archive.industry.gov.au · Web viewDemand for remote and off-grid power sources is thought to be growing, driven by the growth of industrial demand in regional Australia. Information

Beyond the NEM and the SWIS:

2011-12 regional and remote electricity in

AustraliaOctober 2013

BREE 2013, Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia, Canberra, October.© Commonwealth of Australia 2013

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ISSN 978-1-921516-14-6 (pdf)ISSN 978-1-921516-15-3 (word)ISSN 978-1-921516-16-0 (print)

This report was produced by Emma Richardson, Arif Syed and Allison Ball of the Modelling and Policy Integration Program of BREE. It is based on analysis undertaken by Guy Dundas (project leader), Guy Jakeman and Dr John Soderbaum from ACIL Allen Consulting in June 2013, commissioned by the Department of Industry. The guidance and assistance of the Project

Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013

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Steering Committee members are gratefully acknowledged: Quentin Grafton, Wayne Calder and Bruce Wilson of BREE; Rick Belt, Andrew Hirscher, Michael Tyquin of the Department of Industry; Damir Ivkovic, of ARENA; Russell Hay of Geoscience Australia.

Postal address:Bureau of Resources and Energy EconomicsGPO Box 1564Canberra ACT 2601 AustraliaPhone: +61 2 6243 7000Email: [email protected]: www.bree.gov.au


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ForewordDemand for remote and off-grid power sources is thought to be growing, driven by the growth of industrial demand in regional Australia. Information on electricity demand and supply for the major Australian energy grid systems is readily available but relatively little is known about electricity in regional and off-grid areas. Increasingly decision makers in government and industry are seeking better quality data on the size, composition and location of Australia’s off-grid energy market.This report seeks to bring together information and quantify a baseline of off-grid electricity demand and supply in Australia for 2011-12. It is based on a study by ACIL Allen Consulting, commissioned by the Department of Industry.Around 6 per cent of electricity supply is sourced from beyond the two major electricity markets in Australia (the National Electricity Market and the South West Interconnected System). This electricity supports oil and gas production facilities, mining and mineral processing operations, regional and remote communities, as well as defence facilities, pastoral stations, tourism facilities and lighthouses. Some of this demand is met via smaller regional or mini electrical grids. In other cases standalone power stations or generators are used. Electricity costs will remain high in these areas due to their remote location and the lack of existing infrastructure. Gas is the dominant source of power generation in these regions. With gas and liquid fuel prices projected to rise, there may be significant potential for renewable energy sources to play a role in meeting off-grid electricity demand in Australia in the future.The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has recently launched programs aimed at developing the supply of renewable energy in regional areas. It is hoped that the information in this study will go some way to providing a more detailed picture of off-grid energy demand and supply in Australia, enabling further exploration of renewable energy project opportunities. It would also be desirable to repeat this analysis in future years, to provide trend information.Bruce WilsonExecutive Director Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics


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ContentsForeword 3Abbreviations 6Summary 71. Introduction 112. Estimation methodology 12

Electricity supply 12Electricity demand 12Choice of regions 14

3. Off-grid electricity demand and supply in Australia 16Electricity demand 16Electricity supply 17Data coverage 23

4. Regional analysis 25Western Australia 25Northern Territory 28Queensland 30South Australia 33Tasmania 35Rest of Australia 37

5. Conclusions and future work 39References 40Appendix A: List of off-grid power stations, operational in 2011-12 41Appendix B: List of Data Sources 56BREE contacts 63

FiguresS1: Off-grid electricity use, by user category, 2011-12 8S2: Off-grid electricity generation, by fuel, 2011-12 9Figure 1: Off-grid electricity use, by user category, 2011-12 17Figure 2: Off-grid electricity generation, by fuel, 2011-12 19Figure 3: Off-grid electricity generation shares, by fuel, 2011-12 20

MapsMap 1: Off-grid electricity generators, Australia, 2011-12 10Map 2: Off-grid regions of Australia 14Map 3: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Australia, 2011-12 21Map 4: Australia’s natural gas basins and transmission pipelines 22Map 5: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Western Australia region, 2011-12 25Map 6: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Northern Territory region, 2011-12 28Map 7: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Queensland region, 2011-12 31Map 8: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, South Australia region, 2011-12 34Map 9: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Tasmanian region, 2011-12 36


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TablesTable 1: Summary of Australian off-grid electricity demand, by user category, 2011-12 16Table 2: Australian off-grid electricity generation, by fuel, 2011-12 18Table 3: Australian off-grid electricity generation shares, by region and fuel, 2011-12 18Table 4: Off-grid Australia summary, percentage of supply by type of supplier, 2011-12 23Table 5: Percentage of off-grid population with identified power supply, 2011-12 24Table 6: Electricity demand, by user, NWIS Pilbara region, 2011-12 26Table 7: Electricity generation, by fuel, NWIS Pilbara region, 2011-12 26Table 8: Electricity demand, by user, rest of off-grid Western Australia region, 2011-12 27Table 9: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Western Australia region, 2011-12 27Table 10: Electricity demand, by user category, DKIS region, 2011-12 29Table 11: Electricity generation, by fuel, DKIS region, 2011-12 29Table 12: Electricity demand, by user, rest of off-grid Northern Territory region, 2011-12 30Table 13: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Northern Territory, 2011-12 30Table 14: Electricity demand, by user category, Mt Isa region, 2011-12 31Table 15: Electricity generation, by fuel, Mt Isa region, 2011-12 32Table 16: Electricity demand, by user, rest of off-grid Queensland region, 2011-12 32Table 17: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Queensland region, 2011-12 33Table 18: Electricity demand, by user, off-grid South Australia region, 2011-12 34Table 19: Electricity generation, by fuel, off-grid South Australia region, 2011-12 35Table 20: Electricity demand, by user, off-grid Tasmania region, 2011-12 36Table 21: Electricity generation, by fuel, off-grid Tasmania region, 2011-12 37Table 22: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Australia, 2011-12 37Table A1: List of Western Australian Power Stations Identified 41Table A2: List of Northern Territory Power Stations Identified 46Table A3: List of Queensland Power Stations Identified 50Table A4: List of Power Stations Identified - Other States and Territories 52


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AbbreviationsABS Australian Bureau of StatisticsAES Australian Energy StatisticsAPPEA Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration AssociationARENA Australian Renewable Energy AgencyBREE Bureau of Resources and Energy EconomicsDKIS Darwin Katherine Interconnected SystemGWh Gigawatt hourKt CO2-e Kilotonnes of carbon dioxide equivalentMWh Megawatt hourNEM National Electricity MarketNGERs National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting schemeNTPWC Northern Territory’s Power and Water Corporation NWIS North West Interconnected System Off-grid Not connected to the NEM or SWIS. This includes the major regional power grids in the

Pilbara region of Western Australia (NWIS), around Darwin and Katherine in the Northern Territory (DKIS), and the Mount Isa region of north-western Queensland. Off-grid electricity also includes isolated sources of supply, ranging from large stand-alone generators supplying remote energy and resources projects to small residential communities. Areas supplied by the NEM and the SWIS are excluded.

SWIS South West Interconnected SystemTJ Terajoules


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SummaryThe Department of Industry commissioned ACIL Allen Consulting to identify Australia’s total regional and off-grid electricity demand and supply. The Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics (BREE), Geoscience Australia and the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) provided technical advice as part of the project steering committee. Electricity demand and supply in Australia is reported for the major energy grid systems but relatively little is known about electricity in regional and remote areas. Throughout this study off-grid electricity will refer to electricity generated and consumed outside of the National Electricity Market (NEM) and the South West Interconnected System (SWIS), including the smaller grid systems of the Pilbara, Darwin to Katherine and Mt Isa areas. There is a growing interest among the public and private sectors in the size and composition of Australia’s off-grid energy markets but there is a lack of detailed data available. An accurate assessment of the size and composition of the off-grid energy market would allow opportunities in the market to be identified and inform public policy, planning and private investment. This study identifies that the use of renewable energy resources is currently very low in the off-grid energy market, suggesting there is scope for greater use of renewable energy supply in these areas.The objective of this study is to bring together existing information on off-grid electricity, from a variety of sources, to provide a comprehensive snapshot of off-grid electricity demand and supply in 2011-12. The key findings of this study include, In 2011-12 generation of off-grid electricity was 15 812 GWh, representing 6 per cent of

Australia’s total electricity generation and supplying around 2 per cent of Australia’s population. The resources and energy sector accounted for 77 per cent, or 12 202 GWh of total off-grid

electricity consumption in 2011-12 (figure S1). Residential, community and commercial electricity demand, associated with population centres,

accounted for just 21 per cent of total off-grid electricity consumption in 2011-12. Generators of off-grid electricity are distributed from the north east of Queensland to the Pilbara

in the west and from Darwin in the north to King Island in the south (map 1). Natural gas dominated the mix of off-grid electricity generation, accounting for approximately 78

per cent of total generation in 2011-12. This reflects the high proportion of resources and energy operations located in remote areas supplied by natural gas pipelines, such as the Pilbara and Mt Isa regions (figure S2).

Renewable electricity generation accounted for 2 per cent of total off-grid electricity generation in 2011-12 including hydro, wind, solar and geothermal (figure S2). This penetration level compares to renewables accounting for almost 10 per cent of Australia’s total electricity generation in 2011-12 (BREE 2013b).


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S1: Off-grid electricity use, by user category, 2011-12

Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013


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S2: Off-grid electricity generation, by fuel, 2011-12



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Map 1: Off-grid electricity generators, Australia, 2011-12


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1. IntroductionThe vast majority of Australia’s electricity demand and supply occurs in areas serviced by extensive, interconnected electricity generation infrastructure and transmission and distribution networks. This includes the NEM, which stretches from just north of Cairns to the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia and the main island of Tasmania, and Western Australia’s SWIS, which serves Perth, Geraldton, Albany and Kalgoorlie, amongst other locations.There are also small but significant sources of electricity demand beyond the NEM and the SWIS. These include oil and gas production facilities, mining and mineral processing operations, regional and remote communities, as well as defence facilities, pastoral stations, tourism facilities and lighthouses. Some of this demand is met via smaller regional or mini electrical grids, in other cases standalone power stations or generators are used. Given their remote location and the lack of existing infrastructure, it is likely that electricity costs are very high in some regional areas, particularly where the main source of electricity is trucked diesel. There may be significant potential for renewable electricity sources to play a role in meeting off-grid power demand. Demand for remote and off-grid power sources is thought to be growing, driven by the growth of the resources industry in regional Australia. However, very little information is published on the size and composition of off-grid electricity demand and supply. Data on embedded and non-grid generation capacity is available but comprehensive data on the size of the off-grid market in Australia is not published.The objective of this study is to bring together existing information on off-grid electricity, from a variety of sources, to provide a comprehensive snapshot of off-grid electricity sector demand and supply during 2011-12. Throughout this study off-grid electricity will refer to electricity generated and consumed outside of the NEM and the SWIS, and including the smaller grid systems of the Pilbara, Darwin and Katherine regions. Electricity demand and supply in areas connected by the NEM and the SWIS was excluded. The statistics and analysis in this report are based on a study by ACIL Allen Consulting, commissioned by the Department of Industry. This study is a first attempt to comprehensively measure and analyse off-grid electricity demand and supply in Australia.This analysis incorporates a comprehensive mapping of information on electricity supply to data for off-grid population centres. Just under 2 per cent of Australia’s population, or approximately 404 230 people are defined as off-grid for the purpose of this study. Power sources were identified for around 94 per cent of Australia’s off-grid population. There is scope for further improvement in the coverage and methods of estimation of off-grid electricity demand and supply in Australia. It is intended that the information from this report is used as a starting point for further analysis. It is also intended that the information complements other sources of energy statistics and analysis for Australia. These include the Australian Energy Statistics (BREE 2013a) and Australian Energy Projections to 2049-50 (Syed 2012). Different methods of classification and data collection were used for this study and caution should be taken in directly comparing across publications.


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2. Estimation methodologyACIL Allen used two complementary approaches to develop comprehensive estimates of off-grid electricity supply and demand: Information on the supply-side of off-grid electricity, that is, electricity generation from power

generators. Information on the demand-side of off-grid electricity, particularly population but also including

energy, mining, oil and gas operations, tourism, agriculture and defence facilities. All data presented is for 2011-12 unless otherwise specified. For consistency, electricity supply (generation) and demand (consumption) are both presented on a ‘sent out basis’. The sent out figures account for internal electricity usage in the generation process but not the effect of transmission and distribution losses. Throughout this report the term off-grid electricity will refer to the major regional power grids the NWIS and the DKIS, the Mount Isa region and isolated sources of supply, ranging from large stand-alone generators supplying remote energy and resources projects to small residential communities.

Electricity supplyIn general, information on the rated capacity of electricity generators is readily available. Key sources for capacity information include Geoscience Australia’s published list of power stations, information published by the Energy Supply Association of Australia, and the Western Australian Government’s Energy and Resources and Infrastructure map (and related data). These information sources were cross-compared for consistency, collated into a single list, and augmented with any further information available. For some smaller or recently commissioned power stations, other sources were used to identify their rated generation capacity. Information on the output and fuel use of off-grid generators, even quite large generators, is often not available in the public domain. Access was granted to specific data collected by the Australian Government through the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting scheme (NGERs). This was limited to corporations with identified off-grid electricity generation assets. In 2011-12, NGERs only captured corporations that produced 50 kilotonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) or produced or consumed more than 200 terajoules (TJ) of energy. NGERs data was limited to large energy using and producing corporations. The NGERs data disaggregates energy use to the facility level (although some facilities aggregate numerous power stations within a single operational area of the corporation). The NGERs data also distinguishes between energy use by fuel type and purpose, and between grid-supplied electricity and on-site generation. Emissions data is also included and emissions factors were applied to the fuel data directly to ensure consistency between generators captured by NGERs and those that are not. Other sources included published information on remote community power supply from government entities or utilities, such as Ergon Energy, Horizon Power, the Northern Territory’s Power and Water Corporation (NTPWC), Hydro Tasmania and the South Australian Department of Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy. Company reports and websites were also used. A list of off-grid generators identified in this study is available in Appendix A.Small stand-alone generators below 20 kW were excluded, for example, generators servicing homesteads (where generators were identified below this size they were included in the study).

Electricity demand Residential, commercial and community Residential, commercial and community demand captures electricity consumption that is associated with residential (in-home) electricity use and population centres. For example, this category captures electricity demand from small stores, petrol stations, schools and other community facilities. It is infeasible to distinguish between these sub-categories of demand across all regions of this study, and so they are grouped together. The key element of analysis of off-grid electricity demand was an exhaustive categorisation of Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) census data from the 2011 census to specific off-grid electricity-consuming locations. Using the smallest available geographic level, census data was matched to one of four categories of residential, commercial and community demand:Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013

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1. Connected to the NEM or SWIS (and therefore excluded from the study).2. Identified as belonging to a specific electricity-consuming location.3. Unallocated electricity demand, where the population was not attributable to an identifiable

location.4. A miscellaneous category that captures homeless people, itinerant workers such as shipping

workers, and locations with extremely low population (less than five). The first and fourth categories of population were excluded from this analysis. The data was used to identify the proportion of the population captured by categories two and three above for which an electricity source has been identified. Only a sub-set of category two will have a power station where data on its capacity and/or output is available either in the public domain or through NGERs. Those populations where no power source could be identified are therefore treated as ‘unidentified’. Unallocated populations (that is, from category three above) cannot have a specific power source matched as meeting their supply, and are therefore also treated as ‘unidentified’. This comprehensive population mapping exercise allows the presentation of a percentage of the population in categories two and three for which a power source has been identified. The 2011 census data indicates that this study has identified sources of power supply for around 94 per cent of Australia’s off-grid population and that the off-grid population is around 1.9 per cent of Australia’s total population. Around 0.1 per cent of Australia’s population receive electricity supply from sources other than the NEM, the SWIS and the generators identified in this study.

Energy and resources facilitiesResidential and general community demand that is closely associated with population is not necessarily correlated with demand from major mining or oil and gas facilities (referred to as ‘energy and resources’ in this study). Various sources were used to find potential off-grid energy and resource facilities and the sources of electricity supply for these facilities. For example, Geoscience Australia’s list of operating mines was used to identify facilities and match these to power sources. This matching process involved, Excluding mines connected to the NEM or SWIS. Grouping the remaining (off-grid) mines into coherent ‘facilities’ (Geoscience Australia’s data

often disaggregates mining operations into separate ore bodies or working areas, which are for the purpose of this study a single facility and use a single power source).

Issuing a discrete location code to each off-grid mining facility that is understood to have been operational in 2011-12.

Matching the location code to a specific generator when this generator can be identified as supplying the mining facility.

Seeking data on the mining facility’s power supply where no generator can be identified. Other energy and resources facilities (particularly oil and gas facilities) were identified through Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association (APPEA) data and NGERs data. Energy and resources demand is a broad category that includes traditional mining, minerals processing (such as refining or smelting) and oil and gas production. It also includes fertiliser facilities that were grouped within this category to ensure confidentiality. Other demandA range of other demand sources are scattered throughout off-grid Australia. Agricultural operations, tourist facilities and defence installations, with a very small demand from miscellaneous sources such as lighthouses are included in this category. Where such facilities are supplied from the NWIS, DKIS or Mount Isa grid, it is generally not possible to distinguish these demand sources from general community demand. Accordingly, for the NWIS and Mt Isa, no ‘other’ demand is presented. In the DKIS, an estimate of DKIS-connected pastoral demand was made and then included in the ‘other demand’ category. Defence facilities were predominantly identified from a map of significant Australian Defence Force facilities published as part of the ADF’s Posture Review, in 2011-12. There were 20 defence facilities identified as being off-grid.Various tourism facilities were identified during the process of matching populations to census mesh Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013

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blocks. As there is no central repository of information on tourism facilities, a general web-based search was undertaken to identify further sites. The tourism facilities that were identified as being both off-grid and where specific power supply information was found were typically facilities that self-identified as having implemented energy efficiency or renewable energy measures. Accordingly, the facilities identified are unlikely to be a representative sub-sample of off-grid tourism electricity demand. Agricultural demand is also challenging to identify due to the diversity of organisations involved. A list of pastoral leases is available for each state and territory, and offers a relatively comprehensive list of off-grid agricultural demand sources. However, the smaller of these stations would fall below the capacity cut-off for this study. No information on electricity demand or generation for even the larger of these stations has been obtained from the public domain. Information was provided on pastoral energy use, collected by the Northern Territory Government through a survey of 35 station owners. This information was used to estimate the aggregate amount of pastoral station electricity generation for off-grid areas of Queensland and Western Australia. The estimates were prepared by extrapolating the data collected to other stations based on cattle numbers. Allowances were made for on-grid stations. This extrapolation was undertaken through the following process, The Northern Territory Government’s estimate of generation capacity on cattle stations was

converted to an estimate of electricity generation and consumption on those stations, using an indicative capacity factor assumption of 36 per cent (derived from a report on energy use for the Northern Territory Cattleman’s Association).

This aggregate cattle station demand was converted to a demand per thousand head of cattle estimate using 2011-12 agricultural census data from the ABS (specifically 38.8 MWh/thousand head of cattle).

The portion of pastoral stations and cattle in other states assumed to be ‘off-grid’ was estimated based on the share of cattle in each natural resource management region as estimated in the 2006-07 agricultural census (2011-12 agricultural census data was not available at the regional level at the time of ACIL Allen undertaking this report).

Off-grid generation was directly estimated using the 38.8 MWh/thousand head of cattle assumption derived above.

Off-grid generation capacity was directly estimated using the 36 per cent capacity factor assumption discussed above.

Choice of regionsAs different regions have different patterns of supply and demand, the data are disaggregated into nine regions,1. The NWIS, covering the grids that service the primarily mining loads in the Pilbara region of

Western Australia.2. The rest of off-grid Western Australia.3. The DKIS, the grid servicing the populous northern parts of the Northern Territory.4. The rest of the Northern Territory.5. The Mount Isa grid in north-western Queensland.6. The rest of off-grid Queensland.7. Off-grid South Australia.8. Off-grid Tasmania, primarily consisting of various islands such as King Island, Flinders Island and

Cape Barron Island.9. The rest of off-grid Australia, capturing the limited amounts of off-grid electricity in New South

Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and various external territories such as Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

Aggregation of data at this level reveals the broad variation in demand and supply across different areas of Australia, whilst also ensuring sufficient aggregation to ensure confidentiality. Eight of the regions analysed are illustrated in map 2. The ninth region is too small and geographically scattered to present in the figure. Map 2: Off-grid regions of Australia


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Note: Region 9 includes off-grid areas of New South Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and external territories. These areas are too small and geographically scattered to present in this map. Rest of WA excludes SWIS-connected areas of WA. Rest of Qld excludes NEM-connected regions of Queensland.Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013

A discrete location is treated as a ‘point source’ of a single type of demand. For example, the town of Yunta in South Australia is a single source of residential demand, whilst the Challenger gold mine is a single source of energy and resources demand.

A discrete location can have multiple generators associated with it. For example, the town of Marble Bar in Western Australia is supplied by both a solar generator and a liquid fuel gen-set operated by Horizon Power. All output from those generators are attributed to serving the general community demand at Marble Bar. In some cases, multiple loads and/or multiple generators are connected together to form an electrical grid. In this case, all discrete locations are given an additional grid code to group them together. A grid in this definition is two or more ‘point source’ loads that are jointly served by one or more power stations such as the NWIS, DKIS and Mount Isa grids.


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3. Off-grid electricity demand and supply in AustraliaThe NEM in eastern and southern Australia provides a fully interconnected transmission network, allowing market determined power flows across the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. It accounts for more than three quarters of total electricity supply in Australia, supplying 19 million residents and around 199 000 GWh of electricity to businesses and households each year. With approximately 40 000 kilometres of transmission lines and cables, the network is one of the longest alternating current systems in the world.Western Australia and the Northern Territory are not part of the NEM. The main interconnected system in Western Australia is the SWIS. The SWIS supplies approximately 17 900 GWh of electricity per year to 910 000 residents, 85 000 businesses and 19 000 major customers in the south west of the state. SWIS infrastructure includes around 7 300 kilometres of transmission lines.

Electricity demandAlmost 16 000 GWh of electricity consumption in non-NEM and non-SWIS regions of Australia was identified for 2011-12. Table 1 excludes off-grid NSW, Victoria, the ACT and the external territories, so as to not reveal facility specific information in any one usage category. The excluded regions comprise around 0.3 per cent of total off-grid electricity demand, and so national off-grid consumption is essentially the same. Energy and resources facilities dominate off-grid electricity consumption in Australia, accounting for more than three-quarters of total consumption in 2011-12 (figure 1). Residential, commercial and community demand accounted for a further 21 per cent of the total.Table 1: Summary of Australian off-grid electricity demand, by user category, 2011-12

Consumer type Consumption (sent out)

Share of consumption

Dwellings, facilities

Consumption/ dwelling

Population Consumption/ population

GWh % No. MWh No. MWh

Residential, commercial and community

3,365 21 150,180 22.4 376,733 8.9

Energy and resources

12,202 77 100

Other 244 2 1,546

TOTAL 15,812 100

Note: Excludes off-grid NSW, ACT, Victoria and external territories. Dwellings/facilities only include observations where details on power supply have been obtained. Totals may not add due to rounding. Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013


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Figure 1: Off-grid electricity use, by user category, 2011-12


The composition of off-grid demand varies significantly from state to state. The primary source of demand in off-grid Western Australia is resources and energy related, accounting for 80 per cent of total consumption in the regions not served by the SWIS. In comparison, the Northern Territory is dominated by consumption associated with population centres (defined as residential, commercial and community demand) with almost 60 per cent of electricity consumption, and the resources and energy sector consuming around 38 per cent. The high proportion of consumption from communities in the Northern Territory is a reflection of the classification of off-grid electricity for this study because it incorporates the DKIS, linking communities from Darwin to Katherine.

Electricity supplyFossil fuels account for almost all off-grid electricity supply in Australia, with natural gas accounting for 78 per cent of total generation, while liquid fuels account for 20 per cent. Table 2 excludes South Australia, NSW, Victoria, the ACT and the external territories, so as to not reveal facility specific information in any one supply category. After excluding these states the data presented covers over 98 per cent of off-grid electricity supply identified in this study, and so provides a representative view of electricity supply by fuel across off-grid Australia (map 3).


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Table 2: Australian off-grid electricity generation, by fuel, 2011-12

Fuel type Capacity Generation (sent

out)

Generation shares

Capacity factor

Fuel use Thermal efficiency

Emissions Emissions intensity

MW GWh % % TJ % kt CO2-e tCO2-e/ MWh

Natural gas 3,557 12,312 79 40 156,842 28 8,051 0.65Liquid fuels 1,187 2,986 19.2 29 27,254 39 1,908 0.64Wind 13 25.7 0.2 22 0 - 0 0Solar 3.4 5.1 <0.1 17 0 - 0 0Other renewables

37.2 246.8 1.6 76 0 - 0 0

TOTAL 4,797 15,575 100 37 184,096 - 9,959 0.64

Note: Excludes off-grid NSW, ACT, Victoria and external territories. Where natural gas and liquid fuels are burned in combination, capacity and output are pro-rated based on fuel input. Liquid fuels include biodiesel. Totals may not add due to rounding. The total generation in this table does not match total generation in Table 1 because some generators were excluded from table 2 to protect confidential information. Electricity demand and generation are equivalent.Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013

The generation shares for each region are summarised in table 3, figure 2 and figure 3, with liquid fuels and natural gas being aggregated for some regions to ensure facility level information remains confidential. Unlike table 2, table 3 and figures 2 and 3 include data for all of Australia. The generation from liquid fuels also includes a very small (less than 0.1 per cent of total liquid fuels) volume of biodiesel. The share of natural gas is close to 100 per cent in the Pilbara, Mt Isa and in the DKIS which derive electricity generation from the extensive gas pipelines in those regions (map 4). By comparison, off-grid Tasmania is dominated by liquid fuel generation and no natural gas generation. The penetration of liquid fuels is highest in the rest of the Northern Territory and in off-grid Tasmania.Renewables account for 2 per cent of total Australian off-grid generation, including hydro, wind, solar and geothermal. This compares to 9.5 per cent of Australia’s total electricity generation deriving from renewables in 2011-12 (BREE 2013a). In contrast renewables account for 27 per cent of total off-grid generation in Tasmania, and in NSW, Victoria, the ACT and the external territories renewables account for 13 per cent of total off-grid generation (figure 3).Table 3: Australian off-grid electricity generation shares, by region and fuel, 2011-12

Region Natural gas Liquid fuels Wind Solar Other renewables

% % % % %

NWIS 98 2 - <0.1 -Rest of off-grid Western Australia

76 20 0.3 <0.1 3.8

DKIS 97 3 - <0.1 0.3Rest of Northern Territory

30 70 <0.1 0.1 -

Mount Isa grid 99 1 - - -Rest of off-grid Queensland

68 32 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Off-grid South Australia 97 0.3 0.1 2.6Off-grid Tasmania 0 73 25.9 1.3 -Rest of off-grid Australia 87 12.6 <0.1 -Off-grid Australia 78 20 0.2 <0.1 1.6


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Note: Liquid fuels can include biodiesel. Numbers may not add due to rounding.



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Figure 2: Off-grid electricity generation, by fuel, 2011-12


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Figure 3: Off-grid electricity generation shares, by fuel, 2011-12



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Map 3: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Australia, 2011-12

Note: Supplied via grid indicates electricity demand locations that do not have an on-site power source but are supplied via an electrical connection to a regional power grid (e.g. the DKIS) or a ‘mini-grid’ connecting several loads and generators (e.g. the Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013

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East Kimberley grid).Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013

Map 4: Australia’s natural gas basins and transmission pipelines

Source: Australian Energy Regulator, 2013

Off-grid supply has also been split into five categories to illustrate the type of organisation supplying the electricity. These include,1. Utility: supply both generated and retailed by a single ‘vertically-integrated’ energy company2. Utility via contract: supply retailed by an energy company but generated under contract by a third

partyBeyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013

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3. Commercial: supply generated by a commercial entity, including specialised generation companies and energy and resources operations with excess electricity production, and then sold to other users under contract

4. Own supply (energy and resources): supply generated and used by a single company operating in the energy and resources sector

5. Own supply (community/other): supply generated and used by a single entity, including communities, defence facilities, agricultural facilities or tourism facilities.

Utility supply is predominantly by NT Power and Water (and its subsidiary Indigenous Essential Services), Ergon Energy and, in a handful of communities, Horizon Power. Utility supply via contract occurs in some Western Australian and Northern Territory communities, where Horizon Power or NT Power and Water purchase electricity from third-party generation companies specifically operating to supply those towns. Sales of power to community customers on the Mount Isa grid by Ergon, using power generated by Stanwell Corporation at its Mica Creek power station, also fits within this category. Commercial supply includes a variety of supply arrangements, including Alinta Energy’s supply of BHP Billiton’s Pilbara mines from its Port Hedland and Newman power stations, Stanwell Corporation’s supply of large mines through the Mount Isa grid, Southern Cross Energy’s supply of the Mt Keith and Leinster nickel operations on the small Mt Keith-Leinster grid, and third-party generation company supply of remote mines sites (such as Energy Developments’ supply of the McArthur River mine in the Northern Territory, amongst many others). This category also includes arrangements where utilities purchase excess power from mining companies for supply of nearby communities. This supply is categorised as ‘commercial’ rather than ‘utility via contract’ as the generation asset is not primarily operated to supply the utility but rather as part of other commercial operations. This happens, for example, in the case of the towns of Jabiru and Nhulunbuy in Northern Territory, and Kununurra in Western Australia. Own supplied electricity by energy and resources companies is the single largest supply category comprising 45 per cent of total off-grid supply. Organisations using large quantities of own-supplied electricity include Rio Tinto, Woodside Petroleum, Barrick Gold and Incitec Pivot. Own supplied electricity can be generated remotely from the point of end use. For example, Rio Tinto’s Yurralyi Maya power station near Dampier is used to power both the Dampier port and a variety of mining operations some distance away. This electricity is allocated to own use by Rio Tinto, other than the portion that is used to supply Horizon Power’s retail customers. Own supplied electricity by other categories of users is a small component of off-grid supply, although it covers a large numbers of demand locations.

The mix of electricity supply by supplier category in off-grid Australia is summarised in Table 4. Commercial and own supply by energy and resources companies dominates the mix, providing almost 80 per cent of total supply, broadly reflecting the energy and resources sector’s share of total off-grid demand. Table 4: Off-grid Australia summary, percentage of supply by type of supplier, 2011-12

Region Utility Utility via contract

Commercial

Own supply (energy and

resources)

Own supply (community/ other)

NWIS - 16 45 39 -Rest of off-grid Western Australia

1 6 29 63 1

DKIS 87 13 - - -Rest of Northern Territory

23 <1 20 52 4

Mount Isa grid - 10 77 13 -Rest of off-grid Queensland

10 - 20 62 7

Off-grid South Australia

<1 9 26 64 1


26

Off-grid Tasmania

- 94 - - 6

Off-grid Australia 12 8 34 45 2

Note: Excluding NSW, Victoria, the ACT and external territoriesSource: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013

Data coverageLess than 2 per cent of the Australian population draw their electricity from off-grid sources (table 5). This study finds that 99.9 per cent of Australia’s population obtain their electricity from the NEM, the SWIS or off-grid sources identified here. This indicates that estimates of off-grid electricity demand, combined with information relating to supply from the NEM and SWIS, provide a comprehensive picture of general electricity demand and supply in Australia.

Table 5: Percentage of off-grid population with identified power supply, 2011-12

State/territory

Total populatio

n

Population that is on-

grid or miscellaneou

s

Off-grid populati

on

Off-grid population

%

Off-grid population

with identified

power supply

Off-grid population

with identified

power supply %

Queensland 4,333,257

4,283,343 49,914 1.2 48,190 97

South Australia

1,596,615

1,589,354 7,261 0.5 5,424 75

Western Australia

2,239,065

2,109,297 129,768 5.8 117,689 91

Tasmania 495,566 493,220 2,346 0.5 2,346 100Northern Territory

212,001 172 211,829 99.9 203,084 96

Rest of Australia

12,631,742

12,628,633 3,109 <0.1 3,074 99

Australia 21,508,246

21,104,019 404,227 1.9 379,807 94

Note: Total population figures may not match aggregate census estimates due to randomisation of population data at the level of small statistical divisions. Miscellaneous population includes shipping workers and others with no fixed address. Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013

Total electricity generation in Australia was approximately 253 851 GWh in 2011-12 and this includes both on and off-grid generation (BREE 2013a). The findings detailed in this study are broadly consistent with BREE’s Australian Energy Statistics (AES) (2013a), taking into consideration differences in classification. Off-grid electricity generation of 15 575 GWh identified in this study constitutes 6 per cent of total generation reported in the 2013 AES. This proportion of off-grid electricity should be used as a guide only because the methodologies used for collection of the AES vary from that used for this study. Caution should be taken in directly comparing across publications.


27

4. Regional analysisWestern AustraliaNWIS PilbaraThe North-West Interconnected System in the Pilbara region of Western Australia is an electrically interconnected grid operated by Rio Tinto that serves its mining operations in the Robe River and Hamersley areas, and by Horizon Power serving various towns including Karratha, Port Hedland and Dampier (map 5). This region also includes the neighbouring, smaller, electrical grid serving the BHP Billiton mines in the eastern Pilbara (particularly Yandi and Newman). Map 5: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Western Australia region, 2011-12


The primary source of demand is related to resources and energy operations, accounting for 80 per cent of total consumption in the region. Horizon Power also retails power generated by Rio Tinto and other entities to residents and businesses in the population centres of the region (table 6). By allowing for the amount of mining related demand supplied within the Horizon Power supply area (primarily Port Hedland, Dampier and Karratha), a sub-set of Horizon’s supplied load on the NWIS was attributed to general community demand. In addition, general community demand in several Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013

28

townships, including Newman, Tom Price, Paraburdoo and Pannawonica, is supplied directly by the relevant mining company. The volume of general community demand from these townships was estimated based on the relative populations of these centres and the Horizon-supplied centres. Table 6: Electricity demand, by user, NWIS Pilbara region, 2011-12

Consumer type

Consumption (sent out)

Share of consumpti

on

Dwellings,

facilities


Population

Consumption/

populationGWh % No. MWh No. MWh


493 20 19,434 25.4 53,201 9.3


1,973 80 16

Other - - -

TOTAL 2,467 100

Note: Dwellings/facilities only include observations where details on power supply have been obtained. Totals may not add due to rounding. Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013

Given its close location to the gas fields of the North-West Shelf, electricity generation in the Pilbara is dominated by natural gas, which accounts for 98 per cent of total generation in the region (table 7). Renewables account for less than 0.1 per cent of total off-grid generation in the Pilbara region.Table 7: Electricity generation, by fuel, NWIS Pilbara region, 2011-12

Fuel type Capacity

Generation (sent

out)

Generation

shares

Capacity factor

Fuel use

Thermal efficienc

y

Emissions

Emissions

intensity

MW GWh % % TJ % kt CO2-e tCO2-e/ MWh

Natural gas

964 2,426 98.3 29 31,447 28 1,614 0.67

Liquid fuels

29 41 1.6 16 498 29 35 0.85

Wind - - - - - - - -Solar 0.2 0.4 <0.1 19 0 - 0 0Other renewables

- - - - - - - -

TOTAL 993 2,467 28 31,945 - 1,649 0.67

Note: Where natural gas and liquid fuels are burned in combination, capacity and output are pro-rated based on fuel input. Totals may not add due to rounding. Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013

Data quality on electricity demand and supply in this region is considered to be high, given the predominance of NGERs data on the supply side. However, it was not possible to comprehensively account for all non-mining loads on the grid. The residual attributed to general community demand is only approximate. The level of electricity consumption per head of population in the Pilbara region is broadly consistent with estimates from other regions.Rest of off-grid WAWestern Australian off-grid electricity usage beyond the Pilbara is also dominated by energy and Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013

29

resources facilities, which account for more than 90 per cent of electricity use in the region (table 8). There is also a significant residential load around 70 remote centres of Western Australia. Estimates of electricity demand and supply in these remote centres of Western Australia are included in this study.


30

Table 8: Electricity demand, by user, rest of off-grid Western Australia region, 2011-12

Consumer type

Consumption (sent

out)

Share of consumptio

n

Dwellings,

facilities


Population

Consumption/



506 8 30,965 16.3 64,488 7.8


5,860 91 51

Other 48 <1 316

TOTAL 6,414 100


Natural gas accounts for more than three-quarters of electricity generation in the region (table 9). This includes a large number of mines located close to the Goldfields Gas Pipeline (see map 4) which runs through the centre of Western Australia, a range of oil and gas processing facilities, including the North-West Shelf and Pluto liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants, the Varanus Island gas plant, and various oil and gas production sites (including Stybarrow, Vincent, Barrow Island and Enfield). LNG is increasingly being trucked to power stations that are remote from gas pipeline infrastructure. ACIL Allen estimates that trucked LNG supplied around 8 per cent of all generation using natural gas in non-NWIS Western Australia in 2011-12.

Table 9: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Western Australia region, 2011-12

Fuel type Capacity

Generation (sent

out)

Generation shares

Capacity factor

Fuel use

Thermal efficienc

y

Emissions

Emissions

intensityMW GWh % % TJ % kt CO2-e tCO2-e/

MWhNatural gas

1,446 4,898 76.4 39 67,433 26 3,461 0.71

Liquid fuels

676 1,254 19.6 21 12,770 35 887 0.71

Wind 9.6 19.1 0.3 23 0 - 0 0Solar 0.9 1.5 <0.1 19 0 - 0 0Other renewables

36 241.5 3.8 77 0 - 0 0

TOTAL 2,169 6,414 100 34 80,203 - 4,438 0.68


Liquid fuels, predominantly diesel, play a significant role in supplying more remote mines, accounting for around 20 per cent of electricity generation. Renewable generation also has a greater presence in broader Western Australia (around 4 per cent of the total), including the Ord River Hydro scheme near Kununurra, and various remote solar and wind generators that displace diesel use.


31

Data quality on electricity demand and supply in this region is considered moderate to high. Many mines report both electricity production and fuel use for remote mining operations. Horizon Power publicly reports the volumes of electricity it generates or purchases to supply to various remote towns. It also reports (through NGERs) on fuel used by several larger power stations and the aggregate fuel use of its smaller power stations. Together, this provides good information on total fuel use and emissions outcomes arising from Horizon’s supply, even though some information regarding the efficiency and fuel use of some smaller generators is absent. Information about electricity use at smaller tourism, defence and agricultural facilities is of lower quality and relies on ACIL Allen estimates.

Northern TerritoryDarwin-Katherine Interconnected SystemThe grid servicing the populous northern part of the Northern Territory is the DKIS (map 6). The DKIS serves a population of over 130 000 people, or around 64 per cent of the Northern Territory population. It predominantly services the general community load of the broader Darwin region, although several small mining operations are supplied from the grid, as is some pastoral demand (table 5).Map 6: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Northern Territory region, 2011-12


32



33

Table 10: Electricity demand, by user category, DKIS region, 2011-12

Consumer type

Consumption (sent

out)

Share of consumptio

n

Dwellings,

facilities


Population

Consumption/



1,408 92 55,226 25.5 134,546 10.5


105 7 5

Other 17 1 50

TOTAL 1,530 100


The majority of power generated for delivery on the DKIS is generated by Northern Territory Power and Water Corporation (NTPWC), with the Channel Island power station providing over half the supply alone. The remainder is supplied by third party generators contracted to the NTPWC. All major power stations on the DKIS operate on natural gas, except for NTPWC’s Berrimah which operates primarily on kerosene. However, most of the gas-fired generators co-fire with liquid fuels on some occasions. Natural gas accounts for 97 per cent of total generation in the DKIS, while liquid fuels account for 3 per cent (table 11).Table 11: Electricity generation, by fuel, DKIS region, 2011-12

Fuel type Capacity

Generation (sent

out)

Generation

shares

Capacity factor

Fuel use

Thermal efficienc

y

Emissions

Emissions


MWhNatural gas

409 1,479 96.7 41 17,081 31 877 0.59

Liquid fuels

41 46 3 13 469 35 33 0.71

Wind - - - - - - - -Solar <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 18 0 - 0 0Other renewables

1.1 4.8 0.3 50 0 - 0 0

TOTAL 451 1,530 39 17,550 - 909 0.59


Data quality of electricity supply in this region is considered high because of the high coverage of power stations by the NGER scheme. Data on the composition of demand is of moderate quality. NTPWC provided a broad estimate of the breakdown between general community and mining demand. Estimates of defence consumption were not available and ACIL Allen estimates of pastoral demand are approximate. Rest of off-grid Northern TerritoryBeyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013

34

The Northern Territory outside of the DKIS consists of several sizable townships, including Alice Springs, almost 100 small communities, and a variety of mining, defence, agriculture and tourism facilities. Energy and resources facilities account for around two-thirds of electricity use in the region, with residential, commercial and community demand accounting for a further 30 per cent (table 12).


35

Table 12: Electricity demand, by user, rest of off-grid Northern Territory region, 2011-12

Consumer type

Consumption (sent

out)

Share of consumptio

n

Dwellings,

facilities


Population

Consumption/ population



519 30 22,540 23 68,538 7.6


1,136 65 8

Other 89 5 204

TOTAL 1,744 100


As with remote Western Australia, remote Northern Territory relies on a variety of fuel sources in the generation mix. Natural gas supplies generators on the Alice Springs and Tennant Creek grids, and some remote sites such as the McArthur River zinc mine, accounting for 30 per cent of total generation in the region (table 13). For other sources, liquid fuels are the predominant generation fuel (70 per cent of total generation in the region), although sometimes small-scale renewable generation is also used.Table 13: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Northern Territory, 2011-12

Fuel type Capacity

Generation (sent

out)

Generation

shares

Capacity factor

Fuel use

Thermal efficienc

y

Emissions

Emissions


MWhNatural gas

193 517 29.7 31 7,180 26 369 0.71

Liquid fuels

286 1,224 70.2 49 9,433 47 673 0.55

Wind <0.1 0.2 <0.1 23 0 - 0 0Solar 1.7 2.4 0.1 16 0 - 0 0Other renewables

- - - - - - - -

TOTAL 481 1,744 41 16,614 - 1,042 0.6


Data quality on electricity demand and supply in this region is considered moderate to high. NGERs data is available for major sources of generation on the Alice Springs and Tennant Creek grids, whilst the McArthur River mine also reports under NGERs. Further, NTPWC reports via NGERs on energy use associated with its remote community supply. However, consumption at some smaller communities and mines are estimated from demand trends from similar facilities. Demand from pastoral facilities is based on an NT Government survey and is approximate.

QueenslandBeyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013

36

Mount Isa grid (north-western Queensland)The Mount Isa region of north-western Queensland is serviced by a grid centred on the Mica Creek Power Station (map 7). The region is characterised by large mining and minerals processing loads, which accounts for 90 per cent of electricity consumption (table 14), with general community demand primarily consisting of the township of Mount Isa itself and Cloncurry to the east. Several mining facilities are located relatively close to Mount Isa but are not included in this region as they are not electrically connected to the regional grid. These facilities are instead included with the rest of off-grid Queensland.Map 7: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Queensland region, 2011-12


Table 14: Electricity demand, by user category, Mt Isa region, 2011-12

Consumer type

Consumption (sent

out)

Share of consumptio

n

Dwellings,

facilities


Population

Consumption/ population



223 10 10,041 22.2 24,039 9.3


2,016 90 8

Other - - -


37

TOTAL 2,239 100


The centralised generating facilities at Mica Creek, operated by the Queensland Government’s Stanwell Corporation, supply the majority of the electricity in the region. However, most major energy and resources facilities in this region have on-site power generation facilities for grid back-up. The AGL-APA Group Diamantina power station is expected to be fully operational in the first half of 2014. This power station will consist of 242 MW of combined-cycle gas turbine generation and 60 MW of back-up generation, and will largely displace generation from the ageing Mica Creek power station. However, as this power station was not operational in 2011-12, it is not included. The dominant fuel source for generation on the Mount Isa grid is natural gas (table 15), which is supplied from the Ballera-Moomba gas hub via the Carpentaria pipeline. Some small power stations operate on liquid fuels, but run at low capacity factors and therefore constitute only a very small fraction of supply. Further, many gas-fired generators co-fire with small quantities of liquid fuels. Table 15: Electricity generation, by fuel, Mt Isa region, 2011-12

Fuel type Capacity

Generation (sent

out)

Generation

shares

Capacity factor

Fuel use

Thermal efficienc

y

Emissions

Emissions


MWhNatural gas

415 2,208 98.6 61 24,934 32 1,280 0.58

Liquid fuels

39 31 1.4 9 311 36 22 0.7

Wind - - - - - - - -Solar - - - - - - - -Other renewables

- - - - - - - -

TOTAL 454 2,239 100 56 25,245 1,302 0.58


Data quality on electricity supply in this region is considered high, as the sizable generation sources report their energy generation under NGERs. Data quality on the demand composition is only moderate as it is not possible to comprehensively categorise demand into energy and resources and general community demand using NGERs data. ACIL Allen assumed that general community demand per head of population would be the same on the Mt Isa grid as in the NWIS, and attributed the remainder of demand to the energy and resources sector. Rest of off-grid QueenslandThe extensive Ergon Energy and Energex distribution networks cover the vast majority of Queensland, and service approximately 99 per cent of Queensland’s population. Off-grid Queensland outside of the Mount Isa grid consists of around 40 remote communities and a few remote energy and resources facilities. The primary concentration of off-grid communities is in the Torres Strait and Cape Yorke region, but also includes coastal islands such as Palm Island and inland towns such as Camooweal, Boulia and Jundah. The largest energy and resources facilities in off-grid Queensland are the Ballera gas plant and the Weipa bauxite mine. Despite the large number and variety of small non-energy and resources demand sources in this region, the size of the energy and resources facilities bring their electricity consumption to nearly 80 per cent of regional electricity demand (table 16).


38

Table 16: Electricity demand, by user, rest of off-grid Queensland region, 2011-12

Consumer type


Share of consumpti

on



Population

Consumption/



155 13 7,523 20.6 24,151 6.4


919 79 9

Other 86 7 927

TOTAL 1,160 100


Ergon Energy supplies 33 remote communities with power, predominantly using diesel, but has begun using a biodiesel blend to reduce emissions. It also operates various renewable generators to displace diesel usage in remote communities, including the 450 kW Thursday Island wind farm, the 80 kW Birdsville geothermal power plant, and the 264 kW Doomadgee solar farm (under construction). Outside of Ergon’s operations, the primary generation sources service electricity demand from various energy and resources facilities. The natural gas fired off-grid generators include the Ballera gas plant and various mining operations located close to, but electrically separate from, the Mount Isa grid. Rio Tinto uses liquid fuels at its 36 MW generator at Weipa, which service the bauxite mine and township. Natural gas accounts for around two-thirds of electricity generation in the region, while liquid fuels account for the remaining one-third (table 17).Table 17: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Queensland region, 2011-12

Fuel type Capacity

Generation (sent

out)

Generation shares

Capacity factor

Fuel use

Thermal efficienc

y

Emissions

Emissions


MWhNatural gas

130 784 67.6 69 8,766 32 450 0.57

Liquid fuels

107 374 32.2 40 3,626 37 249 0.66

Wind 0.5 0.8 <0.1 19 0 - 0 0Solar 0.3 0.5 <0.1 20 0 - 0 0Other renewables

<0.1 0.5 <0.1 70 0 - 0 0

TOTAL 237 1,160 100 56 12,392 - 699 0.6

Note: Where natural gas and liquid fuels are burned in combination, capacity and output are pro-rated based on fuel input. Liquid fuels include biodiesel. Totals may not add due to rounding. Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013

Data quality on electricity demand and supply in this region is considered moderate, with substantial data available through NGERs, including aggregated data on fuel use and output of Ergon’s remote Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013

39

generators. Data on the capacity and utilisation of power supply at various small and remote mines could not be obtained and hence these facilities were excluded.

South AustraliaOff-grid electricity consumption in South Australia is concentrated in three energy and resources facilities (table 18). The remainder (less than 20 per cent) consists of supply for around 30 remote communities (map 8), the Wilpena Pound Resort, and an estimated volume of demand for off-grid pastoral properties.


40

Map 8: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, South Australia region, 2011-12


Table 18: Electricity demand, by user, off-grid South Australia region, 2011-12

Consumer type

Consumption (sent

out)

Share of consumptio

n

Dwellings,

facilities


Population

Consumption/



40 17 2,924 13.7 5,424 7.4


193 82 3

Other 3 1 45

TOTAL 236 100


Off-grid electricity supply is weighted towards natural gas and liquid fuels, which account for 97 per cent of total generation (table 19). These are grouped together to ensure confidential information about specific facilities is not revealed. Small-scale renewables also have a small but growing role in Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013

41

displacing the use of fossil fuels in off-grid South Australia. The share of renewable electricity generation in off-grid South Australia is in contrast to grid-connected South Australia, which at the time of writing has amongst the highest penetrations of wind generation in the world.


42

Table 19: Electricity generation, by fuel, off-grid South Australia region, 2011-12

Fuel type Capacity

Generation (sent

out)

Generation shares

Capacity factor

Fuel use

Thermal efficienc

y

Emissions

Emissions


MWhNatural gas and liquid fuels

75 229 97 35 2,401 34 146 0.64

Wind 0.3 0.7 0.3 24 0 - 0 0Solar 0.2 0.3 0.1 18 0 - 0 0Other renewables

1 6.2 2.6 70 0 - 0 0

TOTAL 76 236 35 2,401 146 0.62

Note: Liquid fuels and natural gas combined to obscure facility-specific information. Totals may not add due to rounding. Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013

Data quality on electricity demand and supply in this region is considered moderate. NGERs data was available for several large energy users. A KPMG review of the Remote Area Energy Supply scheme provided current data on usage in most remote, non-indigenous communities in South Australia. Reports from the South Australian Government to the Essential Services Commission of South Australia revealed data on generation and approximate fuel use in various remote indigenous communities.

TasmaniaThe main island of Tasmania has almost universal grid coverage, with the unserviced south-west corner of the island consisting of essentially uninhabited national park. Off-grid electricity use in Tasmania is limited to the smaller surrounding islands, principally King Island and Flinders Island, but also smaller islands including Cape Barron, Maria, Maatsuyker and Clarke islands (map 9). On Kind Island and Flinders islands, the largest component of electricity consumption is for general community demand, with minor usage by lighthouses and tourism facilities (table 20).


43

Map 9: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Tasmanian region, 2011-12


Table 20: Electricity demand, by user, off-grid Tasmania region, 2011-12

Consumer type


Share of consumpti

on



Population

Consumption/



22 99 1,527 14.3 2,346 9.3


- - -

Other <1 <1 4

TOTAL 22 100

Note: Dwellings/facilities only include observations where details on power supply have been obtained. Totals may not add due to rounding.


44


Hydro Tasmania and other organisations have pioneered operations of hybrid diesel, wind and solar generation systems on Tasmania’s remote islands. Reflecting this, the penetration of renewable generation in the supply mix for this region is in excess of 25 per cent (table 21). Liquid fuels account for around 73 per cent of total generation in the region.Table 21: Electricity generation, by fuel, off-grid Tasmania region, 2011-12

Fuel type

Capacity

Generation (sent

out)

Generation shares

Capacity factor

Fuel use

Thermal efficienc

y

Emissions

Emissions


MWhNatural gas

- - - - - - - -

Liquid fuels

9 16 72.9 20 148 39 11 0.66

Wind 2.9 5.7 25.7 23 0 - 0 0Solar 0.2 0.3 1.5 16 0 - 0 0Other renewables

- - - - - - -

TOTAL 12 22 21 148 - 11 0.48

Note: Where natural gas and liquid fuels are burned in combination, capacity and output are pro-rated based on fuel input. Liquid fuels include biodiesel. Totals may not add due to rounding. Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013

Data quality on electricity demand and supply in this region is moderate to low. Hydro Tasmania publishes annual output estimates for the three largest power stations in off-grid Tasmania (the King Island diesel and wind generators and the Flinders Island diesel generator) comprising over 80 per cent of identified off-grid Tasmanian electricity. Only approximate data on the efficiency of Hydro Tasmania’s and other diesel generators in this region was obtained so fuel use and emissions estimates have a higher degree of uncertainty. Capacity factors for other wind generators have been assumed to be the same as the capacity factor derived from the King Island output figures. Solar capacity factors have been generically estimated by ACIL Allen as 13.5 per cent based on the southern location of these systems.

Rest of AustraliaAs in other parts of Australia, fossil fuel generation dominates the supply mix, accounting for 87 per cent of total generation (table 22). The penetration of renewables was relatively high compared to total off-grid renewable penetration, with wind accounting for around 13 per cent of generation in the rest of Australia region. Due to the small number of off-grid facilities in the remainder of Australia (New South Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and Australia’s external territories) disaggregated data on electricity consumption by user type is not presented to protect confidentiality. Generation estimates by fuel type are also aggregated for natural gas and liquid fuels to ensure confidentiality is protected. Aggregation was necessary because there was only a single energy and resource facility in this region, which was also the only facility to use natural gas. Table 22: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Australia, 2011-12

Fuel type Capacity

Generation (sent

out)

Generation

shares

Capacity factor

Fuel use

Thermal efficienc

y

Emissions

Emissions


MWhNatural gas and

17 31 87.4 21 311 36 20 0.65


45

liquid fuelsWind 1 4.4 12.6 50 0 - 0 0Solar <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 16 0 - 0 0Other renewables

- - - - - - - -

TOTAL 18 35 100 23 311 - 20 0.57

Note: Liquid fuels and natural gas combined to obscure facility-specific information. Totals may not add due to rounding. Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013


46

Data quality for these miscellaneous sources of off-grid demand and supply are considered moderate to poor. Very few off-grid facilities in these locations report under NGERs and efficiency and output estimates are often based on comparable observations elsewhere. Due to the scattered and varied nature of these energy-using facilities, consistent and comprehensive sources of information are generally not available.


47

5. Conclusions and future workThis study finds that the off-grid population of Australia is small, accounting for fewer than 2 per cent of the total population. Off-grid electricity generation is approximately 6 per cent of total generation in Australia, or around 15 812 GWh in 2011-12. Growth in the resources and energy sectors in regional areas of Australia is creating interest in the opportunities for the off-grid electricity market. This study contributes toward filling the information gap for electricity demand and supply in off-grid Australia.Off-grid electricity consumption was dominated by the resources and energy sector in 2011-12, accounting for around 77 per cent of total off-grid electricity consumption. Western Australia consumes the majority off-grid electricity in Australia reflecting the high proportion of resources and energy facilities in the state. Off-grid Western Australia accounts for almost 56 per cent of Australia’s total off-grid electricity consumption, or 8 882 GWh in 2011-12. Western Australia’s dominance of the off-grid electricity market could be expected to continue because of the investment in new resources and energy projects in the state. As at May 2013 Western Australia has 28 resources and energy projects at the committed stage, the most of any state in Australia (Barber, et al. 2013). Renewable energy generation accounted for just 2 per cent of off-grid electricity in 2011-12. This figure compares to renewables accounting for almost 10 per cent of total electricity generation in Australia in 2011-12 (BREE 2013a). Energy costs are likely to be high in areas classified as off-grid in this study, due to their remote location and the lack of existing infrastructure. There may be significant potential for renewable energy sources to play a role in meeting off-grid power demand in the future. In 2013 ARENA launched the Regional Australian Renewables initiative which aims to demonstrate and deploy renewable energy technology in off-grid regions. By 2030 some solar photovoltaic and wind electricity generation technologies are projected to have the lowest levelised cost of electricity of any electricity generating technology (Syed, A. 2012). As renewable technologies become more cost competitive, the potential for increased use of solar, wind and geothermal is relatively high in some off-grid areas.Future workThe main sources of information for this study were NGERs data, as well as numerous public sources of information. In the future, more information could be sought in areas where data in the public domain is limited and must be directly accessed from particular organisations, or where specific surveys would be required to fill data gaps. This includes obtaining information from the Department of Defence for electricity demand associated with off-grid defence facilities. Public information is not available on energy supply and demand in a range of smaller remote communities. Substantial data on remote communities’ energy usage was obtained from information published by NT Power and Water, Ergon Energy, Horizon Power and the SA Government. Further information on power supply for remote communities may be obtained through indigenous corporations that manage remote communities with the assistance of the Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations. Information on electricity demand on pastoral properties would require a direct approach to station owners and could be facilitated by using the registers of pastoral properties maintained by the various state and territory governments. For electricity from off-grid tourism facilities, engagement with peak industry bodies could yield information already collated but not in the public domain. Assistance from peak industry bodies could also streamline a direct approach to tourism facilities. However, this study identified energy sources for 94 per cent of off-grid Australia and the relative cost of obtaining higher coverage would need to be balanced against the cost. Estimates of off-grid electricity demand outlined in this study, combined with information relating to supply from the NEM and SWIS, provide a comprehensive picture of general electricity demand and supply in Australia. This study also benefitted substantially from data available from the 2011 Census (ABS 2011). As censuses are not undertaken annually, such a comprehensive a look at off-grid populations will not be achievable again until the 2016 Census. This would create new challenges with future studies of this kind, particularly where the regional distribution of populations change rapidly. However, the supply-focused elements of this study could essentially be replicated without census data.In the future BREE intends to report on the demand and supply of electricity in off-grid Australia on a regular basis. This study is the first of its kind and forms a baseline understanding of off-grid Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013

48

electricity demand and supply in Australia from which changes to the off-grid market can be measured. Further information about trends in the size, composition and distribution of generation and consumption is necessary for understanding the opportunities for the off-grid market.


49

ReferencesACIL Allen Consulting 2013, Off-Grid Electricity Study - Desktop analysis of off-grid electricity demand and supply in Australia, Report to the Department of Industry, July.ABS 2011, Census of Population and Housing for Mesh Blocks, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, cat no. 2074.0, December.AER 2013, State of the Energy Market 2013, Australian Energy Regulator, Canberra, April.Barber, J., Shael, T., Cowling, S., Bialowas, A., Hough, O. 2013, Resources and Energy Major Projects April 2013, BREE, Canberra, May.BREE 2013a, 2013, Australian Energy Statistics, BREE, Canberra, July.BREE 2013b, Energy in Australia 2013, BREE, Canberra, May.Syed, A. 2012, Australian energy projections to 2049-50, Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Canberra, December.


50

Appendix A: List of off-grid power stations, operational in 2011-12Table A1: List of Western Australian Power Stations Identified

Power station Capacity (MW)

Fuel Operator Source(s)

NWIS

BHP - various Pilbara locations 1* Liquid fuel BHP Billiton ACIL Allen assumption

BHP - various Pilbara locations <0.1* Solar BHP Billiton ACIL Allen assumption

Cape Lambert 105 Natural gas Rio Tinto Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia

Dampier 120^ Natural gas Rio Tinto Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia

Hamersley iron 0.2 Solar Rio Tinto Geoscience Australia (2)

Karratha 86 Natural gas ATCO Australia

Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia

Newman 184 Natural gas Alinta Energy

Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA Department of Finance (2)

Paraburdoo 140 Natural gas Rio Tinto Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia

Port Hedland 210 Natural gas Alinta Energy


Yurralyi Maya 250 Natural gas Rio Tinto Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia

Rest of off-grid Western Australia

Ardyaloon 0.8 Liquid fuel Energy Developments

WA Department of Finance (2)

Argyle Diamond mine 32 Liquid fuel Argyle Diamond mines (Rio Tinto)


Balginjirr <0.1 Solar Balginjirr Community

Geoscience Australia (2)

Barrow Island 10* Natural gas Chevron ACIL Allen assumption

Beagle Bay 0.7 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Bidyadanga 1.3 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Blackstone 0.3 Liquid fuel Community Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (5)

Brightstar gold mine 3.5 Liquid fuel A1 Minerals Energy Power Systems

Bronzewing gold mine 15 Liquid fuel Pacific Energy

Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance (2)

Broome 49 Natural gas Energy Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience


51



Developments

Australia; WA Department of Finance (2)

Burringurrah 0.5 Liquid fuel Community Practical Management and Development

Burrup Fertilisers 44 Natural gas Yara Fertilisers Pilbara

Geoscience Australia

Burrup Peninsula (NWSJV) 240 Natural gas Woodside Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA Department of Finance (2)

Burrup Peninsula (Pluto Phase 1) 160 Natural gas Woodside WA Department of Finance (2)

Cape Preston magnetite mine 450 Natural gas CITIC Pacific Mining


Carnarvon - Horizon 15.3 Natural gas Horizon Power


Carnarvon - solar <0.1 Solar Solex Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)

Carnarvon - wind <0.1 Wind Solex WA Department of Finance (2)

Carosue Dam gold mine 10 Liquid fuel Pacific Energy KPS


Christmas Creek iron ore mine 58 Liquid fuel Contract Power


Cloud break iron ore mine 45 Liquid fuel Contract Power


Coobina chromite mine 1.5 Liquid fuel Consolidated Minerals Holdings

UON

Coral Bay - fossil 2.2 Liquid fuel Verve Energy/ Horizon Power


Coral Bay - wind 0.8 Wind Verve Energy

Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)

Cosmos nickel mine 12 Liquid fuel KPS (Pacific Energy)

Monash University

Cue 0.8 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Darlot gold mine 11.6 Natural gas Barrick Gold of Australia


Darlot gold mine - solar <0.1* Solar Barrick Gold of Australia

ACIL Allen assumption

DeGrussa 20^^ Liquid fuel KPS (Pacific Energy)

Pacific Energy KPS

Denham - fossil 2.6 Liquid fuel Verve Energy/ Horizon Power


Denham - wind 1 Wind Verve Energy



52



Derby 13.1 Natural gas Energy Developments


Devil Creek gas plant 10* Natural gas Apache Energy


Djarindjin 0.7 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Enfield project 10* Natural gas Woodside Petroleum


Esperance 38.5 Natural gas Burns & Roe Worley


Esperance (Nine Mile Beach) 3.6 Wind Verve Energy


Esperance (Ten Mile Beach) 2.3 Wind Verve Energy


Eucla - fossil 0.9 Liquid fuel Amber Hotel WA Department of Finance (2)

Eucla - solar <0.1 Solar WA Department of Agriculture


Eucla - wind <0.1 Wind WA Department of Agriculture


Exmouth - Defence 18 Liquid fuel Department of Defence


Exmouth - fossil 8 Natural gas Worley Parsons


Exmouth - wind <0.1 Wind Verve Energy


Fitzroy Crossing 3.7 Natural gas Energy Developments


Garden Well mine 12^^ Liquid fuel KPS (Pacific Energy)

Pacific Energy KPS

Gascoyne Junction 0.4 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Gorgon project 20* Liquid fuel Chevron ACIL Allen assumption

Granny Smith gold mine - fossil 30.6 Liquid fuel Barrick Gold of Australia


Granny Smith gold mine - solar <0.1* Solar Barrick Gold of Australia


Gwalia Deeps gold mine 17 Natural gas Pacific Energy KPS


Halls Creek 3.3 Natural gas Energy Developments


Higginsville gold mine 11 Liquid fuel Pacific Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of


53



Energy KPS Finance (2)

Hopetoun - fossil 2.2 Liquid fuel Verve Energy


Hopetoun - wind 1.2 Wind Verve Energy


Jaguar base metals mine 9* Liquid fuel Independence Group NL


Jigalong 0.7 Liquid fuel Community Illawarra Store

JORN - Laverton 2.4 Liquid fuel Department of Defence

Australian Parliament

Jundee gold mine 22.5 Natural gas Energy Developments


Kalumburu - fossil 1.1 Liquid fuel Horizon Power


Kalumburu - solar 0.1 Solar Horizon Power


Kandiwal <0.1 Solar Kandiwal Community


Kimberley diamond mine 11.4 Liquid fuel Powerwest Power West

Kiwikkurra 0.4 Liquid fuel Community WA Government (Planning) (4)

Koolan Island iron ore mine 3.2 Liquid fuel Powerwest Power West

Koolyanobbing iron ore mine 3 Liquid fuel Cliffs Natural Resources

Cliffs Natural Resources

Kununurra - fossil 12.4 Liquid fuel Horizon Power


Kununurra - solar <0.1 Solar WA Department of Agriculture


Laminara project 15* Natural gas Woodside ACIL Allen assumption

Laverton - fossil 1.5 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Laverton - solar <0.1 Solar WA Department of Justice


Leinster nickel mine 65 Natural gas Southern Cross Energy


Leonora 4.4 Natural gas Energy Developments


Looma 1 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Marble Bar - fossil 1.3 Liquid fuel Horizon Power


Marble Bar - solar 0.3 Solar Horizon Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)


54



Power

Meekatharra 2.9 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Meekatharra gold mine 8^^ Liquid fuel Pacific Energy KPS

Pacific Energy KPS

Menzies 0.3 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Mindibungu 0.9 Liquid fuel Community Healey Engineering

Mount Lawlers gold mine 2* Liquid fuel Barrick Gold of Australia


Mount Magnet 1.9 Natural gas Energy Developments


Mount Magnet mine 22 Natural gas Remelius Resources

Energy Supply Association of Australia

Mt Keith nickel operations 116 Natural gas Southern Cross Energy


Mulan 0.5 Liquid fuel Community WA Government (Planning)

Murrin Murrin nickel mine 80 Natural gas Glencore Investments


Nifty copper mine 22.8 Natural gas Aditya Birla Geoscience Australia

Norseman 9.7 Liquid fuel Contract Power


Nullagine 9 Liquid fuel Pacific Energy KPS

Pacific Energy KPS

Nullagine - fossil 1 Liquid fuel Horizon Power


Nullagine - solar 0.2 Solar Horizon Power


Onslow - Horizon 3 Liquid fuel Horizon Power


Onslow - private 3.6 Natural gas Onslow Electric Power


Ord River 30 Other renewable

Pacific Hydro


Ord Sugar Mill 6 Other renewable

Cheal Jedang Corp (South Korea)


Parnngurr 0.5 Liquid fuel Community WA Government (Planning) (3)

Patjarr <0.1 Liquid fuel Community Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (2)

Paulsen gold mine 4 Liquid fuel Powerwest Power West

Pia Wadjari <0.1 Wind Pia Wadjari Community



55



Plutonic gold mine 28.3 Natural gas Barrick Gold of Australia


Plutonic gold mine - solar <0.1* Solar Barrick Gold of Australia


Punmu 0.3 Liquid fuel Community WA Government (Planning) (2)

Rottnest Island - fossil 2 Liquid fuel Rottnest Island Authority


Rottnest Island - wind 0.6 Wind Rottnest Island Authority


Sandstone 0.4 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Savannah nickel mine 10.8 Liquid fuel Contract Power


Sinclair mine 8 Liquid fuel KPS (Pacific Energy)

Monash University

Spinifex Ridge iron ore mine 0.8* Liquid fuel Moly Mines AAC assumption based on NGERs output; Moly Mines

Stag Project 10* Liquid fuel Apache Energy


Stybarrow oil and gas 30* Natural gas BHP Billiton ACIL Allen assumption

Sunrise Dam gold mine 26.8 Natural gas Energy Developments


Telfer gold mine 161 Natural gas Newcrest Mining


Telfer gold mine - solar <0.1* Solar Newcrest Mining


The Mount mine 1* Liquid fuel Focus Minerals


Thevanard Island 2.5* Natural gas Chevron ACIL Allen assumption

Tjukurla 0.3 Liquid fuel Community Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (7)

Tjuntjuntjarra 0.2 Liquid fuel Community WA Government (Planning) (6)

Tropicana mine 47^^ Natural gas KPS (Pacific Energy)

Pacific Energy KPS

Varanus Island gas plant 8* Natural gas Apache Energy


Vincent project 15* Natural gas Woodside ACIL Allen assumption

Violet Valley <0.1 Solar Violet Valley Community


WA pastoral properties 11.3* Liquid fuel Various ACIL Allen assumption

Wanamulyandong <0.1 Solar Wanamulyandong Community


Wanarn 0.2 Liquid fuel Community Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (4)

Wandoo 2.5* Natural gas Vermilion Oil ACIL Allen assumption


56



and Gas

Warakurna 0.4 Liquid fuel Community Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku

Warburton 0.8 Liquid fuel Community Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (3)

Warmun 1.3 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Wheatstone 1* Natural gas Chevron ACIL Allen assumption

Wiluna 1.3 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Wiluna gold mine 20.6 Natural gas Apex Gold Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA Department of Finance (2)

Wingellina 0.6 Liquid fuel Community Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (6)

Woodie Woodie - solar <0.1* Solar Consolidated Minerals Holdings


Woodie Woodie manganese mine 4 Liquid fuel Consolidated Minerals Holdings

UON

Wyndham 2 Liquid fuel Horizon Power


Yagga Yagga <0.1 Solar Community Geoscience Australia (2)

Yalgoo 0.4 Liquid fuel Energy Developments


Yungngora - fossil 0.8 Liquid fuel Horizon Power


Yungngora - solar <0.1 Solar Horizon Power


Table A2: List of Northern Territory Power Stations Identified



DKIS

Berrimah 30 Liquid fuel NT Power and Water


Channel Island 255 Natural gas NT Power and Water


Jilkminggan <0.1 Solar Public Geoscience Australia (2)

Katherine 28 Natural gas NT Power and Water


Mt Todd 35^^ Natural gas NT Power and Water


Pine Creek 49 Natural gas Energy Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia


57



Developments

Shoal Bay 1.1 Other renewable

Landfill Management Services

Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia (2)

Weddell 88 Natural gas NT Power and Water


Rest of Northern Territory

Alice Springs 58.7 Natural gas NT Power and Water


Alice Springs Airport

0.2 Solar Alice Springs Airport


Alpurrurulam 1 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Amanbidji 0.2 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Amunturangu 0.5 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Apatula 0.6 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Areyonga 0.7 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Arlparra 1.2* Liquid fuel Community ACIL Allen assumption

Atitjere 0.7 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Borroloola 3.2 Liquid fuel NT Power and Water


Bradshaw 0.1 Solar Department of Defence


Bradshaw Field - fossil

<0.1 Liquid fuel Department of Defence

PSMC (2)

Brewers Estate

8.5 Natural gas Central Energy Power


Bulman <0.1 Solar NT Power and Water


Bunbidee 0.3 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Daly Waters 0.6 Liquid fuel NT Power and Water


Elliott 1.7 Natural gas NT Power and Water


Engawala 0.3 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Epenarra <0.1 Wind Private Geoscience Australia (2)

Galiwinku 5.4 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Gapuwiyak 1.9 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Gove 105 Liquid fuel Alcan Gove (Rio Tinto)


Groote Eylandt

16 Liquid fuel BHP / GEMCO Energy Supply Association of Australia

Gudabijin - fossil

0.3 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Gudabijin - <0.1 Solar IES Indigenous Essential Services


58



solar

Gulin Gulin (Bulman)


Gunbalanya 3.6 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Hermannsburg - fossil

1 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Hermannsburg - solar

0.2 Solar Hermannsburg Community


Ikuntji 0.4 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Imangara 0.5 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Imanpa 0.5 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Jabiru 28 Liquid fuel Energy Resources Australia (ERA)


Kalkarindji 1.8 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Kaltukatjara 0.7 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Kangaroo Flats - fossil

0.2 Liquid fuel Department of Defence

PSMC

Kangaroo Flats - solar

<0.1 Solar Department of Defence


Kings Canyon - fossil

1 Liquid fuel NT Power and Water


Kings Canyon - solar

0.2 Solar NT Power and Water

Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia (2)

Lajamanu - fossil


Lajamanu - solar

0.3 Solar Lajamanu Community


Laramba 0.7 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Maningrida 4.8 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Manyalluluk 0.2 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

McArthur River

21 Natural gas Energy Developments


McArthur River - expansion

53^^ Natural gas Energy Developments

Energy Developments

Milikapiti 1.1 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Millingimbi 2.4 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Milyakburra 0.8 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Minjilang 0.7 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Minyerri 1.1 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Mungoobada 0.8 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services


59



Nauiyu 1.9 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Nganmaryanga

1 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Nguiu 5 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Ngukurr 3.4 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

NT pastoral properties

21.6 Liquid fuel Various NT Govt

Nturiya 1.7 Liquid fuel IES NT Govt

Numbulwar 1.6 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Nyirripi 0.5 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Orwaitilla 0.4 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Owen Springs 3.9 Natural gas NT Power and Water


Owen Springs - stage 2

32.1 Natural gas NT Power and Water

Power and Water Corporation (9)

Papunya 1.1 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Peppimenarti 0.7 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Pine Gap defence facility

<0.1 Natural gas Department of Defence

Australian Government (Department of Defence)

Pirlangimpi 1.1 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Ramingining 1.6 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Ron Goodin 58.7 Natural gas NT Power and Water


Tanami - Dead Bullock Soak gold mine

19.8 Liquid fuel Energy Generation

Newmont Mining

Tanami - The Granites gold mill

14.3 Liquid fuel Newmont Newmont Mining

Tara 0.3 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Tennant Creek 1



Tennant Creek 2



Ti Tree 1.8 Liquid fuel NT Power and Water


Timber Creek 1.3 Liquid fuel NT Power and Water


Titjikala 0.7 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Umbakumba 1 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Wadeye 4 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Walangkura 0.9 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Warruwi 0.8 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services


60



Wickham Point 15 Natural gas Conoco Phillips


Willowra 0.7 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Wilora 0.2 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Wutungurra 0.3 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Yarralin 1 Liquid fuel IES Indigenous Essential Services

Yuendumu - fossil


Yuendumu - solar

0.2 Solar Yuendumu Community


Table A3: List of Queensland Power Stations Identified



Mount Isa

Ernest Henry 32 Liquid fuel Xstrata plc Geoscience Australia

Lady Annie copper mine

1* Liquid fuel CST Minerals ACIL Allen assumption

Mica Creek 325 Natural gas Stanwell Corporation


Mount Gordon mine 1.5* Liquid fuel Aditya Birla Group


Mt Isa - Mines Station

45 Natural gas Xstrata Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia

Mt Isa Fertilisers 10 Natural gas Incitec Pivot Energy Supply Association of Australia

Project X41, Mt Isa 39 Natural gas APA Group Energy Supply Association of Australia

Rest of off-grid Queensland

Aurukun 2.3* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Badu Island 1.4* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Balcooma mine 2* Liquid fuel Kagara ACIL Allen assumption

Ballera - south-west Queensland gas plant

42* Natural gas Santos ACIL Allen assumption

Bamaga 4* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Bedourie 0.2* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Birdsville <0.1* Other renewable

Ergon Energy Geoscience Australia (2)

Birdsville - fossil 0.9* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Boigu Island 0.4* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Boulia 0.4* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy


61



Burketown 0.4* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Camooweal 0.3* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Cannington 38.1 Natural gas Energy Developments


Coconut Is - fossil 0.3* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Coconut Is - solar <0.1* Solar Ergon Energy Geoscience Australia (2)

Coconut Is - wind <0.1* Wind Ergon Energy Geoscience Australia (2)

Coen 0.6* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Couran Cove Island Resort

1.3 Natural gas (LPG)

Ramada Lim and McAleer; Couran Cove Resort

Darnley Island 0.7* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Dauan Island 0.2* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Doomadgee - fossil 1.8* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Doomadgee - solar 0.3^^ Solar Ergon Energy Ergon Energy (7)

Eloise mine 10* Liquid fuel FMR Investments


Gununa Mornington Island

2* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Hammond Island 0.4* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Hidden Valley <0.1 Solar Private Hidden Valley Cabins

JORN - Stonehenge 2.4 Liquid fuel Department of Defence


Jundah – fossil 0.2* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Jundah - solar <0.1 Solar Barcoo Shire Council


Kowanyama 1.8* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Kubin, Moa Island 0.7* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Lady Elliot Island - fossil

<0.1 Liquid fuel Lady Elliott Island Eco Resort

Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

Lady Elliot Island - solar

<0.1 Solar Lady Elliott Island Eco Resort


Lady Elliot Island - solar - phase 2

<0.1 Solar Lady Elliott Island Eco Resort


Lady Loretta zinc mine

1* Liquid fuel Xstrata ACIL Allen assumption

Lockhart River 0.8* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Mabuiag Island 0.5* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Mapoon 1.3* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Mt Isa - Phosphate Hill

26.5 Natural gas Incitec Pivot Energy Supply Association of Australia


62



Murray Island 0.7* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Osborne mine 22.3 Natural gas Ivanhoe Australia

Ivanhoe Australia

Palm Island 2.5* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Pormpuraaw 1.2* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Port Stewart <0.1 Solar Moojeeba and Theethinji Communities


QLD pastoral properties - fossil

22.1* Liquid fuel Various ACIL Allen assumption

Saibai Island 0.9* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Stephens Island <0.1* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Thursday Island 0.5* Wind Ergon Energy Geoscience Australia (2)

Thursday Island - fossil

3.6* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Warraber Island 0.4* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Wasaga, Horn Island 0.9* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Weipa 36 Liquid fuel Rio Tinto Rio Tinto

Windorah - fossil 0.1* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Windorah – solar 1 0.2* Solar Ergon Energy Geoscience Australia (2)

Windorah – solar 2 <0.1 Solar Barcoo Shire Council


Yam Island 0.6* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Yorke Island 0.4* Liquid fuel Ergon Energy Ergon Energy

Table A4: List of Power Stations Identified - Other States and Territories



Amata 0.9 Liquid fuel SA Government SA Government (2)

Andamooka 1.7 Liquid fuel Independent KPMG

Blinman 0.3 Liquid fuel Cavpower/ SAPN

KPMG

Challenger gold mine 9.6 Liquid fuel Powerwest Powerwest (2); Clean Energy Council

Cockburn <0.1 Liquid fuel Cavpower/ SAPN

KPMG

Coober Pedy - fossil 4 Liquid fuel Energy Developments

KPMG

Coober Pedy - wind 0.2 Wind Energy Developments

KPMG

Coober Pedy 1 0.2 Wind Public Geoscience Australia (2)

Glendambo 0.4 Liquid fuel Cavpower/ SAPN

KPMG


63



Innamincka 1 Other renewable

Geodynamics Ltd


Jacinth Ambrosia 11 Liquid fuel KPS (Pacific Energy)

Pacific Energy KPS

Kingoonya 0.1 Liquid fuel Cavpower/ SAPN

KPMG

Mannahill 0.2 Liquid fuel Cavpower/ SAPN

KPMG

Marla 0.9 Liquid fuel Cavpower/ SAPN

KPMG

Marree 0.5 Liquid fuel Cavpower/ SAPN

KPMG

Mintabie <0.1 Solar South Australian State Government


Moomba 35 Natural gas

Santos Geoscience Australia

Murpurtja - fossil 0.3 Liquid fuel SA Government SA Government (2)

Murputja - wind <0.1 Wind Public Geoscience Australia (2)

Nundroo 0.4 Liquid fuel Cavpower/SAPN KPMG

Oak Valley 0.5 Liquid fuel SA Government SA Government (2)

Oak Valley <0.1 Solar Oak Valley Community


Oodnadatta 0.9 Liquid fuel Cavpower/SAPN KPMG

Parachilna - fossil 0.2 Liquid fuel Cavpower/SAPN KPMG

Parachilna - solar <0.1 Solar Cavpower/SAPN KPMG

Pipalyatjara 0.8 Liquid fuel SA Government SA Government (2)

Pukatja 0.8 Liquid fuel SA Government SA Government (2)

SA pastoral properties - fossil 0.9* Liquid fuel Various ACIL Allen assumption

Umuwa 3.6 Liquid fuel SA Government SA Government (2)

Watarru 0.2 Liquid fuel SA Government SA Government (2)

Watarru - fossil <0.1 Wind Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands


Watarru - solar <0.1 Solar Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands


Wilpena Pound - fossil 0.4 Liquid fuel AGL Wilpena Pound Resort

Wilpena Pound - solar 0.1 Solar AGL Geoscience Australia (2)

Yalata 0.7 Liquid fuel SA Government SA Government (2)

Yunta 0.5 Liquid fuel Dalfoam KPMG

Bruny Island Lighthouse - fossil

<0.1 Liquid fuel Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife

Tasmanian Government

Bruny Island Lighthouse - <0.1 Solar Tasmanian Tas Govt


64



solar Parks & Wildlife

Cape Barren <0.1 Wind Public Geoscience Australia (2)

Cape Barren Island - fossil 0.1 Liquid fuel Community ITP Power

Cape Barren Island - solar <0.1 Solar Community Tasmanian Government

Cape Barren Island - wind <0.1 Wind Community Tasmanian Government

Clarke Island - fossil <0.1 Liquid fuel Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre

Hydro Tasmania (4); Pitt & Sherry

Clarke Island - solar <0.1 Solar Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre


Clarke Island - wind <0.1 Wind Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre


Flinders Island - fossil 2.8 Liquid fuel Hydro Tasmania Hydro Tasmania (2)

Flinders Island - solar <0.1 Solar Private Tasmanian Government

Flinders Island - wind 0.3 Wind Private Tasmanian Government

Flinders Island - wind <0.1 Wind Private Geoscience Australia (2)

Flinders Island - wind 2 <0.1 Wind Private Geoscience Australia (2)

King Island - fossil 6 Liquid fuel Hydro Tasmania Hydro Tasmania

King Island - solar 0.1 Solar Hydro Tasmania Geoscience Australia (2)

King Island - solar <0.1 Solar Private Tasmanian Government

King Island - solar <0.1 Solar Private Tasmanian Government

King Island - wind 2.5 Wind Hydro Tasmania Geoscience Australia (2)

Maatsuyker Island - fossil <0.1 Liquid fuel Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife


Maatsuyker Island - solar <0.1 Solar Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife


Maatsuyker Island - wind <0.1 Wind Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife


Maria Island - fossil <0.1 Liquid fuel Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife


Maria Island - solar <0.1 Solar Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife


Rainbow Retreat - solar <0.1 Solar Private Rainbow Retreat

Rainbow Retreat - wind <0.1 Wind Private Rainbow Retreat

Christmas Island 10.6 Liquid fuel Indian Ocean Territories Power Authority

Commonwealth Government (Department of Regional Australia)

Cocos Island - fossil 1.3 Liquid fuel Indian Ocean Territories Power Authority

PowerCorp (2)

Cocos Island - wind <0.1 Wind PowerCorp Geoscience Australia (2)


65



Mawson Base 0.9 Wind Australian Antarctic Division


Mawson Base - fossil 0.3* Liquid fuel Australian Antarctic Division


Lord Howe Island <0.1 Solar SEDA Geoscience Australia (2)

Lord Howe Island - fossil 1.3 Liquid fuel Lord Howe Island Board

Lord Howe Island Board

NSW pastoral properties - fossil

0.7* Liquid fuel Various ACIL Allen assumption

Gabo Island Lighthouse <0.1 Wind Public Geoscience Australia (2)

Lang Lang 2.5* Natural gas

Origin Energy ACIL Allen assumption

Point Hicks Lighthouse <0.1 Wind Public Geoscience Australia (2)

Tortoise Head <0.1 Wind Private Geoscience Australia (2)

Wilson’s Promontry Lighthouse

<0.1 Wind Public Geoscience Australia (2)


66

Appendix B: List of Data SourcesOrganisation Description of

document/sourceWeblink (if applicable) Date accessed

APEC Tourism Working Group

Sustainable Tourism Working Paper

http://www.isf.uts.edu.au/publications/dalyetal2010cleantechnology.pdf

6/12/2013

Apollo Energy Clarke Island power supply

http://www.idc-online.com/pdf/Papers/WELLS.pdf

6/2/2013

APPEA 2012 production statistics

http://www.appea.com.au/industry-in-depth/industry-statistics/annual-production-statistics-2012/

6/14/2013

Argyle Diamonds EIS for mine extension, 2005

http://www.argylediamonds.com.au/docs/ADM%20EPS%20October%202005.pdf

5/22/2013

Atlas Iron Information on Wodgina mine

http://www.atlasiron.com.au/IRM/content/projects_wodgina.html

5/23/2013

Australian Government

National Greenhouse Accounts Factors - July 2012

http://www.climatechange.gov.au/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-factors.aspx

5/20/2013

Australian Government (ComLaw)

Renewable Energy Regulations 2001

http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2013C00225

6/7/2013

Australian Government (Department of Defence)

Information on connection of Pine Gap power station to natural gas

http://www.defence.gov.au/defencemagazine/issue/3/articles/17.html

6/14/2013

Australian Government (Department of Defence) (2)

Map of significance Defence bases and facilities

http://www.defence.gov.au/oscdf/adf-posture-review/

6/12/2013


Public Works Committee report on Jindalee Operational Radar (JORN)

Barkly Shire Council Information on Arlparra power supply to Ampilatwatja and surrounding homelands

http://barkly.nt.gov.au/our-communities/arlparra

6/14/2013

CITIC Pacific Submission to Infrastructure Australia on Pilbara power system

http://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/public_submissions/published/received_2008_2009_A_C.aspx

5/23/2013

Clean Energy Council

Information on Cape Bruny Light Station PV project

http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/resourcecentre/casestudies/Solar/Cape-Bruny.html

6/2/2013

Clean Energy Regulator

National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting system, 2008-09 company data

http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/National-Greenhouse-and-Energy-Reporting/published-information/greenhouse-and-energy-information/greenhouse-and-energy-information-2008-2009/Pages/default.aspx

5/14/2013

Clean Energy Regulator (2)


http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/National-Greenhouse-and-Energy-Reporting/published-information/

5/14/2013


67

Organisation Description of document/source

Weblink (if applicable) Date accessed

greenhouse-and-energy-information/Greenhouse-and-Energy-information-2009-2010/Pages/default.aspx



http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/National-Greenhouse-and-Energy-Reporting/published-information/greenhouse-and-energy-information/Greenhouse-and-Energy-information-2010-2011/Pages/default.aspx#3

5/14/2013



http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/National-Greenhouse-and-Energy-Reporting/published-information/greenhouse-and-energy-information/Greenhouse-and-Energy-information-2011-2012/Pages/default.aspx

5/14/2013

Clean Energy Regulator, via secondary release from Department of Industry

National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting system, 2011-12 company data for selected companies disaggregated by facility

Cliffs Natural Resources

Annual report, 2012 http://ir.cliffsnaturalresources.com/index.cfm

5/24/2013

Commonwealth Government (Department of Regional Australia)

Information on Christmas Island power station upgrade

http://www.regional.gov.au/department/annual_report/2011-12-annual-report-html/featured-projects/chap05_feature01.html

6/14/2013

Contract Power Information on Christmas Creek generator

http://www.contractpower.com.au/projects/christmas-creek/

5/23/2013

Contract Power (2) Information on Prominent Hill generation

http://www.contractpower.com.au/projects/prominent-hill/

5/23/2013

Couran Cove Resort Submission on Fuel Tax Inquiry

http://fueltaxinquiry.treasury.gov.au/content/Submissions/Industry/downloads/IPRA_252.pdf

6/14/2013

CS Energy Annual report, 2010-11 http://www.csenergy.com.au/media-(68)-(82)-(Corporate+Publications+_+Annual+Reports.htm

5/9/2013

CS Energy (2) Annual report, 2009-10 http://www.csenergy.com.au/media-(68)-(82)-(Corporate+Publications+_+Annual+Reports.htm

5/9/2013

Energy Developments

Media release on expanstion of McArthur River power station

http://www.energydevelopments.com.au/_dbase_upl/ENE%20to%20SupplyPowertoXstrata’s%20McArthurRiverMine.pdf

6/2/2013

Energy Power Systems

Information on Brightstar gold mine power supply

http://www.energypower.com.au/theme/energypowercomau/assets/public/File/Power%20Profiles/Mining/Power%20Profile%20-%20Olympian%20-%20A1%20Minerals.pdf

5/24/2013


Energy Gas Australia 2012


68



Energy World Annual report, 2011-12 http://www.energyworldcorp.com/news-annu.html

5/23/2013

Ergon Energy Annual report, 2011-12 http://www.ergon.com.au/about-us/company-information/company-reports#content-id-4720

5/9/2013

Ergon Energy (2) News release on Doomadgee Solar Farm, 1 March 2013

http://www.ergon.com.au/about-us/news-room/archived-media-releases/2012/northern/solar-farm-reduces-doomadgee-diesel-costs

5/20/2013

Ergon Energy (3) Presentation on remote operations

http://www.cleanenergyweek.com.au/presentations/cew-day-3.html

6/2/2013

Ergon Energy (4) Annual report, 2010-11 http://www.ergon.com.au/about-us/company-information/company-reports#content-id-4720

5/9/2013

Ergon Energy (5) Birdsville power station information sheet

http://www.ergon.com.au/community--and--our-network/network-management-and-projects/renewable-energy-sources

5/9/2013

Ergon Energy (6) Windorah solar power station information sheet


5/9/2013

Ergon Energy (7) Thursday Island power station information (webpate)


5/9/2013

Ergon Energy (8) Information on remote power stations

http://www.ergon.com.au/community--and--our-network/network-management-and-projects/isolated-and-remote-power-stations

5/14/2013

Ergon Energy (9) Network management plan, 2012-13 to 2016-17 - Part A

http://www.ergon.com.au/community--and--our-network/network-management-and-projects/network-management-plan

5/14/2013

Ergon Energy (10) News release on Doomadgee Solar Farm, 1 March 2013

http://www.ergon.com.au/about-us/news-room/media-releases/regions/general/doomadgee-solar-farm-nears-completion

5/20/2013

Ergon Energy (11) Request for information re extension of distribution network to Palm Island

http://www.ergon.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/92096/Palm-Island-area-_RFI.pdf

5/20/2013

Fortescue Metals Group

Annual report 2011-12 http://www.fmgl.com.au/UserDir/AsxAnnouncement/Fortescue%20Annual%20Report%202012671.pdf

6/7/2013

Geoscience Australia List of operating fossil fuel power stations

http://www.ga.gov.au/fossil_fuel/map.php?type=operating

5/9/2013


List of operating renewable power stations

http://www.ga.gov.au/renewable/map.php?type=operating

5/9/2013


List of operating mines http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/mapping/downloads.html#ozmin

5/9/2013


List of mineral processing centres

http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/mapping/downloads.html#ozmin

5/9/2013


Information on Lady Elliot Island Eco Resort

http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/media-room/latest-news/tourism/2012/resort-boosts-solar-power-to-protect-reef

6/14/2013

Great Keppel Island Resort

Power and telecommunications

http://www.gkiresort.com.au/eis/HTML/Files/Appendix/AppendixAG/Appendix

6/14/2013


69



infrastructure study %20AG%20-%20Power%20and%20Telecommunications%20Infrastructure%20Report.pdf

Healey Engineering Remote energy projects http://www.understandingenergy.com.au/RenewEnergy.html

6/14/2013

Hidden Valley Cabins Information on solar power supply

http://www.hiddenvalleycabins.com.au/solar_power.htm

6/14/2013

Horizon Power Annual report, 2011-12 http://www.horizonpower.com.au/annual_reports.html

5/9/2013

Horizon Power (2) Annual report, 2010-11 http://www.horizonpower.com.au/annual_reports.html

5/9/2013


5/9/2013


5/9/2013


5/9/2013


5/9/2013


5/9/2013

Horizon Power (8) Remote communities power supply project brochure

http://www.horizonpower.com.au/documents/ARCPSP_2_STAKEHOLDER_BROCHURE.PDF

6/5/2013

Hydro Tasmania Currie Power Station (King Island) fact sheet

http://www.hydro.com.au/energy/our-power-stations/bass-strait-islands

5/9/2013

Hydro Tasmania (2) Whitemark Power Station (Flinders Island) fact sheet

http://www.hydro.com.au/energy/our-power-stations/bass-strait-islands

5/9/2013

Hydro Tasmania (3) Annual report, 2011-12 http://www.hydro.com.au/about-us/publications/annual-reports

5/20/2013

Hydro Tasmania (4) Presentation on King Island power supply

http://www.cleanenergyweek.com.au/presentations/cew-day-3.html

6/2/2013

Illawarra Store Information on Jigalong community

http://www.illawarrastore.com/community.php

6/2/2013

Indigenous Essential Services

Annual report, 2011-12 http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publications/reports/indigenous_essential_services_annual_reports

5/9/2013

Indigenous Essential Services (2)


5/9/2013



5/9/2013


Annual report, 2008-09 http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publications/reports/indigenous_essential_services_annual_rep

5/9/2013


70



orts



5/9/2013



5/9/2013



5/9/2013



5/9/2013



5/9/2013

ITP Power Information on Cape Barren Island Hybrid power system

http://www.itpau.com.au/cape-barren-island-hybrid-system-power-project-department-of-families-housing-and-indigenous-affairs-fahcsia/

6/2/2013

Ivanhoe Australia Description of Osborne operations

http://www.ivanhoeaustralia.com/s/OCG_Operation.asp

5/22/2013

Ivanhoe Australia (2) Osborne mine technical study

http://www.ivanhoeaustralia.com/i/pdf/Osborne-Copper-Gold-NI-43-101-PEA-Oct2011.pdf

5/22/2013

KPMG Review of Remote Areas Energy Supply (RAES) Scheme

http://www.sa.gov.au/upload/franchise/Water,%20energy%20and%20environment/energy/energy_supply/Remote%20Areas%20Energy%20Supply%20Scheme%20Final%20Report%20-%20EXCLUDNG%20APPENDIX%20A.pdf

5/9/2013

Lady Elliot Eco Resort

Information on hybrid power system

http://www.ladyelliot.com.au/eco/detail.asp?ID=5

6/14/2013

Lim and McAleer Thesis on ecological tourism management - Couran Cove Resort case study

http://www.cirje.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/research/dp/2003/2003cf206.pdf

6/14/2013

Lord Howe Island Board

Information on power supply

http://lhib.nsw.gov.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1051&Itemid=799

6/14/2013

Lynas Corporation Annual report, 2012 http://www.lynascorp.com/Pages/rare-earths-project.aspx

5/24/2013

Moly Mines Annual report 2012 calendar

http://www.molymines.com/reports/ 6/7/2013

Monash University Thesis on energy reduction opportunities at Sinclair and Cosmos nickel mines

http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/6871/2/02Whole.pdf

6/5/2013

Newmont Mining 2010 public Energy Efficiency Opportunities report

http://www.newmont.com/sites/default/files/01203EEOPublicReportNewmontAustralia

6/2/2013


71



PtyLtdFINAL.pdf

NT Cattleman’s Association

Consulting report on energy use and energy efficiency on cattle stations

http://www.ntca.org.au/our_land/documents/M5Handbook18Aprv10_000.pdf

6/11/2013

Pacific Energy KPS Annual report 2011-12 http://www.pacificenergy.com.au/files/2012-ar-pacificenergy.pdf

5/23/2013

Pacific Hydro Ord River hydro plant fact sheet

http://www.pacifichydro.com.au/files/2011/11/Factsheet-2011_Ord-River-Hydro.pdf

5/21/2013

Pitt & Sherry Flinders Island renewable energy options paper

http://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/web_assets/documents/Public%20Meetings/Renewable%20Energy%20Consultation%20Plan%20-%20consultation%20paper.pdf

6/2/2013

Power and Water Corporation

Annual report, 2011-12 http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publications/reports/annual_reports2

5/9/2013



5/9/2013



5/9/2013



5/9/2013



5/9/2013



5/9/2013



5/9/2013



5/9/2013


Information on Owen Springs Power Station

http://www.powerwater.com.au/about_power_and_water/major_projects/owen_springs_power_station

5/21/2013

PowerCorp Information on Mawson Base wind-diesel system

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:d0wjv1qm90UJ:www.pcorp.com.au/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D12%26Itemid%3D73+mawson+base+energy+supply&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au

6/11/2013

PowerCorp (2) Information on Cocos Island wind-diesel system

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:YDGxrnsc58QJ:www.pcorp.com.au/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D87%26Itemid%3D149+cocos+island+diesel+generator&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au

6/14/2013


72



Powerwest Information on recent projects

http://www.powerwest.com.au/recent-projects.html

5/23/2013

Powerwest (2) News release on engineering work on Eloise Mine power station

http://www.powerwest.com.au/recent-projects/eloise-gold-mine-qld.html

5/22/2013

Powerwest (3) Information on Challenger gold mine generation

http://www.powerwest.com.au/recent-projects/challenger-gold-mine-sa.html

5/23/2013

Practical Management and Development

Burringurrah Community Plan 2002

http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/burringurrah_report.pdf

6/5/2013

PSMC Information on Kangaroo Flats Training Area hybrid power system

http://www.psmc.com.au/index.php?id=84

6/14/2013

PSMC (2) Information on Bradshaw Field hybrid power system

http://www.psmc.com.au/index.php?id=85

6/14/2013

Queensland Government

Final report of the North West Queensland Energy Demand Working Group, 2008

http://www.energy.qld.gov.au/energy/energy-supply-nwq.htm

5/22/2013

Rainbow Retreat Information on wind-solar power supply

http://www.rainbowretreat.com.au/carbon.html

6/14/2013

Redbank Copper Limited

Information on Redbank copper project

http://www.redbankcopper.com.au/projects-and-resources/redbank-copper-project.html

5/24/2013

Rio Tinto Annual report 2012 http://www.riotinto.com/investors/results-and-reports-2146.aspx

5/22/2013

Rio Tinto (2) NWIS distribution reliability report, 2011-12

http://www.riotintoironore.com/documents/Electricity_network_annual_reliability_report_2011-12.pdf

5/23/2013


http://www.riotintoironore.com/documents/Electricity_network_annual_reliability_report_2010-11.pdf

5/23/2013


http://www.riotintoironore.com/documents/2009_2010_Quality_of_Supply_Report.pdf

5/23/2013


http://www.riotintoironore.com/documents/2009_Quality_of_Supply_Report_-_SA.pdf

5/23/2013


http://www.riotintoironore.com/documents/2008_Quality_of_Supply_Report_-_SA.pdf

5/23/2013

SA Government Overview of Remote Area Energy Supplies scheme

http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Water,+energy+and+environment/Energy/Energy+supply,+providers+and+bills/Electricity+and+gas+supply/Remote+Areas+Energy+Supplies+scheme#RAES AC

5/22/2013

SA Government (2) Remote Area Energy Supplies scheme regulatory report to

http://www.papertracker.com.au/pdfs/escosa_annual_return_1112.pdf

5/22/2013


73



ESCOSA

Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku

Information on Warakurna community

http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.php/our-region/community-information/warakurna

6/2/2013

Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (2)

Information on Patjarr community

http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.php/our-region/community-information/patjarr

6/2/2013


Information on Warburton community

http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.php/our-region/community-information/warburton

6/14/2013


Information on Wanarn community

http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.php/our-region/community-information/wanarn

6/14/2013


Information on Blackstone (Papulankutja) community

http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.php/our-region/community-information/blackstone

6/14/2013


Information on Wingellina community

http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.php/our-region/community-information/wingellina

6/14/2013


Information on Tjukurla community

http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.php/our-region/community-information/tjukurla

6/14/2013

Stanwell Corporation Annual report, 2011-12 http://www.stanwell.com/annual-reports.aspx

5/9/2013

SunWiz Interactive PV REC Zone Map

http://www.sunwiz.com.au/index.php/59-technology-trends/useful-data/110-australian-pv-rec-zone-map.html

6/7/2013


Map of mining infrastructure

http://www.mrt.tas.gov.au/mrtdoc/map_catalogue/map_public/898101_2/infra500.pdf

5/22/2013

TransAlta Information on Solomon power station

http://www.transalta.com/facilities/facilities-development

5/23/2013

UON Information on recent projects

http://www.uon.com.au/case_study_details.php?id=16

5/23/2013

Utilities Commission Power System Review, 2011-12

http://www.utilicom.nt.gov.au/Publications/ReportsAndPublications/2013/Pages/default.aspx

5/9/2013

Utilities Commission (2)

Power System Review, 2010-11

http://www.utilicom.nt.gov.au/Publications/ReportsAndPublications/2012/Pages/default.aspx

5/9/2013

Utilities Commission (3)

Power System Review, 2009-10

http://www.utilicom.nt.gov.au/Publications/ReportsAndPublications/Pages/2011.aspx

5/9/2013

WA Department of Finance

Energy and Infrastructure map, 2010

http://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/content.aspx?id=15085

5/14/2013


Table of generators, 2010

http://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/uploadedFiles/Public_Utilities_Office/Energy_in_WA/2010%20Electricity%20Generation%20Tables.pdf

5/14/2013

WA Government (Planning)

Planning of Mulan community

http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/Draft_Mulan_LP2_Version_4_Report.pdf

6/14/2013


74



WA Government (Planning) (2)

Planning of Punmu community

http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/Punmu_LP2_Amendment_1_Report.pdf

6/14/2013


Planning of Parnngurr community

http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/Parnngurr_LP2_Amendment_2_report.pdf

6/14/2013


Planning of Kiwikkurra community

http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/Kiwirrkurra_LP1_Amendment_4_report.pdf

6/14/2013


Planning of Yungngora (Noonkanbah) community

http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/Yungngora_LP2_Amendment_4_Report.pdf

6/14/2013


Planning of Tjuntjuntjarra community

http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/Tjuntjuntjara_LP1_A2_Background_Report_Endorsed.pdf

6/14/2013

WA Government Business Migration Centre

Map of Western Australian Regions

http://www.businessmigration.wa.gov.au/?page=living-in-the-regions

5/14/2013

Wilpena Pound Resort

Weblink describing off-grid generator

http://www.wilpenapound.com.au/community-environment/

5/15/2013


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BREE contactsExecutive Director, BREE Bruce Wilson [email protected]

(02) 6243 7901 Deputy Executive Director Wayne Calder [email protected]

(02) 6243 7718Modelling & Policy Integration – Arif Syed [email protected] Leader (02) 6243 7504Data & Statistics – Program Leader Geoff Armitage [email protected]

(02) 6243 7510Energy and Quantitative Analysis – Allison Ball [email protected] Leader (02) 6243 7539Resources – Program Leader John Barber [email protected]

(02) 6243 7988


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Documents

archive.industry.gov.au · Web viewDemand for remote and off-grid power sources is thought to be growing, driven by the growth of industrial demand in regional Australia. Information