Chapter 23. Teodoro Boza Barducci. 1972. Ecological consequences of pesticides used for the control of cotton pests in Cañete Valley, Peru. Pages 423-438.

Keywords: dependency of insecticides in cotton cultivation, secondary pest outbreaks, farmers stopped using insecticides from 1957-1963, only natural insecticides were used judiciously when needed, integrated pest management, economics of insect pest control, yield losses greater than 50% when insecticides were used, ecological approach to cotton pest control was developed, many species of wild Malvaceae weeds present in Peru, monoculture of cotton now became more diversified, the main insect pests were the leafworm Anomis texana, boll weevil Anthonomus vestitus, aphid Aphis gossypii, minor bollworm Mescinea peruella, white scale Hemichionaspis minor, cotton stainer, Dysdercus peruvlanus, Heliothis virescens, ratoon cotton now prohibited, early maturing varieties, narrow spectrum insecticides, minimal irrigation, crop rotation, crop residue destruction, reduction in cotton area planted, dry tillage to kill pupae of Heliothis, importation of egg parasitoids Trichogramma minutum, and predator Hippodamia convergens, Calosoma abreviatum, natural enemy list, Catolaccus spp., Microbracon spp., Rogas spp., Meteorus spp., Hyalochloria denticornis, Prospaltella spp., Eucelatoria australis, Zelus spp., Nabis punctipennis, wolf spider Lycosa spp., Attus spp., Misumena spp., Scymnus spp., Cycloneda sanguinea, Eriopis connexa, Coleomegilla maculata, Chrysopa spp., Syrphus spp., Baccha spp. Aphidius phorodontis, Argyrotaenia sphaleropa, Platynota spp., Nomorilla angustipennis, Rhinacloa forticornis, R. subpallidicornis, R. aricana, Orius tristicolor, Paratriphleps laeviusculus, Prospaltella spp.,

Chrysopa spp., Sympherobius californicus, Rhinacloa aricana, R. forticornis, Hyalochloria denticornis, Paratriphleps laevuscullus, Orius insidiosus, Nabis punctipennis, Zelus spp., Rasahus hamatus, Geocoris punctipes, G. borealis, Parajalysus spinosus, Euchistus convergens, Podissus spp., Edessa spp., Piezodorus guildini, Cicindella peruviana, Tetracha chilensis, Calosoma abbreviatum, Microweisia spp., Scymnus spp., Cycloneda sanguinea, Eriopis connexa, Diadiplosis spp., Erax spp., Mallophora spp., Syrphus spp., Baccha spp., Eucelatoria australis, Euravinia spp., Rileyella spp., Reaumuria pacifica, Archytas spp., Plagiotachina peruviana, Nemorilla angustipennis, Schizactia spp., Paraphoronta peruviana, Microbracon vestiticida, Heterosphilus hambletoni, Aphidius phorodontis, Lysiphlebus spp., Apanteles spp., Meteorus spp., Rogas spp., Idechtis peruviana, Pimpla spp., Itoplectis spp., Sagaritis spp., Ophion spp., Catolaccus townsendia, Aspidiotiphasus citrinus. Aenasius massi, Grandoriella lamasi, Achrysopophagus spp., Anagyrus sp., Prospaltella spp., Trichogramma minutum, Sphex chilensis, Bembix spp., Podium spp., Polistes canadiensis, P. versicolor, Eumenes spp.