wheninromeeng.files.wordpress.com€¦ · Web viewI can clearly explain relevant textual references and offer a brief analysis

1Name:

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwju48HU2MLVAhXI5iYKHdpVA4oQjRwIBw&url=http://clive-w.blogspot.com/2012/03/&psig=AFQjCNGFBWHrwG0lCX5Zhmlptf4E42sAzg&ust=1502111758377421

Learning goals

AO1 – Inference and interpretation RAG ratingB F1 F2 S

Learning I can make an inference and begin to use relevant textual references to support these inferences.I can offer a brief explanation linking my inference to a textual reference.

Mastering I can make inferences and deductions, supporting these with relevant textual reference.I can clearly explain relevant textual references and offer a brief analysis.

Extending I can demonstrate emerging interpretations supporting these with apt quotation choices.I can make comments that are securely focused in apt quotation choices and are analysed fully, including attempts to identify different layers of meaning.

AO2.1 – The construction of meaning and effects using language

Learning I can identify language features with a brief explanation as how the language has been used to achieve effects and influence readers.

Mastering I can explain how language features are used to achieve effects and influence readers.

Extending I can explore how a range of language features have been used to achieve effects and influence readers.I can offer an explicit explanation as to how an effect has been created.

AO2.2 – The construction of meaning and effects using structure and form

Learning I can identify the writer’s structural choices or features of organisation with a brief explanation on how they have been used to achieve effects and influence reader.

Mastering I can explain how the writer’s structural choices or features of organisation are used to achieve effects and influence readers.

Extending I can explore how the writer’s structural choices or features of organisation are used to achieve effects and influence readers. I can offer some explicit explanation as to how

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that effect has been created.

AO2.3 - Subject terminologyLearning I can use emerging subject terminology.Mastering I can use subject terminology that shows a broad

understanding.Extending I can use accurate subject terminology more

frequently.

Learning episode 1:

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I think I can

Learning goalTo understand the narrative of ‘Oliver Twist’ by Charles Dickens.

My teacher thinks I can

Learning outcome

I can make inferences and begin to use relevant textual references to support these inferences.I can offer a brief explanation linking my inference to a textual reference.

MasteringOutcome

I can make inferences and deductions supporting these with relevant textual reference.

Extendingoutcome

I can demonstrate emerging interpretations supporting these with apt quotation choices.

Next steps:___________________________________________________________________

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My response:___________________________________________________________________

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Do it now task

9 shillings. To help the family out financially whilst John Dickens,

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This term you are going to be reading and exploring the novel ‘Oliver Twist’ by Charles Dickens. This novel was first serialised between the years of 1837-1839 and, like so many of Charles Dicken’s novels, offers a socialcommentary on society in London during the 19th century.

1 Originally thought to be inspired by 2 Robert Brincloe, a workhouse orphan, 3 Oliver Twist could easily have been based 4 on Dickens himself and the child he could 5 have become. When Dickens was just 6 twelve years old his father was sent to7 prison for being in debt to a local baker, 8 John Kerr, whom he owed £40 and 10

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiE0s2no-PTAhXFXRoKHW58A3UQjRwIBw&url=http://slideplayer.com/slide/7754783/&psig=AFQjCNHwUbm13KafLVpxEI_Uxlinx_AK3A&ust=1494435248622864

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwje4aSK7MDVAhUHCMAKHZxkCXQQjRwIBw&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Twist&psig=AFQjCNFeZ9rXkUSIqvCqhZHoP9EY1DBXtA&ust=1502048287335775

10 was in prison, James Lamert, a family cousin offered Charles11 work at Warren’s Blacking Factory. This meant Dickens was 12 removed from school and his life in education to work, for ten13 hours a day, Monday through Saturday, pasting labels onto the14 individual pots of blacking, a mixture used for polishing boots.15 In return he received six shillings per week – around £12.5016 in modern currency. This experience no doubt scarred Dickens17 for life. His resentment is clear here:

18 “No words can express the secret agony of my soul as I sunk19 Into the companionship of common men and boys…the deep20 remembrance of the sense I had of being utterly neglected21 and hopeless; of the shame I felt in my position; of the misery22 it was to my young heart to believe that, day by day, what I had 23 learned, and thought, and delighted in…was passing away from 24 me, never to be brought back, cannot be written.”

25 In 1834, the New Poor Law was introduced. The amendment to26 the original law. The GCSE bitesize website says was 27 ‘designed to reduce the cost of looking after the poor as it 28 stopped money going to poor people except in exceptional 29 circumstances. Now if people wanted help they had to go into a30 workhouse to get it. The poor were given clothes and food in31 the workhouse in exchange for several hours of manual labour32 each day. Families were split up inside the workhouse. People33 had to wear a type of uniform, follow strict rules and were on a34 bad diet of bread and watery soup. Conditions were made so 35 terrible that only those people who desperately needed help 36 would go there.’

37 Many people supported the New Poor Law, including 38 landowners such as Sir Robert Peel and the Duke of 39 Wellington. However, people like Robert Oastler and Dickens 40 were fiercely opposed to them. Oastler wrote pamphlets and 41 letters to newspapers describing the Poor Law Amendment 42 Act as cruel and unchristian. Even in Andover, it was reported43 that people living in the workhouse were starving to death and44 were trying to eat the bones that they were crushing as their 45 work. Dickens wrote Oliver Twist to criticise the Poor Laws and 46 ridicule the ethics behind it – the belief that the workhouse47 would act as a deterrent so fewer people would claim poor48 relief and thereby the poor rate would reach its ‘correct’ level.49 Dickens championed the poor, having been poor himself, and 50 wanted the wealthy to provide compassionate support. Dickens,51 even opened up a home for women who had turned to 52 prostitution in the hope that he could rehabilitate them and

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53 provide them with a better life.

54 Oliver Twist explores the effects of poverty on young children55 in the hope that many more would understand the plight of the 56 poor. This is what he was remembered for as the inscription on57 his tombstone reads: “He was a sympathiser to the poor, the 58 suffering and the oppressed.”

Sources

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/shp/britishsociety/thepoorrev1.shtml

https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/oliver-twist-and-the-workhouse

http://dickens.port.ac.uk/poverty/

http://www.charlesdickensinfo.com/novels/oliver-twist/

http://www.historyinanhour.com/2012/02/07/dickens-and-debt/

Pen to paper

Key question: answer the following questions using full sentence responses.

1. When was Oliver Twist first published and how was it published?

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2. How did Charles Dicken’s personal experiences influence the writing of Oliver Twist?

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3. What effect did working at Warren’s Blacking Factory have on Charles Dickens?

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http://www.historyinanhour.com/2012/02/07/dickens-and-debt/

http://www.charlesdickensinfo.com/novels/oliver-twist/

http://dickens.port.ac.uk/poverty/

https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/oliver-twist-and-the-workhouse



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4. In what year was the New Poor Law introduced? What was the aim of the New Poor Law?

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5. What did the New Poor Law mean for poor people?

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6. Why were Robert Oastler and Dickens opposed to the New Poor Law? What were the conditions like in Andover?

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Key question: look at the sources on the next page. On the page that follows, answer the following question: What do we learn about the New Poor Law and the conditions in which the poor had to work during this time?

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New knowledgeOver the next few lessons we are going to watch the film adaptation of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. In today’s lesson we are going to watch the first part in which we are introduced to our protagonist, Oliver Twist, in the workhouse and see him go to work at a funeral parlour.

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Pen to paper

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Adjectives you could use to describe Oliver Twist.

My impression of the workhouse

Was Oliver Twist right to ask for more? How do you respond to Mr Brownlow’s reaction?

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List three differences between the governor’s and the boys in the

workhouse.1.

2.

3.

Evidence that the boys are seen as less than humans

How is Oliver treated at the funeral

parlour?

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwihqM2dhMLVAhVOnRQKHX0NDnoQjRwIBw&url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/life/inside.shtml&psig=AFQjCNHeLsjDOJRdNvE5VKF7gk3UCC_Vjw&ust=1502089133093715

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwihm4eQhcLVAhXFNxQKHTMnAx0QjRwIBw&url=http://dontborninink.deviantart.com/art/Oliver-Twist-Inked-114303608&psig=AFQjCNFcug6aIVnELy3qCwRT2DQLr_KF3g&ust=1502089371606158

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjYibOGjcLVAhVFOhQKHXl7DwcQjRwIBw&url=https://lizziebordenwarpsandwefts.com/2010/08/06/august-6th-funeral-of-abby-andrew-borden/&psig=AFQjCNGNT4bvLpKa3ZoVb4xoY17XsvKR2Q&ust=1502091489453071

ReflectionMake notes, mind map or write key words on how the theme of poverty is introduced in the first part of the film adaptation of Oliver Twist.

Poverty

Learning episode 2:

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Oliver sings ‘Where is love?’ Write the Facebook status he immediately writes afterwards.

Questions you want to ask Oliver

Do you think Mr Bumble will be sad to have lost Oliver?

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjBj-6gjsLVAhWBVBQKHU-aCtkQjRwIBw&url=http://weknownyourdreamz.com/symbols/can-facebook-chat-box-symbol.html&psig=AFQjCNHyRNwsoLbKYKd2j5clUih8Pti3nw&ust=1502091824629756

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiGwYmIj8LVAhUFshQKHcfECGQQjRwIBw&url=http://www.bulkofficesupply.com/Products/TOPS-Gregg-Ruled-Reporters-Notebook__TOP8030.aspx&psig=AFQjCNHc-HpLBGjOUkhP1DQ4QwH4GSU8Wg&ust=1502092040014410

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiP3J-TkMLVAhXL8RQKHQbABuMQjRwIBw&url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/415597871846456251/&psig=AFQjCNHNgXe6_vyyhBLnS5FD9s102YBJyA&ust=1502092326554711

I think I can



Learning outcome


MasteringOutcome


Extendingoutcome


Next steps:___________________________________________________________________

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My response:___________________________________________________________________

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Do it now task

Key questions: answer the following questions to recap your learning. Make sure you use full sentences in your responses.

1. Who wrote the novel ‘Oliver Twist’ and In what year was it written in?

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2. What were the Poor Laws, when were they introduced and why was Charles Dickens so against them?

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3. How did events in Dicken’s life influence his writing of Oliver Twist?

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4. What are the conditions in the workhouse where Oliver finds himself?

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5. What does Oliver ask for more of and what happens as a result?

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6. Why does Oliver leave the funeral parlour?

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Key question: read the preface to the novel ‘Oliver Twist’ written by Charles Dickens and then answer the following question: What was Dicken’s motivation for writing ‘Oliver Twist’?

1 Once upon a time it was held to be a coarse and shocking 2 circumstance, that some of the characters in these pages are3 chosen from the most criminal and degraded of London’s 4 population.

5 As I saw no reason, when I wrote this book, why the dregs of life 6 (so long as their speech did not offend the ear) should not serve7 the purpose of a moral, as well as its froth and cream, I made bold

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8 to believe that this same Once upon a time would not prove to be 9 all-time or even a long time. I saw many strong reasons for 10 pursuing my course. I had read of thieves by scores; seductive 11 fellows (amiable for the most part), faultless in dress, plump in 12 pocket, choice in horseflesh, bold in bearing, fortunate in gallantry,13 great at some, a bottle, pack or cards or dice-box, and fit 14 companions for the bravest. But I had never met (except in 15 HOGARTH) with the miserable reality. It appeared to me that to 16 draw a knot of such associates in crime as really did exist; to paint17 them in all their deformity, in all their wretchedness, in all the 18 squalid misery of their lives; to show them as they really were, for19 ever skulking uneasily through the dirtiest paths of life, with the 20 great black ghastly gallows closing up their prospect, turn them 21 where they might; it appeared to me that to do this, would be to 22 attempt a something which was needed, and which would be a23 service to society. And I did it as I best could.

…

24 What manner of life is that which is described in these pages, as 25 the everyday existence of a Thief? What charms has it for the 26 young and ill-disposed, what allurements for the most jolter-headed27 of juveniles? Here are no canterings on moonlight heaths, no 28 merry-makings in the snuggest of all possible caverns, none of the29 attractions of dress, no embroidery, no lace, no jack-boots, no 30 crimson coats and ruffles, none of the dash and freedom with 31 which “the road” has been time out of mind invested. The cold32 wet shelterless midnight streets of London; the foul and frowsy33 dens, where vice is closely packed and lacks the room to turn; the 34 haunts of hunger and disease; the shabby rags that scarcely hold 35 together; where are the attractions of these things?

36 There are people, however, of so refined and delicate a nature, that37 they cannot bear the contemplation of such horrors. Not that they38 turn instinctively from crime; but that criminal characters, to suit 39 them, must be, like their meat, in delicate disguise. A Massaroni in40 green velvet is an enchanting creature, but a Sikes in fustian is 41 insupportable. A Mrs. Massaroni, being a lady in short petticoats42 and a fancy dress, is a thing to imitate in tableaux and have in 43 lithograph on pretty songs; but a Nancy, being a creature in a 44 cotton gown and cheap shawl, is not to be thought of. It is 45 wonderful how Virtue turns from dirty stockings; and how Vice,46 married to ribbons and a little gay attire, changes her name, as 47 wedded ladies do, ad becomes Romance.

48 But as the stern truth, even in the dress of this (in novels) much 14

49 exalted race, was a part of the purpose of this book, I did not, for50 these readers, abate one hole in the Dodger’s coat, or one scrap51 of curl-paper in Nancy’s dishevelled hair. I had no faith in the 52 delicacy which could not bear to look upon them. I had no desire53 to make proselytes among such people. I had no respect for their54 opinion, good or bad; did not covet their approval; and did not write55 for their amusement.

56 It has been observed of Nancy that her devotion to the brutal 57 housebreaker does not seem natural. And it has been objected to58 Sikes in the same breath – with some inconsistency, as I venture to59 think – that he is surely overdrawn, because in him there would 60 appear to be none of those redeeming traits which are objected to 61 as unnatural in his mistress. Of the latter objection I will merely62 remark, that I fear there are in the world some insensible and 63 callous natures that do become utterly and incurably bad. Whether 64 this be so or not, of one thing I am certain: that there are such men65 as Sikes, who, being closely followed through the same space of 66 time and through the same current of circumstance, would not 67 give, by the action of a moment, the faintest indication of a better 68 nature. Whether every gentler human feeling is dead within such 69 bosoms, or the proper chord to strike has rusted and is hard to find, 70 I do not pretend to know; but the fact is as I state it, I am sure.

71 It is useless to discuss whether the conduct and character of the 72 girl seems natural or unnatural, probably or improbable, right or 73 wrong. IT IS TRUE. Every man who has watched these 74 melancholy shades of life, must know it to be so. From the first 75 introduction of that poor wretch, to her laying her blood-stained76 head upon the robber’s breast, there is not a word exaggerated or77 over-wrought. It is emphatically God’s truth, for it is the truth He 78 leaves in such depraved and miserable breasts; the hope yet 79 lingering there; the last fair drop of water at the bottom of the 80 weed-choked well. It involves the best and worst shades of our 81 nature; much of its ugliest hues, and something of its most 82 beautiful; it is a contradiction, an anomaly, an apparent83 impossibility; but it is a truth. I am glad to have had it doubted, for84 in that circumstance I should find a sufficient assurance (if I wanted85 any) that it needed to be told.

Glossary:coarse rough or harsh squalid dirty and unpleasantdegraded treated with disrespect frowsy scruffy and neglected in appearanceamiable friendly and pleasant manner fustian thick, hard-wearing clothabate make something less intense proselytes a person who has been converted through

either opinion, religion or partycallous Cruel depraved morally corrupt or wicked

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New knowledgeOver the next few lessons we are going to watch the film adaptation of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. In today’s lesson we are going to watch the second part in which our protagonist, Oliver Twist, arrives in London and meets The Artful Dodger. The Artful Dodger then introduces him to Fagin and potentially a new life.

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Pen to paper

Adjectives to describe…The Artful

DodgerFagin

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My impression of London The workhouse

London

Do you think Oliver Twist fully understands the criminal world he has entered in to?

List three ways in which Fagin appears manipulative.1.

2.

3.

Who do you think is more dangerous: Fagin or Bill Sikes?

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjMubWXp8LVAhWqA8AKHSJZCi4QjRwIBw&url=http://primaryfacts.com/1688/victorian-london-facts-and-information/&psig=AFQjCNF9lgx0FGqN8y4Wsy16M2gtadWn8A&ust=1502098503516987

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi5gvbdqcLVAhWEA8AKHfAdA28QjRwIBw&url=https://www.pinterest.com/lalydia53/oliver-twist/&psig=AFQjCNGUVT0NBAqGRtzbwyEOaHgN10s4Bg&ust=1502099188956444

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjU2MX9qcLVAhWrD8AKHed1D2kQjRwIBw&url=https://www.pinterest.com/winniethapoo92/stories/&psig=AFQjCNFoTS3E68CPtF8KAcv3LFnjrZwQCA&ust=1502099247055968

ReflectionUsing what you have learnt in today’s lesson, construct a short diary entry Oliver writes after he arrives in London. You could comment on

His first impression of London His meeting with The Artful Dodger His meeting with Fagin His thoughts on what Fagin and the boys do

Remember to begin with ‘Dear diary,’.

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Learning episode 3:

I think I can



Learning outcome


MasteringOutcome


Extendingoutcome


Next steps:

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My response:

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Do it now task


1. How does London compare to the conditions of the workhouse?

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2. Who does Oliver meet when he arrives in London and where does he take him?

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3. What evidence is there to suggest that Fagin is a chief manipulator?

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4. What ‘line of work’ are Fagin and the boys in and how do we know?

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5. Who does Fagin go to meet? Why does he go to meet him?

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Key question: in the film, Fagin tells Oliver ‘Especially Dodger, he is going to be a right Bill Sikes.’ How far do you think Dickens is trying to show the potential life cycle of a poor orphan in this comment? Consider the positions of all four characters below.

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New knowledgeOver the next few lessons we are going to watch the film adaptation of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. In today’s lesson we are going to watch the third part in which we are introduced to Nancy and learn more about her relationship with Bill Sikes, before Oliver is sent on his first job with mixed consequences.

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https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjd6O_kvsLVAhVkL8AKHTiqDFsQjRwIBw&url=https://www.pinterest.com/explore/oliver-twist/&psig=AFQjCNHbJnUgEG4P1Tmi4EkNdzhIhGwy0g&ust=1502104841756250

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjn19j2vsLVAhVkJMAKHfCtDjMQjRwIBw&url=https://www.pinterest.com/explore/artful-dodger/&psig=AFQjCNE-Jpp9_AliA9pQ_pZiAz1BmRRt-g&ust=1502104889434115

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj88b6Nv8LVAhVrCcAKHeYZDPYQjRwIBw&url=https://alchetron.com/Bill-Sikes-1915096-W&psig=AFQjCNFNsbIWnwlABns5B3PqM0QmOIsiUw&ust=1502104934973659

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjEtbOzv8LVAhVKIcAKHa3SDcgQjRwIBw&url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/12/theater/ron-moody-actor-who-redefined-fagin-in-oliver-dies-at-91.html&psig=AFQjCNGkG-wz9CaIUDZrdZOoIUZxK0zwWg&ust=1502105015882154

Pen to paper

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Adjectives to describe Nancy

What impression do you get of the relationship between Bill

Sikes and Nancy?

List four adverbs in the fingers above to describe how Fagin reacts to Oliver when he realises his awake.

Why do you think Fagin reacts in this way?

How do Nancy and the boys present the higher classes?

What is Nancy’s relationship like with the boys?

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiN0eXtyMLVAhVZGsAKHZfJD-sQjRwIBw&url=http://oliver-twistcharles-dickens.wikia.com/wiki/Nancy&psig=AFQjCNEPxozDZBMP3i0FH04JRHqY1Pm26Q&ust=1502107554757353

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjszc2-y8LVAhXGAMAKHX--A8oQjRwIBw&url=http://www.clipartpanda.com/categories/aristocrat-clipart&psig=AFQjCNFT0NErRF1vbp56hvtJSR7AiVD9zQ&ust=1502108255399554

The first jobWhat evidence is there to support the following statements?

The Artful Dodger is a great thief.

Oliver Twist isn’t cut out for pick-pocketing.

Oliver’s capture signals danger for Fagin and Sikes.

ReflectionKey question: What predictions can you make for Oliver Twist now?

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How does this compare with Fagin’s relationship with the boys?

Who do you think is more powerful: Bill Sikes or Fagin?

Why might Dickens have presented the judge in the courtroom in the way that he has?

Mr Brownlow is…

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiXt5WSzMLVAhWD7SYKHR_jBBIQjRwIBw&url=http://lecinemadreams.blogspot.com/2014/04/oliver-1968.html&psig=AFQjCNFRD1fY9-7wIG-RShhI4vn7NIB0eA&ust=1502108435675969

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Learning episode 4:

I think I can



Learning outcome


MasteringOutcome


Extendingoutcome


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Do it now task


24


1. Why does Nancy believe it’s a fine life?

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2. How does Fagin respond when he notices Oliver watching him? Why do you think he responds in this way?

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3. What do you learn about the relationship between Bill Sikes and Nancy?

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4. How does Nancy interact with the boys?

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5. Why is Oliver taken to court? What verdict is reached and what happens as a result?

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6. What hope was there for young orphans during this time?

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Key question: in today’s lesson we will learn more about Nancy and the relationship she has with Sikes. Nancy was considered a ‘fallen’ woman. Read the information and article from The Guardian on the next few pages.

1 Dickens had great sympathy for fallen and poor women and saw2 them as victims of society. In Oliver Twist, Dickens presents3 Nancy as a fallen woman – a woman who was driven into 4 prostitution by poverty and, just like Oliver, recruited into Fagin’s 5 gang when she was young. She says:

6 “I thieved for you when I was a child not half as old as (Oliver). I 7 have been in the same trade, and in the same service, for 8 twelve years since; don’t you know it?”

9 Nancy had known no other life. She would have been viewed10 unsympathetically by a Victorian audience and would have been 11 considered unredeemable. Now older, Nancy finds herself12 belonging to Sikes, feeling as though she can’t survive without13 him. Sikes mistreats and abuses her, but she cannot leave him14 because she has no family and nowhere to go. Although she is15 aware that Sikes is not a good man for her, if she did not live with16 him, she would be forced into a workhouse. She is trapped in a 17 life that she doesn’t really want to lead. Dickens presents her 18 sympathetically as we are given glimpses into her character which 19 show that ultimately she is good – her relationship with the boys 20 and her protective nature towards Oliver. Dickens felt for women21 like Nancy and chose to portray her sympathetically to argue that 22 women like her were redeemable.

23 Dickens decided to take direct action. As a result of discussions 24 with the philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts, in 1847 Dickens25 set up Urania Cottage in London, a home for ‘homeless’ women,26 as Dickens termed it, in Lime Grove, Shephard’s Bush. In 1849,27 Dickens wrote ‘An appeal to Fallen Women’, a leaflet designed for

26

28 distribution to prostitutes taken into police custody, offering the 29 cottage as an emotional and physical refuge.

30 In Urania Cottage, such women were treated with sympathy,31 encouraged to reform and followed a strict regime which included32 prayer, education and the acquisition of practical skills in cooking,33 needlework and laundering to prepare them for domestic service.

34 You can read more about the home in this article, taken from35 The Guardian newspaper on the next page:

1 Jenny Hartley’s brilliant book fills a gap in Dickens studies. Vivid,2 intelligent and enthralling, it is about his setting up in Shephard’s3 Bush – this is 1847, when Shephard’s Bush was farming land 4 outside London – a house in which girls from the streets, the 5 prisons and the workhouses, girls who stole and prostituted 6 themselves, wrecking their own lives and seemingly helpless 7 to save themselves, might be changed through kindness and 8 discipline, and so prepared for new lives in the colonies.

9 The money came from the millionaire Miss Coutts, but the idea10 and organisation was all Dickens’s, and for 12 years he 11 effectively managed the Home for Homeless Women, installed12 in Urania Cottage (the name, bestowed by a previous owner, was 13 particularly inappropriate, since Urania is another name for 14 Aphrodite, goddess of love). Dicken’s will to do good drove him15 to take on what any normal person would have found impossible,16 and Hartley shows him in action, passionate to help the half-17 crushed victims of Victorian society, despotic in putting his 18 benevolent plans into practice, demonic in his energy. From 19 the spring of 1846, when he first proposed the plan, until 1858,20 when it became impossible for him to remain connected with it,21 it was at the centre of his thoughts.

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22 You only have to look at his collected letters to marvel that a man23 who was already writing novels, running a weekly magazine, 24 conducting a splendid social life, bringing up nine children, and 25 raising money for other charitable causes, should find time to 26 visit the house in Shephard’s Bush, often several times a week, 27 to supervise it, select inmates, consult with prison governors,28 report to Coutts in detail several times a week on whatever29 was happening there, handle the money, keep careful written30 accounts of the backgrounds of the girls, and arrange their 31 emigration to Australia, South Africa or Canada.

32 Hartley reminds us how women were dealt with in Victorian 33 institutions in London: the harsh, silent prisons, and the 34 Magdalen Hospitals for penitent prostitutes, where they were 35 constantly reminded of their shame as they worked under36 strict rules at sewing and laundering. The plan Dickens said to 37 Coutts was to make the home like a real home, with a matron 38 who would never ask about the pasts of the young women, with 39 comfortable bedrooms and good food, a garden where they 40 could grow flowers, books to read – even a piano.

41 His idea was to prepare each inmate for emigration, and his 42 hope was that they would marry and have families. Coutts43 needed some persuading of this, since she believed that a 44 woman once fallen could not expect to return to such happiness.45 Hartley makes a fascinating point that a survey made in Paris46 in the 1830s showed that many French women succeeded very 47 well in moving out of prostitution and returning to mainstream48 life, whereas the English believed a woman, once “corrupted”,49 could never be uncorrupted.

50 Hartley draws a lively picture of the home, and the characters of 51 many of the inmates, including the matrons over whose52 appointment Dickens agonised. Women who had worked in 53 prisons were likely to be too harsh. One who applied for what54 she called the ‘horrible task’ clearly ruled herself out. But he 55 struck gold with Mrs Morson, who was in charge for five years.56 As Hartley says: “She is a new variant of Victorian womanhood:57 a middle-class single parent supporting her family be means of a 58 satisfying career.” She came of good parentage and married a 59 doctor working as chief medical officer for the Brazilian Mining60 Association, going out with him to live in the rainforest; and 61 there he died, leaving her with two small daughters and 62 pregnant. She had to make her own way back to England with63 them, by mule and then man-of-war, and when she arrived home

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64 she found the money her husband had left for her had been 65 embezzled. Luckily she knew Coutts, and so heard of the job.66 Luckily again, her parents were able to care for her children, 67 including the baby son.

68 Dickens took to her at once, finding her warm-hearted and 69 intelligent. She taught the girls to read, write and cook well, and 70 made mealtimes enjoyable occasions. She was tough with any71 who stole, drank or caused trouble. Above all, she was motherly,72 and the girls wept with her when they left, and again when she 73 left. Not surprisingly, she was wooed and won by a second 74 husband; but she was always proud of the work she had done,75 and of her association with Dickens.

76 In 1853 Dickens reported to Coutts that out of the first 54 77 inmates, 30 had emigrated and sent back good reports of 78 themselves, 14 had left of their own accord and 10 had been 79 expelled. Pretty good. Some could not bear the quietness and80 not being allowed out. Some decided that emigration was too81 like transportation, some were drawn back into their old lives.82 Isabella Gordon, cheeky and charming, boasted of her power83 over the staff (and Dickens), and recruited a gang of girls who 84 stirred up trouble. Dickens conducted a trial at the home and 85 finally put her out, crying, on a dark afternoon, with only an old86 shawl and half a crown. She leant against the house for a 87 minute and then went out of the gate and slowly up the lane,88 wiping her wet face with her shawl, forlorn and hopeless. We 89 know these details from Dickens, who watched her.

90 Hartley’s impressive research has stretched to the other side of 91 the world, and she has made contact with several descendants92 of Urania girls. She has tracked their stories in Australia, and 93 even found a photograph of Rhena Pollard, a Sussex girl who94 moved from workhouse to prison to the home, and went on to 95 Canada, making a decent marriage, bringing up seven children 96 on an Ontario homestead and joining the Salvation Army. 97 Dickens would have enjoyed the sight of her as a decorously 98 dressed matriarch with intense eyes and a formidable jutting99 jaw.

New knowledgeOver the next few lessons we are going to watch the film adaptation of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. In today’s lesson we are going to watch the fourth part in which Oliver takes up his new residence with Mr Brownlow and Sikes and Fagin plan to

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capture Oliver. We also get a further insight into the relationship between Sikes and Nancy.

Pen to paper

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Three things you learn about the relationship between Sikes and Nancy1.

2.

3.

‘As long as he needs me’ – Why do you think Nancy stays with Sikes?

How does Mr Brownlow’s residence compare to that of Fagin’s?

In the speech bubble, write down what Mr

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi1sq3pz8TVAhWhJ8AKHTmqCvcQjRwIBw&url=https://madhulikaliddle.com/2014/01/08/oliver/&psig=AFQjCNGQkJCcUuOsqlHwojS1YMv63D2fSA&ust=1502178115339145

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ReflectionBearing in mind everything you have read and seen in today’s learning episode, to what extent do you feel sympathy for the character of Nancy?

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What attitude towards the poor are revealed by Mr Brownlow’s acquaintance?

Learning episode 5:

I think I can



Learning outcome


MasteringOutcome


Extendingoutcome


Next steps:

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My response:

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Do it now task


1. What is a fallen woman? Why is Nancy described as a fallen woman?

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2. What was Urania house? In what year was it established? What was its purpose?

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3. How many women did Urania house help?

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4. How does Oliver’s new residence compare to where he has been staying with Fagin?

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5. How does Sikes respond when Nancy says she won’t help to get Oliver back? What does this reveal about their relationship?

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6. Why do you think Nancy stays with Sikes even though he treats her so cruelly?

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7. What does Oliver offer to do for Mr Brownlow and how does Mr Brownlow’s acquaintance respond?

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Key question: look at the artefact from the British Library about juvenile crime on the next page. Then read through the information and the transcript on the next page before answering the following question: To what extent do you think it was easy for young children to fall into a life of crime during this time based upon what you have learnt so far?

From The British Library https://www.bl.uk/victorian-britain/articles/victorian-prisons-and-punishments

1 The broadside on the next page details the case of a 12 year-old-boy2 prosecuted for attempted burglary in 1829. Though young defendants3 were frequently found guilty and sentenced to death, by the late 18th 4 century juveniles rarely perished on the gallows in Britain (though one5 boy of 14 years was executed for murder in Maidstone, Kent, as late as6 1831). In general young boys and girls found guilty of committing 7 felonies received sentences of transportation to Australia and other 8 far-flung colonies.

9 Concerns with levels of juvenile crime grew rapidly in the late 18th and 10

early 19th centuries, particularly after several pamphlets were

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published detailing the activities of organised gangs. London

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magistrate Patrick Colquhourn, for example, produced several

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pamphlets in the 1790s detailing the specific activities of the gangs of

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boys active along the Thames river front, which he believed cost

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https://www.bl.uk/victorian-britain/articles/victorian-prisons-and-punishments

https://www.bl.uk/victorian-britain/articles/victorian-prisons-and-punishments

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merchants nearly £1 million each year in stolen property. Such

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prejudice against poor young boys were widely held in the first half of

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the 19th century and were reproduced in popular literature, most

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famously in Fagin’s gang of pickpocketing youths depicted by Charles

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Dickens in Oliver Twist.

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The text below is a transcript of the broadside on the previous page.

1 With horror we attempt to relate the progress of evil, generally2 prevailing among children through the corrupt example of wicked3 parents: though we are constrained to confess that many a child 4 through bad company, wickedly follow the dictates of their own will and 5 often bring the hoary heads of honest parents with sorrow in the grave.6 The errors of a guilty conscience crieth to heaven for vengeance 7 against such wretched parents as belonged to T. King who after 8 eloping from their native place took obscure lodgings in East 9 Smithfield, where they harboured the vilest characters and wickedly10

encouraged their only son in lying, stealing &c. At the age of seven

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years the parish humanely bound him an apprentice but his

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wickedness soon caused his master to discharge him – he was

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afterwards bound to a chimney-sweeper in the borough, who soon

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repented having taken him, for he plundered every place that he was

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sent to work at, for which not only correction but imprisonment ensued.

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His master being an honest man brought him twice back with some

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property he had stolen which obtained him pardon, and prevented him

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from being transported.

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Lastly, his parents made him desert from his master, and bound him to

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a gang of thieves who sent him down the chimney of a jeweller in

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swallow street, where he artfully unbolted the shop window, out of

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which his companions cut a pane of glass, and he handed a

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considerable quantity of articles to them; but the noise he made

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alarmed the family, and he was taken into custody, but the others

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escaped.

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He was tried at last Old Bailey sessions, found Guilty and sentenced

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to die in the 12th year of his age. After his sentence the confession

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he made struck those around him with horror, stating the particulars of

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several murders and robberies. We hope the dreadful example of

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this wretched youth may produce a lasting warning to the world at

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large.

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New knowledgeOver the next few lessons we are going to watch the film adaptation of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. In today’s lesson we are going to watch the fifth part where Oliver is returned to Fagin’s residence, Nancy visits Mr Brownlow and Sikes takes Oliver on a job.

Pen to paper

How do Sike’s and Fagin’s reaction to Oliver’s return differ?

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Explain the significance of the locket.

ReflectionSummarise Oliver’s experience of crime below. Think about

His experience at the workhouse His time at the funeral parlour

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What situation does Fagin want to review and what does he decide?

Explain the significance of the locket.

Identify three reasons why someone might describe Nancy as brave.

Make noes, mind map or write key words on how the theme of crime is evident in this extract.

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj88b6Nv8LVAhVrCcAKHeYZDPYQjRwIBw&url=https://alchetron.com/Bill-Sikes-1915096-W&psig=AFQjCNFNsbIWnwlABns5B3PqM0QmOIsiUw&ust=1502104934973659


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His time with Fagin and Dodger His experience with Sikes

Would you describe Oliver as a criminal?

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Learning episode 6:

40

I think I can



Learning outcome


MasteringOutcome


Extendingoutcome


Next steps:

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My response:

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Do it now task


1. How common was youth crime in the early 19th century?

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2. What fear does Sikes have about Oliver and his stay with Mr Brownlow and how does this affect his behaviour?

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3. How does Fagin react to Sike’s treatment of Oliver and Nancy?

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4. Why is the locket of significance to Mr Brownlow?

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5. Why does the robbery fail? What does this show about Oliver?

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Key question: read the film review on the next page in which the film ‘Oliver Twist’ is reviewed. Then answer the following question: How far do you agree with the review?

1 Sir Carol Reed’s “Oliver!” is a treasure of a movie. It is very nearly2 universal entertainment, one of those rare films like “The 3 Wizard of Oz” that appeals in many ways to all sorts of people. It4 will be immediately exciting to the children, I think, because of the5 story and the unforgettable Dicken’s characters. Adults will like6 it for the sweep and zest of its production. And as a work of 7 popular art, it will stand the test of time, I guess. It is as well-made8 as a film can be.

9 Not for a moment, I suspect, did Reed imagine he had to talk down42

10 to the children in his audience. Not for a moment are the children11 in the cast treated as children. They’re equal participants in the 12 great adventure, and they have to fend for themselves or bloody13 well get out of the way. This isn’t a watered-down lollypop. It’s 14 got bite and malice along with the, romance and humour.

15 The basis of its success, perhaps, is that Reed took a long look 16 at the character of Oliver Twist. The problem with Oliver is that17 he isn’t really interesting, is he? He’s a young, noble, naïve lad18 whose main duty in Dicken’s novel is to stand about while a 19 marvellous collection of heroes and villains struggle over his 20 destiny.

21 The weakness in the stage musical “Oliver!”, and even in David 22 Lean’s film “Oliver Twist” (1948), was that they made too much of 23 Oliver and didn’t quite know what to do with him. Reed does; he 24 established Oliver as a bright attractive young boy: gives him 25 some scenes so we get to care about him and admire his pluck;26 and then focuses his movie on the characters who are REALLY27 interesting. Fagin, Bill Sikes, the Artful Dodger and Nancy. The 28 movie belongs so much to Fagin and the Dodger, in fact, that 29 when we see them marching down the road in their last scene we 30 think the movie should stop right there, instead of giving us a 31 final look at Oliver. Still, Oliver is well acted by Mark Lester (who32 played the youngest boy in Jack Clayton’s “Our Mother’s House”).

33 Reed gives us the seedy Underworld of London (with shadows as 34 long and cobblestones as rough as the Vienna of his “The Third 35 Man”). We get Bill Sikes and his mangy dog. We get the rowdy 36 life of the alehouse under an embankment, and we get a Nancy 37 who, is at last, as tough and harshly beautiful as Dickens must38 have imagined.

39 And we get Fagin! Ron Moody, who is hardly over 30, has40 stepped into this character twice his age and made it his own, 41 when he advises Oliver, “You’ve Got to Pick a Pocket or Two,”42 And when he sings “I’m Reviewing the Situation” he creates a 43 marvellous screen portrait.

44 The other really memorable characterisation is by Jack Wild, the45 quintessence of Artful Dodgerdom. But the film is strong in 46 casting, and we get a villainous Bill Sikes from Oliver Reed and 47 an unctuous Bumble from Harry Secombe; and Shari Wallis, as48 Nancy, makes us believe in her difficult, complicated character.

49 The problem with the roadshow format, as I’ve observed before,43

50 is that the movie has to be longer and more expensive than 51 usual: Those are the ground rules. Many a delightful movie has 52 been ruined by being bloated up to roadshow “standards”, and the53 challenge to a director in this genre is to spend his money wisely54 and pace his movie well.

55 “Oliver” succeeds at both. John Box, the designer, has created56 magnificent sets that reproduce Victorian England in perfect 57 detail – and never to excess. John Green, musical director at 58 M-G-M during its “golden age of musicals” in the late 1940s and 59 early 1950s was brought in to do the music and has hit the 60 right balance.

61 “Oliver succeeds finally because of its taste. It never stoops for 62 cheap effects and never insults our intelligence. And because 63 we can trust it, we can let ourselves go with it, and we do. It is64 a splendid experience.

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New knowledgeOver the next few lessons we are going to watch the film adaptation of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. In today’s lesson we are going to watch the sixth part where events reach a climax.

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Pen to paper

Imagine you are Mr Brownlow who witnessed the murder of Nancy. Write down what you saw below:

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Why do you think Sike’s dog is called

Bullseye?

Nancy: brave

or foolish

Nancy Sikes Fagin

Evil

Moderate

Mild

The criminal scale: Where would you place Nancy, Sikes and Fagin?

(Explain why on the right hand side)

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http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjuwPOxjcXVAhVROMAKHZAIBK0QjRwIBw&url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/illustration/furniss/ot30.html&psig=AFQjCNGeoxILUPH_jCngBwMbJcnkW9Fb5w&ust=1502194654417200

What do you think the future might hold for Fagin, Dodger and Oliver?

ReflectionWhat have you learnt about Victorian London as a result of your viewing “Oliver!”?

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Evil

Moderate

Mild

Are we meant to feel any sympathy for Bill Sikes at all?


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Learning episode 7:

I think I can

Learning goalTo be able to


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I can

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Learning episode 8:

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Learning episode 9:

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Extract One: The Workhouse1 In a little town in England, there was a workhouse, and into the 2 workhouse and this world of sorrow and trouble was born Oliver3 Twist. The pale face of a young woman was raised feebly from4 the pillow, and a faint voice feebly articulated the words: “Let me5 see the child, and die.” The surgeon deposited it in her arms. 6 The patient imprinted her cold white lips passionately on its 7 forehead, gazed wildly around, shuddered, fell back and died.

8 For the next eight years, Oliver was the victim of poverty. He was 9 brought up hungry, alongside twenty or thirty other juvenile 10 offenders against the poor laws, who grew up without much food11 or clothing. Oliver Twist’s ninth birthday found him a very pale, 12 thin child, somewhat small in height, and decidedly thin about 13 the waist. But nature or inheritance had implanted a sturdy 14 spirit in Oliver’s chest.

15 Now, Mr Bumble the beadle was a fat and angry man. He came16 into the workhouse and bellowed: “The child Oliver Twist is 17 nine year old today. Despite all our supernatural efforts, we have18 never been able to discover who is his father, or what was his 19 mother’s name or status.” Mrs Mann, the lady of the house, 20 retorted in astonishment: “How comes he to have any name at 21 all, then?” The beadle drew himself with great pride, and said, 22 “I invented it.”

23 “You, Mr Bumble!”

24 “I, Mrs Mann. We name our orphans in alphabetical order. The 25 last was a S, -Swubble, I named him. This was a T, -Twist, I26 named him. The next will be Unwin, the next Vilkins. I have got27 names ready made to the end of the alphabet, and all the way 28 through it again, when we come to Z. Fetch Oliver Twist at once.”

29 Once fetched, Mr Bumble gave him a tap on the head with his 30 cane, and another on the back to make him lively, and conducted31 him to a large white room, where eight or ten fat gentlemen were32 sitting round a table, headed by a particularly fat gentleman with 33 a very round, red face. “Bow to the board,” said Mr Bumble.

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34 Oliver brushed away two or three tears that were lingering in his35 eyes, not knowing what a board was, and seeing no board but the36 table, luckily bowed to that. “What’s your name, boy?” said the 37 fat gentleman. Oliver was frightened at the sight of so many 38 gentlemen, which made him tremble and answer in a very small39 and hesitating voice; whereupon a gentleman in a white waistcoat40 said he was a fool. “Boy,” said the fat gentleman, “listen to me.41 You know you’re an orphan, I suppose?” “What’s that, sir?” 42 inquired poor Oliver. “The boy is a fool – I thought he was,” said 43 the gentleman in the white waistcoat. “I hope you say your 44 prayers every night – and pray for the people who feed you, and 45 taken of you – like a Christian.” And off he was sent.

46 Oliver Twist and his companions suffered the tortures of slow 47 starvation. At last, they got so wild with hunger that one boy, who48 was tall for his age, hinted darkly to his companions that unless49 he had a bit more per day, he was afraid he would eat the boy 50 who slept next to him, who happened to be a weakly youth of 51 tender age. He had a wild, hungry eye: and the boys believed 52 him. Lots were cast for who should walk up to the master after 53 supper that evening and ask for more, and it fell to Oliver Twist.

54 The room in which the boys were fed, was a large stone hall, with55 a copper pot at one end: out of which thin, watery gruel was 56 ladled at meal times. Grace was said; gruel was served out;57 the gruel disappeared; the boys nudged Oliver. Child as he was, 58 he was desperate with hunger, and reckless with misery. He rose,59 and advancing the master, basin and spoon in hand, and said, 60 alarmed at his own nerve: “Please sir, I want some more.”

61 The master was a fat, healthy man: but he turned very pale. He62 gazed in stupefied astonishment on the small young rebel for 63 some seconds, then clung for support to the copper pot. The 64 assistants were paralysed with wonder, the boys with fear. 65 “What!” said the master at length, in a faint voice.

66 “Please, sir,” replied Oliver, “I want some more.”

67 The master aimed a blow at Oliver’s head with the ladle; 68 pinioned his arms, and shrieked aloud for the beadle. Mr Bumble69 rushed into the board in great excitement, and addressed fat70 gentleman: “I beg your pardon, sir! Oliver Twist has asked for 71 more!”

72 There was a general start. Horror was depicted on every face.

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73 “For more!” said the fat gentleman. “Compose yourself, Bumble,74 and answer me directly. Do I understand that he asked for more,75 after he had eaten the supper allotted?”

76 “He did, sir.”

77 “That boy will be hung,” said the gentleman in the white waistcoat.78 “I know that boy will be hung.”

79 Nobody challenged this opinion. Oliver was ordered into 80 confinement. A bill the next morning was pasted on the outside 81 gate, offering a reward and five pounds to anybody who would82 take Oliver Twist off the parish. “I was never more convinced of83 anything in my life,” said the gentleman in the white waistcoat, 84 “I was never more convinced of anything in my life, than I am that 85 that boy will come to be hung.”

Extract Two: The Undertaker1 So five pounds and Oliver Twist were offered to anyone who 2 would take Oliver off the parish. Not long after, a chimney sweep3 went his way down the high street, deeply thinking about how to 4 pay his rent. He could not work out how he could raise the five5 pounds he needed, and he was cudgelling his brains and his 6 donkey, when, passing the workhouse, his eyes encountered the 7 bill on the gate.

8 “This ere boy, wot the parish wants to sell,” said the chimney 9 sweep. “If the parish would like him to learn a right respectable 10 trade in a chimney-sweeping business,” he said, “I am ready to 11 take him.”

12 “It’s a nasty trade,” said the fat gentleman. “Young boys have 13 been smothered in chimneys.”

14 “That’s all smoke, and no blaze,” said the sweep.

15 “Well, I suppose the boy is fond of chimney sweeping?” asked the16 fat gentleman.

17 “He dotes on it, your worship,” replied the Beadle, giving Oliver a18 sly pinch, to tell him he had better not say he didn’t. The old 19 gentleman looked at the mingled horror and fear on Oliver’s 20 face, and stopped.

21 “My boy!” he exclaimed, as Oliver burst into tears. “My boy! You

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22 look pale and alarmed. Whatever is the matter?” Oliver fell on23 his knees, and clasping his hands together, prayed that they 24 would starve him – beat him – kill him if they pleased – rather than25 send him away with that dreadful man.

26 “Well!” said Mr Bumble, “Well! Of all the artful and deceiving 27 orphans that ever I saw, Oliver, you are the most bare-faced.”

28 “Hold your tongue, Beadle!” snapped the gentleman. “We refuse 29 to sign.”

30 The next morning, the public were once again informed that five31 pounds and Oliver Twist would be given to anyone who would 32 take possession of him.

33 Mr Sowerberry, a tall, gaunt man dressed all in black, an 34 undertaker and coffin-maker, now passed the bill. “I think I’ll take35 the boy”, he thought. And so it was settled.

36 “My dear!” said the Undertaker’s wife. “He’s very small.”

37 “Why, he is rather small,” looking at Oliver as if it was his fault that38 he were no bigger. “He is small. There’s no denying it. But he’ll39 grow, Mrs Sowerberry – he’ll grow.”

40 “I dare say he will!” replied the lady pettishly, “on our food and our 41 drink. I see no shaving in orphans; they always cost more to keep42 than they’re worth.”

43 Oliver was given a coffin for his bed, and settled down in awe and 44 dread for the night. Alone and lonely in a strange place, it 45 looked so gloomy and death-like that a cold tremble came over 46 him.

47 Oliver was awakened in the morning by a loud kicking outside the 48 shop-door, angrily repeated twenty-five times. “Open the door,49 will yer?” shouted a voice. “I spose you’re the new boy, ain’t yer?50 How old are yer?”

51 “Ten, sir,” replied Oliver.

52 “Then I’ll whop yer when you get in, yer just see if I don’t, that’s all,53 work’us brat! Yer don’t know who I am, I suppose, work’us?”54 said a boy, entering.

55 Oliver replied, trembling: “No, sir.”75

56 “I’m Mister Noah Claypole,” said the boy, “and you’re under me.57 Take down the shutters, yer idle young ruffian!”

58 With this, Mr Noah Claypole kicked Oliver, and Mrs Sowerberry59 said, “Let him alone, Noah! What a rum creature you are!”

60 “Let him alone!” said Noah, “Let him alone? Why everybody lets61 him alone. Neither his mother or his father had any trouble at all,62 to let him alone. Heh, heh, heh!”

63 As the days passed, Noah Claypole could not think of a worthier64 purpose than aggravating and tantalizing young Oliver Twist. 65 Intent upon amusement, Noah told him he was a sneak and a 66 charity-boy. When this did not produce the desired effect of 67 making Oliver cry, Noah Claypole got personal.

68 “Work’us,” said Noah, “how’s your mother?”

69 “She’s dead,” replied Oliver, “don’t you say anything about her to 70 me!” Oliver’s colour rose as he said this.

71 “What did she die of, work’us?”

72 “A broken heart, some nurses told me,” replied Oliver.

73 “Tol de rol lol lol, right lol lairy, work’us,” taunted Noah, as a tear74 rolled down Oliver’s cheek. “What’s set youa snivelling now?”

75 “Not you” replied Oliver, hastily brushing a tear away.

76 “Oh, not me, eh!” sneered Noah.

77 “No, not you,” replied Oliver sharply. “Don’t say anything more to78 me about her; you better not.”

79 “Better not!” exclaimed Noah. “Well! Better not! Now, now, 80 work’us, don’t be impudent. Yer mother, too! Yer know, work’us,”81 jeered Noah, yer mother was a regular right-down bod’un!”

82 “What did you say?” said Oliver, looking up very quickly.

83 “A regular right-down bad-un, work’us,” said Noah, “And it’s a 84 great deal better, work’us, that she died when she did, or she’d 85 been in prison, or transported for life, or hung, which is more 86 likely than either, isn’t it?”

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87 Crimson with fury, Oliver started up, overthrew the chair and 88 table, seized Noah by the throat, shook him, in the violence of 89 his rage, and collecting his full force into one heavy fist, felled90 him to the ground. His spirit was roused; the cruel insult to his91 dead mother had set his blood on fire. He stood glaring over the 92 cowardly tormentor and defied him.

93 “Murder! The new boy’s a-murdering me! Help! Help! Oliver’s 94 gone mad!” blubbered Noah.

95 They all rushed in, pummelling, tearing and beating him, dragging96 him, struggling and shouting, and locked Oliver in a coffin.

97 “Run to Mr Bumble, Noah, and tell him to come here directly, with98 your black eye!” said Mrs Sowerberry Noah Claypole ran along 99 the streets at his swiftest pace, pell-mell, to Mr Bumble the 100 Beadle.

101 “A young boy, almost murdered by young Twist!” muttered Mr 102 Bumble, as he reached the Undertaker’s shop, and boomed in an103 impressive tone: “Oliver!”

104 “Let me out!” shouted Oliver from inside the coffin.

105 “Do you know this here voice, Oliver?! Ain’t you afraid of it? Ain’t106 you a-trembling while I speak?”

107 “No,” shouted Oliver, and thumped ferociously at the coffin. An108 answer so different from the one he was used to receiving, 109 staggered Mr Beadle. He looked back in mute astonishment.

110 “He must be mad, Mr Bumble,” said Mrs Sowerberry. “No boy in 111 half his senses could speak so to you.”

112 “It’s not madness, ma’am,” replied Mr Bumble, with stern113 emphasis. “It’s meat.”

114 “Meat?” exclaimed Mrs Sowerberry.

115 “Meat, ma’am, meat,” replied Mr Bumble. “You’ve over-fed him. 116 You’ve raised an artificial spirit in him. What have paupers got to 117 do with spirit? If you’d kept the boy on gruel, this would never 118 have happened.”

119 Mr Sowerberry returned at this instant. Oliver’s offences explained77

120 to him, with such exaggerations as thought best to rouse his 121 anger, he unlocked the coffin and dragged the rebellious orphan122 out, by the collar. Oliver’s clothes had been torn in the beating123 he had received; his face was bruised and scratched; the angry124 flush had not disappeared, nor had the scowl: “He called my 125 mother names,” he shouted, undismayed.

126 “Well, and what and if he did, you ungrateful little wretch?” said 127 Mrs Sowerberry, “She deserved what he said, and worse.”

128 “She didn’t!” shouted Oliver.

129 “She did!” said Mrs Sowerberry.

130 “It’s a lie,” shouted Oliver. And in a flash, he rushed out through 131 the shutters, and into the open street. Oliver had run away.

Extract Three: The Artful Dodger1 After days and nights of endless walking, begging in villages and2 sleeping in the cold, Oliver arrived in London. London – that 3 great large place! Nobody – not even Mr Bumble – could ever 4 find him there!

5 Upon arriving he met a young boy of his won age. He was a 6 snub-nosed, flat-browed, common-faced boy enough; and as 7 dirty a juvenile as one would wish to see; but he had about him all8 the airs and manners of a man. He was short for his age: with 9 rather bowlegs, and little, sharp, ugly eyes. His hat was stuck on10 the top of his head so lightly, that it threatened to fall off every 11 moment – and would have done so, very often, if the wearer had12 not had a knack of every now and then giving his head a sudden13 twitch, which brought it back to its old place again. He wore a 14 man’s coat, which reached nearly to his heels. He had turned the 15 cuffs back, half-way up his arm, to get his hands out of the16 sleeves: apparently with the ultimate view of thrusting them into 17 the pockets of his corduroy trousers; for there he kept them. He 18 was, altogether, as swaggering a young gentleman as ever stood19 four feet six.

20 “Hullo, my covey! What’s the row?” said the strange young 21 gentleman to Oliver.

22 “I am very hungry and tired,” replied Oliver: the tears standing in 23 his eyes as he spoke. “I have walked a long way. I have been

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24 walking these seven days.”

25 “Walking for sivin days!” said the young gentleman. “Oh, I see. 26 Come on! You want grub, and you shall have it. Up with you, on27 your pins. There!”

28 The boy took Oliver to an inn and fed him handsomely. He 29 offered him lodgings for the remainder of his stay in London, an 30 offer that Oliver could not resist. He soon learned that his new 31 friend was a young Mr Jack Dawkins, and furthermore avowed32 that among his intimate friends he was better known by the “The 33 Artful Dodger.”

34 Later, they arrived at the lodgings at Islington. A dirtier or more 35 wretched place Oliver had never seen. The street was very 36 narrow and muddy, and the air was impregnated with filthy37 odours. There were a good many small shops; but the only stock38 in trade appeared to be heaps of children, who, even at that time 39 of night, were crawling in and out at the doors, or screaming from40 inside.

41 Oliver was just considering whether he hadn’t better run away, 42 When they reached the bottom of the hill. His conductor, 43 catching him by the arm, pushed open the door of a house near44 Field Lane; and drawing him into the passage, closed it behind 45 them. They entered the house and made their way upstairs. In46 the kitchen they found a very old shrivelled Jew, whose villainous-47 looking and repulsive face was obscured by a quantity of matted48 red hair. He was dressed in a greasy flannel gown, with his 49 throat bare; and seemed to be dividing his attention between the50 frying-pan and a clothes-horse, over which a great number of 51 silk handkerchiefs were hanging. Several rough beds made of 52 old sacks, were huddled side by side on the floor. Seated round53 the table were four or five boys, none older than the Dodger, 54 smoking long clay pipes and drinking spirits with the air of middle-55 aged men. These all crowded about their associate as he56 whispered a few words to the Jew; and then turned round and57 grinned at Oliver. So did the Jew himself, toasting-fork in hand.

58 “This is him, Fagin,” said Jack Dawkins; “mr friend Oliver Twist.”

59 “We are very glad to see you, Oliver, very,” said the Jew. “Dodger,60 take off the sausages; and draw a tub near the fire for Oliver. Ah,61 you’re a-staring at the pocket-handkerchiefs! Eh, my dear! There62 are a good many of ‘em, ain’t there? We’ve just looked ‘em out, 63 ready for the wash; that’s all, Oliver; that’s all. Ha! Ha! Ha!”

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64 Oliver ate his share, and the Jew then mixed him a glass of hot gin65 and water; telling him he must drink it off directly, because 66 another gentleman wanted the tumbler. Oliver did as he was 67 desired. Immediately afterwards he felt himself gently lifted on to68 one of the sacks; and then he sunk into a deep sleep.

Extract Four: Fagin’s Street Gang1 It was late next morning when Oliver awoke, from a sound, long 2 sleep. There was no other person in the room but the old Jew, 3 who was boiling some coffee in a saucepan for breakfast. When 4 the coffee was done, the Jew drew the saucepan to the hob. He 5 then drew forth: as it seemed to Oliver, from some trap in the floor:6 a small box, which he placed carefully on the table. His eyes 7 glistened as he raised the lid, and looked in. Dragging an old 8 chair to the table, he sat down; and took from it a magnificent gold9 watch, sparkling with jewels.

10 “Aha!” said the Jew, shrugging up his shoulders, and distorting 11 every feature with a hideous grin. “Clever dogs! Clever dogs!”

12 With these, and other muttered reflections of the like nature, the 13 Jew once more deposited the watch in its place of safety. As the 14 Jew uttered these words, his bright dark eyes, which had been 15 staring vacantly before him, fell on Oliver’s face; he noted that 16 Oliver had been observing him. He closed the lid of the box with a 17 loud crash; and, laying his hand on a bread knife which was on the18 table, started furiously up. He trembled very much though; for, 19 even in his terror Oliver could see that the knife quivered in the air.

20 “What’s that?” said the Jew. “What do you watch me for? Why are 21 you awake? What have you seen? Speak out, boy! Quick-quick!22 for yor life!”

23 “I wasn’t able to sleep any longer, sir,” replied Oliver, meekly. “I am24 very sorry if I have disturbed you, sir.”

25 “You were not awake an hour ago?” said the Jew, scowling 26 fiercely on the boy.

27 “No! No, indeed!” replied Oliver.

28 “Are you sure?” cried the Jew: with a still fiercer look than before: 29 and a threatening attitude. “Upon my word I was not, sir,” replied30 Oliver, earnestly. “I was not, indeed, sir.”

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31 “Tush, tush, my dear!” said the Jew, abruptly resuming his old32 manner. “Of course I know that, my dear. I only tried to frighten33 you. You’re a brave boy. Ha! Ha! You’re a brave boy, Oliver!” 34 The Jew rubbed his hands with a chuckle: “Did you see any of 35 these pretty things, my dear?” said the Jew, laying his hand upon it36 after a short pause.

37 “Yes, sir,” replied Oliver.

38 “Ah!” said the Jew, turning rather pale. “They – they’re mine, Oliver, 39 my little property.”

40 Oliver nodded and asked if he could get up. Fagin showed him to41 the basin where he washed himself.

42 Soon, the Dodger returned: accompanied by a very sprightly young43 friend who was now formally introduced to him as Charley Bates.

44 “Well,” said the Jew, glancing slyly at Oliver, and addressing himself 45 to the Dodger, “I hope you’ve been at work this morning, my 46 dears?”

47 “Hard,” replied the Dodger.

48 “As nails,” added Charley Bates.

49 “Good boys! Good boys!” said the Jew. “What have you got, 50 Dodger?” “A couple of pocket-books,” replied that young 51 gentleman.

52 “And what have you got, my dear?” said Fagin to Charley Bates.

53 “Wipes,” replied Charley Bates; at the same time producing four54 pocket-handkerchiefs.

55 After Charley and the Dodger left, Fagin turned once more to Oliver.

56 “There, my dear,” said Fagin. “That’s a pleasant life, isn’t it? 57 They’ve gone out for the day.”

58 “Have they done work, sir?” inquired Oliver.

59 “Yes,” said the Jew; “Make ‘em your models, my dear. Make ‘em60 your models. Do everything they bid you, and take their advice in 61 all matters – especially the Dodger’s, my dear. He’ll be a great

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62 man himself, and will make you one too, if you take pattern by him...63 is my handkerchief hanging out of my pocket, my dear?” said the64 Jew, stopping short.

65 “Yes, sir,” said Oliver.

66 “See if you can take it out, without my feeling it: as you saw them 67 do, when we were at play this morning.”

68 Oliver held up the bottom of the pocket with one hand, as he had 69 seen the Dodger hold it, and drew the handkerchief lightly out of it70 with the other.

71 “Is it gone?” cried the Jew.

72 “Here it is, sir,” said Oliver, showing it in his hand.

73 “You’re a clever boy, my dear,” said the playful old gentleman, 74 patting Oliver on the head approvingly. “I never saw a sharper75 lad. Here’s a shilling for you. If you go on, in this way, you’ll be 76 the greatest man of the time. And now come here, and I’ll show77 you how to take the marks out of the handkerchiefs.”

78 Oliver wondered what picking the old gentleman’s pocket in play,79 had to do with his chances of being a great man. But, thinking80 that the Jew, being so much his senior, must know best, he 81 followed him quietly to the table, and was soon deeply involved in 82 his new study.

Extract Five: Pickpocketing1 For many days, Oliver remained in the Jew’s room, picking the 2 marks out of the pocket-handkerchiefs, of which a great number 3 were brought home, and sometimes taking part in the game 4 already described.

5 Whenever the Dodger or Charley Bates came home at night, 6 empty-handed, Fagin would curse with great violence about the 7 misery of idle and lazy habits; and would enforce upon them the 8 necessity of an active life, by sending them supperless to bed. 9 But Oliver still wanted to join his new friends. One morning,10 Oliver obtained the permission he had so eagerly sought. He 11 placed him under the joint guardianship of Charley Bates, and his12 friend the Artful dodger.

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13 The three boys sallied out; the Dodger with his coat-sleeves14 tucked up, and his hat cocked, as usual; Charley Bates 15 sauntering along with his hands in his pockets; and Oliver 16 between them, wondering where they were going. They were 17 just emerging from a narrow court not far from the open square in 18 Clerkenwell when the Dodger made a sudden stop; and, laying his 19 finger on his lip, drew his companions back again, with the 20 greatest caution and circumspection.

21 “What’s the matter?” demanded Oliver.

22 “Hush!” replied the Dodger. “Do you see that old cove at the 23 book-stall?”

24 “The old gentleman over the way?” said Oliver. “Yes, I see him.”

25 “He’ll do,” said the Dodger.

26 Oliver looked from one to the other, with the greatest surprise, 27 but he was not permitted to make any inquiries; for the two boys28 walked stealthily across the road, and slunk close behind the old29 gentleman towards whom his attention had been directed. Oliver30 walked a few paces after them; and, not knowing whether to 31 advance or retire, stood looking on in silent amazement. The old32 gentleman was a very respectable-looking person, with a great coat33 and gold spectacles. What was Oliver’s horror and alarm as he 34 stood a few paces off, looking on with his eyelids as wide open as35 they would possibly go, to see the Dodger plunge his hand into 36 the old gentleman’s pocket, and draw from there a handkerchief!

37 In an instant the whole mystery of the handkerchiefs, and the 38 watches, and the jewels, and the Jew, rushed upon the boy’s 39 mind. He stood, for a moment, with the blood so tingling through 40 all his veins from terror, that he felt as if he were in a burning fire;41 Then, confused and frightened, he took to his heels; and not 42 knowing what he did, made off as fast as he could lay his feet to 43 the ground.

44 This was all done in a minute’s space. In the very instant when 45 Oliver began to run, the old gentleman, putting his hand to his 46 pocket, and missing his handkerchief, turned sharp round. 47 seeing the boy scudding away at such a rapid pace, he very48 naturally concluded him to be the taker; and, shouting “Stop49 Thief!” with all his might, made off after him, book in hand.

50 But the man was not the only person to make this cry. Charley83

51 Bates and his friend Dodger, being the good citizens that they52 are, cried “Stop thief!” too.

53 Stopped at last! A clever blow. He is down upon the pavement;54 and the crowd eagerly gather around him: each new corner,55 jostling and struggling with the others to catch a glimpse.

56 “Make room there for the gentleman!”

57 “Is this the boy, sir?”

58 Oliver lay, covered with mud and dust, and bleeding from the 59 mouth, looking wildly round upon the heap of faces that 60 surrounded him, when the old gentleman was officiously dragged61 and pushed into the circle by the foremost of the pursuers.

62 “Yes,” said the gentleman, “I am afraid it is the boy.”

63 A policeman made his way through the crowd and seized Oliver64 by the collar. “Come, get up,” said the man, roughly.

65 “It wasn’t me indeed, sir. Indeed, indeed, it was two other boys,” 66 said Oliver, clasping his hands passionately, and looking round.67 “They are here somewhere.”

68 “Oh no, they ain’t,” said the officer. The Dodger and Charley 69 Bates had filed off down the first convenient alley they came to.70 “Come on, get up!”

61 “Don’t hurt him,” said the old gentleman, compassionately.

72 “Oh no, I won’t hurt him,” replied the officer.

73 Oliver, who could hardly stand, made a shift to raise himself on74 his feet, and was at once lugged along the streets by the 75 jacket-collar, at a rapid pace. The gentleman walked on with 76 them by the officer’s side; and as many of the crowd as could77 achieve the feat, got a little ahead, and stared back at Oliver78 from time to time. The boys shouted in triumph; and on they 79 went.

Extract Six: Mr Fang1 The magistrate’s office was a sort of wooden pen where Oliver2 was deposited, trembling. Behind a bar, at the upper end, sat3 Mr Fang. Mr Fang was a long-backed, stiff-necked, middle-

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4 aged man, with a stern, flushed face, who was in the habit of 5 drinking rather more than was good for him. The old 6 gentleman bowed respectfully and handed over his business 7 card. Now Mr Fang was in a temper, and looked up with an 8 angry scowl.

9 “Who are you?” said Mr Fang.

10 The old gentleman pointed to his card, and said, “that is my11 name and address, sir.”

12 “Officer!” said Mr Fang, tossing the card contemptuously 13 away. “Who is this fellow?”

14 “My name, sir,” said the old gentleman, “is Mr Brownlow.”

15 “Officer!” snarled Mr Fang, “what’s this fellow charged with?”

16 “He’s not charged at all, sir,” replied the police officer. “He17 appears against the boy, your worship.”

18 “Appears against the boy, does he?” said Mr Fang, surveying19 Mr Brownlow contemptuously from head to foot. “Swear him 20 in!”

21 “Before I am sworn, I must beg to say one word -”

22 “Hold your tongue this instant, or I’ll have you turned out of 23 the office!” said Mr Fang. “You’re an insolent, impertinent, 24 impudent fellow. How dare you bully a magistrate!”

25 “What!” exclaimed the old gentleman, reddening.

26 “Swear this man!” said Fang to the clerk. “I’ll not hear 27 another word. Swear him!”

28 Mr Brownlow’s indignation was greatly aroused; but he29 suppressed his feelings and was sworn at once. “Now,” said 30 Fang, “what’s the charge against this boy? What have you got 31 to say, sir?”

32 “I was standing at a book-stall–“

33 “Hold your tongue, sir,” said Mr Fang. “Policeman! Where’s 34 the policeman? Swear this man. Now, what’s this? The35 policeman related how he had searched Oliver, and found

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36 nothing on his person.

37 “Are there any witnesses?” inquired Mr Fang.

38 “None, your worship,” replied the policeman.

39 Mr Fang sat still for some minutes, then turning to the 40 prosecutor, said in a towering passion. “Well, do you mean41 to state what your complaint against this boy is, man, or do 42 you not? You have been sworn. If you stand there, 43 refusing to give evidence, I’ll punish you for disrespect; I will.44 Now, what’s your name, you young scoundrel?”

45 Oliver tried to reply, but his tongue failed him. He was deadly46 pale, and the whole place seemed turning round and round.

47 “What’s your name, you hardened scoundrel?” demanded 48 Fang. “Officer, what’s his name?”

49 Oliver gasped that he needed some water.

50 “He says his name’s Sam Waters, your worship,” said the51 police officer.

52 “Has he any parents?” asked Fang.

53 “He says they died in infancy, your worship,” replied the police 54 officer.

55 “Oh! Yes, I dare say!” sneered Mr Fang. “Come, none of your56 tricks here, you young vagabond.”

57 “No, I think he really is ill, your worship.”

58 “Stuff and nonsense!” said Mr Fang. “Don’t try to make a fool59 of me.”

60 At which point, Oliver fainted. “I knew he was shamming,” said 61 Fang, as if this was proof. “Let him lie there: he’ll soon tire of62 that.” “How do you propose to deal with the case, sir?” 63 inquired the clerk in a low voice.

64 “Summarily,” replied Mr Fang. “He stands committed for65 three months – hard labour. Clear the court.”

66 “Stop, stop! Don’t take him away! For heaven’s sake stop a86

67 moment!”

68 “What is this? Who is this? Turn this man out. Clear the 69 court!”

70 “I will speak!” cried the man, “I will not be turned out. I saw it 71 all. I keep the bookstall. You must hear me.”

72 “Swear the man,” growled Mr Fang. “Now, man, what have 73 you got to say?”

74 “This,” said the man, “I saw three boys: two others and this 75 here: loitering while this gentleman was reading. The 76 robbery was committed by another boy, this boy was 77 perfectly amazed by it.”

78 “Why didn’t you come here before?” snapped Mr Fang.

79 “I hadn’t a soul to mind my shop,” replied the bookseller. “I80 could get nobody, til five minutes ago, and I’ve run all the way81 here.”

82 “The prosecutor was reading, was he?” snarled Fang.

83 “Yes,” replied the man, “The very book he has in his hand.”

84 “Oh, that book, eh?” sneered Fang. “Unpaid for? A likely85 fellow, to bring a charge against a poor boy!”

86 Mr Brownlow was conveyed out in indignation and rage. Little87 Oliver Twist lay on his back on the pavement.

88 “I’ll help the poor boy,” announced Mr Brownlow. “Call a 89 coach, somebody! Dear me, I have this unhappy book still.”90 And, carrying little Oliver and the book, away the coach drove.

Extract Seven: Mr Brownlow1 The coach rattled away and stopped before a neat house, in a2 quiet shady street near Pentonville. Here, a bed was3 prepared, without loss of time, in which Mr Brownlow saw his4 young charge carefully and comfortably deposited; and here, 5 He was tended with a kindness and solicitude that knew no 6 bounds.

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7 But, for many days the boy lay stretched on his uneasy bed, 8 dwindling away beneath the dry and wasting heat of fever.9 weak, and thin, and pallid, he awoke at last from what seemed 10 to have been a long and troubled dream. Feebly raising11 himself in the bed, with his head resting on his trembling arm,12 he looked anxiously around.

13 “What room is this? Where have I been brought to?” said 14 Oliver. “This is not the place I went to sleep in.”

15 “Hush, my dear,” said the old lady softly. “You must be very16 quiet, or you will be ill again. Lie down again; there’s a dear!”

17 So, Oliver kept very still; partly because he was anxious to 18 obey the kind old lady in all things; and partly, to tell the 19 truth, because he was completely exhausted with what he20 had already said. He soon fell into a gentle doze, from which 21 he was awakened by the light of a candle: which, being 22 brought near the bed, showed him a gentleman with a very 23 large and loud-ticking gold watch in his hand, who felt his24 pulse, and said he was a great deal better.

25 Oliver dozed off again, soon after this; when he awoke, it 26 was nearly twelve o’clock. The old lady tenderly bade him 27 good-night shortly, afterwards, and left him in charge of a fat28 old woman who had just come: bringing with her, in a little29 bundle, a small Prayer Book and a large nightcap. Oliver30 lay awake for some time. The darkness and the deep 31 stillness of the room were very solemn; as they brought32 into the boy’s mind the thought that death had been hovering 33 there, for many days and nights. He turned his face upon the34 pillow, and fervently prayed to Heaven.

35 It had been a bright day, for hours, when Oliver opened his 36 eyes; he felt cheerful and happy. The crisis of the disease37 was safely past. He belonged to the world again.

38 Upon waking, he found the old lady that been so king to him39 previously. She insisted that he took some broth, and his40 hunger made it difficult to refuse.

41 “Are you fond of pictures, dear?” inquired the old lady, seeing 42 that Oliver had fixed his eyes, most intently, on a portrait43 which hung against the wall; just opposite his chair.

44 “I don’t quite know, ma’am,” said Oliver, without taking his eyes 88

45 from the canvas; “I have seen so few, that I hardly know. 46 What a beautiful, mild face that lady’s is!”

47 “Who is it?” asked Oliver.

48 “Why, really, my dear, I don’t know,” answered the old lady in a49 good-humoured manner.

50 “It is so very pretty,” replied Oliver.

51 There came a soft rap at the door. “Come in,” said the old52 lady; and in walked Mr Brownlow.

53 “Poor boy, poor boy!” said Mr Brownlow, clearing his throat.

54 “How do you feel, my dear?”

55 “Very happy, sir,” replied Oliver. “And very grateful indeed,56 sir, for your goodness to me.”

57 “Good boy,” said Mr Brownlow, stoutly. “Have you given him58 any nourishment, Bedwin?”

59 “He has just had a basin of beautiful strong broth, sir,” replied60 Mrs Bedwin.

61 “My name is Oliver, sir,” replied the little invalid: with a look of62 great astonishment.

63 “Oliver,” said Mr Brownlow; “Oliver what? Oliver Waters, eh?”

64 “No, sir, Twist, Oliver Twist.”

65 Mr Brownlow stared at Oliver. The old idea of the resemblance66 between his features and some familiar face came upon him67 so strongly, that he could not withdraw his gaze.

68 “I hope you are not angry with me, sir?” said Oliver, raising69 his eyes beseechingly.

70 “No, no,” replied the old gentleman. “Why! What’s this? 71 Bedwin, look there!”

72 As he spoke, he pointed hastily to the picture above Oliver’s 73 head, and then to the boy’s face. There was its living copy. 74 the eyes, the head, the mouth; every feature was the same.

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75 Oliver knew not the cause of this sudden exclamation; for, not76 being strong enough to bear the start it gave him, he fainted 77 away.

Extract Eight: Bill Sikes1 “Where’s Oliver?” said the Jew, rising with a menacing look.2 “Where’s the boy?”

3 The young thieves eyed him, alarmed at his violence, and 4 looked uneasily at each other. But they made no reply.

5 “What’s become of the boy?” said the Jew, seizing the Dodger6 tightly by the collar, and threatening him with horrid intimidation.7 “Speak out, or I’ll throttle you.”

8 “Why, the cops have got him, and that’s about it,” said the 9 Dodger sullenly.

10 “Why, what the blazes is in the wind now!” growled a deep 11 voice. “I might have know’d, nobody but an infernal, rich,12 plundering, thundering old Jew. Wot’s it all about, Fagin?”13 The man who growled out these words had a black coat, brown14 hat, dirty handkerchief round his neck, smeared with beer, 15 beard of three day’s growth and two scowling eyes.

16 “Wot are you up to? Ill-treatment, you old miser. I wonder they 17 don’t murder you. I would if I was them.” “Hush, hush, Mr 18 Sikes. You seem out of humour, Bill,” pleaded the Jew, 19 trembling. After swallowing two or three glasses of spirits, 20 Sikes heard of Oliver’s capture.

21 “I’m afraid,” said the Jew, “that he may say something which will22 get us into trouble.”

23 “That’s very likely, Soemone must find out wot’s been done. If24 he hasn’t peached, and is jailed, there’s no fear til he comes out25 again. Either that, or we must get hold of him somehow.” The26 Jew nodded. Two young ladies now entered.

27 “The very thing!” said the Jew, “You’ll go, won’t you, Nancy,28 my dear?”

29 “Why, you’re just the very person for it,” reasoned Mr Sikes: 30 “nobody knows anything about you.” “And as I don’t want ‘em

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31 to, neither,” replied Nancy, “it’s rather more no than yes with32 me, Bill.” “She’ll go, Fagin,” said Sikes.

33 “No she won’t, Fagin,” said Nancy.

34 “Yes, she will, Fagin,” said Sikes. And Mr Sikes was right. For35 Oliver was to be kidnapped.

36 “He has not peached so far,” said the Jew. “If he means to blab, 37 We may stop his mouth yet.”

38 They were happy days, those of Oliver’s recovery. Mr Brownlow39 gave him new clothes, and summoned him to his study, with a40 great many books. “You shall read them, Oliver, if you like,”41 said the kindly Mr Brownlow. “Now, I want you to pay great42 attention, to what I am about to say.”

43 “Oh, don’t tell me you are going to send me away, sir!”44 exclaimed the alarmed Oliver. “Don’t turn me out of doors!”

45 “My dear boy,” said the old gentleman, moved by the boy’s46 sudden appeal, “you need not be afraid of me deserting you,47 unless you give me cause.”

48 “I never, never will, sir”, said young Oliver.

49 “I feel strongly disposed to trust you,” said Mr Brownlow.

50 At this moment, there walked into the room, an old gentleman 51 with a long watch-chain, exclaiming: “Look here! Do you see 52 this! Orange peel, on the staircase! I’ve been lamed by 53 orange-peel once, and I know orange-peel will be my death 54 at last. It will, sir: it will be my death, or I’ll be content to eat55 my own head!” “This, sir, is the young Oliver Twist,” said Mr56 Brownlow.

57 “If that’s not the boy who had the orange, and threw this bit of58 peel on the staircase, I’ll eat my head, sir – and his, too. I never59 see any difference in boys. I know only two sorts. Mealy boys,60 and beef-faced boys.”

61 “And which is Oliver?” enquired Mr Brownlow.

62 “Mealy. I know a friend who has a beef-faced boy: a horrid 63 boy, with a round head, red cheeks and the appetite of a 64 wolf. The wretch! But now, about that book. Send Oliver with

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65 it. He’ll be sure to deliver it safely, you know,” he said, with a66 smile.

67 “Yes, sir, do let me take it, if you please sir.” Said Oliver. “I’ll68 run all the way.”

69 “You shall, dear boy. I’ll answer for this boy’s truth with my life!” 70 said Mr Brownlow.

71 “And I for his falsehood with my head!” said Mr Grimwig. So 72 Oliver was given directions to the bookseller.

73 “You don’t really expect him to come back, do you?” enquired74 Mr Grimwig. “If that boy ever returns, I’ll eat my head, sir – and 75 his!” The two gentlemen sat, in silence expectation, with the 76 watch between them.

77 Oliver made his way to the book-stall. He was walking along in 78 his new suit, thinking how happy he felt, when he was 79 startled by a young woman screaming out: “Oh, my dear 80 brother!” And he was hardly looked up, when a pair of arms was81 thrown tight round his neck.

82 “Don’t! Let go of me!” cried Oliver, “Who is it? What are you 83 stopping me for?”

84 “Oh my gracious!” said the woman, “I’ve found him! Oliver!85 Oliver! You are naughty! Come home! I’ve found him!”

86 “Go home, you little brute! Young wretch!” said a passer-by.

87 “What the devil’s this!” said a man, bursting out of a beer shop.88 “Young Oliver! Come home to your poor mother, you young 89 dog! Come home directly!” It was Sikes.

90 “I don’t belong to them. I don’t know them! Help!” cried Oliver,91 struggling in the powerful man’s grasp.

92 “Help!” repeated Sikes. “Yes, I’ll help you, you young rascal.93 What book is this? You’ve been stealing, have you! Give94 ‘em here.” Stikes tore the book from him, and struck him on 95 the head.

96 “That’s right!” cried a looker-on, from a window. “That’s the 97 only way of bringing him to his senses!”

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98 “It’ll do him good!” cried the passer-by.

99 Weak with recent illness; stupefied by the blows and the 100 suddenness of the attack; terrified of the brutality of the man;101 overpowered by the conviction of the bystanders that he really102 was a wretch; what could one child do? Darkness had set in; 103 no help was near; resistance was useless. In a moment he 104 was dragged into a labyrinth of dark narrow courts.

Extract Nine: Robbery1 It was a chill, damp, windy night, when the Jew buttoning up2 his great-coat, pulling the collar up over his ears so as to 3 completely obscure his face, emerged from his den. He 4 slunk down the street as quickly as he could. The house to 5 which Oliver had been conveyed was in Whitechapel. The6 Jew struck off in the direction of Spitalfields. The mud lay 7 thick upon the stones, and a black mist hung over the streets,8 The rain fell sluggishly down, and everything felt cold and 9 clammy to the touch. It seemed just the night when it 10 benefitted such a being as the Jew to be about. He glided11 stealthily along, the hideous old man creeping like some12 loathsome reptile in slime and darkness, until he reached13 Bethnal Green. He hurried through the alleys, then knocked14 at a door.

15 “Only me, Bill; only me, my dear,” said the Jew.

16 “Bring your body in, then. Lie down, you stupid brute! Don’t17 You know the devil when he’s got a great-coat on?” His18 Dog have been deceived by Fagin’s coat.

19 “Now, wot about this robbery? I want a boy, and he mustn’t20 Be a big’un” growled Sikes.

21 “Wot about Oliver? He’s just the size you want. That is, if 22 You frighten him enough.”

23 “Frighten him!” echoed Sikes, “If he says anything, you won’t24 see him alive again, Fagin!”

25 “I’ve thought of it all. Once let him feel he is one of us – once26 fill his head with the idea he is a thief – and he’s ours! Ours27 for life! Oho! It couldn’t have come about better!” Fagin28 rejoiced.

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29 “So you’ve got the kid,” said Sikes.

30 “Yes, here he is,” said Nancy guiltily.

31 “Did he come quiet?” enquired Sikes.

32 “Like a lamb,” said Nancy.

33 “I’m glad to hear it, or he’d have suffered for it,” said Sikes,34 looking grimly at Oliver. “Do you know wot this is?” he asked,35 taking up a pistol which he laid on the table. Oliver replied he36 did.

37 “Well then, look ‘ere. This is gunpowder; that ‘ere’s a bullet.38 Now it’s loaded. If you speak a word, that’ll be in your head.39 D’you hear me?”

40 “The long and short of it is,” said Nancy, “if you’re crossed by41 him, you’ll prevent him telling tales after by shooting him in 42 the head, and will take your chance of swinging for it.”

43 “That’s it. Women can always put things in fewest words,” 44 said Sikes.

45 It was cheerless morning when they got into the street, 46 raining hard. Pubs were already open. Workers went to 47 work: men and women with fish-baskets on their heads, 48 donkey-carts laden with vegetables, horse-carts lade with 49 whole carcasses of meat; milk-women with pails. As they 50 approached the City, the noise and traffic increased: by 51 Shoreditch, it swelled into a roar of sound and bustle, a52 discordant tumult that filled Oliver Twist with amazement. It 53 was market-morning. Ankle-deep in filth and mire, thick54 steam mingled with fog and smoke from the chimney tops. 55 Countrymen, butchers, drovers, hawkers, boys, thieves, idlers56 and vagabonds of every low grade were mingled together in57 the mass; the whistling of drovers, the barking of the dogs,58 The bellowing of the oxen, the bleating of sheep, the 59 grunting of pigs, the cries of the hawkers, the shouts, oaths,60 and quarrelling on all sides, the ringing of bells and the roar of 61 voices from every pub; the crowding, pushing, driving,62 beating and yelling; the hideous din that resounded from 63 every corner of the market; the unwashed, unshaven, squalid,64 dirty figures running to and for, bursting in and out of the 65 throng, rendered it a stunning and bewildering scene, which

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66 quite confounded the senses. Sikes, dragging Oliver after 67 him, elbowed his way through the thickest of the crowd, 68 until they were clear of the turmoil and into Holborn.

69 “Don’t lag behind, lazylegs!” shouted Sikes.

70 Eventually, after walking all day, they came to a solitary 71 house, all ruinous and decayed, dismantled and uninhabited.72 Toby Crackitt now joined Sikes and Oliver. By now, it was 73 nightfall, intensely dark. The fog was now much heavier 74 than it had been. After walking yet more miles, the church75 bell struck two. Some hoarse barking of dogs occasionally 76 broke the silence of the night. But there was nobody about.

77 They stopped before a grand house surrounded by a wall.78 Sikes hoisted Oliver over it.

79 Now, almost mad with grief and terror, Oliver saw that 80 housebreaking and robbery, if not murder were the aims of81 the expedition. A mist came before his eyes, his limbs failed 82 him, and he sank to his knees.

83 “Get up!” whispered Sikes in rage, drawing his pistol, “Get 84 up, or I’ll strew your brains on the grass.”

85 “Let me go,” cried Oliver, “let me run away and die in the 86 fields! I will never come near London, never! Have mercy87 on me, and do not make me steal!”

88 Sikes sore a dreadful oath and aimed his pistol, when Crockitt 89 stopped him. Invoking terrible curses on Fagin for sending 90 Oliver on such an errand, used the crowbar to open a little91 window of the grand houose.

92 “Get in, and unfasten the door from the inside,” whispered93 Sikes.

94 Oliver, more dead than alive, gasped out “Yes.”

95 Sikes, pointing at him with his pistol, said that if he faltered,96 He would fall dead in an instant. Oliver was inside the house.

97 “Come back!” suddenly cried Sikes aloud. “Back! Back!”

98 Scared by the sudden breaking of the dead stillness, Oliver99 knew not whether to advance or flee.

95

100 The cry was repeated – a light appeared – a vision of two 101 terrified half-dressed men at the top of the stairs swam 102 before his eyes – a flash – a loud noise – a smoke – a crash 103 somewhere, but where he knew not, and he staggered back.

104 Sikes had disappeared for an instant; but he was up again,105 and had him by the collar before the smoke had cleared 106 away. He fired his own pistol after the men, who were 107 already retreating, and dragged the boy up. “Clasp your 108 arm tighter. They’ve hit him. Quick! How the boy bleeds!”

109 There came the loud ringing of a bell, mingled with the noise110 of firearms, and the shouts of the men, and the sensation of111 being carried over uneven ground at a rapid pace. And then112 the noises grew confused in the distance, and a cold deadly113 feeling crept over the boy’s heart, and he saw or heard no114 more.

Extract Ten: The Fever1 “Wolves tear your throats!” muttered Sikes, grinning his teeth.2 “I wish I was among you: you’d how! The hoarser for it.” As3 Sikes growled this curse, with the most desperate ferocity he4 was capable of, he rested the body of the wounded boy5 across his knee, and turned his head, for an instant, to look6 back at his pursuers. There was little to be made out, in7 the mist and darkness, but the loud shouting of men 8 vibrated through the air, and the barking of dogs, roused by9 the alarm bell, resounded in every direction.

10 “Stop, you white-livered hound,” shouted the robber to Toby 11 Crackit, who was ahead, “Stop!”

12 “It’s all up, Bill!” cried Toby, “drop the kid, and show ‘em your13 hells.” Crackit, preferring the chance of being shot by his 14 friend, to the certainty of being taken by his enemies, turned15 tail and darted off at full speed. Sikes clenched his teeth, 16 took one look round, left Oliver in a ditch, threw his cloak 17 over him, cleared a hedge in a bound, and was gone.

18 Three round men with their hounds came up in the hedge in19 hot pursuit. “You are afraid, Mr Brittles,” said one man.

20 “I ain’t, Mr Giles,” said Mr Brittles.96

21 “You are,” said Giles.

22 “You’re a falsehood, Mr Brittles.”

23 A third man brought the dispute to a close. “I’ll tell you what,24 gentleman. We’re all afraid.” Upon which, all three faced25 about, across the misty moor, and ran back to the grand 26 house.

27 Morning drew on, the air became more sharp and piercing, as28 the light glimmered faintly in the sky. Rain came down, thick 29 and fast, but Oliver felt it not, as it beat against him, for he 30 still lay stretched, helpless and unconscious in the ditch.

31 A low cry of pain broke the stillness, and uttering it, the boy32 awoke. His left arm hung heavy and useless at his side, 33 saturated with blood. He was so weak, he could hardly34 raise himself into a sitting posture, and looking round 35 feebly for help, groaned with pain. Trembling in every joint,36 from cold and exhaustion, urged by a creeping sickness at 37 his heart, which warned him that if he lay there, he would 38 surely die, he got to his feet and dizzily tried to walk.

39 Staggering and stumbling on, he knew not where, hosts of 40 bewildering and confused ideas came crowing in on his 41 mind. He seemed still to be walking with Sikes, angrily42 cursing, and felt the robber’s grasp on his wrist. Uneasily, 43 painfully, tormented, he staggered on, til he reached a road44 and a house. They might take pity on him, and if they did not, 45 it would be better, he thought, to die near human beings, 46 than in the lonely open fields. He summoned all his strength47 for one last trial, and faltered to the wall. That garden wall! It 48 was the very house they attempted to rob. Oliver felt such 49 fear, that he forgot the agony of his wound and tottered.

50 Brittles and Giles came out. “A boy!” exclaimed Mr Giles. 51 “Brittles, look here! One of the thieves! Here’s a thief! 52 Wounded, miss! I shot him, and Brittles held the light!”

53 “Is the poor creature hurt?” asked a young lady.

54 “Wounded desperate, miss,” said Brittles.

55 “Treat him kindly, Giles, for my sake!” And so old Giles56 helped to carefully carry Oliver up the stairs.

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57 “He doesn’t look very ferocious,” said the doctor in a whisper.58 Instead of a dogged ruffian, there lay a mere child, worn with59 pain and exhaustion, and sunk in a deep sleep.

60 “This poor child can never have been the pupil of robbers!”61 cried the lady.

62 “Crime,” sighed the surgeon, “like death, Miss Moylie, is not63 confined to adults alone.”

64 “But can you really believe that this delicate boy has been 65 the associate of the worst outcasts in society?” said Rose 66 Maylie. “But even if he has been wicked, think how young 67 he is: think he may have never know a mother’s love, or 68 comfort of a home, that ill-usage has driven him to men who69 forced guilt on him.”

70 For many weeks, Oliver had a fever as well as a broken limb.71 But slowly he began to get better, and say in a few tearful72 words how grateful he was with his whole heart and soul.73 Three months glided by, with the most amiable generosity 74 from Miss Rose Maylie, and the most heart-felt gratitude from75 Oliver Twist: three months of unmingled happiness.

76 Spring fled swiftly by, and summer came. Rose fell ill:77 her face changed to a marble whiteness, and an anxious,78 wild look came over her soft blue eyes. The doctor said it 79 would be nothing short of a miracle if she recovered. Oliver80 trembled with cold drops of terror from his brow, to think81 of something so dreadful. The suspense, the fearful 82 suspense of standing idly by while the life of one we love is 83 trembling in the balance! The racking thoughts that crowd84 upon the mind, make the heart beat violently, the desperate85 anxiety to be doing something to relieve the pain, or lessen86 the danger, the sinking of soul and spirit! What torments can 87 equal these?

88 Oliver’s little heart sank as he heard Rose had fallen into a 89 deep sleep, from which she would either wake, to recovery 90 and life, or bid them farewell, and die. They sat listening, 91 afraid to speak, for hours.

92 “What of Rose? My dear child! She is dead!” cried old Mrs93 Maylie.

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94 “No!” cried the doctor. “She will live, for years to come!”

95 The old lady and Oliver sank to their knees in thanksgiving.

Extract Eleven: Nancy1 Lying in bed, weak from the fever after the robbery, Sikes was2 taking gin, and pushed his glass forward towards Nancy to be3 replenished for a third or fourth time. Nancy sat by, watching4 until the house breaker should drink himself asleep, and there5 was a usual paleness in her cheek, that Sikes observed with6 astonishment.

7 “Why Nance,” exclaimed Sikes, “how pale you are!”

8 “Pale!” echoed the girl, shading her eyes with her hands, as 9 if to look steadily at him.

10 “Quite horrible,” said Sikes, “What have you been doiong to 11 yourself?”

12 “Nothing that I know of, except being here in this place for 13 I don’t know how long and all,” replied the girl.

14 “Why, burn my body! You look like a corpse came back to 15 life, Nance. Wot’s the matter?” growled Sikes.

16 “Matter!” replied the girl. “Nothing. What do you look at me 17 so hard for?”

18 “What foolery is this?” demanded Sikes, grasping her by the 19 arm, and shaking her roughly. “What is it? What are you 20 thinking of?”

21 “Of many things, Bill. But lord! What odds in that?”

22 “I tell you wot ti is,” said Sikes, “you’ve got the fever coming;23 that’s it.”

24 Sikes’ eyes closed; opened; closed, slumped to sleep.

25 “At last – the drug has taken effect,” murmured the girl, as 26 she rose form the bedside. “I may be too late, even now.”27 She hastily dressed herself, and looking fearfully around, as28 if, despite the sleeping drug, she expected to feel the pressure

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29 of Sikes’ heavy hand on her shoulder; then, stooping softly 30 over the bed, she kissed the robber’s lips, opening and 31 closing the room door with noiseless touch, hurried from the32 house.

33 Nancy’s life had been squandered in the streets, and among34 the most noisome stews and dens of London, but there was35 spirit left in her still. She felt burdened with the sense of her36 own deep shame, but struggling with that was a feeble gleam37 of pride and humanity that her wasted life had obliterated so38 many traces of, since Fagin had taken her in as a child. Now39 at the house of Rose Maylie, she was asked in.

40 “It’s a hard matter to get to see you, lady,” said Nancy.

41 “I am very sorry if any one has behaved harshly to you,”42 replied Rose. “I am who you inquired for.” The kind tone of43 this answer, the sweet voice, the gentle manner, took Nancy44 completely by surprise.

45 “Oh, lady, lady! If there was more like you, there would be 46 fewer like me – there would – there would!”

47 “Sit down,” said Rose earnestly, “If you are in poverty or48 affliction, I am glad to relieve you, if I can.”

49 “Is the door shut? For I am about to put my life, and the lives of50 others, in your hands. I am the girl that dragged little Oliver51 back to old Fagin’s, on the night he went form the house to the 52 bookseller. I am the creature you have heard of, who lives 53 among the thieves, and have never from my first moment on54 London’s streets known any better life! Thank heaven that you55 had friends to care for you in your childhood, and that you56 were never in the midst of cold, and riot and drunkenness, as57 I have been from my childhood. The alley and the gutter were 58 mine, as they shall be my death-bed!”

59 “I pity you!” cried Rose, in a broken voice “It pities my heart60 to hear you!”

61 “Now to the quick. I overheard Fagin striking a bargain with 62 a man named Monks. If Oliver was got back he should have63 a certain sum of money; and he was to have more for making64 him a thief. Monks said: “So, the only proofs of the boy’s 65 identity lie at the bottom of the river.” They laughed, and 66 talked of his success, for what a game it was to have brought

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67 down the boast of the father’s will, by driving Oliver through 68 every jail in town, then hauling him up to hang for some crime69 for the death penalty, which Fagin could easily manage, 70 after having made a good profit from him beside. “In short,71 Fagin,” he says, “Jew as you are, you never laid such snares72 as I have for my young brother, Oliver.”

73 “His brother!” exclaimed Rose.

74 “Those were his words,” said Nancy, glancing uneasily around,75 as a vision of Sikes haunted her perpetually. “And more. 76 when he spoke of you and if Oliver should come into your77 hands, he laughed, and said there was some comfort in 78 that too, for how many thousands and thousands of pounds79 would you give to know who Oliver was. But now I must get80 back quickly, to avoid suspicion of such an errand as this.”

81 “Back? Why do you wish to return to such terrible 82 companions?”

83 “I wish to go back,” said Nancy, “I must go back, because - 84 how can I tell such things to an innocent lady like you - 85 because among the men I have told you of, there is one: the86 most desperate among them all: that I can’t leave; no, not 87 even to be saved from the life I am leading now.”

88 “You came here, at so great a risk, to tell me what you have89 heard; let me believe you can be saved!”

90 “Lady, you are the first who ever blessed me with such words 91 as these, and if I had heard them years ago, they might have 92 turned me from a life of sin and sorrow; but it is too late, 93 It is too late!” cried Nancy.

94 “It is never too late for forgiveness and atonement!” cried 95 Rose.

96 “I promise you, every Sunday night, from eleven until the97 clock strikes twelve,” said Nancy, I will walk on London98 Bridge if I am alive.”

99 And before Rose could console her, or convince her to stay,100 she was gone.

Extract Twelve: Murder101

1 Adept as she was in all the arts of concealment and pretence, 2 Nancy could not entirely conceal her mind. Both Fagin and 3 Sikes had confided to her schemes hidden from others, in 4 the confidence that she was beyond suspicion. Her mental 5 struggles between fears for Sikes and her bitterness for 6 Fagin, who had led her, step by step, deeper and deeper, 7 down an abyss of crime and misery, from which there was8 no escape. She grew pale and thin, silent and dejected.

9 It was Sunday night, and the bell of the church struck eleven.10 Nancy got up to leave Sikes’ room.

11 “Hallo!” cried Sikes. “Nance. Where’s the gal going to at this 12 time of night?”

13 “Not far.”

14 “And I say where?” retorted Sikes. “Do you hear me?”

15 “I don’t know where,” replied the girl.

16 “Then I do,” said Sikes, “Nowhere. Sit down.”

17 “I’m not well. I told you that before,” re-joined the girl. “I want18 a breath of air.”

19 “Put your head out the winder,” replied Sikes.

20 “There’s not enough. I want it in the street,” said the girl. “I’m21 going.”

22 “She’s out of her senses, Fagin, or she daren’t talk to me in23 that way,” growled Sikes.

24 “You’ll drive me on to something desperate,” muttered Nancy,25 “Let me go – this instant.”

26 “No!” said Sikes.

27 “Tell him to let me go, Fagin. He had better. It’ll be better for 28 him. Do you hear me?” cried Nancy, stamping her foot.

29 “Cut my limbs off one by one!” cried Sikes, seizing her roughly 30 by the arm. “If I don’t think the girl’s stark raving mad.”

31 He locked her in a small room, where she struggled and 102

32 implored till twelve o’clock, and then, wearied and exhausted,33 ceased to contest the point any further. With a caution,34 Backed by oaths, Sikes left her to recover. “Phew!” said the 35 housebreaker, wiping the perspiration from his face. “Wot36 a previous strange girl that is!”

37 The following Sunday night, the church clock chimed three38 quarters past eleven, as two figures emerged on London39 Bridge. One, with swift and rapid step, was Nancy; the 40 other slunk along in the deepest shadow at a distance: 41 stopping when she stopped; and as she moved again, 42 creeping stealthily on.

43 At the centre of the bridge, she stopped. Her follower stopped44 too. It was a very dark night. A mist hung on the river. 45 Midnight tolled. A young lady and old gentleman came up46 in a carriage.

47 “Not here,” said Nancy hurriedly. “I’m afraid to speak to you48 here. Come away, down to the steps!”

49 “This is far enough” said the old gentleman. “Many would 50 have distrusted you too much to have come.”

51 “Horrible thoughts of death, and coffins, and a fear that made 52 me burn up as if I was on fire, are on me.”

53 “You were not here last Sunday night,” said the gentleman.

54 “I couldn’t come,” said Nancy, “I was kept by force.”

55 “I firmly believe you. We propose to extract the secret, 56 whatever it may be, from this man Monks. But if he 57 cannot be secured, you must deliver up the Jew.”

58 “Fagin! I will not do it! I will never do it!” Nancy replied. 59 “Devil that he is, and worse than devil as he has been to me,60 I will never do that.”

61 “You will not? Tell me why?”

62 “For one reason, because, bad life as he has led, I have led a 63 bad life too, and there are many of us who kept the same 64 course together, and I’ll not turn on them, who might have 65 turned on me, but didn’t.”

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66 “Put Monks into my hands, and leave him to me to deal with. 67 If the truth is forced from him, the rest are free.”

68 “And if it is not?” suggested the girl.

69 “Then,” pursued the gentleman, “Fagin would not be brought70 to justice without your consent.”

71 After this assurance, she explained the hiding place, and 72 when Monks would be there, and what he looked like. “He is73 tall, with a lurking walk, with deep-sunk eyes, and discoloured74 teeth, and one his throat there is –“

75 “-a broad red mark, like a burn?” asked the gentleman.

76 “How’s this” said the girl. “You know him?”

77 “I think I do,” said the gentleman. “We shall see. It may not78 be. Now, what can I do to serve you?”

79 “Nothing,” replied Nancy.

80 “You will not persist in saying that. Think now. Tell me. 81 Do not put yourself out of hope and safety.”

82 “Look before you, at the dark water. How many times do you 83 read of such as I in the tide, who leave no living thing to 84 bewail them? It may only be months, but I shall come to 85 that at last. May it never reach your ears,” said Nancy.

86 “This purse,” cried the young lady, “Take it for my sake, that87 you have some resource in your hour of need.”

88 “No!” replied Nancy, “I have not done this for money. Let me89 have that to think of. Night! Good night!” In violent90 agitation, and the fear of some discovery that would mean91 violence, Nancy left in anguish.

92 Rose Maylie lingered, but the old gentleman drew her away.93 The astonished listener remained motionless, then with 94 cautious glances around, crept slowly away and then, at95 the utmost speed, the Artful Dodger made for the Jew’s96 house as fast as his legs would carry him.

97 In the dead of night, nearly two hours before daybreak, when98 the streets are silent and deserted, at this still and silent hour,

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99 Fagin sat watching in his old lair, with face so distorted, and100 eyes so blood shot, that he looked less like a man than some 101 hideous phantom. Mortification at the girl; utter distrust of the102 sincerity of her refusal to yield him up; fear of detection, ruin 103 and death; and a fierce and deadly rage kindled by all – there104 were his evil thoughts working at his black heart. The bell 105 rang, and Sikes appeared.

106 “Hell’s fire!” cried Sikes, when he had heard, breaking 107 fiercely, wildly and furiously from the Jew. “Let me out,”108 bellowed Sikes, “Let me out, I say.”

109 “Hear me speak a word,” re-joined Fagin, “You won’t be too -110 violent, Bill?”

111 There was light enough for the men to see each other’s faces.112 They exchanged glances: a fire in the eyes of bath, which 113 could not be mistaken.

114 “I mean,” said Fagin, “Not too violent for safety. Be crafty,115 Bill, and not too bold.”

116 Looking before him with savage resolution, teeth so 117 compressed that the strained jaw seemed starting through 118 his skull, the robber held on his headlong course, strode up119 the stairs, entered his room and double-locked the door.120 The girl was lying half-asleep. She raised herself with a 121 startled look.

122 “Get up,” said the man.

123 “It is you Bill!” said the girl in pleasure. There was a candle124 burning, but the man hurled it down.

125 “So be it,” said Sikes, “There’s light enough for wot I’ve got to126 do.”

127 “Bill,” said the girl, in a voice of alarm, “why do you look like128 that at me!”

129 The robber looked at her for a few seconds with dilated 130 nostrils and a heaving chest, and then, grasping her by the131 head and throat, dragged her into the middle of the room, and132 looking towards the door, placed his hand upon her mouth.

133 “Bill, Bill!” gasped the girl, wrestling with mortal fear: “I – I105

134 wont scream or cry – not once – hear me – speak to me - 135 tell me what I have done!”

136 “You know wot, you she devil!” returned the robber, 137 suppressing his breath. “You were watched tonight; every138 word you said was heard.”

139 “Then spare my life for the love of heaven, as I spared yours,”140 re-joined the girl, clinging to him. “Bill, dear Bill, you cannot141 have the heart to kill me. Save yourself this crime; stop 142 before you spill my blood! I have been true to you, on my143 guilty soul I have!”

144 The man struggled violently to release her arms, but the arms145 of the girl were clasped round his. He freed one arm, and146 grasped his pistol, and beat it twice with all the force he 147 could summon, on the upturned face that almost touched his 148 own. She staggered and fell; nearly blinded with the blood 149 that rained down from a deep gash in her forehead. It was150 a ghastly figure to look on. The murderer seized a heavy club151 and struck her dead.

“

Extract Thirteen: The Lynch Mob1 Of all the bad deeds that under the cover of darkness had been2 committed in London, that was one of the worst. Of all the 3 horrors, that was one of the foulest and most cruel.

4 Sikes got out of London to Hampstead Heath by high-road. 5 Where could he go, that was near and not too public, to get6 some meat and drink? All people seemed to view him with7 suspicion. He wandered over miles and miles of ground, and8 morning and noon passed. Still he rambled to and fro, up 9 and down, round and round. As he passed by, he heard 10 whispers: “I heard talk of a murder, down Spitalfields way.11 and a dreadful murder it was.”

12 He went on doggedly, but as he plunged into the solitude and 13 darkness of the road, he felt a dread and awe creeping on him 14 which shook him to the core. Every object before him, 15 substance or shadow, still or moving took the semblance of 16 some fearful thing. Let no one talk of murderers escaping17 justice: there were twenty violent deaths in one long minute

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18 of that agony of fear.

19 There was a shed in a field he passed, that offered shelter from 20 the dark night. Now a terrible vision came before him. Widely21 staring eyes appeared in the darkness. There were but two, 22 but they were everywhere, torturing him. He was in such23 terror as none but he can know, trembling in every limb, cold24 sweat starting from every pore, when suddenly there arose on 25 the night-wind the noise of distant shouting, and the roar of 26 voices mixed with alarm and wonder. Any sound of men in27 that lonely place conveyed alarm and danger, and he sprang28 to his feet, and rushed into the open air. He heard voices29 saying, “He’s gone to Birmingham, they say. But they’ll have 30 him yet, for the scouts are out, and by tomorrow night there’ll31 be a cry through all the country.”

32 He hurried on, and walked til he dropped, and had a broken, 33 uneasy sleep. He wandered on again, undecided, and 34 oppressed with fear of another solitary night. Suddenly, he 35 took the desperate resolution of going back to London.

36 “There’s somebody to speak to there, at any rate,” he thought. 37 “A good hiding place, too. They’ll never expect to nab me 38 there, after this country scent. Why can’t I lie by for a week39 or so, forcing money out of Fagin, and get abroad to France. 40 Damn me, I’ll risk it.”

41 White-face, sunken-eyed, hollow-cheeked, with wasted flesh,42 and short, thick breath: the very ghost of Sikes arrived in 43 London at Fagin’s den. “Damn you all!” said Sikes, passing44 his hand across his forehead, “Have you nothing to say to45 me?” There was uneasy movement among them, but nobody46 spoke. “Tonight’s papers say that Fagin’s took. Is it true, or 47 a lie?”

48 “True.” They were silent again.

49 “Is the body buried?” he growled. They shook their heads.

50 “Why isn’t it!” he retorted. “Wot do they keep such ugly things51 above the ground for?”

52 “Let him go into some other place.” Said the Dodger.

53 “Dodger,” said Sikes, “Don’t you – don’t you know me?”

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54 “Don’t come nearer me,” answered the boy, looking with55 horror in the murderer’s eyes. “You monster! I’m not afraid56 of him – if they come after him, I’ll give him up, I will. He may57 ill me for it, but if I’m alive I’ll give him up. Murder! Help!58 Murder! To hell with him!”

59 Pouring out these cries, accompanied with violent blows, the60 boy actually threw himself single-handed on the strong man, 61 and in the intensity of his energy and suddenness of his 62 surprise, brought him heavily to the ground. The contest was 63 too unequal to last long. Sikes had him down, with a knee on64 his throat, when the cries and fire from a mob poured in 65 from outside.

66 “Help!” shouted the boy, in a voice that split the air. “He’s in67 here! Break down the door!”

68 “Damn you!” cried the desperate ruffian, menacing the crowd.69 “Do your worst!”

70 The infuriated mob on the ground roared to the officers to 71 shoot him dead. Voices took up the cry for a ladder to climb72 up to Fagin’s den, and hundreds echoed it. Some called for 73 ladders, some for sledgehammers, some roared and some 74 lit more torches; all pressed forward in a throng of angry 75 madmen.

76 “Give me a rope, or a long rope,” cried the murderer. “I may77 drop into Folly ditch, and clear off that way. Give me a rope, 78 or I shall do more murders.”

79 Panic-stricken, the boys pointed to a rope, and the murderer80 hurried up to the roof. He looked out over the roof-tops. The 81 tide was out, the ditch a bed of mud. The crowd roared and82 cursed, and it seemed as if the whole city had poured out its83 population to curse him. The cries and shrieks of those who 84 were pressed almost to suffocation, or trampled down and 85 trodden under foot in the confusion, were dreadful. The 86 ferocity of the crowd meant the impossibility of escape.

87 He sprang up, determined to make one last effort for his life88 by dropping into the ditch and escaping in the confusion.89 Roused to a new strength and energy, he set his foot against90 The stack of chimneys, and rested one end of the rope firmly 91 round it, and with the other made a strong noose, so he could92 let himself down to the ground. At that very instant, he uttered

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93 a yell of terror: staggering as if struck by lightning, he lost his 94 balance and tumbled off the chimney.

95 The noose was on his neck. It ran with his weight, swift or as96 an arrow, twenty metres, and tightened like a bowstring. The97 old chimney quivered with the shock, but stood bravely 98 before giving way. The murderer hung lifeless, then fell, 99 striking his head against a stone, and dashed his brains out.

Extract Thirteen: The Trial1 The Artful Dodger sauntered into court for his trial, with his big 2 coat sleeves tucked up as usual, his left hand in his pocket, his3 hat in his hand, with an indescribable rolling walk across to the4 dock, where he requested in a loud voice to know what he was 5 placed in this ‘ere disgraceful situation for.. He was charged 6 with attempting to pick a pocket, and being found with a silver7 snuffbox on him – the sentence was transportation for life to8 Australia if the verdict was guilty. The Artful said he’d never9 make a lifer.

10 “Hold your tongue, will you?” said the jailer.

11 “I’m an Englishman, ain’t i?” re-joined the Dodger, “Where are 12 my privileges?”

13 “You’ll get your privileges soon enough,” retorted the jailer, “and14 pepper with ‘em,”

15 “We’ll see wot the Secretary of State for Home Affairs has got16 to say to the cops, if I don’t,” replied the Dodger. “Now then!17 wot is this ‘ere business? I’ll thank the magistrates not to 18 keep me while they read the paper, for I’ve got an appointment19 with a gentleman in the city, and as I’m a man of my word, and 20 very punctual in business matters.”

21 At this point, the Dodger commanded the jailer to communicate22 the names of those two witnesses. This tickled the spectators’23 sense of humour. His partner-in-crime, Charlie Bates was in24 the gallery.

25 “Ha ha ha!” cried Charley Bates with laughter, “Wot a game! 26 Wot a regular game! All the big-wigs trying to look solemn, and27 The Dodger addressing them as intimate and comfortable as 28 if he was the judge’s own son making a speech after dinner!

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29 Ha! Ha! Ha!”

30 “Silence there!” cried the jailer.

31 “What is this?” snapped the judge.

32 “A pick-pocketing case, your worship,” said the police officer.

33 “Has the boy ever been here before?” said Fang.

34 “He ought to have been, many times,” replied the officer. “He 35 has been pretty well everywhere else. I know him well, your 36 honour.”

37 “Oh! You know me, do you?” cried the Artful, making a note of 38 the statement. “Very good! That’s a case of defamation of 39 character!”

40 Here there was another uproarious laugh from the gallery, and 41 another cry of silence from the judge.

42 “Now then, where are the witnesses?” said the clerk.

43 “Ah! That’s right,” added the Dodger, “Where are they? I 44 should like to see ‘em.”

45 His wish seemed to be immediately granted, for a policeman 46 stepped forward who had seen the prisoner attempt the 47 pocket of an unkown gentleman in the crowd, and had taken a48 handkerchief. For this reason, he took the Dodger into custody 49 as soon as he could get near him, and the Dodger, being 50 searched, had on his person a silver snuffbox, with the owner’s51 name engraved on the lid. This gentleman was also present as52 a witness, swore the snuffbox was his, and that he had lost it 53 in the crowd. He had also seen a suspicious young boy, the54 boy who was the prisoner in the dock.

55 “Have you anything to ask this witness, boy?” said the judge.

56 “I wouldn’t stoop so low as to hold conversation with him,” 57 replied the Dodger.

58 “Have you anything to say at all?” said the judge.

59 “Do you hear – his worship asked if you’ve anything to say at 60 all,” said the jailer, nudging the silent Dodger with his elbow.

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61 “Excuse me,” said the Dodger, “did you address yourself to me,62 my man?”

63 “I never seen such an out-and-out young vagabond, your 64 worship,” observed the officer with a grin. “Do you mean to 65 say anything, you young shaver?”

66 “No,” replied the Dodger, “not here, for this ain’t the shop for 67 justice; besides, my lawyer is a-breakfasting this morning with68 the Vice President of the House of Commons; but I shall have69 something to say elsewhere, and so will he.”

70 “There! He’s fully committed,” interrupted the judge. 71 “Transportation for life. Take him away.”

72 “Come on,” said the jailer.

73 “Eh-oh! I’ll come on,” replied the Dodger, brushing his hat with74 the palm of his hand, “You’ll pay for this, my fine fellows. I 75 wouldn’t be you for anything! I wouldn’t go free now, if you was76 to fall down on your knees and beg me to be released. Here, 77 carry me off to prison! Take me away!”

78 With these words the Dodger let himself be carried off, 79 threatening, til he got out, to make a Parliamentary business80 of it; then grinning in the officer’s face, with great glee and 81 self-approval.

82 Charlie Bates sped off, to announce the animating news that the83 Dodger was doing full justice to the criminal justice system, 84 giving them a taste of their own medicine, and establishing for 85 himself a glorious reputation, as he was sentenced to be 86 transported for life across the oceans, all the way the other end87 Of the world, Australia.

Extract Fourteen: The Condemned Cell1 The court was paved from roof to floor with human faces. 2 inquisitive and eager eyes peered from every inch of space. 3 from the dock to the galleries, all looks were fixed on one man -4 Fagin.

5 He stood in all this glare of living light, with his hand cupped to 6 his ear to hear every word that fell from the judge who was

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7 delivering his charge to the jury. The jurymen considered their8 verdict. He could see people whispering with looks of 9 abhorrence. In no one face could he read the faintest sympathy. 10 Death-like stillness came.

11 At length there was a cry of silence, and breathless look from all 12 towards the door. The jury returned, and passed him close. He13 could glean nothing form their faces; they might as well have 14 been of stone. Perfect stillness ensued – not a rustle – not a 15 breath – guilty.

16 The building rang with a tremendous shut, and another, then 17 echoed and gathered strength as they swelled out, like angry18 thunder. It was joy from the people outside, greeting the news19 that he would die on Monday. They led him to one of the 20 condemned cells, and left him there – alone.

21 To be hanged by the neck, til he was dead – that was the end.22 To be hanged by the neck til he was dead.

23 As it became very dark, he began to think of all the men he had 24 known who had died on the scaffold, some of them through his25 means. They rose up, in quick succession; he could hardly26 count them. He had seen them die – joked too, because they 27 died with prayers on their lips. How they rattled as they choked!28 How quickly they changed from men to dangling heaps of 29 clothes! Some of them might have inhabited that very cell – sat30 on that very spot.

31 It was very dark – why didn’t they bring a light? Scores of men32 must have passed their last hours there. It was like sitting in a 33 vault strewn with dead bodies – the faces he knew – light, light!34 At length, his hands were raw with beating against the heavy35 door. Then came night – dark, dismal, silent night.

36 Other watchers are glad to hear the church-clocks strike, for they37 tell of life and coming day. To him they brought despair. The 38 boom of every iron bell came with one deep, hollow sound - 39 death. He had only one night more to live. And as he thought 40 of this, the day broke – Sunday.

41 It was not until the night of this last, awful day, that a withering42 sense of his helpless, desperate state came in full intensity to his43 blighted soul. He started up, in such a turmoil of fear and wrath44 that other prisoners recoiled from him in horror. The tortures of 45 his evil conscience grew terrible in his last night in the

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46 condemned cell.

47 He had been wounded with some missiles from the crowd on the 48 day of his capture, and his head was badly bandaged with cloth.49 His hair hung down on his bloodless face; his beard was torn, 50 and twisted into knots; his eyes shone with a terrible light; his 51 unwashed flesh crackled with the fever that burnt him up. Eight-52 nine-ten. If this was not a trick to frighten him, and those were 53 real hours treading on one another’s heels, then where would he54 be?

55 At the visitor’s entrance to the jail, Mr Brownlow and Oliver 56 appeared. A jailer showed them down the labyrinthine stony57 passages. The condemned criminal was seated on his bed, 58 rocking himself from side to side, with a face more like a 59 snared beast than a man.

60 “Good boy, Dodger, well done –“ he mumbled. Oliver too, ha!61 Ha! Ha! Oliver too – quite the gentleman now – quite the gent.”

62 The jailer whispered to Oliver not to be alarmed.

63 Fagin was muttering: “Do you hear me, some of you? He has 64 been the cause of all this. It’s worth the money to bring him up -65 never mind the girl, Bill. Saw his head off!”

66 “Fagin,” said the jailer, “Here’s somebody to see you, Fagin!”

67 “That’s me!” cried the Jew, “An old man, my lord, a very old, old68 man! I shan’t be one long,” he mumbled: “Strike them all dead!69 What right have they to butcher me?”

70 As he spoke he caught sight of Oliver and Mr Brownlow, “Oliver!”71 cried Fagin, beckoning to him, “Here, here! Let me whisper to72 you.”

73 “I am not afraid,” said Oliver to Mr Brownlow.

74 “Say I’ve gone to sleep – they’ll believe you. You can get me out,75 if you say so. Now then, now then!”

76 “God forgive this wretched man!” cried the boy.

77 “That’s right, that’s right! Press on, press on!” cried Fagin. 78 “Softly, but not so slow! Faster, faster!”

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79 The jailors laid hands on him, and disengaging Oliver from his80 grasp, held him back. Desperate howls sent up cry after cry.81 Oliver was weak for hours after this most frightful scene. Day 82 was dawning, but the black stage, the cross-beam and the rope83 all told of the hideous apparatus of death.

84 Mr Brownlow adopted Oliver as his son. Mr Grimwig contends 85 that Oliver did not come back, so he doesn’t have to eat his own86 head. And within the altar of the old village church there stands87 a tombstone, which bears one word: “Angela.” For it was 88 discovered that Mr Brownlow was Oliver’s uncle, and Mr 89 Brownlow’s sister-in-law had died unmarried as Oliver’s mother,90 leaving a baby born into a poor workhouse. And if the spirits of 91 the dead ever come back to earth, and love beyond the grave92 those who they loved in life, then the shade of Angela 93 sometimes hovers round that solemn tombstone.

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