994),

167-169, 224-230, on15

definitions of resistance.)- Paula Schwartz, ‘Partisanes and gender politics in Vichy France’,

French Historical Studies 16 (1989), 126-151. [available online through the library catalogue]

- Lynne Taylor, Between Resistance and Collaboration: Popular Protest in Northern France, 1940-1945, 62-71, 98-107 and 142-161. [normal loan]

Further reading available in the library/online There are many articles and books on wartime France. Do some research into the available literature in the library. Search in particular the shelves marked DC 802.*John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France (NY/London: OUP, 1994) [one week]*Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944 (NY: Columbia University Press, 1972), [one week] *Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, 1940-44 (Oxford, 2001) [one week and normal loan]H. Footitt, ‘Women and the (Cold) War: The Creation of the Myth of “La France Resistante”’, French Cultural Studies 8 (1997), 41-51 [available online through the library catalogue]H. R. Kedward, ‘French Resistance: a few home truths’, in Historical Controversies and Historians.Christopher Lloyd, Collaboration and Resistance in Occupied France: Representing Treason and Sacrifice, [one week]Robert Gildea, ‘The Resistance Myth, Pétainist Myth and Other Voices’, in Debra Kelly, Remembering and Representing the Experience of War in the Twentieth Century [one week loan]H. R. Kedward, ‘French Resistance: a few home truths’, in Historical Controversies and Historians.Stanley Hoffmann, ‘Collaborationism in France during World War Two’, Journal of Modern History, 40 (1968), 375-395. [available online through the library catalogue]James McMillan, Twentieth Century France, chapter 14.Richard Vinen, France, 1934-1970 (London: Macmillan, 1996), chapter five(Resistance: London, France, Algeria), 70-82.Bertram Gordon, ‘The Vichy Syndrome problem in history’, French Historical Studies, 2, 19, Autumn 1995 [available online through the library catalogue]John F. Sweets “Hold that Pendulum! Redefining Fascism, Collaborationism and Resistance in France” French Historical Studies 15:4 (Fall 1988): 731-58. [available online through the library catalogue]Kim Munholland, ‘Review article: Wartime France: Remembering Vichy’, French Historical Studies, 18, 3, Spring 1994, 801-820.

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Fabian Lemmes, ‘Collaboration in wartime France, 1940-1944’, European Review of History 15.2 (2007), 157-177. [available online through the library catalogue]Stanley Hoffmann, ‘Collaborationism in France during World War Two’, Journal of Modern History, 40 (1968), 375-395. [available online through the library catalogue]R. Vinen, The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation [one week and lib use only]R. Kedward, Resistance in Vichy France (Oxford, 1978), [normal loan]R. Kedward, In Search of the Maquis (Oxford, 1994) [normal loan]Philippe Carrard, ‘From the Outcasts' Point of View: The Memoirs of the French Who Fought for Hitler’, French Historical Studies 31(2008): 477-503. [available online through the library catalogue]Linda L. Clark, ‘Higher-ranking women civil servants and the Vichy regime: Firings and hirings, collaboration and resistance’, French History 13 (1999), 332-359. [available online through the library catalogue]Bertram M. Gordon, Collaborationism in France during the Second World War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980) [one week]Sarah Farmer, ‘The communist resistance in the Haute-Vienne’, French Historical Studies 14 (1985), 89-116. [available online through the library catalogue]J. Simmonds, ‘The French Communist Party and the Beginnings of Resistance, September 1939-June 1941’, European Studies Review 11 (1981) [available online through the library catalogue]Andrew Shennan, De Gaulle (London ; New York: Longman, 1993) chapter on the Resistance [one week]Miranda Pollard, ‘Women and the National Revolution’, in Kedward, R. and Austin, R. Vichy and the Resistance (London: Croom Helm, 1985) [normal loan]Miranda Pollard, Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France (Chicago; London: Univ. Of Chicago Press, 1998). [normal loan]H. Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (1991 [1987]), R. Golsan, ‘The Legacy of World War II in France: Mapping the Discourses of Memory,’ in R. N. Lebow et al (eds), The Politics of Memory on Postwar Europe (2006) [normal and one week]HR Kedward, ‘Resiting French resistance’, Transactions of the Royal HistoricalSociety 9 (1999), 271-282J. Simmonds, ‘The French Communist Party and the Beginnings of Resistance, September 1939-June 1941’, European Studies Review 11 (1981)Suzanne Langlois, ‘Images that matter: The French Resistance in film, 1944-1946’, French History 11 (1997), 461-490.Sarah Farmer, ‘The communist resistance in the Haute-Vienne’, French Historical Studies 14 (1985), 89-116.Peter Davies, France and the Second World War (London: Routledge, 2001), 49-70.

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David Chuter, Humanity’s Soldier: France and International Security, 1919-2001 (Oxford: Berghahn, 1996), ‘The Far Side of Despair’, 183-213.David Pike, ‘Between the Junes: The French Communists from the collapse of France to the invasion of Russia,’ Journal of Conetmporary history 28 (1993).H R Kedward, Resistance in Vichy France (1978)

Class 7: France and the Final Solution

Read Document Collection D

ContextEITHER Rod Kedward, La vie en Blue: France and the French since 1900 (London: Penguin, 2006), 265-267 OR Charles Sowerwine, France Since 1870: Culture, Politics and Society (Palgrave Macmillan, 2000) relevant section of chapter on Vichy OR Richard Vinen, The Unfree French (London: Allen lane, 2006), Chapter 4, ‘Jews, Germans and French’

Essential reading- Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, chapter 15 and 601-633

[ebook] - Michael Marrus and Robert Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews

(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), 209-215 [An Indifferent Majority], 270-279 [Turn in Opinion], 343-372 [The Holocaust in France] [one week]

Further reading available in the library/onlineVicki Caron ‘The Path to Vichy’ online article http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-07-02/paper.pdfEssay by Robert Paxton in R. Golsan (ed.) Memory, the Holocaust and French JusticeVicki Caron, ‘The ‘Jewish Question’ from Dreyfus to Vichy’, in Martin S. Alexander (ed.), French History since Napoleon [normal loan] Shannon L. Fogg, The Politics of Everyday Life in Vichy France: Foreigners, Undesirables and Strangers (Cambridge: CUP, 2008).[one week and normal loan]

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Jacques Adler, ‘The Jews and Vichy: Reflections on French Historiography’, The Historical Journal 44 (2001), 1065-1082. [available online through the library catalogue]Shannon L. Fogg, ‘"They Are Undesirables": Local and National Responses to Gypsies during World War II’, French Historical Studies 31 (2008), 327-358. [available online through the library catalogue]Vicki Caron, ‘Prelude to Vichy: France and the Jewish Refugees in the Era of Appeasement’, Journal of Contemporary History, 20.1 (1985), 157-176. [available online through the library catalogue]David Lees, ‘Remebering the Vel d’Hiv roundup’ online articlehttp://www2.warwick.ac.uk/knowledge/culture/roundups/Shannon Fogg, The Politics of Everyday Life in Vichy France [one week and normal loan]Vicki Caron, ‘Review’, Journal of Modern History, 67 (1995), 741-745. (Review of Susan Zuccotti’s The Holocaust, the French and the Jews). [available online through the library catalogue]Eric Conan and Henry Rousso, Vichy, an ever-present past, chapter on the Vél. D’Hiv. round up [normal loan]‘Interview with Maurice Papon’, in Richard J. Golsan (ed.), The Papon Affair (London;NY: Routledge, 2000), 162-168. [one week]H. Weinberg, ‘The Debate over the Jewish resistance in France’ Contemporary French Civilisation 15/1 (1991), 1-17. [available online through the library catalogue]Martin C. Thomas, ‘The Vichy Government and French Colonial Prisoners of War, 1940-1944’, French Historical Studies 25 (2002), 657-692 [available online through the library catalogue]Pim Griffioen and Ron Zeller, ‘Anti-Jewish policy and organization of the deportations in France and the Netherlands, 1940-1944: A comparative study,’ Holocaust and Genocide Studies Winter 2006 20.3, 437-473. [available online through the library catalogue]Peter Carrier, Holocaust Memorials and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany since 1989Donna Evleth, ‘The Ordre des Médecins and the Jews in Vichy France, 1940-1944’, French History 20 (2006), 204-224. [available online through the library catalogue]‘Remembering Beyond the Survivors’ Generation: Official Holocaust Commemoration in France and Italy’, in J. D. Steinert and I. Weber-Newth (eds.), Beyond Camps and Forced Labour: Current International Research on Survivors of Nazi Persecution (Osnabrueck: Secolo Verlag, 2009).

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Class 8: Film showing: La rafle / The Round up

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Essential reading:Before viewing the film you should read:- Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, chapter 15 [ebook]- La Rafle , by Julian Jackson : http://h-france.net/fffh/previous-issues/

Films on Vichy and the Occupation:L Malle, Lacombe, Lucien (1974) [film in library]L. Malle, Au revoir les enfants (1989) [film in library]M. Ophuls, The Sorrow and the Pity: Chronicle of a French City under the German Occupation (1975) [film in library]J Audiard, A self-made hero [film in library]C Berri Lucie Aubrac [film in library - see also the book - L Aubrac, Outwitting the Gestapo [1993])J-P Melville, Army of Shadows / L’armée des ombres [film in library]L’armée du crimeAcademic works of Vichy and FilmH. Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (1991 [1987]), chapter ‘Vectors of Memory’ – relevant section on the cinemaM. Atack, May 68 in French Fiction and Film: Rethinking Society, Rethinking Representation (1999). Chapter on Marcel Ophuls’ ‘The Sorrow and the Pity’ [normal loan]R. J. Golsan, Vichy’s Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France (2000), Chapter 3 [normal loan]N. Greene, Landscapes of Loss: The National Past in Postwar French Cinema (1999) [normal loan]P. Jankowski, “In Defense of Fiction: Resistance, Collaboration and Lacombe Lucien,” in Journal of Modern History 63/3 (September 1991), 457-482, [available online through the library catalogue]R. Kedward, “The Anti-Carnival of Collaboration: Louis Malle’s Lacombe Lucien” in S. Hayward, and G. Vincendeau, French Film: Texts and Contexts (2000) [N.B. this chapter is only in the 2nd edition (2000)] [one week]S. Langlois, ‘Images that Matter: The French resistance in Film, 1944-1946,’ French History, 11/4 (December 1997), 461-490 [available online through the library catalogue]L. Mazdon, ‘Screening the Past, Representing Resistance in Un Héros très discret,’ in L. Mazdon (ed.), France on Film: Reflections on Popular French Cinema (2001) [one week]S. Reynolds, ‘The Sorrow and the Pity Revisited,’ French Cultural Studies 1 2/2 (1990) 149-59 [normal loan]H. Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (1987, 1991), 226-40

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Class 9: Liberation and PurgeRead Document Collection E

ContextEITHER Rod Kedward, La vie en Blue: France and the French since 1900 (London: Penguin, 2006), 310-317 [Short Loan] OR Charles Sowerwine, France Since 1870: Culture, Politics and Society (Palgrave Macmillan, 2000) [Short Loan] chapter 16: ‘Liberated France’.

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Essential reading- Julian Jackson, France: the Dark Years, Chapter 24- M Koreman, ‘The Collaborator’s Penance: The Local Purge of

Collaborators, 1944-1945,’ Contemporary European History 6 (1997): 177-92

- Henry Rousso, ‘Did the purge achieve its goals?’, in R. Golsan (ed.) Memory, the Holocaust and French Justice 100-104.

Women and the purges- Hanna Diamond, Women and the Second World War in France,

1939-1948 (Harlow, Longman, 1999), chapter 6 on the purges, 131-154 [one week]

- Claire Duchen, ‘Crime and punishment in liberated France: The case of les femmes tondues’, in Claire Duchen and Irene Bandhauer-Schoeffmann, When the War was Over: Women War and Peace in Europe, 1945-1956 (London: Leicester University press, 2000), 233-250. [one week]

Further readingJohn F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France (NY/London: OUP, 1994), 230-240. Luc Capdevilla, ‘The quest for masculinity in a defeated France, 1940-1945’, Contemporary European History 10 (2001), 423-445. [available online through the library catalogue]Claire Duchen, Women’s Rights and Women’s Lives in France, 1944-1968 (London;NY: Routledge, 1994), chapter 1, ‘Liberation’. [normal loan]Sylvie Chaperon, ‘”Feminism is dead. Long live feminism!” The women’s movement in France at the Liberation 1944-1946’, in Claire Duchen and Irene Bandhauer-Schoeffmann, When the War was Over: Women War and Peace in Europe, 1945-1956 (London: Leicester University Press, 2000), 146-160. [one week]Perry Biddiscombe, ‘The French Resistance and the Chambéry incident of June 1945’, French History 11 (1997), 438-460. [available online through the library catalogue]Perry Biddiscome, ‘The last White Terror: The Maquis Blanc and its impact in liberated France, 1944-1945’, Journal of Modern History 73 (2001), 811-861 [available online through the library catalogue]Milton Dank, The French against the French: Collaboration and Resistance (London: Cassell, 1978) [one week]H Rousso The Vichy Syndrome (Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard UP, 1991). [one week]P Novick, The Resistance versus Vichy: The Purge of Collaborators in Liberated France (London: Chatto and WIndus, 1968). [one week]Nancy Wood, Vectors of memory : legacies of trauma in postwar Europe [one week]K Adler, ‘“Un Mythe Nécessaire et Sacré”? Responses to the 50th

Anniversary of Liberation,’ Modern and Contemporary France 3/1 (1995): 119-26

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H Chapman, ‘The Liberation of France as a Moment in State-Making,’ in K. Mouré and M. S. Alexander, Crisis and Renewal in France, 1918-1962 (2002)S Kitson, ‘Rehabilitation and Frustration: The Experience of Marseille Police Officers after the Liberation,’ Journal of Contemporary History 33/4 (October 1998): 621-38M. Koreman, ‘A Hero’s Homecoming: The Return of the Deportees to France, 1945,’ Journal of Contemporary History 32/1 (January 1997): 9-23D. Rubenstein, ‘Publish and Perish: The épuration of French Intellectuals,’ Journal of European Studies 23 nos. 89-90 (1993), 71-99

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Class 10: Vichy on Trial

Read Document Collection F

Essential reading:- Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, Epilogue, 601-633- ‘Chronology’ in R. Golsan (ed.) Memory, the Holocaust and French Justice- Tzvetan Todorov, ‘The Touvier Trial’, in R. Golsan (ed.) Memory, the Holocaust and French Justice 169-178- Essays by Jean-Denis Bredin and Tzvetan Todorov in R. Golsan (ed.) Memory, the Holocaust and French Justice 109-121.

Further readingN. Bracher, ‘La Memoire vive et convulsive: The Papon Trail and France's Passion for History’ The French Review 73/2 (1999) 314-324 [available online through the library catalogue]E. Conan and H. Rousso, Vichy, an Ever-Present Past (1998) or vichy syndromeS. Farmer, ‘Oradour-sur-Glane: Memory in a Preserved Landscape,’ French Historical Studies, 19/1 (Spring 1995): 27-47 [available online through the library catalogue]S. Farmer, Martyred Village: Commemorating the 1944 Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane (1999) [normal loan]H. Footitt, ‘Women and the (Cold) War: The Creation of the Myth of “La France Resistante”’, French Cultural Studies 8 (1997), 41-51 [available online through the library catalogue]R. J. Golsan, Vichy’s Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France (2000) [normal loan]J. Hellman, ‘Wounding Memories: Mitterrand, Moulin, Touvier, and the Divine Half-Lie of Resistance’ French Historical Studies 19/2 (Autumn 1995), 461-486, [available online through the library catalogue]P. Lagrou, The Legacy of Nazi Occupation: Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe 1945-1965 (2000), [normal loan]A. Morris, Collaboration and Resistance Reviewed: Writers and the mode rétro in Post-Gaullist France (1992) [normal loan]D. Reid, ‘Germaine Tillon and the Resistance to the Vichy Syndrome,’ History and Memory, 15/2 (Fall/Winter 2003): 36-63[available online through the library catalogue]

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D. Reid, ‘French Singularity, the Resistance, and the Vichy Syndrome: Lucie Aubrac to the Rescue, European History Quarterly 36/2 (April 2006) [available online through the library catalogue]N Wood, Vectors of Memory (1999) [one week]

Class 11: Revision

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