novella.mhhe.comnovella.mhhe.com/.../1029082/SAQ_Period_2_ANSWERS.docx · Web viewDavid Hume stressed the importance of evidence and rationality in forming knowledge and making decisions

AP European History Short Answer Question ANSWERS Period 2

Question 1 is based on the excerpt below.

“Being convinced, on the one hand, that all violence to conscience is harmful, and, on the other, of the great benefit accruing to religion and to the State from a true Christian tolerance, We have found Ourselves moved to grant to the adherents of the Lutheran and Calvinist religions, and also to the non-Uniat Greek religion, everywhere, the appropriate private practice of their faith, regardless of whether it had been previously customary or introduced, or not.”

Joseph II, Toleration Patent for the Lands of the Austrian Empire, 1781

1. Use the passage above and your knowledge of European history to answer parts A, B, and C.

A) Explain this passage in the context of Enlightened Absolutism.

B) Briefly explain ONE way in which the influence of Enlightenment philosophers and writers can be seen in the policy presented in the passage.

C) Choose one of the writers below and briefly explain ONE way in which his works supported the concept in this passage.

David Hume Voltaire Gotthold Lessing Moses Mendelssohn Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Learning Objective Historical Thinking Skill

Key Concepts in theCurriculum Framework

SP-2 Explain the emergence of and theories behind the New Monarchies and absolute monarchies, and evaluate the degree to which they were able to centralize power in their states.

SP-3 Trace the changing relationship between states and ecclesiastical authority and the emergence of the principle of religious toleration.

OS-9 Explain how new theories of government and political ideologies

Contextualization

Synthesis

Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical Evidence

2.1.I.C


attempted to provide a coherent explanation for human behavior and the extent to which they adhered or diverged from traditional explanations based on religious beliefs.

AnswerA) Explanations of the main point of this passage may include the following:

Joseph II was implementing the Enlightenment concept of religious toleration within his dominions.

Joseph II spells out the rational reasons, a distinctly Enlightenment approach, for religious toleration.

In absolutist fashion, Joseph II is declaring religious toleration to be official policy without any recourse to discussion or popular approval.

B/C) Explanations and example of the influence of the Enlightenment upon this policy may include the following:

Enlightenment thinkers favored the application of reason and rationality to solve the problems of society.

o David Hume stressed the importance of evidence and rationality in forming knowledge and making decisions.

o Gotthold Lessing stressed the rationality of religious tolerance.o Moses Mendelssohn stressed the necessity of merging reason

and faith. Enlightenment thinkers called for the acceptance of minority religions

as a more humane approach than traditional restrictions upon dissenters.

o Voltaire espoused the absurdity of religious intolerance as irrational and unproductive.

o Rousseau spelled out reasons for the absence of an official state religion.

o Montesquieu criticized the religious intolerance of the Catholic Church as being a holdover from the superstitious past.

Question 2 is based on the passage below.

“And thereupon the said lords spiritual and temporal and commons . . . do . . . declare that the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of parliament is illegal.

That levying money for or to the use of the crown . . . without grant of parliament for longer time or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted is illegal.


That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king and all commitments and protections for such petitioning are illegal.

That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace unless it be with consent of parliament is against law. . . .

That election of members of parliament ought to be free. . . .”The English Bill of Rights


A) Explain the passage in the context of Absolutism.

B) Explain ONE way that the English Bill of Rights incorporates Enlightenment ideals.

C) Briefly explain ONE difference between the ideals of the English Bill of Rights and the ideals of one other revolutionary document of the 17th or 18th century.



SP-1 Explain the emergence of civic humanism and new conceptions of political authority during the Renaissance, as well as subsequent theories and practices that stressed the political importance and rights of the individual.


SP-7 Explain the emergence of representative government as an alternative to absolutism.

SP-11 Analyze how religious and secular institutions and groups attempted to limit monarchical power by articulating theories of resistance to absolutism, and by taking political action.

Contextualization

Synthesis

Comparison

2.1.II.A


OS-9 Explain how new theories of government and political ideologies attempted to provide a coherent explanation for human behavior and the extent to which they adhered or diverged from traditional explanations based on religious beliefs.

AnswerA) Explanations of the passage and its relation to absolutism may include the following:

The English Bill of Rights was the culmination of years of noble and middle class opposition to attempted absolutist rule in England.

The English Bill of Rights attempted to formulate guarantees against absolutist rule in England.

B) Explanations of ONE way that the English Bill of Rights incorporates Enlightenment ideals may include the following:

The Bill of Rights includes the concept of representative government, through the guarantees of Parliamentary rights.

The Bill of Rights implies a degree of free speech, although only within the context of petitioning the king.

The Bill of Rights illustrates the concept of government as a contract, as espoused by the Enlightenment. It recognizes the king but shows how his ability to govern is limited by the will of the governed.

C) Differences between the English Bill of Rights and ONE other revolutionary document may include the following:

The Declaration of the Rights of Man

Although both documents established revolutionary and enlightened ideals about the foundations of power and the right to rule, the English Bill of Rights was an attempt to codify what had been traditional privileges and rights of Parliament in England while the Declaration of the Rights of Man was a radical break with tradition in France.


The English Bill of Rights was agreed to by the new monarchs of England, William and Mary, while Louis XVI of France opposed the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

The English Bill of Rights was part of an attempt to restore order after a long period of revolution and civil war whereas the Declaration of the Rights of Man was one of the first steps in a new revolution to change the order of society.

American Declaration of Independence

While both documents established revolutionary and enlightened ideals about the foundations of power and the right to rule, the Declaration of Independence was littered with Enlightenment ideals while the English Bill of Rights had been a largely practical, political compromise.

The English Bill of Rights was part of an attempt to restore order after a long period of revolution and civil war whereas the Declaration of Independence was one of the first steps in a new revolution to change the order of society.

Question 3 is based on the map below depicting Europe after the Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815.


3. Using the map above and your knowledge of European history, answer parts A, B, and C.

A) Briefly explain ONE goal of the Congress of Vienna.

B) Briefly explain ONE example of how the map above illustrates the attempts of the Congress of Vienna to achieve its goals.

C) Briefly explain ONE example of an event or development which illustrated the failure of the Congress of Vienna.


Key Concepts in theCurriculum


FrameworkSP-13 Evaluate how the emergence of new weapons, tactics and methods of military organization changed the scale and cost of warfare, required the centralization of power, and shifted the balance of power.

SP-16 Explain how the French Revolution and the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars shifted the European balance of power and encouraged the creation of a new diplomatic framework.

SP-17 Explain the role of nationalism in altering the European balance of power, and explain attempts made to limit nationalism as a means to ensure continental stability.

Historical Causation

Historical Argumentation

Interpretation

2.1.V.D

AnswerA/B) Explanations and examples of the Congress of Vienna’s goals may include the following:

The Congress of Vienna sought to isolate and contain France to avoid future attempts at French territorial expansion.

o The creation of more powerful states on the French borders, such as the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont were intended to provide buffers against French power.

o Prussia was given a significant amount of territory on the Rhine to prevent the expansion of French influence into Germany.

The Congress of Vienna sought to establish stability and ensure a balance of power to prevent a new round of Revolutions or another large-scale European war.

o France was kept largely intact with a Bourbon monarch returned to the throne to avoid instigating new causes for expansion and repress revolutionary goals.

o Spain was restored to independence and equal standing amongst the kingdoms of Europe.


o The continuance of multi-national Empires, such as the Austrian and Russian empires, was assured as a means of maintaining the balance of power.

o The Habsburgs continued to head a “German Confederation” as a guarantor of stability in central Europe.

The Congress of Vienna ignored and sought to suppress nationalist sentiments.

o The desires of German nationalists were repressed as Germany continued to be constituted by 39 separate states.

o Italy continued to be fragmented with the Austrians continuing to control a significant portion of northern Italy.

o The continuance of multi-national Empires, such as the Austrian and Russian, was assured as a means of maintaining the balance of power.

C) Explanations of failures of the Congress of Vienna may include ONE of the following:

The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 showed the failure of the Congress of Vienna to quell revolutionary sentiment in Europe.

The success of Independence movements in Belgium, Greece, and Bulgaria, in addition to the unification of Italy and Polish rebellion, made clear the failure of the Congress of Vienna to suppress nationalism.

Rebellions, such as those in Poland and Greece, showed the general dissatisfaction of much of Europe with the balance of power the Congress of Vienna attempted to achieve.

Question 4 is based on the passage below.

“Article 4. It is contrary to the principles of liberty and the Constitution for citizens with the same professions, arts, or trades to deliberate or make agreements among themselves designed to set prices for their industry or their labor. If such deliberations and agreements are concluded, whether accompanied by oath or not, they will be declared unconstitutional, prejudicial to liberty and the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and will be null and void. Administrative and municipal bodies shall be required to declare them as such.”

The Le Chapelier Law, June 14, 1791



A) Explain ONE aspect of 18th century European economies that were experiencing drastic change.

B) Explain ONE additional aspect of 18th century European economies that were experiencing drastic change.

C) Briefly explain ONE social or political response to restrictions such as those imposed by the Le Chapelier Law.



PP-1 Explain how and why wealth generated from new trading, financial, and manufacturing practices and institutions created a market and then a consumer economy.

PP-2 Identify the changes in agricultural production and evaluate their impact on economic growth and the standard of living in preindustrial Europe.

PP-7 Explain how environmental conditions, the Agricultural Revolution, and industrialization contributed to demographic changes, the organization of manufacturing, and alterations in the family economy.

IS-2 Explain how the growth of commerce and the changes in manufacturing challenged the dominance of corporate groups and traditional estates.


Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time

Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical Evidence

2.2.I.A


AnswerA/B) Explanations of economic changes in the 18th century may include the following:

Increased industrialization in Europe was leading to greater numbers of urban poor.

Throughout the 18th century there was an increased reliance upon trade income and less importance placed upon agricultural production.

During the 18th century, increased resistance to the concepts of mercantilism was leading to a more free economic system.

The traditional guild system of Europe was beginning to collapse as signal by its ban during the French Revolution and similar policies throughout Europe.

C) Explanations of ONE social or political response to the restrictions of policies like the Le Chapelier Law may include the following:

The Revolutionary ban of guilds in France left a void which workers attempted to fill with early forms of unionization and strikes.

The Le Chapelier law banned workers’ guilds and strikes as a continuation of the guild system which had been banned earlier in the Revolution.

Sans culottes and other radical groups voiced their dissatisfaction with the lack of organizing available to workers through protests and riots.

Economists such as Adam Smith were calling for the freeing of the economy from the restrictions of government regulation.

5. Using your knowledge of European history, answer parts A, B, and C.

A) Explain ONE example of how other regions of Europe and/or its colonies were inspired by the French Revolution to change their state or political systems.


B) Explain ONE additional example of how other regions of Europe and/or its colonies were inspired by the French Revolution to change their state or political systems.

C) Briefly explain ONE way in which reactions to Toussaint L’Ouverture and the Haitian rebellion differed from the reaction to other revolutions of the 18th century.




SP-4 Analyze how new political and economic theories from the 17th century and the Enlightenment challenged absolutism and shaped the development of constitutional states, parliamentary governments, and the concept of individual rights.

SP-9 Analyze how various movements for political and social equality—such as feminism, anticolonialism, and campaigns for immigrants’ rights—pressured governments and redefined citizenship.

SP-11 Analyze how religious and secular institutions and groups attempted to limit monarchical power by articulating theories of resistance to absolutism, and by taking political action.

SP-16 Explain how the French Revolution and the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars shifted the European balance of power and encouraged the creation of a new diplomatic framework.

OS-9 Explain how new theories of government and political ideologies


Comparison

Synthesis

2.1.IV.F


attempted to provide a coherent explanation for human behavior and the extent to which they adhered or diverged from traditional explanations based on religious beliefs.

PP-10 Explain the role of social inequality in contributing to and affecting the nature of the French Revolution and subsequent revolutions throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.

IS-7 Evaluate how identities such as ethnicity, race, and class have defined the individual in relationship to society.

IS-10 Analyze how and why Europeans have marginalized certain populations (defined as “other”) over the course of their history.

AnswerA/B) Explanations of TWO regions that were inspired by the French Revolution may include the following:

Polish patriots rose against Russian rule in the Kosciuszko rebellion, partly inspired by the successes of the French Revolution.

Irish rebels rose in opposition to British rule, hoping to find aid from like-minded French revolutionaries.

Black slaves in Saint Domingue rose against their masters in the French-controlled Caribbean island based upon the Revolutionary ideal of equality for all men. The rebellious slaves led by Toussaint L’Ouverture set-up the independent nation of Haiti and managed to defeat French, Spanish, and British armies that were sent to seize control of the region.

Republicans in Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland established “independent” republics free from traditional hierarchy and privilege, but these states were dominated by the French.

Nationalists and Republicans in Italy and Germany began to agitate for unification within their regions.

C) Explanations of the differing reactions to the Haitian revolt may include the following:


The social upheaval of a slave rebellion was viewed with alarm by many Europeans, even those who considered themselves Republicans and espoused the ideals of equality.

Although many European revolutionaries and republicans called for equal rights for all men, they did not consider black Africans to be “equal men”; nor did they believe black Africans to be truly capable of equality in society or politics. Many viewed women in the same light.

Some revolutionaries recognized slavery as being the antithesis of republican ideals of equality and the inherent rights for all men.

The success of the slave revolt alarmed American slave-holders, where slavery was still maintained despite the principles of equality and democracy.


A) Briefly explain ONE aspect of Baroque music.

B) Briefly explain ONE additional aspect of Baroque music.

C) Evaluate the extent to which Baroque music was part of a larger cultural shift in 17th century Europe.



OS-10 Analyze the means by which individualism, subjectivity, and emotion came to be considered a valid source of knowledge.


Periodization

Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time

2.3.V.A

Answer


A/B) Explanations of TWO aspects of Baroque music may include the following:

Most Baroque music was still religious in nature and was intended to glorify God.

Baroque composers were employed by monarchs as yet another means of displaying the wealth and power of the European state in the early modern age.

Baroque composers attempted to awe the listener with complex musical arrangements.

Baroque music ushered in the rise of opera as a popular musical form that brought formal music to a larger audience than just the royal courts of Europe.

C) Explanations of Baroque music in the context of a larger cultural shift may include the following:

The rise of baroque music paralleled the movements of Baroque art and architecture, with a similar focus upon lavish and awe-inspiring content and perspectives.

Baroque music was, in part, a product of the affluence of the growing modern economy and trade.

Baroque music was in many ways a reaction to the unembellished style of music and art in Protestant churches.

The gradual shift in baroque music toward more and more secular themes mirrored the religious and political changes in the seventeenth century.


A) Briefly explain ONE reason why Peter the Great was able to modernize in Russia more freely than monarchs in other countries.

B) Select ONE of the rulers in the list below and briefly explain ONE example of enlightenment concepts in the rule of that person.

Peter the Great Catherine the Great

C) Briefly explain ONE limitation upon the ability of Russia to westernize in the 18th century.






OS-9 Explain how new theories of government and political ideologies attempted to provide a coherent explanation for human behavior and the extent to which they adhered or diverged from traditional explanations based on religious beliefs.

Historical Argumentation

Contextualization

2.1.I.E

AnswerA) Explanations of ONE reason that Peter the Great was able to modernize more freely than other monarchs may include the following:

The power of the boyars (nobles) had been undercut by earlier czars, particularly Ivan the Terrible. This allowed Peter to dictate changes without fear from a strong, unified nobility.

The vast expanses of Russian territory allowed ample room for Peter to reward loyalists with lands--while those who wished to do so had an opportunity to continue life on their noble estates in relative isolation from central policy.

Due to the overwhelmingly large peasant population, nobles could not afford to resist the czar because of their need to maintain unity in their lordship over the peasants.

The vast natural resources of Russia gave Peter important commodities to trade and fund his improvement projects.

B) Explanations of ONE example of enlightenment concepts in the policies of Peter the Great or Catherine the Great may include the following:

Peter made movement within the ranks of nobility and the government contingent upon education, service, and merit.

Peter and Catherine both sought to restrict the power, wealth and influence of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Catherine allowed greater freedom of the press in Russia. Catherine instituted a revision of the legal code, urging equality before

the law and banning torture.


Catherine established more teacher colleges, schools, and schools for girls in an attempt to improve education.

C) Explanations of limitations upon the ability of Russia to modernize may include the following:

The vast size of Russia made it difficult to enforce reforms and changes in all parts of the Empire.

Russia was not able to compete with the western nations in terms of manufacturing and trade, leaving it constantly at a deficit.

Russia’s vast agricultural power was dependent upon serf labor. Thus, Peter and Catherine were not able to free the serfs but actually allowed more thorough and brutal exploitation of the serfs to help fund and power their modernization of the country.

Russia was able to institute some westernization of the nobles and its meager middle class, but there was no means for westernizing or modernizing the vast majority of the population, the peasantry.


A) Briefly explain ONE example of how Napoleon embraced elements of the ideals from the French Revolution.

B) Briefly explain ONE example of how Napoleon rejected elements of the ideals from the French Revolution.

C) Briefly explain ONE additional example of how Napoleon rejected elements of the ideals from the French Revolution.




IS-7 Evaluate how identities such as ethnicity, race, and class have defined the individual in relationship to society.

IS-9 Assess the extent to which women


Contextualization


participated in and benefited from the shifting values of European society from the 15th century onwards.

IS-10 Analyze how and why Europeans have marginalized certain populations (defined as “other”) over the course of their history.

AnswerA) Explanations of ONE example of how Napoleon embraced elements of the ideals from the French Revolution:

Napoleon’s Concordat with the papacy made Catholicism the official recognized religion of France again, but, in keeping with Revolutionary ideals, Napoleon continued guarantees of religious freedom for Protestants and increased rights for Jews.

Napoleon’s Civil Code guaranteed equality before the law and the idea of advancement due to merit.

Napoleon sanctioned the abolition of serfdom and feudal privilege. Napoleon’s Civil Code instituted property instead of feudal privilege as

the basis for government and society.B/C) Explanations of TWO examples of how Napoleon rejected elements of the ideals from the French Revolution.

Napoleon, by declaring himself Emperor, threw away the republican ideals of the Revolution.

Napoleon’s Civil Code was a step backward for the rights of women as it made women once again subject to the power of their fathers and husbands while making divorce more difficult to obtain.

Napoleon placed his relatives on the throne of several new “kingdoms” throughout Europe, in some instances replacing earlier republics in parts of the Netherlands and Italy with Bonaparte-led monarchies.

Napoleon’s Continental System imposed a series of economic restrictions throughout the continent in direct opposition to the free market ideals of economists such as Adam Smith.

Napoleon’s secret police and censorship of the press were in direct contradiction of the revolutionary ideals of free press.

Documents

novella.mhhe.comnovella.mhhe.com/.../1029082/SAQ_Period_2_ANSWERS.docx · Web viewDavid Hume stressed the importance of evidence and rationality in forming knowledge and making decisions