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Organic Synthesis of Traditional Medicine
Traditional drug therapy for neoplasms and wound healing
A WEBOGRAPHY
Compiled by
Ramani Amarasekara
(Covers the sites accessed from Aug. 2011)
Available at http://lib.ou.ac.lk/webographies/Drug_Thrapy
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Introduction
Webography compiled on “Organic Synthesis of Traditional Medicine” covers the specific areas under traditional drug therapy for neoplasms and wound healing activities, will act as a literature guide for research which is progressing at the Department of chemistry of the OUSL, on therapeutic action of traditional medicine on anticancer activity and wound healing process.
The webography could also be useful for the researchers involved in extracting herbal/Auyrvedic drugs, for treatments under traditional medicine, carried out in the institutions under the Ministry of Indigenous Medicine in Sri Lanka
The work provides useful links to a variety of websites for the researcher who is interested in Organic synthesis and Traditional medicine and also the related topics listed.
Links under Organic synthesis includes definitions and further goes onto describe that Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis which is concerned with the construction of organic compounds via organic reactions. Further some of the sites under the same topic provide information on the types of organic reactions and their preparation methods summarized, in structural format. The webo covers solvents, catalysts, and experimental conditions and detailed, reliable, and carefully checked procedures for the synthesis of organic compounds. For example, the link on “Science of Synthesis” is a reference work for preparative methods in synthetic chemistry. Its
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product-based classification system enables chemists to easily find a solution to their synthetic problems.
Entries on Natural Products explain that the particular term is used commonly in reference to chemical substances or substances produced by a living organism, found in nature, that have distinctive pharmacological effects or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design. A natural product can even be prepared by total synthesis. These compounds are important in the treatment of life-threatening conditions. Main classes of Natural Products are Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids.
Websites on Medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry describes that these are disciplines at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where it is involved with design, chemical synthesis and development for market of pharmaceutical agents (drugs) that are suitable for use in treatment of disease. At the biological interface, medicinal chemistry combines to form a set of highly interdisciplinary sciences, setting its organic, physical, and computational emphases alongside biological areas such as biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacognosy and pharmacology, toxicology and veterinary and human medicine; these, with project management, statistics, and pharmaceutical business practices, systematically oversee altering identified chemical agents such that after pharmaceutical formulation, they are safe and efficacious.
As given in the sites, Traditional medicine refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being. Traditional medicine which is also known as indigenous or folk medicine comprises systems of medicine that developed over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine. Practices known as traditional medicines include herbal, Ayurveda, Siddha medicine, Unani, ancient Iranian medicine, Islamic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Korean medicine, acupuncture, Muti, Ifá, traditional African medicine, and other pseudomedical knowledge and practices all over the globe.
Ayurveda is one of the forms of alternative medicine that uses different parts of herbs, plants and parts of animals to cure diseases and ailments. The word ayurveda comes from two Sanskrit words, 'ayus' meaning life and 'veda' meaning knowledge. Ayurveda is a holistic and complex spiritual and philosophical system which has been developed over thousands of years and is a subtle body of knowledge. This medical system is based on the system of prevention which means that people are often treated before the
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symptoms of the illness become evident. Safety concerns have been raised about Ayurveda, with two U.S. studies finding about 20% of Ayurvedic treatments tested contained toxic levels of heavy metals such as lead, mercury andarsenic and there have been numerous reports of clinically significant heavy metal poisoning related to their use. Other concerns include the use of herbs that contain toxic compounds and the lack of quality control in Ayurvedic facilities.
Sri Lanka has its own indigenous scheme of traditional medicine (Ayurveda).This system has been practised for many centuries in the island nation. The Sri Lankan Ayurvedic tradition is a mixture of the Sinhala traditional medicine, Ayurveda and Siddha systems of India,Unani medicine of Greece through the Arabs, and most importantly, the Desheeya Chikitsa, which is the indigenous medicine of Sri Lanka.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) refers to a broad range of medicine practices sharing common theoretical concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (Tuina),exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy.[1] These practices are a common part of medical care throughout East Asia, but are considered alternative medicine in the Western world.[1]
Herbal Drugs: A herbal drug is a plant's seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers used for its scent, flavor or therapeutic properties. Herbal medicine products are dietary supplements that people take to improve their health. Many herbs have been used for a long time for claimed health benefits. However, some can cause health problems, some are not effective and some may interact with other drugs you are taking.
Neoplasms (Cancers)
Cancer is the name for diseases in which the body's cells become abnormal and divide without control. Cancer cells may invade nearby tissues. And they may spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body. Cancer can also be called a neoplasm, tumour or malignancy. A tumour is a swelling and is described to be either benign (a growth that does not spread to other parts of the body) or malignant (a cancer that spreads from its original site into surrounding tissue and other parts of the body).
Cancer is treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy or biological therapy. Patients are often treated by a team of specialists, which may include, among others, a medical oncologist (doctor trained in cancer treatment), surgeon, radiation oncologist (doctor trained in radiotherapy). The doctors may decide to use one
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or a combination of methods to treat the cancer. The choice of treatment depends on the type, location, stage of cancer, the patient's age and general health, and other factors. Web links given under Anticancer activities will provide you with detailed information on anticancer/antitumor activity in various substances, testing methods for plant extracts and treatment for cancers/tumor. Scientists collect parts of many different plants, prepare extracts, and test the extracts in relevant bioassays. If the assay responds to the extract, the researchers isolate the active compounds and testing of the chemical structure continues.
As given in web links under “ Wound healing”, wound is type of injury to the skin in which the skin is cut open or had a blunt trauma wherein the wound is inside the skin. It can be an open or a closed wound. In the case of a closed wound, there could be a hematoma. A hematoma is a sign that there is an internal bleeding which can be mild or hemorrhage. After an injury, our bodies have the capability to heal ,(replacement of dead tissue with viable tissue) but needs to undergo a few processes such as coagulation, inflammation, fibroplasia, and wound remodeling to be able to return to its former state.
People with diabetes mellitus are particularly prone to developing non-healing wounds and are at greater risk of developing complications from those wounds if not properly treated. Diabetes is a condition where the body cannot use blood sugar effectively. People with diabetes can usually control their disease with diet or oral medication; sometimes insulin is required. Diabetes which is not well controlled leads to decreased blood circulation in the lower extremities and also affects the nervous system. The increased blood sugar levels also increase the risk of infections at the wound site, which can lead to gangrene. Aggressive treatment of these wounds, can significantly decrease a person's risk of having their foot or leg amputated. There is evidence that psychological stress adversely affects the immune system and it is shown that the wound healing activity is slow in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
The webography is accessible through the http://lib.ou.ac.lk/webographies/Drug_Thrapy
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Contents
1. Organic synthesis 8
2. Medicinal chemistry 10
3. Natural products chemistry 11
4. Traditional medicine 13
5. Biological activities of medicinal plants 15
6. Anticancer activities 16
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7. Wound healing 19
8. Herbal medicine 22
9. Ayurveda drugs 24
1.0 Organic Synthesis
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Types of Organic Reactions
1.3 Preparation methods
1.4 Solvent, Catalysts and Experimental methods
Carreira, Erick M. (ed.) Science of Synthesis. Find the right method of synthesis and empower your discovery, http://www.science-of-synthesis.com/en/products/reference-works/science-of-synthesis.html accessed on 10/08/2011
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Desiraju, G.R. (1995), Supramolecular Synthons in Crystal Engineering—A New Organic Synthesis, Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 34(21), 2311–2327. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.199523111/abstract accessed on 10/01/2012
Doyle,M.P., McKervey,A.M.,Ye,T. (1998), Modern catalytic methods for organic synthesis with diazo compounds : from cyclopropanes to ylideshttp://www.lavoisier.fr/livre/notice.asp?id=OKLWRRA2AAXOWG accessed on 12/08/2011
Drauz, K.,Waldmann, H.(ed.), (2002), Enzyme Catalysis in Organic Synthesis : A Comprehensive Handbook (2nd ed.) in 3 Vol. set http://www.lavoisier.fr/livre/notice.asp?id=2A3WL3A66K6OWY accessed on 12/08/2011
Gedye, R., Smith, F., Westaway, K.;Ali,H., Baldisera, L., Laberge, L. & Rousell, J.(1986), The use of microwave ovens for rapid organic synthesis, Tetrahedron Letters 27(3), 279-282. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040403900839969 accessed on 10/08/2011
Greene, T.W., Wuts, P.G.M. (2002), Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis. 3rd ed. Frontmatter and Index http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0471220574.fmatter_indsub/summary accessed on 12/08/2011
Grubbs, R.H., Sukbok, C. (1998), Recent advances in olefin metathesis and its application in organic synthesis, Tetrahedron 54(18), 4413- 4450. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040402097104276 accessed on10/08/2011
Rick L. Danheiser (ed.) Organic Syntheses: a publication of reliable methods for the preparation of organic compounds, http://www.orgsyn.org/ accessed on 10/08/2011
Types of reactionsDennis Liotta and Mark Volmer (ed.) Organic Syntheses : Organic Syntheses Reaction Guide, http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/rxntypes/section.asp accessed on 10/08/2011
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Woodward, Robert Burns Organic synthesis:From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis accessed on 10/08/2011
2.0 Medicinal Chemistry
2.1 Research
2.2 Drugs
2.3 Future of Medicinal Chemistry
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry (2012).http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09680896 accessed on 19/09/2011
Chemistry for a Healthier World, Chem HealthWebhttp://publications.nigms.nih.gov/chemhealth/med.htm accessed on 30/01/2012
Cutler,S.J. (ed.) Medicinal Chemistry Research 44.http://www.springer.com/biomed/pharmaceutical+science/journal/44 accessed on 15/09/2011
Future Medicinal Chemistry, 4(2).http://www.future-science.com/loi/fmc accessed on 29/10/2011
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Medical Chemistry & Drugs, About.com.chemistry (2012)http://chemistry.about.com/od/medicalhealth/Health_Medicinal_Chemistry.htm accessed on 10/08/2011
Medical Chemistry Lecture Noteshttp://www.mednotes.net/notes/chemistry/ accessed on 21/10/2011
Medicinal chemistry, From Wikipedia the Free encyclopaedia.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry accessed on 10/12/2011
3.0 Natural Products Chemistry
3.1 Definitions
3.2 Medicinal chemistry of natural products
3.2 Future
Bankova, V. (2007)Natural products chemistry in the third millennium, Chemistry Central Journal 1(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1975825/ accessed on 25/12/2011
Bano, S.(2007)Chemistry of natural products. Jamia Hamdard. New Delhi. 21p.http://nsdl.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/700/1/revised+terpenoids.pdf accessed on 01/12/2011
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Dictionary of Natural Products on CD-ROM (2012) CHEMnetBASE. Taylor & Francis.http://dnp.chemnetbase.com/intro/DNPIntroduction.pdf accessed on 11/09/2011
Ikan, R. , The origin and the nature of natural products, Selected Topics In The Chemistry Of Natural Productshttp://www.worldscibooks.com/etextbook/6389/6389_chap01.pdf accessed on 14/08/2011
Introduction to natural products chemistry, BioCentrum - SLU Uppsalahttp://www2.kemi.slu.se/education/course/ke0013/KE0013-HT-02/intro.pdf accessed 10/08/2011
Journal of Natural Products http://pubs.acs.org/journal/jnprdf accessed on 14/08/2011
Lemin, D. (2005) Introduction to Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, Science Dialogue, 30p.http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-plaza/e-sdialogue/03_data/Dr_Lemin.pdf accessed on 14/08/2011
Liang, X.T., Fang, W.S. (2006) Medicinal chemistry of bioactive natural products. ISBN 0-471-66007-8http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/10252/recommended%20book/MEDICINAL%20CHEMISTRY.pdf accessed on 11/01/2012
Meth-Cohn, O., Barton, Sir D., Nakanishi, K.(1999) Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/referenceworks/9780080912837 accessed on 25/09/2011
Nagarajan, K.(2008) T R Govindachari’s Natural Products Chemistry, Resonance,519-540http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/June2008/p519-540.pdf accessed on 15/10/2011
Natural product , From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product accessed on 21/11/2011
Natural Products http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/biomol.htm
Natural products chemistry:the Isolation of trimyristin from Nutmeg (2012) Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts. Amherst.http://www.chem.umass.edu/~samal/269/trimyristin.pdf accessed on 16/10/2011
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Spainhour,C.B. (2005) Natural products. John Wiley.http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/45/04712138/0471213845.pdf accessed on 14/12/2011
Stanforth, S.P. (2006) Natural Product Chemistry at a Glance http://as.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145625.html accessed on 30/08/2011
The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Natural+product+chemistry accessed on 14/08/2011
Wagner, H. (2005) Natural products chemistry ,Pure Applied Chemistry, 77(1), 1–6, http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2005/pdf/7701x0001.pdf accessed on 23/08/2011
4.0 Traditional Medicine
4.1 National Policy/Regulations
4.2 Sri Lankan Traditional Medicine
4.3 Chinese Traditional Medicine
Arseculeratnea, S.N., Gunatilakab, A.A.L., Panabokke, R.G. (1985), Studies on medicinal plants of sri lanka. part 14: toxicity of some traditional medicinal herbs, Journal of Ethnopharmacology ,13(3),323-335. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378874185900789 accessed on 25/11/2011
Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Comparative Overviewhttp://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2005/629537.pdf accessed on 02/12/2011
Dargan, P.I., Gawarammana, I.B., Archer,J.R.H., House,I.M., Shaw, D.,Wood, D.M. (2008), Heavy, metal poisoning from Ayurvedic traditional medicines: an
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emerging problem? Int. J. Environment and Health 2(3/4),463-474. http://www.sactrc.org/IJEnvH203-415_Dargan%20et%20al.pdf accessed on 12/08/2011
Fabricant, D.S.,Farnsworth,N. R.(2001),The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery.Environ Health Perspect, 109(Suppl 1), 69–75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240543/ accessed on 30/12/2011
Fernanda, G.B., Bouzada, M.L.M., Fabri, R.L., Matos,M.de O., Moreira, F.O., Socio, E., Coimbra, E.S. (2007), Antileishmanial and antifungal activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Brazil, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(2), 396-402http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874106006374 accessed on 12/11/2011
Liu J.,Henkel T.(2002), Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): Are Polyphenols and Saponins the Key Ingredients Triggering Biological Activities?, Current Medicinal Chemistry, 9(15),1483-1485.http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cmc/2002/00000009/00000015/art00006 accessed on 15/12/2011
National Policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicines - Report of a WHO Global Survey, (2005), 168p.http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js7916e/ accessed on 10/12/2011
Samuelsen, A.B. (2000), The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1-2),1-21. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874100002129 accessed on 18/12/2011
Scartezzini,P.,Speroni, E. (2010), Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity, Journal of Etnnopharmacology, 139(3), 683-896 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874100002130 accessed on 28/08/2011
Traditional Chinese medicine from Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine accessed on 19/12/2011
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Traditional medicine from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine accessed on 28/12/2011
Traditional medicine from Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/en/index.html accessed on 28/12/2011
Traditional medicine, Health topics a to z, US Department of Health; The World Health Organizationhttp://www.allcountries.org/health/traditional_medicine.html accessed on 10/11/2011
Yoshikawa,M. (1997) Salacinol, potent antidiabetic principle with unique thiosugar sulfonium sulfate structure from the Ayurvedic traditional medicine Salacia reticulata in Sri Lanka and India, Tetrahedron Letters, 38(48), 8367–8370, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040403997102702 accessed on 11/11/2011
Yuan, R.,Lin, Y.(2000),Traditional Chinese medicine: an approach to scientific proof and clinical validation, Pharmacology &Ttherapeutic,86(2),191-198.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725800000395 accessed on 09/09/2011
5.0 Biological Activities of Medicinal Plants
5.1 Plant extracts of chemical constituents
5.2 Global standards
5.3 Traditional uses
Araújo, C.A.C., Leon, L.L. (2001), Biological Activities of Curcuma longa L , Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 96(5), 723-728. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0074-02762001000500026&script=sci_arttext accessed on 10/12/2011
Biswas, K., Chattopadhyay, I., Banerjee, R. K., Bandyopadhyay, U. (2002) Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica),Current science, 82 (11),1336-1345. http://repository.ias.ac.in/5193/ accessed on 14/08/2011
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Fyhrquist, P. (2007)Traditional medicinal uses and biological activities of some plant extracts of African Combretum Loefl., Terminalia L.and Pteleopsis Engl. species (Combretaceae)https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/22004/traditio.pdf?sequence=1 accessed on 14/08/2011
Nishibe, S. (1994) Bioactive phenolic compounds in traditional medicines, Pure &Appl. Chem., 66( lO/ll), 2263-2266.http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1994/pdf/6610x2263.pdf accessed on 14/08/2011
Shankar, D., Venkatasubramanian, P. (2005) The evolution of global standards for traditional medicine, Science and Development Networkhttp://www.scidev.net/en/policy-briefs/the-evolution-of-global-standards-for-traditional-.html accessed on 14/08/2011
Tatli, I., Zeliha, S.A. (2006) Traditional Uses and Biological Activities of Verbascum Species, FABAD J. Pharm. Sci., 3(2), 85-96.http://fabad.org/fabad.org/pdf/volum31/issue2/85-96.pdf accessed on 10/12/2011
Thoithi,G., Kennedy, A.,Yenesew, A. Biological Activities and Chemical Constituents of Plants used for Herbal Medicine in Kenya http://gibex.org/CT110608/Thoithi.pdf accessed on 14/08/2011
6.0 Anticancer Activity
6.1 Anticancer activity in various substances
6.2 Antitumor Activities
6.3 Testing methods for plant extracts
6.4 Treatment for cancers/tumors
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Anticancer Activities of Adenine Nucleotides in Tumor Bearing Hostshttp://www.nadh-apotheke.eu/NADH-Studien/Anticancer%20Activities%20of%20Adenine%20Nucleotides%20in%20Tumor.pdf accessed on 15/09/2011
Anticancer Activity of Guava (Psidium guajava) Extractshttp://www.bepress.com/jcim/vol7/iss1/43/ accessed on 27/09/2011
Antitumor Activity of Combination Treatment of Lentinus edodes Mycelium Extracts with 5-Fluorouracil against Human Colon Cancer Cells Xenografted in Nude Micehttp://www.mupnet.com/JOCM%203%281%29%2015-22.pdf accessed on 25/09/2011
Antitumor and Phytotoxic Activities of Leaf Methanol Extract of Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxbhttp://www.idosi.org/gjp/3%282%2909/9.pdf accessed on 03/12/2011
Bomser J., Madhavi D.L., Singletary K., Smith M.A. (1996) In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species , Planta Med. 62(3),212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8693031 accessed on 24/09/2011
Ellerby,H.M, Arap,W., Ellerby,L.M., Kain,R., Andrusiak,R., Rio,G.D., Krajewski,S., Lombardo, C.R., Rao,R., Ruoslahti,E., Bredesen,D.E., Pasqualini,R. (1999) Anti-cancer activity of targeted pro-apoptotic peptide Nature Medicine 5, 1032 - 1038 http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v5/n9/abs/nm0999_1032.html accessed on 16/09/2011
How do scientists test plants for anticancer activity? (1999),Virginia Tech Research http://www.research.vt.edu/resmag/1999resmag/kingston_sidebar.html accessed on 23/12/2011
Mohamed, A.M., Amr, A.G.E., Alsharari,M.A., Al-Qalawi,H.R.M., Germoush, M.O., Al-Omar, M.A. (2011) Anticancer Activities of Some New Synthesized Thiazolo[3,2-a]Pyrido[4,3-d]Pyrimidine Derivatives, American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 7(2), 43-54.http://thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajbbsp.2011.43.54 accessed on 27/09/2011
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Park,K.M.,Kim,K.M.,Park,Y.S.,Baik,M.Y.,Chung,M.S.( 2007)Anti-cancer activities of pure curry feeding in cancer cell-transplanted mouse, ) Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 16 (1),30-39http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/Volume16/vol16.1/Finished/Park.pdf accessed on 23/08/2011
Potential anticancer activity of milk and milk components (2000), Department of Food and Science technology, Ohio State University.http://www.fst.ohio-state.edu/People/HARPER/Functional-foods/Potential%20Anti-Cancer%20with%20Milk.htm accessed on 30/01/2012
Prasad, K.N., Hao, J., Yi, C., Zhang, D., Qiu, S., Jiang, Y., Zhang, M., Chen, F. (2009) Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Wampee (Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels) Peel , Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology2009 6p. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jbb/2009/612805/ accessed on 23/08/2011
Preclinical anticancer activity of the potent, oral Src inhibitor AZD0530http://www.elsevierscitech.com/pdfs/molonc0809/05.pdf accessed on 24/09/2011
Scheck, A.C., Krya Perry,K.,Nicole C Hank1 and W Dennis ClarkAnticancer activity of extracts derived from the mature roots of Scutellaria baicalensis on human malignant brain tumor cellshttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/6/27 accessed on 30/08/2011
Scheck, A.C., Perry,K., Hank, N.C., Clark, W.D. (2006) Anticancer activity of extracts derived from the mature roots of Scutellaria baicalensis on human malignant brain tumor cells, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 6(27). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/6/27 accessed on 28/08/2011
The Antitumor Activities of Flavonoidshttp://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/19/5/895.full.pdf accessed on 23/08/2011
Yaacob,N.S., Hamzah, N., Kamal, N.N.N.M., Abidin,S.A.Z., Lai,C.S., Navaratnam,V., Norazmi, M.N., (2010), Anticancer activity of a sub-fraction of dichloromethane extract of Strobilanthes crispus on human breast and prostate cancer cells in vitro, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine,10(42).http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/10/42 accessed on 23/08/2011
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7.0 Wound Healing
7.1 Definitions
7.2 Nutritional support for wound healing
7.3 Factors affecting, wound healing process
7.4 Surgical wounds
About surgical wounds, Mölnlycke Health Carehttp://www.molnlycke.com/patient/en/Wound/wounds/Surgical-wounds/ accessed on 13/09/2011
Cutaneous Wound Healing Process, Burnsurgery.org.http://www.burnsurgery.org/Modules/BurnWound/rationale/cutaneous/index_healing.htm accessed on 23/08/2011
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Cutaneous wound healinghttp://www.sassit.co.za/Journals/Trauma/Head%20injuries/Cutaneous%20wound%20healing%20review%20NEJM.pdf accessed on 20/09/2011
Evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Rubia cordifolia L. (Indian madder) in micehttp://healthy-synergies.com/Documents/2-2-12-18.pdf accessed on 03/08/2011
Factors that Interfere with Wound Healinghttp://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/160706.htm accessed on 29/09/2011
Gabbiani, G. (2003) The myofibroblast in wound healing and fibrocontractive diseases, The Journal of Pathology, 200(4) 500-503 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/path.1427/full accessed on 29/09/2011
How does a Wound Heal?http://www.webdicine.com/how-does-a-wound-heal.html accessed on 03/08/2011
J.K. Kiecolt-Glaser ,K.J., P.T. Marucha,P.T., A.M. Mercado, A.M., W.B. Malarkey,W.B. R. Glaser,R. (1995) Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress, The Lancet 346 (8984), 1194-1196.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673695928995 accessed on 21/09/2011
Matrin, P. (1997) Wound Healing--Aiming for Perfect Skin Regeneration, Science 274, 75-81.http://www.sciencemag.org/content/276/5309/75.short accessed on 22/09/2011
Module II: Wounds: Principles of Wound Healinghttp://mhcwoundcare.com/downloads/Woundcare_Module2_Glossary.pdf accessed on 03/08/2011
Nutritional Support for Wound Healinghttp://www.pilonidal.org/_assets/pdf/nutrition.pdf accessed on 03/08/2011
Nutritional Support for Wound Healinghttp://www.pilonidal.org/_assets/pdf/nutrition.pdf accessed on 23/09/2011
Phases of Wound Healing, (2011), Clinimed.http://www.clinimed.co.uk/Wound-Care/Education/Wound-Essentials/Phases-of-Wound-Healing.aspx accessed on 29/09/2011
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The Healing Processhttp://stason.org/TULARC/art/body-art/piercing/6-1-The-Healing-Process.html accessed on 29/09/2011
The Role of Anabolic Hormones for Wound Healing in Catabolic Stateshttp://www.eplasty.com/pdf/volume04/jobw04e2.pdf accessed on 29/09/2011
The wound healing processhttp://lcbaxterlibrary.tripod.com/ereserves/PUP/6.pdf accessed on 08/08/2011
Wound Healing Center & Hyperbaric Medicinehttp://www.bronsonbattlecreek.com/services/woundcare/whatiswoundcare.shtml accessed on 31/01/2012
Wound healing video, Youtubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7Ryg9nVFLI accessed on 27/09/2011
Wound healing, The free Dictionaryhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/wound+healing accessed on 05/08/2011
Wound healing,From Wikipedia the free encyclopaediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound_healing accessed on 29/09/2011
Wound healing: an overview of acute, fibrotic and delayed healinghttp://www.math.pitt.edu/~cbsg/Materials/Wound_Healing_Overview.pdf accessed on 07/01/2012
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8.0 Herbal Medicine
8.1. Herbal products and supplements
8.2. Standards
8.3 Research
Bent, S.,Tiedt, T.N.,Odden, M.C.,Shlipak, M.G. (2003),The Relative Safety of Ephedra Compared with Other Herbal Products, Annals of Internal Medicine,138(6), 468-471.http://www.annals.org/content/138/6/468.short accessed on 29/08/2011
Herb products Co. (2008) https://www.herbproducts.com/ accessed on 14/08/2011
Herbal Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html accessed on 29/12/2011
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Herbal medicinehttp://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm accessed on 29/10/2011
Herbal Products and Supplements,Familydoctor.org,(2011)http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/drugs-procedures-devices/over-the-counter/herbal-products-and-supplements.html accessed on 14/08/2011
Kew :Royal Boatnic Gradens:Scientific Research & Data http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/index.htm accessed on 29/10/2011
Mosihuzzaman, M.,Choudhary, M.I. (2008), Protocols on safety, efficacy,standardization, and documentation of herbal medicinePure Appl. Chem., 80(10), 2195–2230. http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2008/pdf/8010x2195.pdf accessed on 01/09/2011
Schuppan, D., Jia, J., Brinkhaus, B., Hahn, E.G. (1999), ,Herbal products for liver diseases: A therapeutic challenge for the new millennium, Hepatology, 30(4),1099-1104. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.510300437/abstract accessed on 29/12/2011
Wani, M.S., Parakh, S.R., Dehghan, M.H., Polshettiwar, S. A., Chopade, V.V., Chepurwar,S.B. (2007) Herbal Medicine and Its Standardization, Latest Reviews, 5(6) http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/herbal-medicine-and-its-standardization accessed on 29/10/2011
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9.0 Ayurveda Drugs
9.1 Philosophy/History
9.2 Definitions
9.3 Indexes
9.4 Literature
9.5 Treatments
Ayurveda , From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda accessed on 11/01/2012
Ayurveda Herbs/ Medicine Storehttp://ayurveda-foryou.com/online-ayurvedic-medicine-store.html accessed on 15/12/2011
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Ayurveda research papers. Himalaya Herbal Healthcarehttp://www.himalayahealthcare.com/researchpaper/bonnisan.htm accessed on 11/01/2012
Ayurvedic drug index : Ayurveda - The Natural Way Of Treating Diseasehttp://ayurvedicdrugindex.com/ accessed on 15/12/2011
Ayurvedic Drugs (2012).Ayurved.tvhttp://ayurved.tv/ayurvedic-drugs-.html accessed on 15/09/2011
Ayurvedic drugs face EU ban from May . Indianexpress.comhttp://www.indianexpress.com/news/ayurvedic-drugs-face-eu-ban-from-may-1/745660/ accessed on 15/01/2012
Ayurvedic Literature (2012).Ayurved.tv http://ayurved.tv/ayurveda-literature.html accessed on 15/08/2011
Ayurvedic Philosophy (2012) Ayurved.tvhttp://ayurved.tv/ayurveda-philosophy.html accessed on 15/08/2011
Chauhan, K.,(1995) Successful treatment of throat cancer with Ayurvedic drugs, Sachitra Ayurved ,47( 11), 840—842 http://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/root/C/11186/ accessed on 14/08/2011
Department of Ayurveda: Ministry of Indigenous Medicine Nawinna, Maharagama.http://www.ayurveda.gov.lk/ accessed on 25/08/2011
Effects of ayurvedic drugs last longer than allopathic.(2011) Times of India, Pune.http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-05/pune/28658429_1_ayurvedic-drugs-leech-therapy-veins accessed on 11/01/2012
History of Ayurveda (2012).Ayurved.tvhttp://ayurved.tv/history-of-ayurveda.html accessed on 15/08/2011
Vaishwanar,I., Kowale, C.N., Jiddewar, G.G. (1976) Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology,14(1) 57-8http://imsear.hellis.org/handle/123456789/60581 accessed on 11/01/2012
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