Study Guide AP Human Geography Exam

Unit I. Geography

A. Geographers Erasthones- calculated the circumference of the earth, early cartographer

(Alexandria) Hecataeus- Map of the world as he knew it, important contribution Idrisi- created the first map of the world George Perkins Marsh- studied human impact on the environment Ptolemy- developed a global grid system Carl Sauer- cultural landscapes Mike Mikesell- the “Why of Where”

B. Map Projections and Mapso Mercator - pros: navigation // cons: distortion at the poles o Robinson - pros: visually appealing // cons: distortion extremely o P eters- pros: land masses equal(centers on Africa) // cons: awkward looking o Azimuthal Equidistant Projection - shows center of North Pole to equator is equal

// cons: southern hemisphere is missing. o Mollweide - misses the poleso Chloropleth - uses shading and colors to identify certain values o Cartograms - distort area to show value o Thematic maps- displays one or more variables; such as population, or income

level

C. Important Concepts Grid Systems: Equator- a circle that divides the globe into two equal halves or

hemisphere of North or south Poles: Located at 0 latitude. The International Date Line is an arc that follows 180 longitude East West. Longitude lines go from North Pole to the South Pole but measure East and west, also called meridians. The Prime Meridian 0 degrees, passes through Greenwich England. Latitude Lines go east to West but measure North and South, also called Parallels. Qualitative points show or indicate location an example is Washington DC. Quantitative points show a distribution or value, an example is every dot equals 1000 people on a map.

GPS or Global Positioning System: a set of satellites used to help determine location anywhere on Earths surface with a portable device.

GIS or Global Information System: a set of computer tools used to capture store and transform analyze and display geographic data.

Scale: the size relationship between what the map shows and the actual distance on the ground. Large Scale= small area & Small Scale= Large area

Regions: Formal Region is an area of essential uniformity, such as the Corn Belt // a functional region is a spatial systems defined by interactions and connections such as a metropolitan area or a bus route // a perceptual region is a less structured and more culturally based area such as little Haiti or la pequena Habana.

Distance Decay- the diminishing of importance of a phenomenon as distance increases from its origin or hearth. As something moves farther from the hearth it is less important

D. Vocabulary o Absolute Location is the mathematical location, latitude and longitude,

addresses, exact locations(Site) examples 40 north, 30 west o Relative Location also a concept of situation, is a place in relation to

surroundings(external relations of locale, using stuff outside to describe) o Globalization is the interconnection of all the parts of the world, international

scale of social, cultural and political practices. The homogenization of culture. o Glocalization- embracing what’s local, a movement in response to globalization,

smaller and more specialized o Time space convergence- the idea that distance between some place is actually

shrinking due to technological advancements o Topological space- the amount of connectivity between due place regardless of

the distance separating them

Unit II. Population

E. People Ernst Ravenstein- laws of migration 1.Most migrants only go short distances

2.Longer distance migration favors big city destination 3. Most migration proceeds step by step 4. Most migration is rural to urban 5. Each migration produces a counter flow 6. Most migrants are adults 7. Most international migrants are young males

Thomas Malthus- the biological potential for population growth outstripped the potential for increasing food supply to meet human’s needs. Population grows exponentially, resources grow arithmetically

F. Concepts o Push factors are factors that cause people to move to leave a certain

location, an example is poor economic conditions, and political instability. o Pull factors are factors attract people to a certain area or location from

another place, an example is good economic conditions, family reunification, and good climate.

o Population Pyramid shows a country’s populace as how it is distributed between male and females or various ages. A population pyramid with a

triangular shape and a wide base depicts a country that has a high proportion of young people and is growing rapidly example Kenya. A population pyramid with a more rectangular shape depicts a population with a relatively even number of young, middle age, and older people, this is more applicable to a highly developed country with low growth rates.

o The Demographic Transition Model- is a model that traces the changing levels of human fertility and mortality associated with industrialization, health care improvements, urbanization, women education and cultural attitudes. * During the first stage, birth and death rates are both extremely high therefore showing a small natural increase? This was all of human history until 1750 when Western Europe entered stage 2. Children were viewed as assets to help with the family farm. *During the second stage, birth rates outstrip death rates as advancements in medicine sanitation, agricultural productivity and a better food distribution begin to take place. *During the third stage birth rates decline and the population growth is less rapid, as people begin to control family size. The country is now urbanized and the cost of raising a child is expensive. *During the fourth stage, low birth rates and death rates mark the stabilization of a population. At one point, the country might enter negative population growth, as in some western European countries.

o Global Migration Patterns- the slave trade that caused millions of Africans to the new world to work as slaves, this is an example of forced migration. Around the beginning of the 20th century millions of Europeans arrived to New York and Boston looking for economic opportunity. Movement from Southern Hemisphere to Northern Hemisphere. Poor regions to rich regions. Tension areas to peaceful ones, Iran to other areas without instability. Pakistan and India, a huge migration between the two countries due to religious countries. All the Muslims in India moving to Pakistan and all the Hindu in Pakistan moving back to India. o Main Era’s of U.S Migration- *1840s- 1850s was characterized by the

Trail of tears. The Indian Removal Act forced about 100,000 Cherokees, Chickasaws, Creeks, Choctaws and Seminoles to west in Mississippi. *Early 1900s or early 20th century saw a large number of African Americans moved to the North for economic activity and flee the racist oppressive south. In the 1960s to 1970 states such as Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan became the Rust Belt. These previously industrial powerhouse in the region of the great lakes were losing their economic power due to outsourcing. The migration from the Rust Belt to the Southern Sun Belt (Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, southern portion of Texas, California and Arizona) is an important migration trend in the

United States. *Since the 1945is due to suburbanization, millions of Americans have moved to the Suburbs, where communities are more culturally homogenous and oriented around the automobile as a type of transportation to go work in the city.

G. Vocabulary o Carrying Capacity- is the largest number of people that an environment of a

particular area can sustainably support. o Crude Birth Rate- is the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population o Crude Birth Rate- is the annual number of live births per 1,000 population in a

society o Total Fertility Rate- the average number of children born to a women during her

childbearing yearso Doubling time- the amount of time it takes for a population to double its size o Gravity model- is the Interaction of two cities is proportional to the

multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them (distance decay).

o Arithmetic Density- is the total number of people divided by the total land area o Exponential Growth- growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people

is added to a population each year. Exponential growth is compound because fixed growth rate applies to an ever- increasing population.

o Refugees- are people that leave there homeland because they are forced outo Physiological Population Density- is the total number of people divided by the

total number of arable lando Forced Migration- permanent movement compelled usually by political factors,

termed as to refugees. o Guest Workers- people who migrate to the more developed countries of the

Northern and western Europe usually from southern or eastern Europe or Northern Africa in search of better paying jobs, to fill working class

Unit III. Culture

H. People Carl Sauer- religious landscape & material culture Torste Hagerstrand- cultural diffusion, space time prism

I. Conceptso Acculturation- the modification of a culture as a result of contact with a more

prevalent (dominant) culture. Minor accommodations, our grandparent’s sill watch novelas in USA.

o Assimilation- is the complete integration with a dominant culture. Loss of distinguishing characteristics or Original culture are lost with the second generation or later.

o Possiblism VS Environmental Determinism- possiblism is the viewpoint that people, not the environment are the dynamic forces that causes cultural development. On the other hand, Environmental Determinism is the sole belief that the physical environment alone determines how humans are, their actions, and thoughts, cultural traits are determined by the conditions

o Expansion Diffusion Contagious Diffusion- effects everything in the same exact way, example

Is a disease ( Black Plague) Hierarchical Diffusion- when the transfer of an idea occurs first in the big

cities, important cities, and then trickles down to the most rural. An example, a new hit song will first reach a city like Los Angeles and then move to other cities, more rural and less urbanized, since there is more connectivity with big cities.

Stimulus Diffusion- is when the complex, instead of the traits are transferred. The receiving group imitates their own version of the traits. Example: the hearth of pizza is Italy, migration brought pizza to the United States, idea of pizza transferred, but different types of pizzas exist throughout the regions of the United States.

o Relocation Diffusion- the trait is physically carried to new areas by moving population- Artifact is the material object used for basic needs like a wooden spoon- Mentifacts are abstract belief systems passed down like religion

o Independent Invention- different cultures create the same traits, but didn’t know of one another’s existence, The Mayan Temples and Mesopotamia Temple in Iraq.

o Culture vs Ethnicity vs Race Culture- is the specialized learned behavioral pattern, understandings,

adaptations, and social systems that summarized group of peoples learned behavior and way of life. Culture is leaned, not biological.

Ethnicity- identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Indian German or Greek

Race- is more of a physical concept, any of the different varieties of humankind, distinguishes by a form of hair, skin, and eye color. A human idea

o Folk vs Pop culture- folk culture is traditionally practiced by a small homogenous, rural group living in a relative isolated place. Example: Natives in the Amazon. Folk Culture spreads through relocation diffusion, isolation and lack of interaction breed uniqueness and ties to physical environment. Pop culture is

found ion large heterogeneous society that share certain habitats despite differences in personal characteristics.

o Ethnic Religions Judaism- the first major monotheistic religion. It is based on a sense of

ethnic identification, and its adherents tend to form tight-knit communities where they live. Diaspora, in 70 A.D Romans forced Jews to disperse throughout the world. Ghetto, during the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to inhabit only Jews. Basic Precepts include:

Belief in one God Torah is the holy book, original 5 chapters of the bible Prophecy of Moses Atonement accomplished by sacrifices, penitence and

good deeds. Largest number of Jews in the Israel and U.S Western Wall

Hinduism- a cohesive and unique society, most prevalent in India that integrates spiritual beliefs with daily practices and official institutions such as the caste system. The origin is unknown, not widely diffused, and almost exclusive to India. There is no official holy book, but the Vedas are the most important. A polytheistic religion that beliefs that all gods are manifestations of one god, Brahman. Basic precepts include:

Caste System: the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.

Brahman (Manifestations) are Vishnu (the preserver), Shiva (the destroyer) and Shakti (the mother god).

Moksha occurs when you break the bonds of karma and experience that everything including ourselves is Brahman.

Ganges River Confucianism- exclusively to china, respect ancestors, set of words

(Honesty),moral code Daoism- china, natural related things, a philosophy of harmony and

balance Shintoism- Japan’s ethnic religion, Japanese traditional religion

o Universalizing Religions attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location

Christianity- is the world’s most widespread religion. Christianity is a monotheistic, universal religion that uses missionaries to expand its members worldwide. The three major branches are Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant. Its origin is Palestine and the Messiah is Jesus Christ.

Catholicism- is the largest branch. *headed by the pope, the one that has a direct link to God *Ceremonial 7 sacraments, Baptist, Marriage, Eucharist *Traditional. Denomination is Roman Catholicism, practiced in all Latin America.

Protestantism- 1517, the Reformation era. *No Pope needed, all have a linkage to God.*Grace through faith rather than sacraments. *Spread through Northern Europe and England, arose 1466 Gutenberg Bible and printing press

Eastern Orthodox- 5th century split. *Rivalry between Pope and Patriarch of Constantinople (Istanbul). Rome remained center for Roman Catholicism. *Rejected Roman Catholicism doctrine, by 1054 official split. *National churches, ex Russian, Greek, Serbian Orthodox

Basic Precepts: Belief in one God. Father Son and Holy Spirit. A covenant with God. New Testament is the salvation to those who believe in Jesus and his teachings. Conversion of others (proselytize).

Churches or basilicas, Sagrada Familia in Barcelona Churches in Russian Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox have

Onion Shape domes and crosses on the top. Islam is a monotheistic religion based on the belief that there is only one

God, Allah, and Muhammed was Allah’s prophet. Islam is based in the ancient city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, the birth place of Muhammed. It originated in Mecca and Medina, Saudi Arabia. Medina is where the sacred burial site of Muhammed. The sacred spot is The Black Box or Kaaba in Mecca. The majority of Muslims live in Indonesia. There are two branches, Sunni (the majority of Muslims) and Shi’ite (a small group, only found in Iran).

Basic Precepts Include: Submission to will of God (Allah), Lineage- Adam, Noah, Abraham, Mosses, Jesus and Mohammed. Holy book is the Koran, built on Old Testament.

5 Pillars of Faith- 1. Creed, “there is no God but Allah.”

2. Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca 3. Giving to the poor 4. Month of Ramadan or fasting 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca or hajj once in any Muslims life

time Islamic landscape has calligraphy, minarets. The Mosque is

the Muslim place of worship. Buddhism is a system of beliefs that seeks to explain ultimate realities for

all people, such as the nature of suffering and the path toward self- realization. The founder is Siddhartha Gautama or the Buddha. The point of Origin in Northern India. Buddhist believe not in any god, blind faith or savior. What is created is impermanent. True permanent absolute reality, uncreated, unborn, permanent bliss or nirvana.

Branches: Theravada, Zen, and Mahayana Basic Precepts: Buddha is the enlightened one, Nirvana is

the highest degree of consciousness. Four Noble Truths are: 1. Life involves suffering 2. The cause of suffering is desire 3. Extinguish desire, extinguishes suffering 4. Nirvana is reached through the 8 fold paths

(Individuals choose the “Middle Path”) 5. Buddhist landscape: Tibetan Stupas that have gold,

eyes and prayer flags. Sri Lankan Stupas have all white and no prayer flags.

Sikhism- the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.

Baha’i- a universalizing religion that is practiced in parts of Africa and Asia, Baha’i is similar to Sikhism in the sense that both advocate the elimination of religious differences.

o Traditional Animism is most prevalent in Africa and the Native America’s, a doctrine in which the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and even supernatural powers

J. Language Indo European in the most widespread language family on the Earth followed by

Sino Tibetan.

Language Families - is a collection of individual languages with a common ancestor. Example Indo- European and Sino-Tibetan

Language Branch - a group of languages that share a common origin but have evolved into different languages. Example: Germanic

Language Grou ps: several individual languages within a language branch. Example: West Germanic, share a common origin in recent past & similar grammar

Language : actual language, English Dialects : pronunciation of a language distinct to a certain region. Example New

England Dialect, Southern Drawl, Australian Dialect

K. Vocabulary o Isogloss is an area of distinct word usage or pronunciation that can be defined as

a distinct region with boundaries. o Taboo- a restriction on behavior imposed by a social custom o Culture Hearths- a nuclear area within which an advanced and distinctive set of

culture traits, ideas and technologies develops and from which there is diffusion of those characteristics and the cultural landscape features they imply.

o Accents- are the non-standard pronunciation of a language by a non-native speaker

o Creolized Languages- a mixture of two languages or a pidgin that evolves to the point at which it becomes the primary language of the people who speak it. French+ West African = creole.

o Lingua Franca- a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. A language of commerce, example, English Spanish Mandarin Japanese.

o Branch vs a Sect- a religious branch is a large and fundamental division within a religion. Example Catholicism, Theravada. On the other hand, a sect is a relatively small denominational group that has broken away from an established church. Example being, the Mormons or Jehovah witnesses.

o Syncretic- traditions that borrow from both the past and the present.

Unit IV: Political Organization of Space

L. People o Friedrich Ratzel- the Organic State Theory- a state is a living thing and it grows.

Lebensraum means living space, and this was Hitler’s excuse for WWII. o Sir Halford Mackinder- Heartland Theory, if you control the heartland (Eurasia)

you control the world. It’s the pivot area

o Nicholas Spykman- Rimland Theory, fi you control outside the heartland, you control the world. Containment to prevent the Domino Theory (if one country adopts communism all will adopt communism.

M. Concepts Devolution is the movement of power from the central government to regional

governments within the state. For instance, when South Carolina seceded from the Union and became the Confederates. Causes include: Ethno cultural forces, Economic Movements, and Spatial Forces.

Supranationalism or supranational organizations are alliances, trade associations, and organizations designed to represent the interest of multiple states. Economic Organizations are OPEC NAFTA and EC. Political Organizations are UN and OAS. Military Organizations are NATO ANZUS and Warsaw Compact.

Balkanization is the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities. The most recent event was the breakdown of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavian peninsula is known as the shatterbelt.

Terminal Morphologyo Elongated State is a state with a long, narrow shape. *Hard to

manage because of extreme distance from capital. *may benefit by coastline. An example Chile, Italy, and Norway.

o Prorupted State is a state that is primarily compact with a large projecting extension. * It can benefit if the proruption leads to a resource such as water. It can aslo benefit as a separator between two states. An example is Thailand, Namibia and Zaire.

o A compact state is a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary doesn’t vary significantly. * Very effecticve and easy to run in the capital is in the center. An example is Libya, Kampuchea, Ecuador, and Zimbabwe.

o Perforated state is a state that completely surrounds another. *Somewhat hard to govern because the two states must agree with each other. Interior state is landlocked and dependent. An Example is South America and Italy. There enclaves are Lesotho and Vatican City respectively.

o Fragmented State is a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. *Difficulty to govern due to isolation. Example are Philippines, Denmark, Indonesia, Greece, Italy, and United States of America.

o Microstates are that have extremely small land area, Liechtenstein and Andorra or the states in Oceana.

Types of Boundaries o Physical Boundaries- an agreed upon political boundary that

corresponds with prominent physical features, like mountains and rivers. For instance, the Rio Grande which separates US and Mexico and the Himalayas in India.

o Cultural Boundaries- a boundary between states due to their cultural differences

o Geometric Boundaries- based on the grid system. For Instance, the 49th parallel that separates the US and Canada and the 38th parallel that separates the Koreas.

o Relict Boundaries- are old political boundaries that no longer exist as international borders, but have left an enduring mark on the local cultural or environmental geography.

o Antecedent Boundary- is a boundary that is set before an area is settle by people, for example, the US and Canada border which was established by a treaty by the United States and Great Britain in 1846. The West most portion.

o Subsequent Boundary- set after an area is already settled and cultural landscape is present. (Cultural landscape is the imprint humans leave behind on the land, example Mayan Ruins or adobes.)

Centrifugal Forces vs Centripetal Forces- centrifugal forces are those forces that tend to divide a country or promote disunity. On the other hand, centripetal forces are those forces that unite a state. Centrifugal forces include ethnic discrimination, different language, regionalism and territorial disputes. Centripetal forces include common history, reliance on a strong central government, good institutions, and sometimes national disasters such as of the likes of the September 11 attack.

Federal vs unitary states, federal states are organized under federalism which is the system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government. While unitary states are states governed constitutionally as a unit, without international divisions or a federalist division of powers.

N. Vocabulary

o Balkanization is the contentious political process by which a state might break up into smaller countries. Example, Yugoslavia into Serbia & Montenegro and Croatia...

o Enclaves and Excalves - an enclave is any small and relatively homogenous group, region, or state, surrounded by another larger region or group. For instance, Lesotho is the enclave inside South Africa. An exclave is a bounded territory that is part of a particular state but it separated from it by a territory of another state. Example, West Germany was in the Soviet Union but it was part of Germany.

o Nation State - is when a nation and a state occupy the same territory. A country whose population is homogenous in ethnic makeup and culture, thus promoting unity. Prime example is Japan, Sweden, Mongolia, Finland, and The Koreas.

o Stateless Nation - is a nation, a group of people with a common identity, who don’t have a territorial defined sovereign country of their own.

o Multistate nation – is a nation, a group of people with a common identity that are dispersed over more than one sovereign state. For instance, the Catalan who inhabit Spain and France, The Arabs, and the Jewish.

o Multinational State - a state, a politically organized political unit, which holds more than one nation in its composition. For example, United States of America, China, India, and United Kingdom.

o A Primate City - a city in a country that is more than twice the size of the following city, population wise. This city dominates, political, economic, and cultural affairs. Prime examples are Tokyo, Paris, Mexico City, Ulaanbaatar, and Lagos.

Unit V Agriculture.

O. People Norman Borlaug - an American scientist that was head of a Mexican Corn

program during, won a Nobel peace Prize, Green Revolution. Thomas Malthus - resources grow arithmetically while population grows

arithmetically. Johann Van Thunen - agricultural location theory (Von Thunen Model), in

which transportation costs is the most important Ester Boserup - a female agricultural geographer, formalized the transition

from extensive subsistence forms of agriculture to more intensive cultivation of the land necessary to support greater populations.

P. Concepts

o Primary sector is concerned with agriculture, such as the likes of mining, coaling, and forestry. Anything that extracts raw materials from the earth.

o Secondary sector is concerned about manufacturing materials to a finished product, production.

o Tertiary sector is all about service.

o Quaternary sector are high end service such as owns, engineers and scientist.

o Quinary sector is concerned about CEO’s Presidents and Senators.

o The Neolithic Revolution was the shift from hunting animals and gathering food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food (8,000 BC). The primary effects of this include: Urbanization, Social Stratification, Occupational Specialization, and increased population density. Secondary effects are: endemic diseases, famine, and expansionism.

o Subsistence vs Commercial Agriculture- subsistence includes family or a social group working together. The people live on what food they grow. The small surplus is traded or sold locally. Commercial includes raised for market, low consumption of food by farmers, mainly used for selling.

o Rural Settlements-

Clustered- a group settlements in rural areas to minimize travel, good for trade.

Dispersed- isolated farms with enclosed continuous fields. More lands for crops, more sustainability.

New England- clustered villages of colonist. Economic activities are fishing, crafting, boats and trade.

Mid Atlantic- dispersed isolated farms of the Dutch, the Swedes and Irish and Germans.

South- planation farming, mansions worked by slaves.

o First Agricultural Revolution- Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

o Second Agricultural Revolution- dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce

o Third Agricultural Revolution -Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)

o Green Revolution- the development of higher-yield and fast growing crops through increased technology, pesticide, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supplies in those regions of the world.

o Hearths- : vegetative planting reproduction of plants by direct cloning of existing plants such as cutting stems and dividing roots (earliest form). Had its origin Southeast Asia. Seed agriculture reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization. Used by most current farmers. Animal Domestication is the process whereby a population of animals through a process of selection, becomes accustomed to human provision and control.

Q. Vocabulary Agribusiness- the set of economic and political relationships that

organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production, to retailing, to consumption.

Slash and burn- system of cultivation, that usually exists in tropical areas with poor soil. Vegetation or trees are ignited for it to release nutrients to the soil. It is abandoned and then returned.

Extensive- uses a lot of land, less labor. Prime examples are slash and burn and nomadic herding.

Intensive- small amount of land, labor intensive, to produce high crop yields per hectare. Wet rice dominant.

Mediterranean Agriculture- is primarily practiced in areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea (Greece): California, Oregon, Chile, South Africa and Australia. Climate has dry summer seasons. High valuable crops as olives, grapes, nuts, fruits, and winter wheat.

Biotechnology- a form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants or animals.

Horiculture- the growing of fruits, vegetables and flowers Irrigation- a way of supplying water to land GMO’S- foods that are mostly products of organisms that have been

altered gene wise in a laboratory due to specific reasons. For example, for higher yields.

Pastoral Nomandism- the breeding and herding of domesticated animals for substance. It is practiced in arid areas such as Northern Africa, Middle East and Central Asia. Animals include goat, sheep, cattle, camels.

Transhumance- seasonal migration from high lands to low lands. Truck farming- commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named

because truck was a Middle English word meaning battering or the exchange of commodities. Flowers, vegetables and flowers.

Planation Agriculture- a large foreign owned piece of land, devoted to a single crop exportation (monocrop) in less developed countries.

Wet Rice Dominant- extremely labor intensive, production of rice, including the transfer to sawah or paddies. Most important sources of food in Asia. Grown on flat terraced land. Double cropping- used in warm winter areas of South China and Taiwan. Intensive subsistence farming.

Milkshed- historically defined by spoilage threat; refrigerated trucks changed this.

Columbian Exchange The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans. Brought agriculture, food and animals and plants.

Desertification- the process by which formerly fertile lands become extremely arid, unproductive, and desert-like. Sahel is the area of desertification of the South Saharan Desert. Area is overused.

Unit VI: Industrialization and Development

R. Peopleo W.W Rostow- Rostows stages of development (All countries begin at

traditional societies and work their way up to the stage of high technology, development and high consumption.

o Emmanuel Wallerstein- Capitalist World Systems theory which stated that the world economy is more than the sum of its parts. To annex, World Systems Theory, The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. The world economy has a three-tier structure. Core, Semi-periphery, and periphery.

o James Watt- Inventor of the Steam Engine o Alfred Webber- Weber’s Least Cost Theory explains the optimum

location of a manufacturing establishment based of minimizing three basic expenses: Transportation Cost, Labor Cost, and agglomeration cost.

o Harold Hoteling- Locational Theory developed by economist Harold that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base. Example: Two ice-cream vendors moving closer to each other.

S. Concepts Human Development Index evaluates human welfare based on three

parameters: Life Expectancy, education and Income. o GNI (Gross National Income) - the measure of all goods

and services produced by a country per year, including income.

o GDP (Gross Domestic Product) - total value of goods and services produced in a country each year, usually stated in per capita terms. Gap between MCD’s and LCD’s in growing.

o GNP (Gross National Income) - the total value of goods and services, including some income received abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

Social Indicators of Development o Education Levels o Literacy rate

Demographic Indicators of Development o Total Fertility Rate- is the number of children a woman will

bear during her childbearing years. o Life Expectancy- A figure indicating how long, on average,

a person may be expected to live. Normally expressed in the context of a particular state.

Theories of Economic Development o Modernization Modelo Dependency Theory

Core Semi-Periphery and Periphery o The Core, process that incorporate higher levels of

education, higher salaries, and more technology. Generates more wealth in the world economy.

o The semi-periphery is the place where the core and the periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core and then exploits the periphery. Serves as a buffer per say.

o Periphery is where processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries and less technology. Generates the less wealth in the world’s economy.

Major Industrial Regions o Western and Central Europe- the French Belgian border to

western Germany Ruhr. Homes 50 major cities housing iron, steel, textiles, and autos, and chemicals.

o Eastern North America- manufacturing belt, majority of urban population.

o Russia and the Ukraine’s- Urals and Donbas. o Eastern Asia- fosters the central south district of

Guangzhou. Assembly of Consumer electronics, clothing and Toys

Four Asian Tigers o South Korea o Hong Kongo Singaporeo Taiwan

Four Asian Dragons o Malaysia o Indonesia o Thailand

China is the largest NIC’s. Mexico, Chile, and Brazil are those in Latin America.

Deindustrialization - is the loss of industrial activity in a region. The industrial activity is being outsourced to places where cheaper labor can be found. The area may experience backwash, negative effects as a negative impact on the economy and thousands of people who lose jobs.

T. Vocab o