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×$´ð μ´× èÝØ` þ<õ$ð áò &Ù&$ μ÷Àù àõØ à<ø$ù×ð Ùæß < õÚμýù ùÚûÔóõ$ ´>ð´ ×ðμõß ÑÂ×

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èÝØ` þ<õ$ <è ýÙ$ èõ ×ÔõÝ μ<×Ú. &|´ èÝØ` þ<õæÝ ´ àùÚ<$Ì×μ×ùß æ} ×ÔõÝ μÈ Ñ&ßõ$Øó×ð ´ê

μûùßÒ´ &úÀ{$ äß äß æÚÜ×$æ$ØæÈ &`Ù`&ßμÈ à<&$ù μæ$ð& &`Ù&ÔÈ æØ õÚμÅ.

&$´$ù] àø]$ûù û÷ÀßøõÚ× õÝ} à÷À ÷À#Á]´$ù <ù è`ðÏ í× è`ùÛ &úÀ{$ èùÔμ÷ÀùÔ<æÚùß à$ØÈþ Ò ÷ÀÛÌé

èμÓÂó×æß, &Ú&Ô Ñ<Øó {$ Ñ&ßõ$Øó μû}æß {$ &´$ûßõÚæ èÝØ` &ÈμûÜßÂó×æÚùß &`÷¸È Ùõß ûÍó$´ù

èÝØ` þÞÆæ$<æÚùß &´ùßÑõ ù< àø]$ûù æÜ ×æß μ´μ&ß û÷ÀßøõÚ×ð {ú¸ùß<$ ÷ÀÛ ð í$õÚæ àø]$ûù à$×õù×

æð×ÔõÝ æØ à`õ. èÝØ` þ<õ$ ûÜ Ôç < æØù áè`ùßÒ´æß μ<ùÔ<ð èÝØ` ´ê μûùßÒÈ ×ðμõß &Ú&Ôùß ùÚØõ

<ù áμèùÔ æß μÙ& μ´× {`úÀÚùßÑ× {`æÚ ×. &Ú&Ô{Ô æÚ×`ÒÈ ÷º<] ûÍÁÛÙù× æØÆùß ÷À èÝó$õß æ μ×÷À<ÔÈ

þ$Ñõ æØÆùß ÷À èμÓÂóμ×ß μ×μ÷ÀõÚ. ÷ÀÚùûõ$ û$&Ùß û`ÆμóÆùß ûÜÛõÚμ×ùß ãèùÚõÚ. ¶Ñõ×ð {$ <`ò

μÙ$ßæ×ð à<Á] ùÚûÔóõ$ ’&æß ´ û$&Ùß àø]$ûù× {Ø{$ &$æßÂ$õß æØ èùÚõÚ. ¥ùßõù {`æÚ×$,

&´$í {`æÚ×$ {$ ûÔ÷ÀßèÙ {`æÚ×$ <ò<$ èùÚÆùß í$õÚ× μè$ò ù`êÛ &úÀ{$ &Õ÷À$ùÈ μ<õÚ. μÈ &Ú×ÙßμÙß

&$Ìöæõß<× &úÀ{$ à$÷ÀÌÁ ûÜÁßù<Ùð ûÚ}ÚõÝØ` ÙÚ×Æùß ´õæμ×ß ØúÀ<$ èõß ÷À`ùÔ´ Ñ´&$ ýÙù Ñþ$è

æÜ ×æß μ<ùÔ<ð ¶Ñõ ×ö$Ìö×ùßð Ô{Ôó ÷ÀÛ ð ÁÚÂ]×$ &õÝ &Õ÷À$ù´ μ&$×$ ýÙù Ñþ$è æÜ ×æ à<Á]õ$<

æ`ûÛ μûμùß.

μ´´ áμèùÔÈ-áè`ùßÒÈ æÚÜ×$<ÙÚμ×ß æ`ûÛ μûμùù ÙæßÂó×æß <ùßμùß æÚÜ×$æ$Øæ´ ûÔØ$ ÷ÀÚμ<ù μ÷À×$æ$Ø

<Õ ÷À àÌö$ùßÑõ <Õ ÷À à`è×ÛÈ (Evaluation) æÚÜ×$<ÙÚ××Ú. ùÚ×ÔæßõæØó× ÷À èÝØ` àþÚ õ× ûÍ÷ÀÚ μûØ ÷À ùÔ

&Èýùßø à`è×Û´æß &úÀ{$ μ×$÷À$ èõ {`æÚ ×. äμ&ß ´ èμÓÂó×õß, Ñ<Øó×õß, Ñ&ßõ$Øó×õß õÝ}Úùß

à`è×Û´ ÁæßõÚ´õß æØ è`ùÛ´ ûÜÒó èÝØ` þ<õæÝμèß <èæÛ´ μ<×Ú. ÙÚ¢õ ûÎæßÂó à<´ æØÆùß û$&Ùß

û$÷Àæ à`è×ÛÈ <`òûÚ}Úμ<μ}ß ×ö$Ìö<$÷ÀÛ &ß<þ$<× ’æè`ùÛ´ &úÀ{$õß, <$Ø ûÎæßÂó &úÀ{$ àùÚ<$Ì×

ûÜÁßù à`õÝ}õß æØÆùß û$&Ùß û$÷Àæ à`è×ÛÈ <`òûÚ}Úμ<} μ<õ û$&Ùß ûÚÍ&ß ù`ÖÔØ` æØ è`ùÛ´ &úÀ{$õß,

áμèùÔμÈ ùÚ×´ üÙ &$æßÂ$õß æØ èõß ý< æÚ×`μ<ù &Ôõõ] à`è×ÛÈ (Authentic Evaluations)

<`òûÚ}Úμ<}æß Øðð {ú¸ùß<$ ÷ÀÛ´ &úÀ{$õß æð×ÔõÝ Ø$ÁÚ×æß ÷À`ùð´õß í$õÚæ ´>ðμ´ùß à$ØÈþ Ò õÚμÅ.

æ}´ù$æØó û$ÌÁß<μ×ß ´ù$ ãûμ÷ÀßÁù ù$×æõß<× {$ õõßõß< &{õÚæ æÚÎμÈ <èæÛ ×ðμõß μÈ ù<

<`òûÚ}Úμ<} &$Ìöæ æØ èùÚÆùß àÏõß ÁÜÛ Ù‘æ$<æß &úÀ{$ μ÷À$ØðÔ Ñ<#õ æÚÎ´ Øμ> ×{ûõ ûõù

&Ú×Ïμ÷Àù$μèß ´ &μ´$ßø$ùÚæ <èæÛ μ<×Ú.

μ÷ÀßÁ´$ù] à$ë$Ì× à×Ú äÙß èÚùÚμèß

&{æ$Ø àø]æßÂ íùØ$Ùß (ÑÂ×´$Ù$ &‘<Ìøù)

Ñ÷À]$ {$ õ$æßÂó ûÛñ×


vii

fufyhùu ( uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd" wOHlaI ckrd,a"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

WmfoaYl;ajh ( wdpd¾h whs't,a' .sksf.a ñh" iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

ie,iqï yd úIh iïnkaëlrKh ( ã' t,a' iS' rejka wð;a l=udr"iyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

úIhud,d lñgqj (

1' fcHIaG uydpd¾h vekS w;m;a;= uhd - wOHhk wxY m%OdkS" wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhkwxYh" reyqKq úYaj úoHd,h

2' wdpd¾h w;=, rKisxy uhd - wOHhk wxY m%OdkS" wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhkwxYh" fld<U úYaj úoHd,h

3' wdpd¾h tï' .fkaIauQ¾;s uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" wd¾Ól úoHdwOHhk wxYh" fld<U úYaj úoHd,h

4' B' ohdr;ak uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc úoHd wOHhkwxYh" YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

5' wdpd¾h tia'ví' ysrka; uhd - wOHhk wxY m%OdkS" jdKsc úoHd wOHhkwxYh" YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

6' wdpd¾h wfkdaud wfír;ak ñh - wOHhk wxY m%OdkS" wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhkwxYh" fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h

7' wdpd¾h ã'ta'iS' o is,ajd uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" wd¾Ól úoHdwOHhk wxYh" fld<U úYaj úoHd,h

8' ta'î' úfÊiQßh uhd - m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ"jHdmdr wOHhk fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

9' ta' isjfkairdcd uhd - m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ"jHdmdr wOHhk fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

10' mS'tÉ' l=iqudj;S ñh - jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ"jHdmdr wOHhk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

11' tia' fla' m%ndyrka uhd - jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ"jHdmdr wOHhk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

12' ã't,a'iS' rejka wð;a l=udr uhd - iyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ"jHdmdr wOHhk fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

13' tia' wd¾' r;akÔj uhd - iyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ"jHdmdr wOHhk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

viii

ixialdrl uKav,h (

1' fcHIaG uydpd¾h vekS w;m;a;= uhd - wOHhk wxY m%OdkS" wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhkwxYh" reyqKq úYaj úoHd,h

2' wdpd¾h tï' .fkaIauQ¾;s uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" wd¾Ól úoHdwOHhk wxYh" fld<U úYaj úoHd,h

3' B' ohdr;ak uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc úoHd wOHhkwxYh" YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

4' ta'î' úfÊiQßh uhd - m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ"jHdmdr wOHhk fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

5' ã't,a'iS' rejka wð;a l=udr uhd - iyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" jHdmdr wOHhk fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh 6' tia' wd¾' r;akÔj uhd - iyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ"

jHdmdr wOHhk fomd¾;fïka;=j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

f,aLl uKav,h (

01' ta'tÉ'tï'wd¾'î' wNhr;ak uhd - úY%dñl wOHlaI"jHdmdr wOHhk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

02' tia'tka'tÉ'tï' úfÊr;ak nxvd uhd - ksfhdacH wOHlaI ^wOHhk&"udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK wdh;kh

03' t,a'Ô' fma%u;s,l uhd - .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"fld;auf,a

04' t,a' wcka;d ú;drK ñh - ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s" f.da;ó nd,sldúoHd,h" fld<U

05' ta'Ô'tÉ' wurd úfÊj¾Ok ñh - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" fn,a,ka lvj, uyd úoHd,h" ;Uq;af;a.u06' ví' ,hk,a uhd - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" O¾umd, uyd

úoHd,h" fldÜgdj07' ta'tï't*a' uokshd ñh - ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaI" ol=Kq m<d;a

wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j08' tï'ã' moañKS ñh - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh"

idka; f;dauia Wiia nd,sld úÿy," ud;r09' fla'mS' pkaø,;d ñh - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" wdkkao úoHd,h"

fldÜgdj10' ;urd à' ldßhjiï ñh - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" ix>ñ;a;d nd,sld

úoHd,h" .d,a,11' fla'tï'ã'wd¾' o is,ajd uhd - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" w.ue;s nd,sld

úoHd,h" mdkÿr12' fla'tï' mshfiak uhd - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" uydkdu u'u'ú'"

fudKrd.,13 ' mS't,a'ta' kkaofiak uhd - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" ijq;a,kaâ nd,sld

u' ú'" .d,a,14' iqO¾ud ieuqfj,a ñh - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" iSj,S uyd úoHd,h"

r;akmqrh'15' B'fla'ví'Ô'ta' u,aldka;s ñh - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" chfmd< cd;sl

mdi," mQv¿Th

ix

16' fla'à' iurisxy uhd - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" j,sisxy yßiapkaøúoHd,h" wkqrdOmqrh

17' *iSkd kqidÈla ñh - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" Y=oaO jQ mjqf,alkHdrduh" nïn,msáh

18' tï'whs't,a' *hsid,a uhd - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" *hsid uyd úoHd,h" wlalf¾m;a;=j

19' iS'ã' ysßmsáh ñh - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" fldia.u u'ú'"fldia.u

20' hQ'tï'iS'tï' lreKdr;ak ñh - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh" YS%$ nqoaO chka;su'u'ú'" n,xf.dv

21' ví'ta' ch,;d ñh - YS% ,xld .=re fiajh úY%dñl&" idka; fcdakaúoHd,h" kqf.af.dv

mß.Kl joka ieliqu :::::

tÉ'tï' fhydka rÑ;% r;akdhl uhd

úúO iydh :::::

huqkd mS' fyajdú;drK ñhmqIamd wurisxy ñh

x

ûðÔùûðÔùûðÔùûðÔùûðÔù

ûÚðÔ ûÚðÔ ûÚðÔ ûÚðÔ ûÚðÔ

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh mßYS,kh lsÍug Wmfoia 01

bf.kqï M, yd wdo¾Y ls%hdldrlï 03 - 156

mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh 157

ye¢kaùu 158- 160

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqï 161- 172

uQ,dY% 173

-1-

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia

j¾I 2009 isg wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< i|yd ls%hd;aulùug kshñ;

wd¾Ól úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYh ksmqK;d mdol j iïmdokh lr we;' tu úIh ks¾foaYfha

wvx.= 01 isg 06 olajd jk ksmqK;d wdjrKh jk mßÈ fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

ms<sfh< ù we;' fuu úIh ks¾foaYh u.ska wd¾Ól úoHdjg wod< úIh lreKq ms<sn|

oekqu muKla fkdj wd¾Ól úoHdkql+, j is;Sug;a ta wkqj yeisÍug;a wod< wdl,am"

l=i,;d yd mqreÿ ,nd§u o wfmalaId flf¾'

tu wruqKq fmroeß lrf.k isiqkaf.a ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh jk wdldrhg .=rejrhd

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh ie,iqï lr .kq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' ta i|yd u.

fmkaùula jYfhka fuys wdo¾Y ls%hdldrlï lsysmhla we;=<;a lr we;' fuu .=re

ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh ilia lr we;af;a mka;s ldurh ;=< bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh

isÿ l< hq;= wkql%uh wkqj h' úIh ks¾foaYfha we;s iEu ksmqK;d uÜgula i|yd u

bf.kqï M, bÈßm;a lr we;' tu bf.kqï M,j,g yd wod< ksmqK;d uÜgug ish¨

u isiqka <Õd jk wdldrfha YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shla Tn úiska

wkq.ukh lrkq we;e hs wfmalaIs; h' ta i|yd Tn lrk u.fmkaùula f,i f;dard.;a

ksmqK;d uÜgï lsysmhla i|yd msúiqu yd bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia msúiqu yd bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia msúiqu yd bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia msúiqu yd bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia msúiqu yd bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia bÈßm;a

lr we;' tu Wmfoia tf,i u wkq.ukh lsÍu wksjd¾h fkdjk w;r iqÿiq hehs

yefÕk YsIH flakaøSh jQ bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shla wkq.ukh lsÍug mQ¾K

ksoyi we;'

tfia u fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfhka ls%hdldrlu wjidkfha § —úIh lreKq

meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la bÈßm;a lr we;' th Tn mka;s ldurfha § ls%hdldrlï

;=<ska wkdjrKh lr .; hq;= yd isiqkag igykla f,i ,nd Èh hq;= úIh lreKqj,g

u.fmkaùula f,i i,lkak'

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh i|yd msúiqu fyda bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia bÈßm;a

lr fkdue;s ksmqK;d uÜgï o fuys we;=<;a fõ' tu ksmqK;d uÜgï i|yd iqÿiq

-2-

m%fõYhla yd fhda.H bf.kqu i|yd jQ Wmfoia m;s%ldjla ilia lr isiqka ls%hdldÍ j

bf.kqfuys fhdojk wdldrfha YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shla mka;s

ldurh ;=< ls%hd;aul lsÍug fhdackd flf¾'

úIh ks¾foaYfha ta ta ksmqK;dj,g fjka fldg we;s ld,Éfþo ixLHdjg jvd jeä

ld,Éfþo ixLHdjla j¾Ihlg ;sfnk w;r tu wu;r ld,h isiq ksmqK;d j¾Okh

lsÍug iqÿiq jevigyka i|yd m%;sfmdaIK jevigyka ;lafiarej yd we.hSï l%u

ms<sfj;a i|yd fhdod .; yels h'

wd¾Ól úoHdj ñksidg b;d ióm yd m%dfhda.sl úIhla jk neúka Tnf.a bf.kqï-

b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh ie,iqï lsÍu yd ls%hd;aul lsÍfï § ta flfrys wjOdkh fhduq

lsÍfuka fuu úIhh isiqka w;r jvd;a ckms%h l< yels fõ'

-3-

ksmqK;dj 1ksmqK;dj 1ksmqK;dj 1ksmqK;dj 1ksmqK;dj 1 ((((( wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakh úi|d .kakd wdldrh

úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 ((((( wd¾Ól úoHdj iudchSh úoHdjla nj ;yjqre lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdjld,Éfþo ixLHdjld,Éfþo ixLHdjld,Éfþo ixLHdjld,Éfþo ixLHdj ((((( 05

bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, (((((

• wd¾Ól úoHdj ms<sn| úúO ks¾jpk ixikaokd;aulj úuiñka wd¾Ól úoHdjg

ks¾jpkhla f.dv k.hs'

• wd¾Ól úoHdj" úoHdjla nj ;yjqre lsÍug lreKq olajhs'

• iudchSh úoHd" iajNdúl úoHdjkaf.ka fjkiajk wdldrh olajñka wd¾Ól

úoHdj iudchSh úoHdjla nj ;yjqre lrhs'

• wd¾Ól úoHd;aulj is;ñka úúO .eg¿j,g úi÷ï fidhd .kakd wdldrh

ksoiqka u.ska ú.%y lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

• wd¾Ól úoHd{hska úiska wd¾Ól úoHdj ms<sn| úúO ks¾jpk bÈßm;a lr we;s

nj'

• we;eï ks¾jpk u.ska wd¾Ól úoHdfõ úIh lafIa;%h ú.%y flfrk w;r we;eï

ks¾jpk uÕska wd¾Ól úoHdfõ l%ufõo ú.%y flfrk nj'

• ñksid iudch ;=< wd¾Ól jYfhka yeisfrk wdldrh yd tys § Ndú; lrk

l%ufõo ms<sn| yeoEÍu wd¾Ól úoHdj nj'

• wd¾Ól úoHdj hgf;a" iudch ;=< ñksidf.a wd¾Ól yeisÍu wOHhkh lrk

ksid th iudchSh úoHdjla nj'

• wd¾Ól kHdh yd uQ,O¾u úoHd;aul l%ufõo u; f.dvke.S we;s neúka wd¾Ól

úoHdj úoHdjla f,i .efkk nj'

• my; i|yka idOl u; wd¾Ól úoHdj wfkl=;a iajNdúl úoHdjkaf.ka

fjkiajk nj'

• wd¾Ól kHdh u.ska ñksiqkaf.a wd¾Ól yeisÍu ú.%y lsÍu

• wd¾Ól kHdh m¾fhaIKd.drhla ;=< ikd: l< fkdyels ùu

• wd¾Ól kHdh ld,h" m%foaYh yd ckj¾.h hk idOl u; fjkia ùu

• wdka;sl m%;s,dNh yd wdka;sl msßjeh ii|d ;d¾lsl j ;SrK .ekSu wd¾Ól

úoHd;aulj is;Su nj

• my; i|yka md¾Yjhkayg ;d¾lsl ;SrK .ekSug wd¾Ól úoHdj jeo.;a jk nj

• ksIamdolhskag • fiajd kshqla;slhskg

• mdßfNda.slhskag • fiajd fhdaclhskag

• rdcH mßmd,lhskag • Pkao odhlhskag

-4-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2 ((((( ;SrK .ekSu i|yd wd¾Ól úoHdfõ kHdhd;aul yd jHjydßl

moku fhdod .kshs'



• iQlaIu yd id¾j wd¾Ól úoHd úIh lafIa;% ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• wd¾Ól úoHdfõ h:dkqrEmS iy wNsu;dkqrEmS m%ldY w;r fjki ksoiqka u.ska

meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• wd¾Ól ixisoaê úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï l%ufõohla f,i wdlD;s Wml,amk yd kHdhhka

Ndú; lrk nj ;yjqre lrhs'

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls %hdj,sh (bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls %hdj,sh (bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls %hdj,sh (bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls %hdj,sh (bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls %hdj,sh (

msúiqu (msúiqu (msúiqu (msúiqu (msúiqu (

• mqj;am;lska Wmqgd .;a my; i|yka m%ldYh mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

zz kqjrt<sh Èia;s%lalfha f;a j.dlrejl= jk isßmd, fï j¾Ifha ;ukaf.a f;a

ksIamdokh 25] lska muK my< .sh nj mjihs' kuq;a" YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl

jd¾;dfõ i|yka jkafka miq.sh jirg idfmalaIjfuu j¾Ifha f;a ksIamdokh

05] lska by< .sh njhs˜'

• tu m%ldYh ms<sn| isiqkaf.a woyia úuikak'

• my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

• isßmd, hkq f;a ksIamdolhkaf.ka tla mqoa.,hl= muKla nj

• ta wkqj isßmd, w¾Ólfha tla l=vd tallhla muKla nj

• uy nexl= jd¾;dfjka rfÜ iuia; f;a ksIamdokh ms<sn| m%ldY lrk nj

• fuf,i wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § l=vd úp,H .ek fuka u iuia; úp,H ms<sn| j

o yodrk nj

• fï wkqj wd¾Ólhl ;ks tallhla ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍu iQlaIu wd¾Ól

úoHdj f,i ye¢kafjk nj

• tfiau wd¾Ólhla iuia;hla f,i f.k wOHhkh lsÍu ^wd¾Ól iudydrhla

f,i wOHhkh lsÍu& id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdj f,i ye¢kafjk nj

• isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd § ls%hdldrlfuys

fhdojkak'

-5-

ù ksIamdokhù ksIamdokhù ksIamdokhù ksIamdokhù ksIamdokh

miq.sh j¾I lsysmh ;=< iy,a ñ, iS>%fhka by< .sfha h' fuhg fya;=j jQfha ksIamdok

msßjeh jeäùuhs' fï ksid rch f.dúhdg ksIamdok iykdOdrhla f,i fmdfydr yd îc

,nd §ug ;SrKh lrk ,§' tu.ska ù ksIamdokh by< kexùu rcfha wfmalaIdj úh'

rfÜ ishü l=Uqre wiajeoafoa h hk Wml,amkh u; ù ksIamdokhg fmdfydr fuá%la

fgdka 100 la iy îc fuá%la fgdka 1"000 la fhojqjfyd;a ù ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh hgf;a ù

ksuejqu fuá%la fgdka 10"000 la ,efí hehs rch n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh' kuq;a" miq.sh j¾Ifha

we;s jQ .xj;=r iy iq<siq<x ;;a;ajh;a" rfÜ iuyr l=Uqre wiajeoaÿfõ ke;s ksid;a rfÜ uq¿

ksIamdokh fuá%la fgdka 2"000 lska wvq úh' ta wkqj" ù ksIamdokfha i;H ;;a;ajh jQfha

fuá%la fgdka 8"000 ls'

fuf,i ù ksIamdokh wvq jQ ksid fjf<|fmdf<a iy,a ñ, by< .sh w;r tys m%;sM,hla

f,i iy,a b,aü hï m%udKhlska wvq úh'

lsß ksIamdokhlsß ksIamdokhlsß ksIamdokhlsß ksIamdokhlsß ksIamdokh

miq.sh ld,fha f,dal fjf<|fmdf<a lsßmsá ñ, by< hdu ksid wdkhksl lsßmsá ñ, by<

.sfha h' ta ksid wdkhkh lrk lsßmsá m%udKh iSudlr" foaYSh lsß ksIamdokh by< kexùu

rcfha wfmalaIdj úh' tu wruqK bgq lr .ekSu i|yd foaYSh lsß f.dùkag lsß t<fokqka

fkdñf,a ,nd§u iy wjYH WmlrK iemhSug rch ;SrKh lrk ,§'

rfÜ 50"000 la muK jk foaYSh lsß ksIamdolhska fï i|yd fhduq fõ hehs hk Wml,amkh

u; lsß .jhka 50"000 la iy WmlrK lsß ksIamdokfha fhojqï f,i lsß f.dùkag ,nd

ÿka úg lsß ksIaamdokh ,Sg¾ 500000 fõ hehs rcfha n,dfmdfrd;a;=j úh'

kuq;a" fuu j¾Ifha § wfmalaId l< m%udKhg jvd jeämqr lsß f.dùka 5000 la muK lsß

ksIamdokhg fhduq jQ neúka uq¿ lsß ksIamdokh ,Sg¾ 550000 úh' fuf,i foaYSh lsß

iemhqu jeäùu ksid foaYSh lsßmsá ñ, my< .sfha h' tys m%;sM,hla f,i foaYSh lsß msá

i|yd we;s b,aü jeä úh'

-6-

bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (

• my; i|yka ksIamdok fol w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,eî we;s ksIamdokh flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• ù ksIamdokh

• lsß ksIamdokh

• Tng imhd we;s isoaêh fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'

• wod< isoaêfha fhojqï yd ksuejqï iïnkaO;dj igyklska fmkajkak'

• tu isoaêfha § mokï lrf.k we;s Wml,amk fudkjdo@

• Tfí ud;Dldjg wod< NdKavfha ñ, iy b,aü w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;djfha

iajNdjh i|yka lrkak'

• wod< isoaêfha isÿúh hq;= hehs wfmalaId l< ;;a;aj fudkjdo@

• i;H jYfhka fjf<|fmd< ;=< isÿjQ foa meyeÈ,s lrkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mx;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'


• ienE f,dalh ;=< mj;skafka l=ula o@ isÿjkafka l=ula o@ hkak h:d¾:jd§ f,i

ú.%y lsÍu h:dkqrEmS m%ldYkhla f,i ie,flk nj

• úúO wd¾Ól kHdh ;=<ska ú.%y lr we;af;a h:dkqrEmS m%ldYk nj

• iudch ;=< mej;sh hq;af;a l=ula o@ isÿúh hq;af;a l=ula o@ hkak mqoa., noaO j

m%ldY lsÍu wNsu;dkqrEmS m%ldY nj

• úúO wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s u.ska m%ldY lr we;af;a wNsu;dkqrEmS m%ldY nj

• ienE f,dalh ;=< isÿjk ixlS¾K isoaêhla ir, lsÍfï l%ufõohla f,i wdlD;s

fhdod .kakd nj

ksoiqka( ksoiqka( ksoiqka( ksoiqka( ksoiqka( fhojqï yd ksuejqï w;r iïnkaO;dj igyklska oelaùu

• wdlD;s ilia lsÍfï § ixlS¾K isoaê" ir, yd ksYaÑ; j bÈßm;a lsÍug fhdod .kq

,nk fldkafoais Wml,amk nj

ksoiqka(ksoiqka(ksoiqka(ksoiqka(ksoiqka( ù ksIamdokh by< hdug fmdfydr iy îc muKla n,mdk nj

Wml,amkh lsÍu

• ienE f,dalh ;=< mj;sk ixisoaêhla ms<sn| j bÈßm;a jk úoHd;aul ú.%yhla

kHdhhla f,i ye¢kafjk nj

ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka ( • ñ, by< hk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh wvqùu

• ñ, my< hk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh jeäùu

-7-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3 ((((( wd¾Ól ú.%y i|yd m%ia;dr yd iólrK Ndú; lrhs'



• iajdh;a; yd mrdh;a; úp,H ks¾jpkh lrñka ta i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'

• iajdh;a; yd mrdh;a; úp,H w;r iïnkaO;d mokï lrf.k f,aLk ms<sfh,

lrhs'

• iajdh;a; yd mrdh;a; úp,H w;r iïnkaO;dj iólrK yd m%ia;dr weiqfrka

bÈßm;a lrhs'

• iólrK weiqfrka ir, f¾Ldjla o" ir, f¾Ldjla weiqfrka iólrKhla o f.dv

k.hs'

• ir, f¾Ldjl nEjqu .Kkh lrñka w¾:l;k imhhs'



• my; i|yka m%ldY we;=<;a jk fia ilia lr .kakd ,o ieKm;a tlska tl

mx;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

• fujr whjefhka fmdfydr iykdOdr ,nd fohs'

• mdka ñ, by< hhs'

• tajdfha we;=<;a m%ldYk ms<sn| isiq woyia úuikak'


• fmdfydr iykdOdrh ksid iy,a ksIamdokh by< hk nj'

• mdka ñ, by< hdu ;=<ska mdka b,a¨ï m%udKh my< hk nj'

• ta wkqj fmdfydr iykdOdrh iajdhla; úp,Hhla jk w;r" tu ksid fjkiajk

iy,a ksIamdokh mrdh;a; úp,Hh jk nj

• mdka ñ, iajdhla; úp,Hhla jk w;r tu ksid fjkiajk mdka b,a¨ï

m%udKh mrdhla; úp,Hh jk nj

• fmdfydr iykdOdrh yd iy,a ksIamdokh w;r Ok iïnkaO;djla mj;sk

w;r mdka ñ, yd mdka b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r RK iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj'

• fuu iïnkaO;d m%ia;dr yd iólrK u.ska bÈßm;a l< yels nj'


fhdojkak'

-8-


• my; i|yka isoaê w;ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk isoaêh flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lrkak'

• ù ñ, yd ù ksIamdokh

ñ, Y+kH jk úg ù ksIamdokh tall 100 ls' ñ, jeäjk iEu remsh,a mylgu

ù ksIamdok m%udKh tall 100 ne.ska jeä fõ' ñ, re' 20 la jQ úg ù ksIamdokh

tall 500 la jkq we;'

• iy,a ñ, yd iy,a mßfNdackh

ñ, re' 12 la jQ úg iy,a mßfNdack m%udKh Y=kH ^0& fõ' t;eka isg ñ,

wvqjk iEu remsh,a follgu iy,a mßfNdackh tall 10 ne.ska jeä fõ' ñ,

re' 0 jQ úg iy,a mßfNdack m%udKh tall 60 la fõ'

• Tng wod< isoaêfha f;dr;=re j.=.; lrkak'

• tys iajdh;a; úp,Hh yd mrdh;a; úp,Hh y÷kd .kak'

• iajdh;a; úp,H ;sria wlaIfhka o mrdh;a; úp,Hh isria wlaIfhka o oelafjk

f,i wod< o;a; m%ia;dr .; lrkak'

• wod< úp,H fol w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj y÷kd .kak'

• ñ, re' 1 lska fjkia ùu ksid Tng ,enqKq wfkla úp,Hh fldmuK m%udKhlska

fjkia jkafka o hkak .Kkh lrkak'

• ñ, Y=kH jk úg ksIamdok$ mßfNdack uÜgu i|yka lrkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'


• fjkiajkakd jQ ´kEu ixisoaêhla úp,Hhla f,i ye¢kafjk nj

• fjkiajk wd¾Ól ixisoaêhla wd¾Ól úp,Hhla f,i ye¢kafjk nj

ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka ( ñ, uÜgu" fmd<S wkqmd;h" fiajd kshqla;sh

• wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § wd¾Ól úp,H w;r iïnkaO;d úuid n,k nj

• úp,Hhka w;r úúO iïnkaO;d mj;sk nj

• lsishï úp,Hhl fjkialï we;s lsÍug uQ,sl jk wfkla úp,Hh iajdh;a;

úp,Hh f,i y÷kajk nj

ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka ( ù ñ," iy,a ñ,

-9-

• iajdh;a; úp,Hfha fjki fya;= fldg f.k fjkiaùug Ndckh jk wfkla

úp,Hh mrdh;a; úp,Hh f,i y÷kajk nj

ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka ( ù ksIamdokh" iy,a mßfNdackh

• iajdh;a; úp,Hhl iajdëk yeisÍula mrdh;a; úp,Hhkaf.a fjkiaùug fya;=

jk nj

• iajdh;a; úp,H yeisfrk wdldrh wkqj ksIamdokh yd mßfNdack m%udKh

fjkiaùu f,aLkhlska fmkaúh yels nj

• NdKavhl ñ, yd ksIamdokh w;r we;af;a wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djla nj

• NdKavhl ñ, yd mßfNdackh w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj

• iajdh;a; úp,H (X) f,i o mrdh;a; úp,H (Y) f,i o ie,l+ úg (X)j,g wkqj

(Y) fjkia úu ir, f¾Ldjlska my; mßÈ m%ia;dßlj fmkaúh yels nj

• tu úp,Hj, n,mEu rEm igykl i,l=Kq lsÍfuka AB ir, f¾Ldj ks¾udKh

l< yels nj

• ir, f¾Ldjg wod< jQ iajdh;a; yd mrdh;a; úp,H w;r iïnkaO;dj Y = MX+C

iólrKfhka fmkaúh yels nj

Y = MX+C iólrKfhys"

Y = mrdh;a; úp,H

X = iajdh;a; úp,H

M = wkql%uKh $ nEjqu

C = wka;#LKavh

ñ, ñ, ñ, ñ, ñ, (X)

A

B0

b,a¨ï m%udKh b,a¨ï m%udKh b,a¨ï m%udKh b,a¨ï m%udKh b,a¨ï m%udKh (Y)

-10-

• iajdh;a; úp,Hh yd mrdh;a; úp,Hh w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaOhla mj;sk úg

m%ia;dr f¾Ldj Ok nEjqulska hqla; jk w;r th my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels nj

• iajdh;a; úp,Hh yd mrdh;a; úp,Hh w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaOhla mej;s úg

m%ia;dr f¾Ldj iy RK nEjqulska hqla;jk w;r th my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels nj

• iajdh;a; úp,Hfha fjki yd mrdh;a; úp,Hfha fjki w;r wkqmd;h" m%ia;dr

f¾Ldfõ nEjqu fyj;a wkql%uKh jk w;r th my; oelafjk mßÈ .Kkh l<

yels nj

• wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § ir, f¾Ldjl iólrKh f,i y = a+bx fhdod .kakd nj'

fuu iólrKfhys"

y = mrdh;a; úp,H

a = wka;#LKavh

b = wkql%uKh $ nEjqu

x = iajdh;a; úp,H

• ir, f¾Ldjl nEjqu ia:djr jk nj

• iajdh;a; úp,Hh Y=kH 0& jk úg mrdh;a; úp,Hhg ysñjk w.h wka;#LKavh

(a) f,i ye¢kafjk nj

• ir, f¾Ldjl mrdh;a; yd iajdh;a; úp,H § we;s úg Bg wod< iólrKh

f.dvke.sh yels nj

• ir, iólrKhla § we;s úg Bg wod< m%ia;drh f.dv ke.sh yels nj'

wkql%uKh$ nEjqu (b) =;sria wlaIfha yg.kakd fjkiaùu

isria wlaIfha yg.kakd fjkiaùu

D

BA

(X)0

(Y)

C

X0

YA

C D

B

E

-11-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4 ((((( NdKav yd fiajd mßfNdackfhka wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a

jk nj fmkajd fohs'



• ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjki ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• ñksia wjYH;d kï lrñka" tajd imqrd .; yels úúO l%u ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'

• NdKav yd fiajd" wd¾Ól NdKav yd wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav f,i j¾. lrhs'

• wd¾Ól NdKav yd wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKavj, fjki ksoiqka weiqfrka meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

• wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav wd¾Ól NdKav njg m;ajk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

bf.kqï-b.eka aùï ls %hdj,sh (bf.kqï-b.eka aùï ls %hdj,sh (bf.kqï-b.eka aùï ls %hdj,sh (bf.kqï-b.eka aùï ls %hdj,sh (bf.kqï-b.eka aùï ls %hdj,sh (


• ñksiqka Ôj;aùu i|yd imqrd .; hq;= foaj, isiqkaf.ka úuid m%;spdr mqjrefõ

i|yka lrkak'

• isiqkaf.a m%;spdr ie,ls,a,g f.k tajd wjYH;d yd jqjukd f,i j¾. fldg

,ehsia;= .; lrkak'

• wjYH;d iy jqjukd w;r fjkialï ksoiqka olajñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

• isiqka lKavdhï lr bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd § ls%hdldrlfuys

fhdojkak'


• my; i|yka jkafka ñksia wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu i|yd m%fhdackhg .kakd

NdKav ldKav folls' tajdhska Tfí lKavdhug ,eî we;s NdKav ldKavh flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• ysre t<sh" jd;h" jeis c,h" iq<Õ

• fmd;am;a" fpdl,Ü" nksia" im;a;=

• Tng ,eî we;s NdKavj, m%fhdack ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'

• Tn fuu tla tla NdKavh ,nd .kafka flfia o@

-12-

• tu NdKav m%fhdackhg .kq ,nkafka Tnf.a l=uk wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lr .ekSug

o@

• tu wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug fhdod .; yels fjk;a NdKav fyda fiajd ,ehsia;=jla

ilia lrkak'

• wfkla lKavdhug ,eî we;s NdKav ldKavh" Tn lKavdhug ,eî we;s NdKav

ldKavfhka fjkia jk wdldrh fmkajd fokak'

• Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'


• wjYH;d iy jqjukd w;r fjkialï ksoiqka olajñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'


• wdydr" we÷ï" ksjdi" wOHdmkh yd fi!LHh ñksidf.a uQ,sl wjYH;d jk nj

• tu uQ,sl wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug fhdod .kq ,nk úúO iajrEm jqjukd

jYfhka y÷kajk nj

• wjYH;d iSñ; jk w;r jqjukd wiSñ; jk nj

• wjYH;d fmdÿjk w;r jqjukd mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg úúO jk nj

• wjYH;d Ôj úoHd;aul jk w;r jqjukd iudc" ixialD;sl idOl iu. ne£

mj;sk nj

• my; i|yka mßÈ ñksia wjYH;d imqrd .kakd NdKav j¾. folla we;s nj

• wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav

• wd¾Ól NdKaav

• wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKavj, my; i|yka ,laIK we;s nj

• iïm;a msßjehla yd wdjiaÓl msßjehla fkdue;s ùu

• Y=kH ñ,la hgf;a iajNdjO¾ufhka wiSñ; j ,eîu

• wd¾Ól NdKavj, my; i|yka ,laIK we;s nj

• iïm;a msßjehla yd wjiaÓl msßjehla ;sîu

• ñksid ueÈy;a ù idOl ixfhda. lr ksmoùu

• wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKavhla jqj o idOl msßjehla ord ,nd .;fyd;a th wd¾Ól

NdKavhla njg m;ajk nj

-13-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5 ((((( NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokhg Ndú; lrk iïm;a j¾. lrhs'



• iïm;a m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels yd m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels f,i j¾. lrñka

ksoiqka olajhs'

• NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokhg fhdod .kakd ksIamdok idOl j¾. lr tajd fha

we;s ,laIK fjk fjku olajhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh (bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh (bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh (bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh (bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh (


• mdka fílßhla wdYs%; ksIamdok i|yd fhdod .kakd my; i|yka oE ms<sn|

isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

• iajNdúl iïm;a

• udkj iïm;a

• ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o iïm;a


• mdka ksIamdokh i|yd iajNdúl iïm;a f,i or yd c,h wjYH nj

• mdka ksIamdokh i|yd udkj iïm;a f,i msá wkkakdf.a Y%uh iy mdka

mqïaikakdf.a Y%uh o fhdod .kakd nj

• mdka ksIamdokh i|yd ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk fmdarKqj mdka ;eá wd§

ksIamdok WmlrK fhdod .kakd nj

• fï ish¨ iïm;a ixfhda. lr mdka ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha M,odhS ;SrK fílß

ysñhd úiska .kakd nj

• fï wkqj NdKavhla ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd iajNdúl iïm;a" udkj iïm;a"

ñksid úiska ks¾udKh l< iïm;a iy tu iïm;a ukd f,i ixfhda. lsÍula

wjYH jk nj

• isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd § ls%hdldrlfuys

fhdojkak'

-14-


• my; i|yka ksIamdok wjia:d w;ßka Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk ksIamdok

wjia:dj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• .fvd,a ksIamdokh

• mka meÿre ksIamdokh

• fld< le| ksIamdokh

• Tng wod< ksIamdok wjia:dj i|yd fhdod .kakd iajNdúl iïm;a" udkj

iïm;a yd ñksid úiska ks¾udKh l< iïm;a jYfhka ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'

• wod< ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha § ;SrK .ekSu yd wjodkï oeÍu i|yd iïnkaO jk

md¾Yj fmkajd fokak'

• ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .kakd iajNdúl iïm;a" udkj iïm;a iy ñksid úiska

ks¾udKh l< iïm;aj, ,laIK fjk fjku olajkak'

• ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha § ;SrK .ekSu yd wjodkï oeÍfuys we;s jeo.;alu fmkajd

fokak'

• by; i|yka l< iïm;a iqÿiq mßÈ my; oelafjk j.=j ;=< we;=<;a lrkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,Sj yd iduQyslj bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï

jkak'


• ksIamdok ls%hdj,shlg fhdojd .; yels ishü fhojqï iïm;a f,i ie,flk

nj

• wdjiaÓl msßjehla ord NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .efkk ysÕlula

iys; iïm;a wd¾Ól iïm;a nj

iïm;aiïm;aiïm;aiïm;aiïm;a wd¾Ólwd¾Ólwd¾Ólwd¾Ólwd¾Óliïm;aiïm;aiïm;aiïm;aiïm;a

wd¾Ólwd¾Ólwd¾Ólwd¾Ólwd¾Ólfkdjkfkdjkfkdjkfkdjkfkdjkiïm;aiïm;aiïm;aiïm;aiïm;a

m%;sIaGdmkhm%;sIaGdmkhm%;sIaGdmkhm%;sIaGdmkhm%;sIaGdmkhl< yelsl< yelsl< yelsl< yelsl< yelsiïm;aiïm;aiïm;aiïm;aiïm;a

m%;sIaGdmkhm%;sIaGdmkhm%;sIaGdmkhm%;sIaGdmkhm%;sIaGdmkhl< fkdyelsl< fkdyelsl< fkdyelsl< fkdyelsl< fkdyels

iïm;aiïm;aiïm;aiïm;aiïm;a

-15-

• iajNdj O¾ufhka fkdñf,a ,efnk yd wjiaÓl msßjehla fkdorK NdKav yd

fiajd fuka u ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .; yels ysÕlula rys; iïm;a" wd¾Ól

fkdjk iïm;a jYfhka y÷kajk nj

• ksIamdok iïm;a my; mßÈ m%Odk fldgia y;rlg fnÈh yels nj

• N+ñh

• Y%uh

• m%d.aOkh

• jHjidh

• iajNdj O¾uh úiska odhdo fldg we;s ksIamdokhg fhdod .; yels M,odhS;djhlska

hqla; ishü iajNdúl iïm;a N+ñh f,i ye¢kaúh yels nj

• N+ñh keue;s idOlfha ,laIK lsysmhla my; i|yka jk nj

• iajNdúl idOlhla ùu

• iemhqu wkuH ùu

• ixp,Ndjh ms<sn| iSud mej;Su

• M,odhS;dj j¾Okh l< yels ùu

• N+ñhg f.jk .dia;=j nÿ l=,sh ùu

• NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .efkk ldhsl yd udkisl fjfyi

Y%uh f,i y÷kajk nj

• Y%ufha ,laIK lsysmhla my; i|yka jk nj

• iÔù ksIamdok idOlhla ùu

• ixp,kh l< yels ùu

• iucd;Sh fkdùu

• Y%ufha M,odhS;dj j¾Okh l< yels ùu

• Y%uh mqoa.,hdf.ka fjka lr.; fkdyels ùu

• Y%uhg lrk f.ùu jegqma ùu

• hï ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd kshqla; jQ

Y%u meh .Kk Y%u iemhqu jk nj

• Y%u iemhqu my; i|yka idOl u; ;SrKh jk nj

• Y%u n,ldh

• Y%ñlfhl= jev lrk idudkH ld,h ^Y%u meh .Kk&

• jegqma uÜgu

-16-

• ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg fhdod .kq ,nk" ñksid úiska ksIamdokh lrk ,o wdOdrl

m%d.aOkh jYfhka y÷kajk nj

• m%d.aOkfha ,laIK lsysmhla my; i|yka jk nj

• ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o idOlhla ùu

• M,odhS;djhlska hqla; ùu

• kej; kej; ksIamdokhg fhdod .ekSug yels ùu

• laIhùug Ndckh ùu

• m%d.aOkhg lrk f.ùu fmd,sh jYfhka y÷kajk nj

• m%d.aOkfha úúO iajrEm mj;sk nj

• ia:djr$ uQ¾; m%d.aOkh

• ixirK m%d.aOkh $ ldrl m%d.aOkh

• wd¾Ól fmdÿ ld¾h m%d.aOkh

• iudc fmdÿ ld¾h m%d.aOkh

• iajNdúl m%d.aOkh

• iudc m%d.aOkh

• b;=reï" wdfhdackh yd m%d.aOk iïNdrh w;r iïnkaOhla mj;sk nj

• wjodkï orñka m%;sm;a;suh ksIamdok ;SrK .ekSu;a ksIamdok lghq;= ixúOdkh

lsÍu yd fufyhùfï ls%hdj,sh jHjidh f,i oelaúh yels nj

• jHjidhlhl= bgq lrk ld¾h Ndrh my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels nj

• m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .ekSu

• ksIamdok lghq;= ixúOdkh

• ksIamdok lghq;= fufyhùu

• kfjHda;amdokh

• wjodkï oeÍu

• jHjidfha my; i|yka ,laIK mj;sk nj

• udkj idOlhla ùu

• wdrïNl Yla;sh

• wNsfhda.j,g id¾:lj uqyqK§fï yelshdj

• kdhl;aj .=Kdx.

• wkd.; oelau

• wd;au úYajdih

• mqyqKq l< yels ùu

-17-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6 ((((( úl,am m%fhdack iys; iSñ; iïm;aj,ska wiSñ; jqjukd imqrd

.ekSug ;d¾lsl j ;SrK .kshs'



• ysÕlu hk ixl,amh ks¾jpkh lrñka thg fya;= bÈßm;a lrhs'

• iïm;aj, mj;sk úl,am m%fhdack fm< .iajd f;dard .ekSfuys fhfok wdldrh

ú.%y lrhs'

• wdjiaÓl msßjeh ixl,amh ksoiqka weiqfrka úYaf,aIKh lr fmkajhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh (bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh (bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh (bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh (bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh (


isiqka fofofkl= ,jd my; i|yka ixjdoh mx;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

mq;d( —wïfï uf. im;a;= fol fyd|gu leä,d im;a;= folla wrka

fokakflda ˜

wïud ( —flda n,kak' wd fïl uy,d ;j ál ojila odkak mq¿jka'

f.or úhougj;a uÈ uf.a ,Õ ;sfhk i,a,s ál" ;d;a;g mä

,efnkak;a ;j i;shla ú;r ;sfhkjd fka '''''''˜

mq;d ( —nE.a tfl;a má .e,ú,d tafla fmd;a odf.k hkak;a nE' uf.a

.Kka fmd;;a bjrhs ˜

wïud ( —fmd;la ke;sju nEfka mqf;a ta yskaod wms fmd;la .uq' nE.atl

,nk udfij;a .kak n,uqflda ˜

• ixjdoh ;=<ska bÈßm;a jQ lreKq ms<sn| isiqkaf.a woyia úuikak'

• my; i|yka lreKq u;=lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

• iïm;a iSñ; nj jqjukd wiSñ; nj

• tneúka iEu mqoa.,fhla u ys‘Õlu keue;s .eg¿jg uqyqK fok nj

-18-

• iïm;a ys‘Õlu hkq wiSñ; jqjukdjka imqrd .ekSfï § iudch i;= foa

idfmaCIj m%udKj;a fkdùu nj' th iEu iudchlg u flakaøSh jQ

.eg¿jla nj

• isiqka iqÿiq mrsÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §

ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoiabf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoiabf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoiabf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoiabf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (

• my; i|yka iïm;a w;=ßka Tng ,eî we;s iïm;a ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq

lrkak'

• nexl= ;ekam;= uqo,la

• wlalrhl bvï fldgila

• m%Odk k.rhg wdikak f.dvke.s,a,la

• Tng ,eî we;s iïmf;ys uQ,sl ,CIK y÷kd .kak' tys úl,am m%fhdack

,ehsia;= .; lrkak'

• tu úl,am jeo.;ajk wdldrh wkqj fm< .iajkak'

• ta w;ßka Tn lKavdhu f;dard .kakd úl,am wjia:dj bÈßm;a lrkak'

• th f;dard .ekSu ksid Tng wysñ jk B<Õ fyd|u úl,am wjia:dj fmkajd

fokak'


• iïm;a iSñ; jk w;r iïm;aj, úl,am m%fhdack mj;sk nj

• ys‘Õ iïm;aj, úl,am m%fhdack mj;sk neúka f;dard .ekSula l< hq;= nj

• f;dard .ekSfï § úl,am iuQyh w;=ßka tla úl,amhla f;dard .ekSu ksid lem

lsÍug isÿjk B<Õ fyd|u úl,amfha jákdlu wdjiaÓl msßjeh f,i

ye¢kafjk nj

• wdjiaÓl msßjeh uQ¾;uh ixl,amhla nj ^ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'&

-19-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7 ((((( ksIamdok yelshd udhsu weiqßka úúO wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;aj

bÈßm;a lrhs'



• ksIamdok yelshd udhsu w¾:l:kh lrhs'

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ks¾udKh lsÍfï § fhdod .kq ,nk Wml,amk kï lr

meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• wd¾Ólhl ksIamdok yelshdj ;SrKh flfrk idOl fmkajd fohs'

• ia:djr" jeäjk yd wvqjk wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;aj hgf;a ksIamdok yelshd

udhsï jl% ks¾udKh lrhs'

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsu Ndú; lrñka wdjiaÓl msßjefhys yeisÍu ú.%y lrhs'

• ia:djr" jefvk yd wvqjk wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;ajhkag n,mdk idOl bÈßm;a

lrhs'

• jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh jvd;a ;d;aúl ;;a;ajhla nj ;yjqre lrhs'



• ,shk lvodishla $ A4 Pdhd msgm;a lvodishla ^È. fi'ó' 30 m<, fi'ó' 21&

mx;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

• tu lvodisfhka me;a;l È. fi'ó' 1 la jQ iup;=ri% fldmuK m%udKhla lmd.;

yelsoehs úuikak'

• È. fi'ó' 2 la yd m<, fi'ó' 1 jk fia lmd.; yels iDcqfldaKdi% .Kk

úuikak'

• iDcqfldaKdi% 1 ne.ska jeälr .ekSug hdfï § wysñjk iup;=ri% m%udKh úuikak'

• my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

• fok ,o lvodisfhka fi'ó' 1 la jQ iup;=ri% 630 la fyda È. fi'ó' 2 la yd

m<, fi'ó' 1 la jQ iDcqfldaKdi% 315 la o ,nd.; yels nj'

• iDcqfldaKdi% jeä lsÍfï § úl,am NdKavfhka lem lsÍug isÿjk nj'

• by; ls%hdldrlu wkqj ;sfnk iïm;a Ndú;fhka hï NdKavhl ksIamdokh

jeä lsÍug hdfï § wfkla NdKavh ksmoùu lem lsÍug isÿjk nj'

-20-

• fï whqre wd¾Ólhl iïm;a Ndú; fldg úl,am ksuejqï ixfhda. ìysl< yels

nj'

• wd¾Ólhl iïm;a mQ¾K jYfhka yd Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dfjka Ndú; fldg

NdKav folla muKla ksIamdokh lsÍu oelafjk ixfhda. m%ia;dßlj oelaùu

ksIamdok yelshd udhsu nj'


fhdojkak'


• my; i|yka ksIamdok wdh;k w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ksIamdok wdh;kh

flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

wfhaId fglaia wdh;khwfhaId fglaia wdh;khwfhaId fglaia wdh;khwfhaId fglaia wdh;khwfhaId fglaia wdh;kh

wfhaId fglaia wdh;kh i;=j N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh wd§ ksYaÑ; iïm;a m%udKhla we;'

fok ,o ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § tu iïm;a mj;akd ;dlaIKh hgf;a mQ¾K yd Wmßu

ld¾hlaIu;djka fhdod .ksñka l,siï yd lñi ksmoùug ie,iqï lrhs' Tyq i;= iïm;a

ish,a,u lñi ksmoùug fhojqjfyd;a Wmßu jYfhka lñi 50la ksmoúh yels h' lñi

ksIamdokhg fho jQ iïm;a l,siï ksmoùug udre lrk úg" lñi ksIamdokh tall 10

ne.ska wvq lrñka l,siï ksIamdokh tall my ne.ska jeä l< yels h' ishü iïm;a

l,siï ksIamdokhg fhÿjfyd;a Wmßu jYfhka l,siï 25la ksmoúh yel'

jðr tkag¾m%hsiia wdh;khjðr tkag¾m%hsiia wdh;khjðr tkag¾m%hsiia wdh;khjðr tkag¾m%hsiia wdh;khjðr tkag¾m%hsiia wdh;kh

jðr ;ud i;=" isñ; iïm;a ksYaÑ; m%udKhla fhdod .ksñka frÈ fyda iy,a ksmojkq ,nhs'

ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § mj;akd ;dlaIKh hgf;a iïm;a mQ¾K jYfhka yd Wmßu

ld¾hlaIu;dfjka hq;= j fhdod .ksñka frÈ muKla ksIamdokh l<fyd;a frÈ tall 45la

ksmoúh yels h' iy,a tallh ne.ska ksIamdokh jeä lrk úg ms<sfj,ska frÈ tall 2" 3"

10" 14" 16 wd§ jYfhka lem lsßug isÿfõ' frÈ ksIamdokh Y=kH jk úg Wmßu iy,a tall

05la ksmoúh yels h'

-21-

uOqI fldkal%sÜ j¾laia wdh;khuOqI fldkal%sÜ j¾laia wdh;khuOqI fldkal%sÜ j¾laia wdh;khuOqI fldkal%sÜ j¾laia wdh;khuOqI fldkal%sÜ j¾laia wdh;kh

uOqI fldkal%sÜ j¾laia iud.u uyd mßudK fldkal%sÜ ksIamdok lghq;=j, ksr; ù isák

fm!oa.,sl iud.uls' Tjqka i;= iïm;a mQ¾K jYfhka yd Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dfjka fhdod

.ksñka isfuka;s .,a iy isfuka;s ìr¿ ksmojhs' mj;sk ;dlaIKh hgf;a ishü iïm;a

isfuka;s .,a ksmoùug fhojqjfyd;a Wmßu jYfhka isfuka;s .,a ksmoúh yelafla mkyla

^50& muKs' îr¿ ksIamdokh tlska tl jeä lrk úg isfuka;s .,a ksIamdok tall 25" 10"

8" 5 yd 2 jYfhka wvq lrkq ,nhs' isfuka;s .,a ksIamdokh Y=kH jkúg Wmßu f,i îr¿

myla ^05& ksmoúh yelsh'

• Tng ,eî we;s ksIamdok wdh;kfha f;dr;=re ie,ls,af,ka hq;= j fyd¢ka wOHhkh

lrkak'

• tu f;dr;=re weiqfrka NdKav j¾. foflys ksuejqï ixfhda. ±lafjk j.=jla

ilia lrkak'

• tla ksIamdokfhka tallh ne.ska ksuejqu jeä lsßfï § wfkla ksIamdokfhka

lem lsÍug isÿjk tall m%udKh tu j.=fjysu olajkak'

• tu ixLHd j.=j wdY%fhka NdKav foflys úl,am ksIamdok ixfhda. oelafjk

m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh lrkak'

• tu m%ia;drfha yevh ms<sn| woyi olajkak'

• Tn ks¾udKh l< j.=j yd m%ia;drh weiqßka" NdKav fol yd iïnkaO wdjiaÓl

msßjefha iajNdjh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,Sj iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'


• lsishï wjia:djl fok ,o isñ; iïm;aj, Wmßu ksIamdok yelshdj ms<sn|

iSudjla mj;akd nj

• iïm;aj, úl,am m%fhdack mj;akd nj

• mj;akd iïm;a iïNdrh Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dfjka Wmfhdackh fldg ksIamdokh

l< yels Wmßu ksuejqï ixfhda. iïnkaO fldg w¢k ,o f¾Ldj ksIamdok

yelshd udhsï pl%h f,i i,lk nj

-22-

• ksIamdok Odß;d bu" ksIamdok YlH;d m¾hka;h yd úNj ksIamdok yelshd isudj

hk úl,am kïj,ska o ksIamdok yelshd udhsu y÷kajk nj

• my; i|yka Wml,amk u; msysgd ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h ks¾udKh lrk

nj

• NdKav folla muKla ksmojk nj

• iïm;a iïNdrh ia:djr nj

• wod< ld,Éfþoh ;=< mj;akd ;dlaIKh fkdfjkiaj mj;sk nj

• iïm;a mQ¾K yd Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dfjka Wmfhdackh lrk nj

• my; i|yka idOl u; rgl ksIamdok yelshdj ;srKh jk nj

• iïm;a iïNdrh

• iïm;aj, M,odhs;dj

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla u; .uka lrk úg tla NdKav j¾.hlska ksYaÑ;

m%udKh ne.ska jeä lsÍfï § wfkla NdKavfhka lem lsÍug isÿjk m%udKh w;r

wkqmd;h tu ksIamdok yelshd udhsfï wkql%uKh fyj;a nEjqu f,i y÷kajk

nj

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsfï wkql%uKh fyj;a nEjqu u.ska ±lafjkafka wdka;sl

wdjiaÓl msßjeh jk w;r th RK w.hla .kakd nj

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%fha wkql%uKh fyj;a wdka;sl wdjiaÓl msßjeh"

yeisfrk wdldrh wkqj my; i|yka mßÈ ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%" yev ;=klska

hqla; jk nj

• ir, f¾Çh

• uQ,hg wj;,

• uQ,hg W;a;,

• ir, f¾Çh ksIamdok yelshd udhsfuka ±lafjkafka ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjehla

nj

• ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjeh f,i i,lkq ,nkafka ksIamdok yelshd udhsula u;

.uka lsÍfï § tla NdKav j¾.hlska ksYaÑ; m%udKh ne.ska jeä lsÍug wfkla

NdKavfhka lem lrk m%udKh fkdfjkiaj mj;sk ;;a;ajhla nj

-23-

• wdjiaÓl msßjeh ia:djr jkafka my; i|yka fya;= u; nj

• iïm;a iucd;Sh ùu

• tla l¾udka;hlg ld¾hlaIu jk iïm;a wfkla l¾udka;hg o ta mßÈu

ld¾hlaIu ùu

• uQ,hg wj;, ksIamdok yelshd udhsul wdjiaÓl msßjeh jeäjk nj'

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u; .uka lrk úg lsishï NdKav j¾.hlska ksYaÑ;

m%udKh ne.ska jeä lsßug wfkla NdKav j¾.fhka lem lrk m%udKh l%ufhka

jeäùu" jeäjk wdjiaÓl msßjeh nj'

• wdjiaÓl msßjeh jeäùug my; i|yka fya;= n,mdk nj'

• iïm;a wiucd;Sh ùu

• tla l¾udka;hlg ld¾hlaIu jk iïm;a wfkla l¾udka;h fj;g ta

wdldrfhkau ld¾hlaIu fkdùu

• uQ,hg W;a;, ksIamdok yelshd udhsul wdjiaÓl msßjeh wvqjk nj'

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u; .uka lrk úg lsishï NdKav j¾.hlska ksYaÑ;

m%udKh ne.ska jeä lsÍug wfkla NdKav j¾.fhka lem lrk m%udKh l%ufhka

wvqùu" wvqjk wdjiaÓl msßjeh nj'

• wdjiaÓl msßjeh wvqùug uyd mßudK ksIamdok msßueiqï ^mßudKdkql+, M,&

n,mdk nj'

• uyd mßudK ksIamdok msßueiqï we;sùug my; i|yka idOl n,mdk nj'

• wf,úlrK msßueiqï

• l<ukdlrK msßueiqï

• ;dlaIK msßueiqï

• wdjiaÓl msßjeh Wml,amk ;=fkka jvd ;d;aúl wdjiaÓl msßjeh Wml,amkh

jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh nj'

-24-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8 ((((( wd¾Ólhl iïm;a Ndú;h ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h weiqßka

bÈßm;a lrhs'



• ksIamdok yelshd udhsï wdlD;sh fhdod .ksñka ysÕlu" iïm;a mQ¾K yd Wmßu

ld¾hlaIu;dfjka Wmfhdackh" iïm;a W!k Wmfhdackh yd wld¾hlaIu;dfjka

Wmfhdackh ú.%y lrhs'

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla ol=Kg ú;ekaùug fya;= idOl" yelshd udhsï jl%

weiqfrka úuihs'

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla jug ú;ekaùug fya;= idOl" yelshd udhsï jl%

weiqfrka úuihs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (((((

• iïm;a mQ¾K ld¾hlaIuj Wmfhdackfha § ksuejqï ixfhda.h ksIamdok yelshd

udhsu u; msysgk nj'

• iïm;a wld¾hlaIuj Wmfhdackfha § ksuejqï ixfhda.h yelshd udhsug jïmi

ia:dkhl msysgk nj'

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsug ol=Kq mi msysá ,laIhla u.ska ysÕlu fmkajk nj'

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsug jïmi msysá ixfhda.h udhsu foig ú;ekaùu u.ska

wdjiaÓl msßjehlska f;drj NdKav foflau ksuejqu j¾Okh ùu fmkajk nj'

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u; msysá ksuejqï ixfhda.hla udhsfuka jïmig ú;ekaùu

u.ska iïm;a Wmfhdackh my; jeàu iy ld¾hlaIu;dj wvqùula fmkajk nj'

• ksIamdok Odß;dj jeäùu ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ú;ekaùug fya;=jk

nj'

• ksIamdok Odß;dj jeäùug my; i|yka idOl n,mdk nj'

• iïm;a iïNdrh jeäùu

• iïm;a M,odhS;dj by< hdu

• ksIamdok Odß;dj wvqùu ksIamdok yelshd udhsu jug ú;ekaùug fya;= jk nj'

• ksIamdok Odß;dj wvqùug my; i|yka idOl n,mdk nj'

• iïm;a iïNdrh wvqùu

• iïm;a M,odhS;dj wvqùu

• iïm;a M,odhS;dj my; lreKq u; ;SrKh jk nj'

• ;dlaIKh

• udkj m%d.aOkh

• l<ukdlrKh

• Y%u úNckh yd úfYaISlrKh

-25-

N+ñfha M,odhS;dj }uq¿ ksuejqu

N+ñ tall m%udKh

Y%ufha M,odhS;dj }uq¿ ksuejqu

Y%u tall m%udKh

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9 ((((( idOl M,odhS;dj j¾Okh l< yels wdldr ;¾ldkql+, j

m%ldY lrhs'



• idOl M,odhS;djh w¾:l;kh lrhs'

• idOl M,odhS;d ;Srl meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• ixLHd o;a; fhdodf.k idOl M,odhS;dj ñkqï lrhs'

• idOl M,odhS;dj fjkiaùug fya;= ú.%y lrhs'


• úúO ksIamdok ls%hdj,Ska i|yd úúO fhojqï Ndú; lrk nj'

• fhojqïj,g ,efnk ksuejqu úúO úh yels nj'

• fhojqïj,g ,efnk idudkH ksuejqu idOl M,odhS;dj nj'

• idOl M,odhS;dj ;SrKh lsÍu flfrys my; i|yka idOl n,mdk nj'

• ;dlaIKh

• l<ukdlrKh

• udkj m%d.aOkh

• Y%u úNckh yd úfYaISlrKh

• idOl M,odhS;dj my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yels nj'

• úúO ksIamdok idOlj,g wod< j idOl M,odhS;dj my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yels

nj'

m%d.aOkfha M,odhS;dj }uq¿ ksuejqu

m%d.aOk tall m%udKh

idOl M,odhS;dj }ksuejqï

fhojqï

-26-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'10ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'10ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'10ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'10ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'10 ((((( iïm;a yd ksuejqu ld¾hlaIuj fnod yeÍu ms<sn| ;SrK .kshs'



• uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak kï lrñka tajdfha w¾:h ú.%y lrhs'

• wd¾Ól iïm;a fjka lsÍfï §" ksIamdokh lsÍfï §" ksIamdÈ;h fnod yeÍfï §

i,ld n,k idOl fm< .iajhs'



• my; oelafjk meÈfm< isiqfjl= ,jd mka;shg .dhkd lrjkak'

—wm i;= N+ñh álhs

tys l< yels jev f.dvhs

f.hs j;af;a u,a jjkak

rg yokak jeõ ;kkak

wmg bkak f.h yokak

fï ;rug jev f.dvhs

ta Wkdg yeu fohlau ´kE f,i nE

wmg ´k foa .kakg

w¨;a w¨;a foa .kakg''''''''''''''''

• by; i|yka meÈfm<ska lshejqKq foa ms<sn| j isiq woyia úuikak'


• ñksia jqjukd wiSñ; jk w;r" tajd bgq lr .kakd iïm;a iSñ; jk nj'

• iudchl mj;sk ysÕ iïm;a úúO ld¾h i|yd fhoúh yels nj'

• fï ksid ysÕ iïm;a fjka lsÍu ms<sn| m%Yakhla mek k.sk nj'

• fuu m%Yakh iEu iudchlgu fmdÿ jk nj'

• isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §" ls%hdldrlfuys

fhdojkak'

-27-


• Tfí mka;sfha isiqkag mdif,a jd¾Isl lS%vd W;aijh i|yd wdydrmdk ksIamdokh

lr wf,ú lsÍug wjia:djla ,eî we;'

• ta i|yd mka;sfha isiqka my; mßÈ lKavdhï follg fjka lr we;'

• A lKavdhu

• B lKavdhu

• tla lKavdhulg re' 5000 ne.ska ,nd§ug wdÈ YsIH ix.uh ;SrKh lr we;'

• tla lKavdhula tla wdydr j¾.hla muKla ksmoúh hq;= h'

• Tn we;=<;a jQ lKavdhu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr wfkla lKavdhu iu. o

idlÉPd lr my; m%Yak úi£ug ;SrKh lrkak'

• Tng ,enqKq uqo,ska ksmoúh yels wdydr j¾. ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh, lrkak'

• W;aijh i|yd ksmojk wdydr j¾.h lKavdhï idlÉPdjla u.ska ;SrKh

lrkak'

• tu wdydr j¾.fhka fldmuK m%udKhla ksmoùug Tn woyia lrkafka o@

• wod< wdydr j¾.h yd m%udKh ;SrKh lsÍfï § Tn i<ld neÆ idOl fudkjd o@

• tu wdydr j¾.h ksmoùfï § Tn lKavdhu ljr Ys,am l%uhla Ndú; lrkafka o@

• tu Ys,am l%uh Ndú; lsÍug fya;= ljf¾ o@

• fuu wdydr j¾.h ksmoùfuka Tn wfmalaId lrkafka ,dNh o@ iqNidOkh o@

• Tfí lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,Sj bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï

jkak'


• iudchla my; i|yka fmdÿ yd uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakj,g uqyqK fok nj'

• l=ula" fldmuK ksmojkafka o@ - iïm;a fjkalsÍu ms<sn| .eg¨jhs'

• flfia ksmojkafka o@ - Ndú; lrk Ys,amSh l%uh ^;dlaIKh& ms<sn| .eg¨jhs'

• ld i|yd ksmojkafka o@ - ksIamdÈ;h fnodyeÍu ms<sn| .eg¨jhs'

• iïm;a iSñ;ùu" úl,am m%fhdack ;sîu" ñksia jqjukd wiSñ; ùu hk fya;=u; uQ,sl

wd¾Ól m%Yak mek k.sk nj

-28-

• l=ula" fldmuK ksmojkjdo@ hk uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakh my; i|yka fya;= ksid

u;=jk nj

• iïm;a iSñ; ùu

• iïm;aj, úl,am m%fhdack ;sîu

• ñksia jqjukd wiSñ; ùu

• flfia ksmojkjdo@ hk uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakhg úi÷ï fiùfï § m%Odk Ys,amSh

l%u folla y÷kd.; yels nj

• Y%u iQlaIu Ys,amSh l%uh

• m%d.aOk iQlaIu Ys,amSh l%uh

• flfia ksmojkjdo@ hk uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakh my; oelafjk fya;=u; u;=jk

nj

• idOl ixfhda. l< yels úl,am l%u mej;Su

• idfmalaI msßjeh fjkia ùu

• iïm;a iSñ; ùu

• ld i|yd ksmojkafka o@ hk uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakh my; oelafjk fya;=u;

u;=jk nj

• ksmoúh yels NdKav m%udKh iSudiys; ùu

• mqoa., l%h Yla;sh fjkiaùu

• uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak fmdÿ jqj o" tla tla iudch tajd úi|d .kakd wdldrh fjkia

jk nj

-29-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'11ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'11ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'11ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'11ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'11 ((((( wd¾Ól moaO;shl ;SrK .kakd md¾Yjhkaf.a yeisÍu wdo¾Ykh

lrhs'



• wd¾Ól moaO;sh w¾: olajd tys uQ,sldx. meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• wd¾Ól moaO;shl ;SrK .kakd md¾Yj kï lr tu md¾Yjhkaf.a ld¾hNdrh

úuihs'

• wd¾Ól moaO;shla ;=< iïnkaëlrK hdka;%Kh yd tys ld¾hNdrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• ñ, hdka;%Kh yd ie,iqï hdka;%Kh y÷kajñka tajdfha uQ,sl ,laIK ii|hs'

• wd¾Ól moaO;shl ls%hdldÍ;ajh flfrys kS;s yd fr.=,disj, wjYH;djh fmkajd

fohs'



• my; i|yka isoaêh mx;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

— Odjkh fjñka ;snQ fm!oa.,sl nia r:hla r: jdyk fmd,Sisfha ks,Odßfhl=

úiska k;r lrk ,§' ˜

• tu nia r:h k;r lsÍug fya;=úh yels lreKq isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

• tu isoaêhg wod< úúO md¾Yj isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

• my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyh jkak'

• by; isoaêfha isák u.Ska" l=gqïn wxYhg wh;a nj'

• fm!oa.,sl nia r: ysñhd jHdmdßl wxYhg wh;a nj'

• fmd,sia ks,Odßhd rdcH wxYhg wh;a nj'

• fuf,i wd¾Ólhla ;=< l=gqïN wxYh" rdcH wxYh" jHdmdßl wxYh yd iafõÉPd

ixúOdk wd§ úúO md¾Yj isák nj'

• iudchl uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakj,g úi÷ï fiùu i|yd we;s lr .kakd ,o iudc

ixúOdkhla wd¾Ól moaO;shla nj'

• isiqka iqqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §" ls%hdldrlfuys

fhdojkak'

-30-


• wd¾Ól moaO;shl isák my; oelafjk md¾Yjhka w;ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk

md¾Yjh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• l=gqïN wxYh

• rdcH wxYh

• jHdmdßl wxYh

• Tfí lKavdhug imhd we;s —wfma .u˜ isoaêh fyd¢ka mßYS,kh lrñka my;

i|yka f;dr;=re wkdjrKh lrkak'

• Tfí lKavdhug kshñ; md¾Yjhg wod< pß; y÷kd.ekSu i|yd lKavdhï

idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

• tu pß;j,g wod< wd¾Ól lghq;= meyeÈ,s lrkak'

• Tjqka uqyqKfok wd¾Ól m%Yak biau;= lrkak'

• wod< md¾Yjh iy fiiq md¾Yj w;r mj;sk wka;¾ iïnkaO;d y÷kd .kak'

• tu iïnkaO;d w¾:j;a lsÍug f.dvk.df.k we;s iïm%odhka iy kS;sÍ;s

bÈßm;a lrkak'


-31-

wfma .uwfma .uwfma .uwfma .uwfma .u

— Wv.u .fï mjq,a 200 la muK Ôj;ajk w;r Tjqka ish¨fokdu nvq .ekSug hkafka

pd¾,sia uqo,d,sf.a fid,aor lvhghs' fuu lvfhka jeämqru nvq ñ, § .kafka m%dfoaYSh

f,alï ld¾hd,fha jevlrk m%kdkaÿ uy;d;a" .=rejrhl= jk is,ajd uy;d iy f.dúhl=

jk mshfiak uy;d;a h' .fï ishü fokdf.a uqo,aj,ska wvlg;a jvd jeä m%udKhla

.,d.k tkafka pd¾,sia uqo,d,sf.a fid,aor lvhg jk w;r Tyq ;u uqo,a w¨;a jHdmdr

wdrïN lsÍug fhdojhs'

uq,§ .fï ldka;djka oyfofkl= ,jd ñßia ;=kmy fldgd melÜ lr wf,ú l<

pd,sia uqo,d,s uE;l § ù iy ñßia flàu i|yd kùk mkakfha úÿ,s fuda,la iú lf<a

h'

m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,fha jevlrk m%kdkaÿ uy;d pd,sia uqo,d,sf.a .c ñ;=frls'

Tyq jHdmdr ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍug" rchg nÿ f.ùug iy wfkl=;a kS;suh lghq;= ms<sn| j

pd,sia uqo,d,sg Wmfoia ,nd fohs' is,ajd uy;d .=re jD;a;shg wu;r j foaYmd,k lghq;=j,

o ksr; fõ' Tyq m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNdm;s;=ud iu. tl;= ù .ug wjYH mdrj,a" we," fõ,s"

úÿ,sn,h" c, myiqlï ,nd§ug lghq;= lrhs' Tyqf.a mq;d iuDoaê ks,Odßhl= f,i fiajh

lrk w;r .fï ñksiqkag wdKavqfjka úúO iykdOdr ,nd§ug lghq;= lrhs'

mshfiak uy;dg l=Uqre iy t<j¨ fldgq lSmhla we;' Tyq tajdfha wiajekak

pd,sia uqo,d,sg úl=Kd wjYH wfkl=;a NdKav ñ, § .kS' wiajekak úl=Kd ,nd .kakd

uqo,a lEug îug muKla fhdojk mshfiak f.j,a fodrj,a yeÈ,s <uhskag b.ekaùï

lghq;= lsÍu i|yd ;u wdodhu m%udKj;a fkdjk njg ueisú,s k.hs' kuq;a" mshfiak

uy;d wdKavqfjka fkdñf,a ,efnk fmd;a iy ks, we÷ïj, msysfgka ;udg yels mßÈ

orejka .fï mdi,g hjd wOHdmkh ,nd fohs'

-32-


• mdßfNda.slfhda" ksIamdolfhda" rdcH wxYh" ld¾ñl ixúOdk" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk

jYfhka wd¾Ól moaO;shl md¾Yaj mj;sk nj'

• iEu moaO;shlu ñksia wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug wjYH NdKav yd fiajd imhd

.kakd nj'

• fuu md¾Yaj w;r iïnkaëlrK hka;%Khla mj;sk nj'

• hka;%Kfha ls%hdldß;ajh i|yd úúO iïuq;s" iïm%odhka" kS;s Í;s" m%;sud f.dvk.d

we;s nj'

• iïnkaëlrK hka;%Kfha meje;au i|yd iuyr md¾Yajhka fiiq md¾Yj md,kh

lrk nj'

• my; oelafjk mßÈ iïnkaëlrK hka;%Kfha iajrEm lsysmhla mj;sk nj'

• iïm%odhka

• ñ, hka;%Khka

• úOdk $ ie,iqï hka;%Khka

• ysÕ ium;a fnod fjka lsÍfï § wd¾Ólfha uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak jk l=ula"

fldmuK" flfia" ld i|yd o" hk m%Yakj,g iïnkaëlrK hka;%Kfhka ms<s;=re

,efnk nj

• NdKav yd idOl fjf<|fmdf,a ñ, i{d ;=<ska" ,dNh u; mokïj ñ,

hka;%Kfhka uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,efnk nj'

• uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakj,g ie,iqï hka;%Kh ms<s;=re fokq ,nkafka iuia; fmdÿ

hym; i,lñka nj'

• wd¾Ól ls%hdj,sh Yla;su;a lsÍug iEu wd¾Ól moaO;shlu my; i|yka kS;s yd

fr.=,dis mj;sk nj'

• kS;s rduqj

fuys § úfYaIfhkau foam< ms<sn| ksoyi jHjidhl ksoyi" f;aÍfï ksoyi

jeo.;a nj

• ls%hdud¾.

• m%;sm;a;s

• wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s yd iudc m%;sm;a;s fuys § jeo.;a jk nj

• m%;sudk iy iïm%odh

• mqreÿ yd ixialD;sh

-33-

ksmqK;d uÜuÜksmqK;d uÜuÜksmqK;d uÜuÜksmqK;d uÜuÜksmqK;d uÜuÜ1'12 ( úúO ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrñka wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdjld,Éfþo ixLHdjld,Éfþo ixLHdjld,Éfþo ixLHdjld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqïM,bf.kqïM,bf.kqïM,bf.kqïM,bf.kqïM, (

• wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk ks¾Kdhl fmkajd fohs'

• fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uh w¾: olajñka tys ,dlaIKsl yd ls%hdldÍ;ajh meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

• úOdk w¾: l%uh w¾: olajñka tys ,dlaIKsl yd ls%hdldÍ;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• ñY% w¾: l%uh w¾: olajñka tys ,dlaIKsl yd ls%hdldÍ;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• mßj¾;k wd¾Ól ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s lrhs'


• ´kEu iudchla fmdÿfõ uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakj,g uqyqK fok nj'

• tu uQ,sl wd¾:sl m%Yakj,g úi÷ï ,nd fok wdldrh wkqj úúO w¾: l%u ìysù

we;s nj'

• tu w¾: l%u m%Odk jYfhka fjf<|fmd<" úOdk yd ñY% jYfhka fjka l< yels

nj'

• fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uh" Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uh" OfkaYajr wd¾Ól l%uh" ksoyia

jHjidh w¾: l%uh wd§ úl,am kïj,ska y÷kajk nj'

• fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl uQ,sl ,CIK my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj'

• foafmd< ms<sn| fm!oa.,sl ysñlula ;sîu

• ksoyi jHjidh yd f;aÍfï ksoyi

• ;r.ldß;ajh yd ksoyia fj<|fmd<

• ñ, hka;%Kfha l%shdldß;ajh

• iajd¾:h u; lghq;= lsÍu

• rcfha ld¾hNdrh iSudiys; ùu

-34-

• fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi£fï iïnkaëlrK hdka;%Kh

f,i ñ, hdka;%Kh lghq;= lrk nj'

• l=ula fldmuK ksmoúh hq;= o hk m%Yakh fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl úi|kqfha

NdKav fj<|fmdf<ys ;SrKh jk ñ, ix{dj,g wkqj nj'

• flfia ksIamdokh lrkq ,efí o hk m%Yakh fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl úi|kqfha

idOl fj<|fmdf<a ñ, ix{d Tiafia nj'

• ld i|yd ksmojkjd o hk m%Yakh fjf<|fmd< úi£fï § wd¾Ólhl mqoa.,

wdodhu ms<sn| i,ld n,k nj'

• fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl mqoa., wdodhu ;SrKh jkqfha idOl fj<|fmdf<a idOl

i|yd mej;s ñ, yd tu ñ,g yqjudre jk m%udKh hk lreKq fol u; nj'

• fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=< ñ, my; i|yka ld¾hhka bgq lrk nj

• ix{d iemhSfï ld¾h

• idkqn, iemhSfï ld¾h

• i,dl lsÍfï ld¾h

• fj<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uhl wjdis o mj;sk nj yd tajd my; i|yka mßÈ oelaúh

yels nj'

• iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu wld¾hCIu ùu

• fmdÿ NdKav yd iqNidOk NdKav fkdiemhSu

• ndysr;d

• wd¾Ól úIu;d mek ke.Su

• uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakj,g uOH.; ie,iqï wêldrhla úiska úi|k w¾: l%uhla

úOdk w¾: l%uhla f,i ye¢kafjk nj'

-35-

• úOdk w¾: l%uhl my; i|yka ,laIK mj;sk nj'

• Y%uh yer wfkl=;a ishü ksIamdok iïm;aj, ysñldß;ajh rch i;= ùu

• uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakj,g úi÷ï rcfha u. fmkaùu hgf;a uOH.; wêldßhla

u.ska ,nd §u

• iudc iqNidOkh u; lghq;= lsÍu

• uOH.; wêldßhla úiska l=ula fldmuK ksmoúh hq;= o hkak ;SrKh lr

ksIamdok tall fj; oekqï fok nj'

• flfia ksmoúh hq;= o hkak uOH.; wêldßh úiska ;SrKh lrhs' ksIamdok

wdh;k rdcH jHjidhl;ajh jk w;r uOH.; wêldßh ,nd ÿka ksfhda. u;

Ys,amSh l%uh ;SrKh lrk nj'

• ld i|yd ksmoúh hq;= o hkak uOH.; ie,iqï wêldßfha ;SrK lrk ,o idOl

ñ, .Kka wkqj ;SrKh jk nj'

• iudcjd§ wd¾Ól l%uhl jdis mj;sk nj'

• iudcjd§ wd¾Ól l%ufha ÿ¾j,;d we;s neúka j¾;udkfha th mßj¾;kh fjñka

mj;sk nj'

ksoiqka (-ksoiqka (-ksoiqka (-ksoiqka (-ksoiqka (- reishdj" Ökh" kef.kysr hqfrdamSh rgj,a

• iudcjd§ yd Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uj, ,CIK ñY% ùfuka fndfyda rgj, ñY% wd¾Ól

l%u we;s ù we;s nj'

ksoiqka (-ksoiqka (-ksoiqka (-ksoiqka (-ksoiqka (- ,xldj" bkaÈhdj" mdlsia:dkh

• iudcjd§ wd¾Ólhl my; i|yka uQ,sl ,CIK we;s nj'

• wdKavqjl fyda fjk;a uOH wêldßhla úiska fyda iudcfha iïm;a fnod yeÍums<sn| ;SrK .ekSu

• fmdÿ foam, whs;sh

• fm!oa.,sl ksoyi iSud ùu

• ;r.h fkdue;s ùu

-36-

ksmqK;dj 2ksmqK;dj 2ksmqK;dj 2ksmqK;dj 2ksmqK;dj 2 ((((( fjf<|fmd<l l=gqïn yd jHdmdr wdh;k ;d¾lsl f,i

yeisfrk wdldrh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1 ((((( wd¾Ól úYaf,aIKh wkqj fjf<|fmd< j¾. lrhs'



• fjf<|fmd< ks¾jpkh lrhs'

• NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|fmd< y÷kajhs'

• idOl fjf<|fmd< y÷kajhs'

• NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|fmd< iy idOl fjf<|fmd< w;r fjki ii|hs'



• isiqka okakd fjf<|fmd<j,a úuid isiq m%;spdr mqjrefõ i|yka lrkak'

• tu iEu fjf<|fmd<lu isÿjk lghq;= úuid m%;spdr mqjrefõ i|yka lrkak'

• isiq m%;spdr weiqfrka fjf<|fmd<l oelsh yels uQ,sl ,laIK y÷kd.kak'


• fjf<|fmd<l my; i|yka md¾Yaj isák nj

• .ekQïlrejka

• úl=Kqïlrejka

• tu md¾Yaj fol w;r NdKav yd fiajd fukau ksIamdok idOl o yqjudre jk nj'

• ta wkqj NdKav yd fiajd fyda ksIamdok idOl ñ,§ .ekSfï fyda úlsKsfï

wruqKska .ekqïlrejka iy úl=Kqïlrejka w;r iïnkaO;djhla we;súh yels

´kEu ;;a;ajhla fjf<|fmd<la f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

• wd¾Ól úYaf,aIKh wkqj my; i|yka mßÈ fjf<|fmd< m%fNao folla ±laúh

yels nj

• NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|fmd< - NdKav yd fiajd .kqfokq fõ'

• idOl fjf<|fmd< - ksIamdok idOl$ idOl fiajd .kqfokq fõ'

• isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §" ls%hdldrlfuys

fhdojkak'

-37-


• my; i|yka fj<|fmd<j,a w;ßka Tn lKavdhug ,eî we;s fj<|fmd< flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• idOl fiajd fj<|fmd<

• NdKav yd fiajd fj<|fmd<

• Tng ,eî we;s isoaëh fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'

• Tng ,eî we;s fj<|fmd< y÷kajkak'

• tu fj<|fmdf<a wf,ú jk oE ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'

• tu fj<|fmdf<ys lghq;= lrk m%Odk md¾Yaj kï lrkak'

• tu md¾Yaj w;r isÿjk wd¾Ól yqjudrej meyeÈ,s lrkak'

• Tng ,eî we;s fj<|fmd< wfkla fj<|fmd< yd iïnkaO jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s

lrkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKd;aulj iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

isoaêhisoaêhisoaêhisoaêhisoaêh

mqð; we÷ï ueiSfï l¾udka;hl ksr;j isákafkls' Tyq ta i|yd wjYH frÈ muqKqj fj<|

fmdf<ka ,nd .kshs' Tyq ;u m%foaYfha ldka;djka mia fofkl= we÷ï ueiSfï ld¾hhg

fhdod f.k we;' wdh;kfha fiajh i|yd mqrmamdvq mj;sk neúka ta i|yd mqj;am;a

±kaùula o m<lr we;' ±È.u m%foaYfha Tyq i;=j uyk ueIska myla fhdod mj;ajdf.k hk

jHdmdrhla we;s w;r thg kj ;dlaIKh iys; ueIsula ñ,§ .ekSug ie,iqï lr we;' Tyq

;u ksIamdok wf,ú lsÍu i|yd Èjhsfka m%Odk k.r lsysmhl wf<úie,a lsysmhla mj;ajd

f.k hhs'

W;aij iuhka i|yd weKjqï lrk w÷ï j¾.j,g w;sf¾lj fjk;a úfYaI we÷ï j¾.

i|yd o Tyqg weKjqï ,eî ;sfí' ld;a;d we÷ï i|yd jeä b,a ula we;s neúka m%udK ;=kl

.jqï iy yeÜg ksIamdokh lsÍug Tyq lghq;= lrhs' Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj,ska Èkm;d

Tyqf.a ld¾udka; Yd,djg meñK NdKav ñ,§ .kakd .eKqïlrefjda úYd, ixLHdjla

isá;s' Tyq NdKav wf,ú lsÍfï § fjf<kaoka wdl¾IKh lr .ekSu i|yd iqúfYaI jÜgï

o ,nd fohs'

-38-


• mßfNdackh i|yd NdKav yd fiajd yqjudrejk fjf<|fmd<" NdKav yd fiajd

fjf<|fmd< f,i y÷kajk nj'

• N=ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh yqjudrejk fjf<|fmd<" ksIamdok idOl fjf<|fmd<

f,i y÷kajk nj'

• mßfNdackh i|yd NdKav yd fiajd b,a¨ïlrkafka l=gqïn jk w;r ksIamdok

idOl b,a¨ï lrkafka ksIamdok wdh;k nj'

• mßfNdackh i|yd NdKav yd fiajd imhkafka ksIamdok wdh;k jk w;r ksIamdok

idOl imhkafka l=gqïn nj'

• mßfNdack NdKav yd fiajd i|yd we;sjk b,aü fya;=fldg f.k ksIamdok

idOl i|yd b,aü f.dvkef.k nj'

• ksIamdok idOl i|yd jHq;amkak b,aüla mj;sk w;r mdßfNda.sl NdKav i|yd

iDcq b,aüla mj;sk nj'

• mßfNdackh i|yd NdKav yd fiajdj,g we;s b,a u tajdfha wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj

u; o ksIamdok idOl i|yd we;s b,aü idOlj, wdka;sl M,odhS;dj u; o

mokï jk nj'

-39-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'2 ((((( fjf<|fmd<l b,aü ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl

úuihs'



• b,aü y÷kajhs'

• fm!oa.,sl b,aü yd fjf<|fmd< b,aü w;r fjki ixikaokh lrhs'

• fm!oa.,sl b,aü yd fjf<|fmd< b,aü j.=jla weiqfrka bÈßm;a lrhs'

• b,a¨ï kHdh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• b,aü flfrys n,mdk idOl kï lr tu tla tla idOlh b,aü flfrys

n,mdk wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

• b,a¨ï Ys%;h f.dvk.hs'

• fm!oa.,sl b,a¨ï Ys%;h yd fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ï Ys%;h w;r fjki olajhs'

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l% shdj,sh (bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l% shdj,sh (bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l% shdj,sh (bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l% shdj,sh (bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l% shdj,sh (

msúiqumsúiqumsúiqumsúiqumsúiqu (((((

• isiqjl= <Õ we;s NdKavhla kï lrkak'

• tu NdKavh ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd Tyq fm<U jQ lreKq úuikak'

• my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdj fufyhjkak'

• b,aüla we;sùu flfrys my; i|yka lreKq mokï jk nj'

• jqjukdj

• l%h Yla;sh

• ñ,§ .ekSfï iQodku

• tu lreKq mokï jQ b,aü" iM, b,aü nj'


fhdojkak'

-40-


• my; i|yka ud;Dld w;=frka Tfí lKavdhug ,eî ;sfnk ud;Dldj flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• tla tla mqoa.,hdf.a b,aü

• ish¿fokdf.a b,aü

• Tng ,eî we;s ixjdoh fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'

• Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldj y÷kajkak'

• Tfí ud;Dldjg wod< b,aü ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl ,ehsia;= .;

lrkak'

• tu tla tla idOlh b,aü flfrys n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

• wod< b,aü yd b,aü ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl w;r we;s iïnkaOh

olajkak'


-41-

fonifonifonifonifoni

W;a;rd" úYajd iy ;s<sKs tlu ld¾hd,fha fiajh lrk ñ;=ßhka ;sfofkls' Èjd wdydr

úfõlfha § Tjqka w;r we;s jQ ixjdohl fldgila my; ±lafõ'

W;a;rdW;a;rdW;a;rdW;a;rdW;a;rd ((((( mdka ñ, ojiska oji by< hkjd ys;d .kakj;a neß úÈhg' ta ksid fjkod

jf.a yeuodu ?g mdka lkak;a wudrehs' mdka fjkqjg ±ka wms fjk fjk

foaj,a ;uhs lkafka'

úYajdúYajdúYajdúYajdúYajd ((((( wms;a ±ka mdka lkj f.dvla wvqhs' wfma uy;a;h lsõjd fï <Õ§ m;a;f¾

,smshla od,d ;snqkd lsh,d" msá wdydr jeäfhka lk whg Èhjeähd frda.h

ye§fï yelshdj jeähs lsh,d' ta ,smsh ±lal ojfia b|,d thd mdka wrka

tkafka l,d;=rlska' ±ka thdf.a lkaf;darefõ hd¿fjd;a" mdka lEu wvq

lr,d' yenehs ta ksid fyd| fohl=;a jqkd' cEï" udcßka" ng¾ jf.a taj;a ±ka

f.ak tl f.dvla wvqhs' mdka ke;sj cEï" ng¾ jevl=;a keyefka'

;s<sKs;s<sKs;s<sKs;s<sKs;s<sKs ((((( we;af;kau wo wmsg ,efnk jegqmhs" mdka ñ,hs ne¨ju" f.dvla whg mdka

lEu álla wudrehs' t;a wfma fmdä mq;d yß wdihs mdkaj,g' ta ksid uu

yeuodu f.or hk fldg mdka f.ähla f.kshkjd'

W;a;rdW;a;rdW;a;rdW;a;rdW;a;rd ((((( ;s<sKs" mdka fjkqjg wdmam" b¢wdmam jf.a fohla f.ksyska fokak' tajfha

ñ, ta;rï by< .sfha keyefka'

úYajdúYajdúYajdúYajdúYajd ((((( wms fudkjd lSj;a k.rj, wh mdka lk tl ;ju wvq lr,d keye'

W;a;rdW;a;rdW;a;rdW;a;rdW;a;rd ((((( ta fudl o@

úYajdúYajdúYajdúYajdúYajd ((((( k.rfha yeu mjq,lu jf.a fkdakhs uy;a;hhs fokaku jevg hkjd' b;ska

thd,d jev bjr fj,d wdfh;a ?g Whkak uykais fjkafka keye' ta ksid

?g mdka lk tl thd,g f,aishs'

;s<sKs;s<sKs;s<sKs;s<sKs;s<sKs ((((( ta ú;rla fkfuhs" .ug jvd i,a,sldrfhda k.rfha bkakjd' thd,d Wfoag

?g ieye,a¨ wdydr .kakhs leu;s' ta ksid ñ, by< .sh;a mdka lkjd'

W;a;rdW;a;rdW;a;rdW;a;rdW;a;rd ((((( wms jf.a mdka lEu wvq lrkjd kï" rfÜ ;j lS fofkla mdka lEu wvq

lrhs o@ tfyu n,kfldg fj<|fmdf<a mdka ñ, § .ekSu f.dvla wvq

fjkak mq¿jka'

-42-


• b,aü hkq" hï ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=<" b,aüg n,mdk wfkl=;a lreKq

fkdfjkia j ;sìh §" lsishï NdKavhla i|yd mj;sk úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a

.ekqïlrejka ñ, § .ekSug iQodkï jk" úúO m%udKhka nj'

• b,aü" my; i|yka mßÈ j¾. l< yels nj'

• fm!oa.,sl b,aü

• fjf<|fmd< b,aü

• ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< § fjf<|fmdf<a isák tla .ekqïlrefjl= úiska

hï NdKavhla úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a ñ, § .ekSug iQodkï úúO m%udKhka"

fm!oa.,sl b,aü nj'

• ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< § hï NdKavhlg wod< j fjf<|fmdf<a isák

ishü .ekqïlrejka tu NdKavh úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a ñ, § .ekSug iQodkï

úúO m%udKj, tl;=j" fjf<|fmd< b,aü nj'

• b,a ug n,mdk kEu idOlhla fjkiaùug m%;spdÍj b,a u fjkiajk wdldrh

ú.%y lsÍu b,a¨ï kHdh nj'

• fm!oa.,sl b,aü ;SrKh lrk m%Odk idOl my; ±lafjk mßÈ fm< .eiaúh

yels nj'

• i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, (P)

• iïnkaê; NdKavj, ñ, (Pn)

• mdßfNda.sl wdodhu (Y)

• mdßfNda.sl reÑh (T)

• wkd.; wfmalaId (EX)

• fjf<|fmd< b,aü ;SrKh ùu flfrys my; i|yka lreKq fuhg w;sf¾l

jYfhka n,mdk nj'

• .ekqïlrejka ixLHdj yd tys ixhq;sh (N)

-43-

• hï NdKavhla i|yd mj;sk fm!oa.,sl b,aü yd tys ;Srl w;r iïnkaO;dj"

iólrKhla f,i my; ±lafjk wdldrhg fmkaúh yels nj'

Qdx = F (P,Pn,Y, T, Ex)

• fuf,i fmkajk iïnkaO;djh —fm!oa.,sl b,a¨ï Y%s;hZZ f,i ye¢kafjk

nj'

• hï NdKavhl fjf<|fmd< b,a u yd ta flfrys n,mdk idOl w;r iïnkaaO;dj"

iólrKhla f,i my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels nj'

Qdx = F (P, Pn, Y, T, Ex, N)

• fuf,i fmkajk iïnkaO;djh —fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ï Ys%;h˜ f,i y÷kajk nj'

-44-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3 ((((( ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r iïnkaO;dj ú.%y lrhs'



• ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r iïnkaO;dj ú.%y lrhs'

• b,a¨ï kS;sh m%ldY l< yels l%u ;=k i|yka lrhs'

• b,a¨ï f,aLkh weiqßka b,a¨ï jl%h f.dv k.hs'

• b,a¨ï jl%hg wod< j b,a¨ï iólrKh f.dv k.hs'

• b,a¨ï kS;sh f,aLkhla" m%ia;drhla yd iólrKhla weiqfrka fmkajhs'

• b,a¨ï kS;shg fya;=jk idOl úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

• b,a¨ï kS;shg mgyeks wjia:d bÈßm;a lrhs'


• hï ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § b,aüg n,mdk idOl w;=ßka ñ, yer wka idOl

ia:djr j mj;sk úg i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ,;a b,a¨ï m%udKh;a w;r mj;sk

m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;dj ú.%y lsÍu b,a¨ï kS;sh nj'

• b,a¨ï kS;sh my; l%u u.ska ú.%y l< yels nj'

• b,a¨ï f,aLkh

• b,a¨ï jl%h

• b,a¨ï iólrKh

• hï ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § b,aüg n,mdk idOl w;=ßka ñ, yer wksl=;a idOl

ia:djr j mj;sk úg fjf<|fmdf<a mej;sh yels úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a b,a¨ï

lrkq ,nk úúO m%udK fm< .iajk ixLHd igyk b,a¨ï f,aLkh nj'

• hï ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § b,aüg n,mdk wksl=;a idOl ia:djr j mj;soa§ i,ld

n,k NdKavfha fjf<|fmdf<a mej;sh yels úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a b,a ï lrkq

,nk m%udK iïnkaO lr w¢k f¾Ldj b,a¨ï jl%h nj'

• b,aü flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha

ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaOh idrdxY lr olajk iólrKh

b,a¨ï iólrKh nj'

• ñ, yer wka idOl ia:djr jk úg i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd b,a ï m%udKh

w;r mj;sk m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;dj ksid b,a¨ï jl%h RK nEjqulska hqla; nj'

-45-

• i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ,;a b,a¨ï m%udKh;a w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;dj fya;=

;=kla n,mdk nj'

• wdodhï m%;súmdlh

• wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh

• ySkjk wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj

• hï ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § b,aüg n,mdk wksl=;a idOl ia:djr j mj;soa§ i,ld

n,k NdKavfha ñ, fjkiaùu ksid mqoa.,hkaf.a uQ¾; wdodhfï isÿjk fjkiaùu

ñ, fjkiaùul wdodhï m%;súmdlh nj'

• wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh my; mßÈ meyeÈ,s l< yels nj'

• i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yer wfkl=;a idOl ia:djrj mj;S hehs Wml,amkh

flf¾' ^wdfoaYk NdKavj, ñ, we;=¨j&

• fujeks wjia:djl i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, wvq fyda jeä ùu ksid ^fjkia

ùu ksid& we;s jk idfmalaI ñ, fjkia ùu u; tu NdKavfhka b,a¨ï lrk

m%udKh jeä fyda wvq úh yelsh'

• fuh wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh fõ' îqÿiq ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak&

• NdKavfha mßfNdackh jeä lr;au w;sf¾l NdKav tallj,ska ,efnk wdka;sl

Wmfhda.S;dj wvqjk neúka" jeämqr tall mßfNdackh lsÍug mßfNdaclhska

fhduqjkafka w;sf¾l tall i|yd wvq ñ,la wh flf¾ kï muKs' tneúka

b,a¨ï m%udKh jeä jkafka ñ, wvq jk úg§ h'

• b,a¨ï kS;shg mgyeks wjia:d mj;sk nj'

• .s*ka NdKav

• m%o¾Ykd;aul NdKav

• iufma%laIK NdKav

• f.jk ñ, u.ska .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh ksrEmKh lrk NdKav

-46-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'4 ((((( b,a ï m%udKh fjkia ùu yd b,a u fjkia ùu w;r fjki

ixikaokh lrhs'



• NdKavhl b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkiaùu yd b,aü fjkiaùu flfrys n,mdk

idOl fjka fjka j bÈßm;a lrhs'

• NdKavhl ñ, fjkiajk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkiaùu b,a¨ï jl%hla weiqfrka

ú.%y lrhs'

• NdKavhl ñ, ia:djr j mj;soa §" wfkl=;a idOl fjkiaùu wkqj b,a u fjkiajk

wdldrh b,a¨ï jl%h wdY%fhka ú.%y lrhss'



• my; i|yka m%ldYh isiqkag bÈßm;a lrkak'

—miq .sh j¾Ihg jvd fuu j¾Ifha uqyqÿ ud¿ i|yd b,aü 20] my< f.dia we;'˜

• by; isoaêhg n,mdkakg we;ehs is;sh yels fya;= isiqkaf.ka úuid m%;spdr

mqjrefõ i|yka lrkak'


• ud¿ i|yd mej;s b,aü wvqùug my; i|yka fya;= wod< úh yels nj'

• ud¿ ñ, jevùu

• reÑh wvqùu

• wdfoaYl NdKavj, n,mEu

• mdßfNda.sl wdodhu wvqùu

• wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j mj;sk úg ñ, jeäjk úg b,a¨ï lrk m%udKh

wvqjk nj yd ñ, wvqjk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh jeäjk nj'

• wkqmQrl yd wdfoaY NdKavj, ñ, mdßfNda.sl wdodhu" reÑh fukau wkd.;

ñ, wfmalaId wkqj o b,aü fjkia jk nj'

• isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §" ls%hdldrlfuys

fhdojkak'

-47-


• my; i|yka jkafka mdka b,a u fjkiaùu flfrys n,mdk idOl lsysmhls' bka

Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk idOlh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• iy,a ñ,

• ng¾ ñ,

• jegqm

• mdka i|yd leue;a;

• Tng ,eî we;s isoaêh fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'

• tu isoaêfha we;s f;dr;=re weiqßka mdka f.ähl ñ, fjkiajk wdldrh wkqj

b,a¨ï f,aLkhla f.dv k.kak'

• b,a¨ï jl%h f.dv k.kak'

• Tng wod< idOlh fjkiaùu wkqj mdka b,aü fjkia jk wdldrh f,aLk.;

lrkak'

• Tn l,ska ks¾udKh l< m%ia;dr igyfkau kj b,a¨ï jl%h f.dv k.kak'

• wod< idOlfha fjkiaùu ksid mdka b,a¨ï jl%hg jk n,mEu y÷kd .kak'

• mdka ñ, fjkiaùu ksid b,a¨ï jl%hg jk n,mEu y÷kd .kak'

• Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mx;shg ks¾udKYS,S j bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

-48-

isoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkh

mshodi uy;df.a fílßfha mdka wf,úh iïnkaOj my; i|yka f;dr;=re Tyq

úiska igyka fldg we;'

wfkl=;a iEu idOlhlau fkdfjkia j mj;soa§ ñ, fjkiajk úg b,a ï m%udKh

fjkia úh' mdka ñ, remsh,a 25 la jkafka kï" mdka f.ä 500l b,a¨ï m%udKhla mj;sk

w;r ñ, remsh,a 50 la jQ úg b,a,kq ,nkafka mdka f.ä 400 la muKs' tfia u mdka ñ,

remsh,a 25 ne.ska jeäjk iEu úgu mdkaf.ä 100 ne.ska b,a¨ï m%udKh wvq fõ'

fï w;r mdka ñ, fjkia fkdjqk o iy,a ñ, jeä jQ úg iEu ñ,l §u mdka f.ä

100 ne.ska b,aü jeäúh' tkï" iy,a ñ, remsh,a 25 § mdka b,aü 600 la yd iy,a ñ,

remsh,a 50 § mdka b,aü 500 la f,i fjkia úh' kuq;a" iy,a ñ, wvq jQ úg iEu ñ,l §u

l,ska mej;s mdka b,a¨fuka f.ä 100 ne.ska wvqúh'

wfkla w;g ng¾ ñ, wvq jQ úg o mdka b,aü iEu ñ,l §u f.ä 100 ne.ska jeä

úh' tfiau ng¾ ñ, jeä jQ úg o l,ska mej;s mdka b,aü iEu ñ,l§u f.ä 100 lska

wvqúh'

rdcH fiajlhskaf.a jegqma by< .sfha h' fuys m%;sM,h jQfha iEu ñ,l§u mdka

b,aü mdka f.ä 150 ne.ska by< hdu h' fï ksid remsh,a 25 § mdka f.ä 650 o" remsh,a

50 § mdka f.ä 550 wd§ f,i jeä úh' kuq;a" ish¿u fokdf.ka rch wdodhï nÿ wh lsÍug

mgka .;a fyhska mdßfNda.slhkaf.a jeh l< yels wdodhu wvqúh' fï ksid iEu ñ,l§u

uq,ska mej;s mdka b,aü mdka f.ä 50 ne.ska wvq úh'

mdkaj,g ;snQ mdßfNda.sl reÑl;ajh jeäùula fï ld,fha fmkakqï flßKs' ta

wkqj" remsh,a 25 § b,a,k ,o mdka f.ä 500 fjkqjg mdka f.ä 700 la b,a,k ,§' fufia

iEu ñ,l§u ;snQ b,aüg jvd mdka f.ä 200 la jeäfhka b,a¨ï flreKs' tfy;a" mdka

YÍrhg wys;lr njg m%pdrhla hdu;a iu. fuu reÑl;ajh fndfyda wvq jqKs' ta wkqj" iEu

ñ,l§u l,ska ;snQ mdka b,aü mdka f.ä 500 ne.ska wvq úh'

-49-


• hï ksYaaÑ; wjia:djl § b,aüg n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j mj;soa§

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, jeäjk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh wvqùu;a ñ, wvqjk úg

b,a¨ï m%udKh jeäùu;a isÿjk nj'

• i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r mj;sk fuu m%;sf,dau RK&

iïnkaO;djh ksid b,a¨ï jl%h Èf.a .uka lrk nj' ^jl%h Èf.a p,kh jk

nj&

• jl%h Èf.a by<g .uka lrkúg b,a¨ï ixfldapkh;a my<g .ukaa lrk úg

b,a¨ï m%idrKh;a isÿjk nj'

• i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ia:djr j mj;soa§ b,aüg n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl

jk iïnkaê; NdKavj, ñ," mdßfNda.sl reÑh" wkd.; ñ, wfmalaId ksid

b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kg fyda jug ú;eka jk nj'

• fuh b,a¨fï ^b,aü& wvqùu iy b,a¨fï ^b,aü& jeäùu f,i y÷kajk nj'

• b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkiaùu yd b,aü fjkiaùu tlsfklg fjkia ixl,am

folla nj'

-50-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'5 ((((( ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d m%fNao y÷kd .ekSug kuH;dj .Kkh

lrhs'



• kuH;dj w¾: olajhs'

• ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj ú.%y lrhs'

• ixLHd o;a; mokï lr .ksñka ,laIH ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj iy pdm ñ, b,a¨ï

kuH;djh .Kkh lrhs'

• kuH;d ix.=Klh mokï lr .ksñka kuH;d wjia:d m%ldY lrhs'

• b,a¨ï jl%fha nEjqu iy ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj w;r iïnkaOh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

• b,a¨ï iólrKh § we;súg ksYaÑ; ñ,l § b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh lr olajhs'



• my; isoaêhg wod< ixjdoh mx;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

ud¿ ñ, § .ekSug fjf<|ie,lg f.dvjQ isßodi;a fjf<|ie,a ysñhd;a w;r we;s jQ

ixjdohl fldgila my; oela fõ'

fjf<|ie,a ys sñhdfjf<|ie,a ys sñhdfjf<|ie,a ys sñhdfjf<|ie,a ys sñhdfjf<|ie,a ys sñhd ((((( tkak uy;a;hd'''''' wo ud¿ ,dNhs' f;dard 600" ;,m;a 400"

fl,j,a,d 350'''''''''''''

isßodiisßodiisßodiisßodiisßodi ((((( lsf,da tlla o '''''''''''''@

fjf<|ie,a ysñhdfjf<|ie,a ysñhdfjf<|ie,a ysñhdfjf<|ie,a ysñhdfjf<|ie,a ysñhd ((((( mkaiShla uy;a;fhda' .Kka jeäkï wegj,a,d 200" .,a ud¿

300 ''''''''''''''''''''''

isßodiisßodiisßodiisßodiisßodi ((((( .sh i;sfha ;,m;a 500 uu .;af;a re' 300 gfka'

fjf<|ie,a ysñhdfjf<|ie,a ysñhdfjf<|ie,a ysñhdfjf<|ie,a ysñhdfjf<|ie,a ysñhd ((((( ta .dKg oeka ugj;a ,efnkafka kE

isßodiisßodiisßodiisßodiisßodi ((((( tfyukï ;,m;a 250 la fokak'

-51-

• by; ixjdohg wkqj isßodif.a yeisÍu ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'


• isßodi ;,m;a ud¿ ñ, fjkiaùu wkqj Tyq ñ,§ .kakd m%udKh wvqlr we;s

nj

• fï wdldrhg fjf<|fmdf<a NdKavj, ñ, fjkiaùu wkqj mdßfNda.slhdf.a

m%;spdr o úúO jk nj'

• fuf,i ñ, fjkiaùu wkqj b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkiajk wdldrh .Kkh l<

yels nj'

• my; oelafjkafka NdKav ;=klg fjf<|fmdf<a we;s b,aü oelafjk m%ldY

;=kls' tajdhska Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk m%ldYh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• ñ, re' 10 isg re' 15 olajd jeä jk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh tall 100 isg 50 olajd

wvq fõ'


wvq fõ'


wvq fõ'

• Tng ,enqKq m%ldYh weiqfrka ñ, yd b,a ï m%udKh oelafjk f,aLkhla ms<sfh,

lrkak'

• ñ, re' 10 isg re' 15 olajd jeäùu mej;s ñf,ys m%;sY;hla f,i olajkak'

• ñ, re' 10 isg re' 15 olajd jeä jQ úg b,a¨ï m%udKfhys fjkiaùu" mej;s b,a¨ï

m%udKfhys m%;sY;hla f,i olajkak'

• ñf,ys m%;sY;d;aul fjkig idfmalaIj b,a¨ï m%udKfhys we;s jQ m%;sY;d;aul

fjki fldmuKoehs fmkajd fokak'

• ñ, re' 15 isg re' 10 olajd wvqùu mej;s ñf,ys m%;sY;hla f,i olajkak'

• ñ, re' 15 isg re' 10 olajd wvq jQ úg b,a¨ï m%udKfhys fjkiaùu" mej;s b,a¨ï

m%udKfhys m%;sY;hla f,i olajkak'

• fuf,i re' 15 isg re' 10 olajd ñ, wvqjk úg" ñf,ys m%;sY;d;aul fjkig

idfmalaIj b,a¨ï m%udKfhys we;s jQ m%;sY;d;aul fjki fldmuKoehs fmkajd

fokak'

• ñ, jeäjk úg yd ñ, wvqjk úg b,a¨ï m%udKfha m%;sY;l fjki" ñf,ys

m%;sY;l fjkiska fn¥ úg ,efnk w.h flfrys ie<ls,su;a jkak'

-52-


• iajdhla; úp,Hh fjkiaùug idfmalaIj mrdhla; úp,Hfha we;sjk ixfõ§;dj

kuH;dj nj'

• ñf,ys we;sjk fjkiaùug idfmalaIj" b,a¨ï m%udKfhys we;sjk fjkfiys

ixfõ§;dj ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj nj'

• my; oelafjk wdldrhg ñ, b,aü kuH;dj .Kkh l< yels nj'

• ,laIH kuH;d iQ;%h hgf;a yd pdm kuH;d iQ;%h hgf;a kuH;dj .Kkh l<

yels nj'

• ,laIH kuH;d iQ;%h u.ska b,a¨ï jl%fha lsishï ,laIHhl kuH;dj uksk

w;r" ñf,a yd m%udKfha b;d l=vd fjkiaùula i,ld n,k nj'

• ,laIH kuH;d iQ;%h i|yd" ñf,a yd m%udKfha m%;sY;d;aul fjki .Kkh

lrkqfha" uq,ska mej;s ñ, yd m%udKh moku jYfhka i,ld nj'

• ,laIH kuH;d iQ;%h my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj'

• j,ska woyia jkafka b,a¨ï jl%fha nEjqfï mriamrh nj'

• nEjqu fjkia fkdjqj o ñ, yd m%udKh ,laIHfhka ,laIHhg fjkia jk w;r"

jfï isg ol=Kg nEjqï jk ir, f¾Çh b,a¨ï jl%hl kuH;dj ,laIHfhka

,laIHhg fjkia jk w;r Y=kHfha isg wmßñ;h olajd mj;sk nj'

• b,a¨ï jl%hla u; iEu ,laIHhlgu tl iudk kuH;d ix.=Kl fmkajk

iqúfYaI wjia:d ;=kla my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj'

• mQ¾K kuH b,aü

• mQ¾K wkuH b,aü

• talSh kuH b,aü

• lsishï mrdihl kuH;dj .Kkh lsÍug pdm kuH;d iQ;%h Ndú; lrk nj'

}QPñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj }

b,a¨ï lrkq ,nk m%udKfham%;sY;d;aul fjki

ñf,ys m%;sY;d;aul fjki

Q

P

x 100%

x 100%

PQ

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj }1

b,a¨ï jl%fhanEjqu

}XQP

XQP

PQ

-53-

• pdm kuH;dj u.ska ñf,a yd b,a¨ï m%udKfha úYd, fjkiaùula ie,ls,a,g

.kakd nj'

• pdm kuH;d iQ;%h i|yd m%;sY;d;aul fjki .Kkh lsÍfï §" moku jYfhka

i,lkqfha uq,a w.h iy miq w.h hk foflys uOHhk fyj;a idudkH w.h nj'

• pdm kuH;d iQ;%h my; mßÈ jk nj'

• kuH;d iQ;%hg wkqj ,efnk ix.=Kl u; my; mßÈ kuH;d m%fNao oelaúh yels

nj'

• Y=kH ^0& - mQ¾K wkuH

• tlg wvq (<1) - wkuH

• tlg iudk ^1& - tAlSh

• tlg jeä (>1) - kuH

• wmßñ; ( ) - mQ¾K kuH

• ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj yd mdßfNda.sl meyeou $ ksIamdol whNdrh w;r

iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj'

• b,a¨ï Ys%;h ;=< nEjqfï mriamrh i|yka jk neúka" th weiqßka o kuH;dj

.Kkh l< yels nj'

pdm ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj } XPQ

Q1+Q2

P1+P2

-54-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'6 ((((( ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj wkqj fjf<|fmd<l ;d¾lslj ;SrK

.kakd whqre úuihs'



• ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl olajñka tla tla idOlh kuH;dj

flfrys n,mdk wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

• ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj § we;s úgl wod< NdKavfha ñ, fjkiaùu u; mdßfNda.sl

meyeou $ jHdmdßl whNdrh fjkiaùu ksYaph lrhs'

• úúO wd¾Ól ú.%yhka i|yd ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj m%dfhda.sl j jeo.;ajk wjia:d

wkdjrKh lrhs'


• b,a¨ï m%udKh ñf,ka .=K lsÍfuka mdßfNda.sl meyeou .Kkh l< yels nj'

• wf,ú m%udKh ñf,ka .=K lsÍfuka ksIamdok whNdrh .Kkh l< yels nj'

• wf,ú m%udKh ñ, § .kakd m%udKhg iudk jk ksid ksIamdok whNdrh"

mdßfNda.sl meyeoug iudk jk nj'

• ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d wjia:dj wkqj NdKavhl ñ, fjkiajk úg mdßfNda.sl

meyeou fjkia jk nj'

• wkuH b,a ula mj;sk NdKavhl ñ, fjkia ùu;a mdßfNda.sl meyeou fjkiaùu;a

w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj'

• ñ, jeäjk úg mdßfNda.sl meyeou jeä fõ'

• ñ, wvqjk úg mdßfNda.sl meyeou wvq fõ'

• NdKavhlg mj;sk b,aü talSh kuHjkafka kï NdKavfha ñ, fjkia jk úg

mdßfNda.sl meyeou fjkia fkdjk nj'

• NdKavhla i|yd mj;sk b,a u kuH kï NdKavfha ñ, fjkiaùu yd mdßfNda.sl

meyeou fjkia ùu w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj'

• ñ, jeäjk úg mdßfNda.sl meyeou wvqfõ'

• ñ, wvqjk úg mdßfNda.sl meyeou jeäfõ'

• ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj ;SrKh ùu flfrys úúO fya;= n,mdk nj'

-55-

• ñ, kuH;dj fjkiaùug n,mdk fya;= ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ;Srl f,i y÷kajk

w;r tajd my; i|yka jk nj'

• NdKavhla i|yd mj;sk wdfoaYk iq,n;dj

• NdKavhla i|yd wdodhfuka jeh lrk m%;sY;h

• NdKavhl ñ, fjkiaùfuka miq yev.eiSï we;s lr .ekSug ,efnk ld,

iSudj

• NdKavh ks¾jpkh lr we;s wdldrh

• NdKavfhka ,efnk m%fhdack ixLHdj

• ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;djh .Kkh lsÍu m%dfhda.sl jYfhka jeo.;a jk nj'

^kuH yd wkuH b,a¨ï jl% Ndú;fhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'&

-56-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'7 ((((( yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj wkqj fjf<|fmd<l ;d¾lslj

;SrK .kakd whqre úuihs'



• yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj ks¾jpkh lrñka th .Kkh lrk wdldrh úia;r

lrhs'

• ixLHd o;a; Ndú; lrñka yria b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh lrhs'

• yria b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh mokï lr .ksñka wdfoaYk NdKav hq., iy

wkqmQrl NdKav hq., fjkalr olajhs'

• yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh m%dfhda.sl j jeo.;a jk wdldrh fmkajd

fohs'


msúiqumsúiqumsúiqumsúiqumsúiqu (((((

• my; i|yka isoaêh isiqjl= ,jd mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

—chkd;a WoEik lvhg .sfha Wfoa lEug mdka iy ng¾ f.k taug h' tfy;a

mdkaj,g jvd b¢wdmamj, ñ, wvqù we;s nj Tyqg fmKqks' fï ksid Tyq mdka

ñ,§ fkdf.k b¢ wdmam ñ,§ .ekSug ;SrKh lrk ,§' tfiau" mdka ñ, §

fkd.;a ksid Tyq ng¾ o ñ,§ fkd.;af;a h' Wfoa lEug b¢wdmam /f.k chkd;a

f.or wdfõ h'˜

• isoaêh ms<sn| isiqkaf.a woyia úuikak'

• my; i|yka oE u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

• mdkaj,g b¢wdmam wdfoaYl NdKavhla nj

• mdkaj,g ng¾ wkqmQrl NdKavhla nj

• NdKav ñ,§ .ekSfï § tla NdKavhl ñ, by< hdu wfkla NdKavfha b,a ug

n,mdk nj'

• fujeks iïnkaê; NdKav j¾. folla we;s nj'

• wdfoaYl NdKav

• wkqmQrl NdKav

• isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §"

ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

-57-


• my; i|yka isÿùï w;ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk isÿùu flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lrkak'

isÿùu 1 -isÿùu 1 -isÿùu 1 -isÿùu 1 -isÿùu 1 - iSks ñ, re' 50 jkúg yl=rej,g tall 80 l b,aüla mej;=Ks'

iSks ñ, re'50 isg re' 5 ne.ska jeä jkakg úh'

isÿùu 2 -isÿùu 2 -isÿùu 2 -isÿùu 2 -isÿùu 2 - iSks ñ, re' 50 jkúg f;a l=vqj,g tall 300 l b,a ula mej;=Ks'

iSks ñ, re' 50 isg re' 5 ne.ska jeä jkakg úh'

isÿùu 3 -isÿùu 3 -isÿùu 3 -isÿùu 3 -isÿùu 3 - iSks ñ, re' 50 jkúg isfuka;sj,g tall 1000 l b,aüla

mej;=Ks' iSks ñ, re' 50 isg re' 5 ne.ska jeä jkakg úh'

• Tn lKavdhug ,enqKq isÿùu fyd¢ka wOHkh lrkak'

• ,enqKq NdKav fol w;r iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s lrkak'

• tu iïnkaO;dj ie<ls,a,g f.k iSks ñ, re' 50 isg re' 5 ne.ska jeäjk úg

wfkla NdKavfha b,a ï m%udKh fjkiajk wdldrh oelafjk f,aLkhla ;d¾lslj

f.dv k.kak'

• by; f,aLkh ms<sfh< lsÍffï § Tn mokï lr.;a Wml,amk fmkajd fokak'

• tu f,aLkfha ñ, isria wlaIfha o wfkla NdKavfha b,a ï m%udKh ;sria wlaIfha

o oelafjk mßÈ m%ia;dr .; lrkak'

• iSks ñ, re' 50 isg re' 55 olajd jeä jq úg wfkla NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKfha

fjki .Kkh lrkak'

• iSks ñ, re' 50 isg re' 55olajd fjkia ùu m%;sY;d;aulj olajkak'

• iSks ñ, re' 50 isg re' 55 olajd jeäúfï § wfkla NdKavfha b,a ï m%udKfha we;s

jQ fjki m%;sY;d;aulj olajkak'

• iSks ñf,ys m%;sY;d;aul fjki yd wfkla NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKfhys

m%;sY;d;aul fjki ie,ls,a,g f.k iSks ñ, 1] lska fjkia jQfha kï wfkla

NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKfha m%;sY;d;aul fjki .Kkh lrkak'


-58-


• tla NdKavhl ñ, fjkiaùug wkqj" ;j;a NdKavhlska b,a¨ï lrkq ,nk

m%udKh fjkiaùfï ixfõ§;dj" yria b,a¨ï kuH;dj nj'

• yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj my; i|yka wdldrhg .Kkh lrk nj'

• yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh lr ,efnk ms<s;=r yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d

ix.=Klh f,i i,lk nj'

• yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klhg ,efnk w.h u; my; i|yka mßÈ NdKav

j¾. l< yels nj'

• wdfoaYl NdKav

• wkqmQrl NdKav

• tla NdKavhl ñ, yd wfkla NdKavfha b,a ï m%udKh w;r Ok iïnkaO;djhla

we;akï tajd wdfoaYl NdKav jk nj'

• wdfoaYl NdKav hq.,fha tla NdKavhl ñ, yd wfkla NdKavfha m%udKh iïnkaO

lr w¢kq ,nk jl%h Ok nEjqulska hqla; jk nj'

• tla NdKavhl ñ, yd wfkla NdKavfha b,a ï m%udKh w;r RK iïnkaO;djla

mj;skafka kï tajd wkqmQrl NdKav jk nj'

• wkqmQrl NdKav hq.,fha tla NdKavhl ñ, yd wfkla NdKavfha m%udKh iïnkaO

lr w¢kq ,nk jl%h RKnEjqulska hqla; jk nj'

• yria ñ, b,a ï kuH;d ix.=Klh Y=kH 0& w.hla jkafka kï wod< NdKav fol

w;r iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s nj'

• yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj my; i|yka wdldrhg m%dfhda.sl Ndú; i|yd fhdod

.; yels nj'

• NdKav w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj y÷kd .ekSug

• wod< ksIamdok ls%hdldß;ajfha m%udKh y÷kd .ekSug

• wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg

Exy =Py x 100

PY

QDX x 100

QDX

i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a ï m%udKfha m%;sY;l fjki

iïnkaê; NdKavfha ñf,ys m%;sY;l fjkiyria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj }

-59-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'8 ((((( wdodhï b,a ï kuH;dj wkqj fjf<|fmd<l ;d¾lslj ;SrK

.kakd whqre úuihs'



• wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj ks¾jpkh lrñka th .Kkh lrk wdldr bÈßm;a

lrhs'

• ixLHd o;a; Ndú;hg .ksñka wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh .Kkh lrhs'

• wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh mokï lr .ksñka NdKav j¾. lrhs'

• wd¾Ól ú.%yhka i|yd wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj fhdod .efkk wdldr úu¾Ykh

lrhs'



• my; i|yka isoaêh isiqjl= ,jd mka;sh bÈßfha lshjkak'

—;u is,a,r lvfha NdKav úlsKSu flfrys ndysr isoaëka n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn|

j úYajkd;a úuis,af,ka isà' miq.sh Èkj, ishü rcfha fiajlhkaf.a jegqma

jeäùu ksid ;u lvfha nvq úlsKSu iïnkaOfhka Tyq fufia m%ldY lr isà'˜

—mä jeä jqk ksid ñÈ" iqj| ú,jqka" whsia lS%ï jf.a foaj, kï b,aü jeäjqkd'

ta jqkdg yd,a jf.a foaj,kï b,aü tÉpr jeä jqfka kE' yenehs udcßka

b,a,mq wh ta fjkqjg ng¾ b,a,kak mgka .;a;d' ˜

• isoaêh ms<sn| isiqkaf.a woyia úuikak'

• jeo.;a lreKq mqjrefõ f.dv k.kak'


• wdodhu fjkiaùu ksid b,aü fjkiajk nj'

• wdodhu fjkiaùu iuyr NdKavj, b,aüg t;rï n, fkdmdk nj'

• wdodhu jeäjk úg b,aü wvq lrk NdKav o mj;sk nj'


fhdojkak'

-60-


• my; i|yka NdKav w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk NdKavh flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lrkak'

• ud.ßka

• iy,a

• iaj¾KdNrK

• Tng ,eî we;s NdKavfha iajNdjh y÷kd .kak'

• Tng ,enqKq NdKavhg iudk fjk;a NdKav j¾. lsysmhla ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

• Tfí ksjfia udisl wdodhu fldmuKoehs Wml,amkh lrkak'

• tu wdodhfuka wod< NdKavh ñ, § .kakd m%udKh i|yka lrkak'

• Tfí wdodhu fo.=K jkafka kï wod< NdKavfhka fldmuK b,a¨ï lrkafka o@

• wdodhu fjkiaùu wkqj b,aü fjkiajk m%udKh oelafjk f,aLkhla ms<sfh,

lrkak'

• tu o;a; wdY%fhka wdodhu yd wod< NdKavh i|yd b,aü w;r iïnkaO;dj

m%ia;dßlj fmkajkak'

• Tfí wdodhfï m%;sY;d;aul fjkig idfmalaIj wod< NdKavfha b,a ï m%udKfha

m%;sY;d;aul fjki .Kkh lrkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,Sj bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'


• mdßfNda.slhdf.a wdodhu fjkiaùug wkqj NdKavhl b,a ï lrkq ,nk m%udKh

fjkiaùfï ixfõ§;dj wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj nj'

• wdodhï yd b,aü w;r iïnkaO;dj úúO jk nj'

• wdodhu fjkiajk úg b,aü olajk ixfõÈ;dj my; iQ;%h u.ska .Kkh l<

yels nj'

Ye } b,a¨ï m%udKfha m%;sY;l fjki

wdodhfï m%;sY;l fjki

Ye } XYQ Y

Q

-61-

• wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh wkqj NdKav j¾. l< yels nj'

• idudkH NdKav

• w;HjYH NdKav

• iqfLdamfNda.S NdKav

• nd, NdKav

• wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj Ok w.hla .kakd NdKav idudkH NdKav jk nj'

• wdodhï b,a ï kuH;d ix.=Klh 1 g jvd jeä w.hla .kakd NdKav iqfLdamfNda.S

NdKav jk nj'

• wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh 1 g jvd wvq w.hla .kakd NdKav w;HjYH

NdKav jk nj'

• w;HjYH NdKav i|yd iuyr wjia:dj, § wdodhu fjkia jqj o b,a¨ï m%udKh

fjkia fkdjk wjia:d o mj;sk nj'

• wdodhu jeäjk úg b,aü wvqjk NdKav nd, NdKav f,i y÷kajk w;r tys

kuH;d ix.=Klh RK w.hla .kakd nj'

• fuu iïnkaO;dj my; mßÈ jl%hla u.ska fmkaúh yels nj'

• NdKavfha iajNdjh" mdßfNda.slhd isák wdodhï ldKavh wdÈh wdodhï b,a¨ï

kuH;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl jk nj'

• wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;djfha m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alu my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj'

• wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh wkqj NdKav m%fNao l< yels ùu'

• ck lKavdhï w;r wdodhï mr;rh y÷kd.; yels ùu'

wdodhu(Y)

0

1<

0 - 1

> 1b,a¨ï m%udKh

(Qd)

-62-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'9 ((((( fjf<|fmd<l iemhqu ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl

úYaf,aIKh lrhs'



• iemhqu w¾: olajñka wdh;khl iemhqu yd fjf<|fmd< iemhqu w;r fjki

ikaikaokh lrhs'

• iemhqug n,mdk idOl kï lr ta tla tla idOlhg iemhqug n,mdk wdldrh

ú.%y lrhs'

• iemhqug n,mdk idOl yd iemhqu w;r iïnkaO;dj Ys%;hla weiqfrka fmkajhs'


• ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a fjf<|fmd<g iemhSug

leu;s" iemhSug yelshdj we;s" iemhSug iQodkï NdKav m%udKh iemhqu nj'

• NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla fjf<|fmd<g imhkq ,nkafka kï" bka my; i|yka

lreKq woyia jk nj'

• ksIamdokhg wjYH iïm;a yd ;dlaIKh wdh;kh i;= jk nj'

• tu NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍfuka wdh;khg ,dNhla Wmhd .; yels nj'

• tu NdKav ksIamdokhg yd wf,úhg wdh;k ie,iqï fldg we;s nj'

• lsishï NdKavhla iïnkaOj" fjf<|fmd<g NdKav imhk tla wdh;khl iemhqu"

wdh;khl iemhqu nj yd ishü wdh;kj, iemhqfuys tl;=j fjf<|fmd<

iemhqu jk nj'

• wdh;k iemhqug my; i|yka idOl n,mdk nj'

• i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, (P)

• fhojqïj, ñ, (C)

• ;dlaIKh (T)

• iïnkaê; NdKavj, ñ, (Pn)

• ksIamdolhdf.a wfmalaId (Ex)

• rcfha m%;sm;a;s (G)

• fjk;a idOl (O)

-63-

• óg wu;rj fjf<|fmd< iemhqug fjf<|fmd< ;=< isák ksIamdolhka ixLHdj

(N) n,mdk nj'

• iemhqug n,mdk ishü idOl tla;eka lr my; i|yka mßÈ iemhqï Ys%;h

oelaúh yels nj'

QS = f {P, C, T, Pn, Ex, N, G,O}

• QS mrdh;a; úp,H jk w;r wfkla idOl iajdh;a; úp,H jk nj'

• iemhqug n,mdk by; ishü idOl yd iemhqu w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj iemhqï

kHdh nj'

-64-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'10ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'10ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'10ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'10ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'10 ((((( ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh w;r iïnkaO;dj úuihs'



• iemhqï kS;sh ks¾jpkh lrhs'

• ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaOh ú.%y l< yels l%u fm<.iajhs'

• iemhqï kS;shg fya;= bÈßm;a lrhs'

• ixLHd o;a; mokï lrf.k iemhqï jl%h yd iólrKh f.dv k.hs'



• iafõÉPdfjka bÈßm;a jk isiqjl= ,jd my; i|yka isoaêh mka;shg bÈßm;a

lrjkak'

tla;rd úoHd,hl wdmkYd,dfõ ;sßÕ= msá wvx.= wdydrj, iemhqu iïnkaOfhka"

isiqúhka úiska wdmkYd,d ysñhdf.ka úuiSula lrk ,§' ta wkqj Tyq ÿka ms<s;=r

my; mßÈ fõ'

—;sßÕ= msá wvx.= wdydrj, ñ, by< hk ksid wms tajdfha iemhqï m%udKh jeä

lrkjd' fudlo wfma ,dNh jeäjk ksid' wksl yd,amsá wvx.= wdydrj, ñ,

fjkila fjkafk;a kEfka' ta Wkdg ;sßÕ= msá wvx.= wdydrj, ñ, my< .shfyd;a

wms tajdfha iemhqï m%udKh wvq lrkjd' ñ, wkqj ;uhs wms ksIamdokh lrk

m%udKh ;SrKh lrkafka'˜

• my; i|yka lreKq bÈßm;a lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

• hï ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< lsishï NdKavhla i|yd fjf<|fmdf<a

mej;sh yels úl,am ñ,j, § ksIamdolhka úiska iemhSug leu;s" iemhSug

yelshdj we;s yd imhkq ,nk úúO m%udK —iemhqu˜ hkafkka woyia jk nj'

• NdKavfha ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh w;r Ok iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj yd th

iemhqï kS;sh nj'


fhdojkak'

-65-


• my; i|yka ud;Dld w;=ßka Tn lKavdhug ,eî we;s ud;Dldj flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lrkak'

• Wmq,sf.a iemhqu

• jðrdksf.a iemhqu

• ,ika;sf.a iemhqu

• uq¿ fjf<|fmd< iemhqu

• Tng § we;s isoaê wOHhkh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• Tnf.a ud;Dldjg wod< j my; i|yka oE bÈßm;a lrkak'

• iemhqï jl%h

• iemhqï iólrKh

• ñ, jeäjk úg jeämqr iemhSug fya;=


isoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkh

X NdKavh iïnkaOfhka fjf<|fmdf<a iemhqïlrejka jkafka Wmq,s" jðrdks yd

,ika;s muKs' Tjqka ;sfokd úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a fjf<|fmd<g imhk m%udK

my; mßÈ fõ' fuu wjia:dfõ wod< NdKavfha ñ, yer wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr

nj i,lkak'

X NdKavfhaNdKavfhaNdKavfhaNdKavfhaNdKavfhañ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,re're're're're'

10

15

Wmq,sf.aWmq,sf.aWmq,sf.aWmq,sf.aWmq,sf.aiemhquiemhquiemhquiemhquiemhqutalltalltalltalltall

100

150

jðrdksf.ajðrdksf.ajðrdksf.ajðrdksf.ajðrdksf.aiemhquiemhquiemhquiemhquiemhqutalltalltalltalltall

300

400

,ika;sf.a,ika;sf.a,ika;sf.a,ika;sf.a,ika;sf.aiemhquiemhquiemhquiemhquiemhqutalltalltalltalltall

150

300

uq¿uq¿uq¿uq¿uq¿fjf<|fmd<fjf<|fmd<fjf<|fmd<fjf<|fmd<fjf<|fmd<

iemhquiemhquiemhquiemhquiemhqutalltalltalltalltall

550

850

-66-


• ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh w;r Ok iïnkaO;dj iemhqqï kS;sh nj'

• iemhqï kS;sh wdldr ;=klg m%ldY l< yels nj'

• iemhqï f,aLkh

• iemhqï jl%h

• iemhqï iólrKh

• iemhqï kS;shg wkql+,j iemhqï jl%h Ok nEjqulska hqla; nj'

• iemhqï iólrKh my; mßÈ Ok iïnkaO;dfjka hqla; jk nj tkï" nEjqu

Ok jk nj'

• fufia ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh w;r Ok iïnkaO;djla mej;Sug fya;=j fyj;a

iemhqï kS;shg fya;=j jeäjk wdjiaÓl msßjeh nj'

• fjf<|fmdf<a tla tla iemhqïlrejkaf.a iemhqï m%udKhkaf.a tl;=j

fjf<|fmdf<a iemhqï m%udKh jk nj'

}QsPQ

Pa +

-67-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'11ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'11ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'11ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'11ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'11 ((((( iemhqï m%udKh fjkiaùu yd iemhqu fjkiaùu w;r fjki

ixikaokh lrhs'



• NdKavhl iemhqï m%udKh iy iemhqu fjkiaùug n,mdk idOl fjka fjka j

bÈßm;a lrhs'

• NdKavhl ñ, fjkiajk úg iemhqï m%udKh fjkiajk wdldrh iemhqï jl%hla

weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• NdKavhl ñ, ia:djr j mj;sk úg wfkl=;a idOl fjkiaùu wkqj iemhqu

fjkiajk wdldrh iemhqï jl%h weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'


• iemhqu ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § i,ld

n,k NdKavfha ñ, fjkiajk úg iemhqï m%udKh fjkia jk nj'

• iemhqu ;SrKh lrk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha

ñ, wvqjk úg iemhqï m%udKh wvq ùu ksid iemhqï jl%h u; msysá ,laIH

iemhqï jl%h Èf.a my<g .uka lrk nj'

• iemhqu ;SrKh lrk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha

ñ, jeäjk úg iemhqï m%udKh jeä ù iemhqï jl%h u; mssysá ,laIH jl%h Èf.a

by<g hk nj'

• i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ia:djr j ;sìh § iemhqu ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk

wfkl=;a idOl fjkiaùu ksid iemhqu wvqùu fyda jeäùu isÿjk nj'

• iemhqu jeä jQ úg iemhqï jl%h ol=Kg ú;ekajk nj'

• my; i|yka isÿùï iemhqï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka ùu fya;=jk nj'

• iïnkaê; NdKavhl ñ, wvqùu

• ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .kakd fhojqïj, ñ, wvqùu

• ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq ùu

-68-

• wkd.;fha § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, jeäfj;ehs wfmalaId lsÍu

• fjf<|fmdf<a isák iemhqïlrejka ixLHdj jeäùu

• rch úiska ksIamdolhdg iykdOdr iemhSu

• iemhqu wvq jQ úg iemhqï jl%h jug ú;ekajk nj'

• iemhqï jl%h jug ú;ekaùug my; i|yka isÿùï n,mdk nj'

• iïnkaê; NdKavhl ñ, jeäùu

• ksIamdokhg fhdod .kakd fhojqï ñ, jeäùu

• ;dlaIKh h,a mekSu

• wkd.;fha § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, wvqfj;ehs wfmalaId lsÍu

• fjf<|fmdf<a isák iemhqïlrejka ixLHdj wvqùu

• rch úiska ksIamdolhdf.ka nÿ wh lsÍu

-69-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'12ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'12ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'12ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'12ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'12 ((((( iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj wkqj fjf<|fmd<l ;d¾lslj ;SrK

.kakd whqre úuihs'



• iemhqï kuH;dj w¾: olajñka th .Kkh lrk wdldr úia;r lrhs'

• fok ,o o;a; mokï lrf.k iemhqï kuH;dj .Kkh lr olajhs'

• iemhqï iólrKh imhd we;s úg ksYaÑ; ñ,la hgf;a iemhqï kuH;dj .Kkh

lr fmkajhs'

• iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klh mokï lr .ksñka iemhqï kuH;dfõ úúO wjia:d

fm<.iajhs'

• iemhqï kuH;dj yd iemhqï jl%fha nEjqu w;r iïnkaO;dj úia;r lrhs'

• iemhqï kuH;dj ;SrKh lsÍug n,mdk idOl ú.%y lrhs'

• iemhqï kuH;dj úúO wd¾Ól ú.%y i|yd fhdod .kakd wdldrh ksoiqka

weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'


• ,laIH iemhqï kuH;djh hkq" hï wjia:djl § iemhqï jl%h u; msysá ,laIhl

fyda Bg wdikak ;;a;ajhl § kuH;dj .Kkh lsÍu nj'

• ñ, iemhqï ,laIH kuH;d iQ;%h my; oelafjk nj'

• pdm iemhqï kuH;dj hkq" lsishï wjia:djl § iemhqï jl%hl hï ,laI folla

w;r kuH;dj .Kkh lsÍu nj'

• ñ, iemhqï pdm kuH;d iQ;%h my; wdldrhg oelaúh yels nj'

}ES PQS X

QS

P

}ES PQS X Qs1+QS2

P1+P2

-70-

• kuH;d ix.=Klhg wod<j iemhqï kuH;d wjia:d myla my; mßÈ oelaúh

yels nj'

• kuH iemhqï kuH;dj

• wkuH iemhqï kuH;dj

• talSh iemhqï kuH;dj

• mQ¾K wkuH iemhqï kuH;dj

• mQ¾K kuH iemhqï kuH;dj

• kuH iemhqï ;;a;ajh fmkakqï lrk iemhqï jl%h ñ, wlaIh iu. iïuqL ù

Ok wka;#LKavhla iys;jk nj'

• wkuH iemhqï ;;a;ajfha § iemhqï jl%h m%udK wlaIhg iïuqL ù RK

wka;#LKavhla iys;jk nj'

• iemhqï jl%h uQ,h yryd .uka lrkúg iemhqï kuH;dj talSh kuH;dfjka

hqla; nj'

• by; ;;a;ajj,g wu;r j mQ¾K kuH iemhqu yd mQ¾K wkuH iemhqï o mj;sk

nj'

• iemhqï jl%h ñ, wlaIhg iudka;rj .uka lrk úg iemhqï kuH;dj mQ¾K

wkuH fyj;a ix.=Klh 0 la nj'

• iemhqï jl%h m%udK wlaIhg iudka;rj .uka lrk úg iemhqï kuH;dj mQ¾K

kuH fyj;a ix.=Klh wmßñ; ( ) jk nj'

• ñ, .Kka fjkiaùulg wkqj úúO NdKavj, iemhqï m%udKh úúO wdldrhg

fjkiaùug fya;= jk idOl we;s nj'

• my; i|yka mßÈ iemhqï kuH;d ;Srl oelaúh yels nj'

• idOl ixp,kh lsÍfï yelshdj

• iemhSug .;jk ld,h

• f;d. mj;ajd .ekSfï yelshdj ksIamdok Odß;dj

• NdKavfha iajNdjh

• b,a¨ï ;;a;ajfha fjkilg wkqj ñf,a isÿlrkq ,nk fjki ;SrKh jkafka

iemhqï kuH;dj mokï lrf.k nj'

• noaola mekùfï § mdßfNda.slhd yd ksIamdolhd w;r nÿnr fn§ hdu ;SrKh ùug

iemhqï kuH;dj n,mdk nj'

• iykdOdrh imhk NdKavfha iemhqu kuH kï iykdOdrfha jeä jdish

mdßfNda.slhdg ysñjk nj'

• wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh i|yd iemhqï kuH;dj jeo.;a jk nj'

-71-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'13ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'13ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'13ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'13ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'13 ((((( fjf<|fmd<l ñ, ;SrKh jk wdldrh úuihs'



• fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h w¾: olajhs'

• fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fmkaúh yels úl,am l%u kï lrhs'

• b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk wdY%fhka fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fmkajhs'

• m%ia;dr weiqfrka fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fmkajhs'

• b,a ï yd iemhqï iólrK weiqfrka fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h .Kkh lr fmkajhs'

• wê b,aü yd wê iemhqu ks¾jpkh lrñka tajd m%ia;dr u.ska fmkajhs'

• wê b,a¨ï ñ, iy wê iemhqï ñ, ks¾jpkh lrñka tajd m%ia;dr weiqßka

fmkajhs'

• mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h iy ksIamdol w;sßla;h ks¾jpkh lrñka m%ia;dßlj

ksrEmKh lrhs'

• mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h yd ksIamdol w;sßla;h .Kkh lr fmkajhs'


• fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h b,a¨ï yd iemhqï n,fõ. u; ;SrKh jk nj'

• fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h m%ldY l< yels m%Odk l%u ;=kla mj;sk nj'

• b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLkhla u.ska

• m%ia;dr u.ska

• iólrK u.ska

• fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h wdYs%; ixl,am lsysmhla mj;sk w;r tajd my; mßÈ

oelaúh yels nj'

• wê b,aü

• wê iemhqu

• wê b,a¨ï ñ,

• wê iemhqï ñ,

• mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h

• ksIamdol w;sßla;h

-72-

• mj;akd ñf,a§ iemhqï lrk m%udKh blaujd mj;sk b,aü wê b,aü nj'

• mj;akd ñf,a§ b,a¨ï lrk m%udKh blaujd mj;sk iemhqu wê iemhqu nj'

• fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd my< ñ,j, § wê b,a¨ï ñ,la mj;sknj'

• fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd by< ñ,j, § wê iemhqï ñ,la mj;sk nj'

• fjf<|fmdf<a iu;=,s; NdKav m%udKh i|yd mdßfNda.slhka f.ùug leu;s

ñ,;a i;H jYfhka u Tyq f.jk ñ,;a w;r fjki mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h nj'

• ksIamdok w;sßla;h hkq" iemhqïlrejka NdKav i|yd wfmalaId lrk wju ñ,;a

Tjqkag i;H jYfhka ,efnk ñ,;a w;r fjki nj'

• mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h yd ksIamdol w;sßla;h my; m%ia;drh wdY%fhka fmkaúh

yels nj'

• m%ia;drhg wkqj BDF ;s%fldaKfha j¾.M,fhka mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h fmkaúh

yels nj'

• my; oelafjk iQ;%h weiqßka mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h .Kkh l< yels nj'

• m%ia;drhg wkqj ABF fldgfia j¾.M,fhka ksIamdol w;sßla;h fmkaúh yels

nj'

• my; oelafjk iQ;%h weiqßka ksIamdol w;sßla;h .Kkh l< yels nj

^Wmßu b,a¨ï ñ, - iu;=,s; ñ,& x iu;=,s; m%udKh

2mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h }

îu;=,s; ñ, - wju iemhqï ñ,& x iu;=,s; m%udKh

2ksIamdol w;sßla;h }

S

D

A

B

m%udKhm%udKhm%udKhm%udKhm%udKh

^tall&^tall&^tall&^tall&^tall&

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,

1

6

5

3

4

8

7

2

F

0 D

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h

ksIamdol w;sßla;h

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

-73-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'14ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'14ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'14ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'14ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'14 ((((( b,aü yd iemhqu fjkiaùu wkqj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h

fjkiajk wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'



• fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkiajk wdldr úia;r lrhs'

• fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkiajk wdldr m%ia;dr weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'


• fjf<|fmd<l b,aü fyda iemhqu fyda b,aü iy iemhqu hk folu fyda

fjkiaùu u; fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkiajk nj'

• fuh my; mßÈ igyklska fmkaúh yels nj'

b,aü yd iemhqu

wvqùu

b,aü jeäù iemhqu

wvqùu

b,aü wvqù iemhqu

jeäùu

fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkiajk wjia:d

iemhqu ia:djr j ;sìh

§ b,aü muKla

fjkiaùu

b,aü yd iemhqu

fjkiaùu

b,aü ia:djr j ;sìh §

iemhqu muKla

fjkiaùu

b,aü wvqùu b,aü jeäùu iemhqu wvqùu iemhqu jeäùu

b,aü yd iemhqu

jeäùu

-74-

• fjf<|fmd< n,fõ. fjkiaùu u; iu;=,s;h fjkiajk wdldr m%ia;dr u.ska

ú.%y l< yels nj'

ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka ( iemhqu ia:djr j ;sìh § b,aü wvqjk wjia:djl § iu;=,s;h

fjkia ùu

A = b,aü fjkiaùug fmr iu;=,s;h

B = b,aü fjkiaùug miq kj iu;=,s;h

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,


P1P2

0 Q2 Q1

D1

iemhqï jl%h (S)

B

A

b,a¨ï jl%h (D)

-75-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'15ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'15ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'15ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'15ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'15 ((((( ksIamdok nÿ fjf<|fmd< ls%hdldß;ajhg n,mdk wdldrh

úuihs'



• ksIamdolhd u; tall nÿ mekùu iy jákdlu u; nÿ mekùu w;r fjki

ixikaokd;aul j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• ksIamdolhd u; tall noaola mekjQ úg fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h flfrys we;s

lrk n,mEu f,aLk" m%ia;dr iy iólrK weiqfrka fmkajhs'

• ksIamdolhd u; tall noaola mek jQ úg mdßfNda.sl meyeou" jHdmdßl wdodhu

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h" ksIamdol w;sßla;h" rcfha wdodhu iy iudc iqNidOkh

flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu m%ia;dr yd iólrK fhdod .ksñka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• ksIamdolhd u; jákdlu wkqj noaola mek jQ úg fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h

flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu f,aLk" m%ia;dr iy iólrK u.ska bÈßm;a lrhs'

• ksIamdolhd u; jákdlu u; noaola mek jQ úg mdßfNda.sl meye§u" jHdmdßl

wdodhu" mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h" ksIamdol w;sßla;h" rcfha wdodhu iy iudc

iqnidOkh flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu m%ia;dr yd iólrK fhdod .ksñka

meyeÈ,s lrhs'


• my; i|yka mßÈ fowdldrhg ksIamdolhd u; nÿ mekúh yels nj'

• tall nÿ

• jákdlu u; nÿ

• ksIamdokh lr wf,ú lrk tla tallhla u; ksYaÑ; nÿ uqo,la wh lsÍu tall

noaola nj'

• tall noaola mekùu my; i|yka mßÈ ksoiqklska bÈßm;a l< yels nj'

noaog fmrnoaog fmrnoaog fmrnoaog fmrnoaog fmrñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,

10

50

tall noaotall noaotall noaotall noaotall noao

10

10

noaog miqnoaog miqnoaog miqnoaog miqnoaog miqñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,

20

60

iemhqïiemhqïiemhqïiemhqïiemhqïm%udKhm%udKhm%udKhm%udKhm%udKh

100

500

b,a¨ïb,a¨ïb,a¨ïb,a¨ïb,a¨ïm%udKhm%udKhm%udKhm%udKhm%udKh

500

100

-76-

• fuys § NdKav tallhla u; re' 10 l noaola mkjd we;' noafoka miq fjf<|fmd<

iu;=,s;h flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu rEm igyfka oelafõ'

• tall noaola mekùu ksid my; i|yka m%;súmdl we;s jk nj'

• mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ, re' 30 isg 35 olajd jeä h'

• ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ, re' 30 isg 25 olajd wvq fõ'

• iu;=,s; m%udKh tall 300 isg 250 olajd wvqùu'

• mdßfNda.sl meyeou 30x300 isg 35x250 olajd fjkia fõ'

• jHdmdßl o< whNdrh 30x300 isg 35x250 olajd fjkia fõ'

• mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h A+B+C+D isg A olajd wvq fõ'

• ksIamdol w;sßla;h H+G+F+I+J isg I+J olajd wvq fõ'

• mdßfNda.sl yd ksIamdol w;sßla;h B+C+D+F+G+H m%udKhlska wvq fõ'

• rchg" B+C+G+H m%udKhl nÿ wdodhula ,eîu'

• D+F m%udKhlska iudc iqnidOkh wvqùu'

• B+C m%udKhla mdßfNda.slhdg nÿ nr orkakg ùu'

• G+H m%udKhla ksIamdolhdg nÿ nr orkakg ùu'

• tall noaola mekùu my; i|yka mßÈ iólrK u.ska ú.%y l< yels nj'

noaog fmr iemhqï iólrKh [Qs=a+bp]

noaog miq iemhqï iólrKh [Qst=a+b(P-T)]

T= tall noao

I

H

K

DG

C

A

B


100 200250

300 400 500 600

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,

10

40

35

25

30

60

50

20

(St) noaog miq iemhqï jl%h noaog miq iemhqï jl%h noaog miq iemhqï jl%h noaog miq iemhqï jl%h noaog miq iemhqï jl%h

J

F

tall noaotall noaotall noaotall noaotall noao

(S) noaog fmr iemhqï jl%h noaog fmr iemhqï jl%h noaog fmr iemhqï jl%h noaog fmr iemhqï jl%h noaog fmr iemhqï jl%h

-77-

ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (ksoiqka (

• tla;rd NdKavhl b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK

Qd = 600- 10P

Qs = 10P fõ'

• NdKav tallhla i|yd re' 10 l noaola wh lrhs' noaog miq iemhqï iólrKh

Qst = 10 (P-T)

Qst = 10 (P-10)

Qst = 10P - 100 fõ'

• noaog fmr iu;=,s; ñ, yd m%udKh

Qd = Qs Qd = 600 - 10P

600 - 10P = 10P Qd = 600 - 10x30

600 = 20P Qd = 300

30 = P

iu;=,s; ñ, re' 30

iu;=,s; m%udKh 300

• noaog miq iu;=,s; ñ, yd m%udKh

Qd = Qst

600-10P = 10P-100 Qd= 600-10P

700 = 20P Qd=600-10x35

35=P Qd = 250

• jákdlu u; noaola mekùu my; i|yka mßÈ ksoiqklska fmkaúh yels nj'

noaog fmrnoaog fmrnoaog fmrnoaog fmrnoaog fmrñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,

10

40

jákdlu u;jákdlu u;jákdlu u;jákdlu u;jákdlu u;50] l noao50] l noao50] l noao50] l noao50] l noao

noaog miqnoaog miqnoaog miqnoaog miqnoaog miqñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,

15

60


100

400


500

100

510050

=

2010050

=

10 x

40 x

-78-

Qst=a+b P

1+t

fuys § wf,ú jákdlu u; 50] l noaola mkjd we;' noafoka miq fjf<|fmd<

iu;=,s;h flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu m%ia;dr igyfka oela fõ'

Pb } mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ,

Ps } ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ,

• mdßfNda.slhdg f.jk ñ, re' 30 isg 36 olajd jeä ù we;'

• ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ, re' 30 isg 24 olajd wvq ù we;'

• iu;=,s; m%udKh tall 300 isg 240 olajd wvq ù we;'

• mdßfNda.sl meyeou 30x300 isg 36x240 olajd fjkia ù we;'

• jHdmdßlhdg ,efnk o< wdodhu 30x300 isg 36x240 olajd fjkia ù we;'

• mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h A+B+C+E isg A olajd wvq ù we;'

• ksIamdol w;sßla;h H+G+F+I+J isg I+J olajd wvq ù we;'

• mdßfNda.sl yd ksIamdol w;sßla;h B+C+E+F+G+H m%udKfhka wvq ù we;'

• noao u.ska rchg B+C+G+H m%udKhl wdodhula ,efí'

• iudc iqnidOkh E+F m%udKhlska wvq ù we;'

• mdßfNda.slhdg B+C m%udKhl nÿ nrla orkakg isÿ fõ'

• ksIamdolhdg G+H m%udKhl nÿ nrla orkakg isÿ fõ'

• jákdlu u; noaola mekùu my; i|yka mßÈ iólrK u.ska ú.%y l< yels nj'

noaog fmr iemhqï iólrKh Qs=a+bp

noaog miq iemhqï iólrKh

T= nÿ m%;sY;h

100 200 300 400 500

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,

I

H

K

E

G

C

A

B

m%udKhm%udKhm%udKhm%udKhm%udKh240

600

10

40

36

24

30

6050

20

D

J

F

0

(Pb)

(Ps)

(St) noaog miq iemhqï jl%h noaog miq iemhqï jl%h noaog miq iemhqï jl%h noaog miq iemhqï jl%h noaog miq iemhqï jl%h

(S) noaog fmr iemhqï jl%h noaog fmr iemhqï jl%h noaog fmr iemhqï jl%h noaog fmr iemhqï jl%h noaog fmr iemhqï jl%h

-79-


• tla;rd NdKavhl b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK

Qd = 600- 10P

Qs = 10P fõ'

• wf,ú jákdlu u; 50] l noaola mek jQ miq iemhqï iólrKh

• noaog fmr iu;=,s; ñ, yd m%udKh

Qd = Qs Qd = 600 - 10P

600 - 10P = 10P Qd = 600 - 10x30

600 = 20P Qd = 300

30 = P

• noaog miq mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ,

600-10P =

600 = 10P +

600 =

600 =

36 = P

Qst=10 P

1+t

Qst=10 P

1+0.5

Qst=a+b 10P

1.5

10P1.5

10P1.5

30P +20P 3

50P 3

-80-

mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ,

1+tnoaog miq ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ, }

noaog miq iu;=,s; m%udKh

Qd = 600 - 10P

Qd = 600 - 10x36

Qd = 240

36

1+0.5}

36

1.5}

} 24

Wmßu b,a¨ï ñ, fiùu

Qd = 600 - 10P

O = 600 - 10P

10P = 600

P = 60

} ^60-30& 300

2} 4500

^60-36& x 240

2} 2880}

noao ksid mdßfNda.sl

w;sßla;fha wvqùu4500-2880 } 1620}

}

^30-0& 300

2} 4500}

noaog miq mdßfNda.sl

w;sßla;h

^Wmßu b,a¨ï ñ, -

mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ,&

2

X iu;=,s; m%udKh}

noaog fmr mdßfNda.sl

w;sßla;h


mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ,&

2

X iu;=,s; m%udKh}

noaog fmr ksIamdok

w;sßla;h

^ksIamdolhdg ,efnk

ñ, - wju ñ,&

2

X iu;=,s; m%udKh

-81-

wju ñ, fiùu

Qs = 10P

O = 10P

O = P

^24-0& 240

2} 2880}

noao ksid ksIamdol

w;sßla;h wvqùu4500-2880 } 1620}

tall noaO } mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ, - ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ,

} 36 - 24

} 12

noao ksid iudchg wysñ jk iqn idOkh } 3240 - 2880

} 360

mdßfNda.slhd ork uq¿ nÿ nr } 6x240 } 1440

ksIamdolhd ork uq¿ nÿ nr } 6x240 } 1440

}

noao ksid mdßfNda.sl

yd ksIamdol w;ssßla;h

wvqùu

1620+1620 } 3240}

noafoka rchg ,efnk

wdodhu12x240 } 2880}

noaog miq ksIamdol

w;sßla;h

îykdOdrhg miq ksIamdolhdg

,efnk ñ, - wju ñ,&

2

X iu;=,s; m%udKh

-82-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'16ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'16ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'16ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'16ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'16 ((((( b,a¨ï kuH;dj yd iemhqï kuH;dj wkqj nÿ nr fn§ hk

wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'



• b,a¨ï yd iemhqï kuH;dfõ iajrEm u; nÿ nr mdßfNda.slhd yd ksIamdolhd

w;r fn§ hk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

• m%ia;dr igyka weiqßka nÿ nr fn§ hk wdldrh bÈßm;a lrhs'


• b,a¨ï yd iemhqï kuH;dj u; nÿ nr fn§ hk wdldrh m%ia;dr igyka u.ska

meyeÈ,s l< yels nj'

• mQ¾K wkuH b,aüla mj;sk úg uq¿ nÿ nr mdßfNda.slhd úiska ork nj'

• mQ¾K kuH b,aüla mj;sk úg uq¿ nÿ nr ksIamdolhd úiska ork nj'

• talSh kuH b,aüla mj;sk úg nÿ nr ksIamdolhd yd mdßfNda.slhd w;r

iudkj fn§ hk nj'

• wkuH b,a ula mj;sk úg nÿ nfrka jeä fldgila mdßfNda.slhd u; megfjk

w;r ksIamdolhd orkafka wvq nÿ nrla nj'

• kuH b,aüla mj;sk úg nÿ nfrka jeä fldgila ksIamdolhd ork w;r

mdßfNda.slhd u; wvq nÿ nrla megfjk nj'

• mQ¾K wkuH iemhqula mj;sk úg uq¿ nÿ nr ksIamdolhka úiska ork nj'

• mQ¾K kuH iemhqula mj;sk úg uq¿ nÿ nr mdßfNda.slhd úiska ork nj'

• talSh kuH iemhqula mj;sk úg nÿ nr ksIamdolhd iy mdßfNda.slhd w;r

iudkj fn§ hk nj'

• wkuH iemhqula mj;sk úg nÿ nßka jeä fldgila ksIamdolhka úiska ork nj'

• kuH iemhqula mj;sk úg nÿ nßka jeä fldgila mdßfNda.slhka úiska ork

nj'

-83-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'17ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'17ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'17ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'17ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'17 ((((( ksIamdok iykdOdr fjf<|fmd< ls%hdldÍ;ajh flfrys

n,mdk wdldrh úuihs'



• ksIamdolhd fj; iykdOdr ,nd fok l%u kïlr tajd w;r fjki meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

• ksIamdolhd fj; tall iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿkaúg fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h flfrys

we;s lrk n,mEu f,aLk" m%ia;dr iy iólrK wdOdrfhka ú.%y lrhs'

• ksIamdolhd fj; tall iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿka miq" mdßfNda.sl meyeou" jHdmdßl

wdodhu" mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h" ksIamdok w;sßla;h" rcfha wdodhu iy rcfha

úhou flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu m%ia;dr yd iólrK fhdod .ksñka ú.%y lrhs'

• ksIamdolhdg jákdlu wkqj iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿkaúg fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h

flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu f,aLk" m%ia;dr iy iólrK weiqfrka fmkajhs'

• ksIamdolhd fj; jákdlu wkqj iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿka miq mdßfNda.sl meyeou

jHdmdßl wdodhu" mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h" ksIamdok w;sßla;h" rcfha úhou iy

iudciqnidOkh flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu m%ia;dr yd iólrK u.ska ú.%y

lrhs'


• my; i|yka mßÈ fowdldrhg ksIamdolhd u; iykdOdr iemhsh yels nj'

• tall iykdOdr

• jákdlu u; iykdOdr

• ksIamdokh lrk tla tallhla u; ksYaÑ; uqo,la iemhSu tall iykdOdrhla

nj'

• tall iykdOdrhla iemhSu my; i|yka mßÈ ksoiqkla u.ska bÈßm;a l< yels

nj'

iykdOdrhgiykdOdrhgiykdOdrhgiykdOdrhgiykdOdrhgfmr ñ,fmr ñ,fmr ñ,fmr ñ,fmr ñ,

10

50

talltalltalltalltalliykdOdrhiykdOdrhiykdOdrhiykdOdrhiykdOdrh

10

10

iykdOdrhgiykdOdrhgiykdOdrhgiykdOdrhgiykdOdrhgmiq ñ,miq ñ,miq ñ,miq ñ,miq ñ,

0

40


100

500


500

100

-84-

• fuys § NdKav tallhla i|yd re' 10 l iykdOdrhla imhd we;' iykdOdrfhka

miq fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu rEm igyfka oela fõ'

• ksIamdolhdg tall iykdOdrhla iemhSu ksid my; i|yka m%;súmdl we;sjk

nj'

• mdßfNda.slhd f.úh hq;= ñ, re' 30 isg 25 olajd wvq fõ'

• ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ, re' 30 isg 35 olajd jeä fõ'

• iu;=,s; m%udKh tall 300 isg 350 olajd jeä fõ'

• jHdmdßl o< whNdrh 30x300 isg 25x350 olajd fjkia fõ'

• mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h A+B isg A+B+I+H+G olajd jeä fõ'

• ksIamdol w;sßla;h I+J isg I+J+B+C olajd jeä fõ'

• mdßfNda.sl yd ksIamdol w;sßla;h B+C+I+H+G m%udKhlska jeä fõ'

• rchg" B+C+F+G+H+I m%udKhl iykdOdr msßjehla we;s fõ'

• th mdßfNda.sl yd ksIamdol w;sßla;h hk foflysu m%udKhg jvd jeä h'

• tu ksid F m%udKhlska iudc iqnidOkh wvq fõ'

• iykdOdrfhka mdßfNda.slhdg ,efnk jdish I+H+G fõ'

• iykdOdrfhka ksIamdolhdg ,efnk jdish B+C fõ'

• tall iykdOdrhla ,nd §u my; i|yka mßÈ iólrK u.ska ú.%y l< yels nj'

iykdOdrhg fmr iemhqï iólrKh [Qs=a+bp]

iykdOdrhg miq iemhqï iólrKh [Qst=a+b(P+S)]

S = tall iykdOdrh" S = 10

(S1) iykdOdrhg iykdOdrhg iykdOdrhg iykdOdrhg iykdOdrhg

miq iemhqï jl%hmiq iemhqï jl%hmiq iemhqï jl%hmiq iemhqï jl%hmiq iemhqï jl%hksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ,ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ,ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ,ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ,ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ,

I H

K

D

G

C

A

B


350

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,

35

25

30

60

J

F

0

300

mdßfNda. slhd f.jk ñ,mdßfNda. slhd f.jk ñ,mdßfNda. slhd f.jk ñ,mdßfNda. slhd f.jk ñ,mdßfNda. slhd f.jk ñ,

(S) iykdOdrhg fmr iykdOdrhg fmr iykdOdrhg fmr iykdOdrhg fmr iykdOdrhg fmr

iemhqï jl%h iemhqï jl%h iemhqï jl%h iemhqï jl%h iemhqï jl%h

-85-

• jákdlu u; iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿkaúg my; i|yka mßÈ iólrK u.ska ú.%y

l< yels nj'

noaog fmr iemhqï iólrKh Qs=a+bp

noaog miq iemhqï iólrKh

S= iykdOdr m%;sY;h


tla;rd NdKavhl b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK my; oela fõ'

Qd = 600- 10P

Qs = 10P fõ'

NdKav tallhla i|yd re' 10 l iykdOdrhla iemhSfuka miq iemhqï iólrKh

my; oela fõ'

QS1 = 10 (P+S)

S = 10

QS1 = 10 (P+10)

QS1 = 10P+100

noaog fmr iu;=,s; ñ, yd m%udKh

QS1 = Qd Qd = 600 - 10P

10P+100 = 600 - 10P Qd = 600 - 10x25

20P = 500 Qd = 600- 250

P = 25 Qd = 350

iykdOdrhg miq mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ, re' 25

iykdOdrhg miq ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ, re' 25+10}35

• mdßfNda.sl yd ksIamdol w;sßla;h B+C+G+H+I m%udKhlska jeä fõ'

• iykdOdrh ksid rchg B+C+E+F+G+H+I m%udKhl iykdOdrh úhoula oeÍug

isÿ fõ'

• iudc iqnidOkh E+F m%udKhlska wvq ù we;'

• iykdOdrhlska mdßfNda.slhdg I+H+G+F m%udKhl jdishla ,efí'

• iykdOrfhka ksIamdolhdg B+C+E m%udKhl jdishla ,efí'

Qst=a+b P

1-S

-86-


tla;rd NdKavhl b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK

Qd = 600- 10P

Qs = 10P fõ'

wf,ú jákdlu u; 50] iykdOdrhla iemhQ miq iemhqï iólrKh

noaog fmr iu;=,s; ñ, yd m%udKh

Qd = Qs Qd = 600 - 10P

600 - 10P = 10P Qd = 600 - 10x30

600 = 20P Qd = 300

30 = P

QS1=10 P

1-S

QS1=10 P

1-0.5

QS1=10 10P

0.5

QS1=20P

iykdOdrhg miq mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ, yd iu;=,s; m%udKh

Qd = QS1 Qd = 600 - 10P

600 - 10P = 20P Qd = 600 - 10x20

600 = 30P Qd = 600-200

20 = P Qd = 400

-87-

iykdOdrhg miq ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ,

ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ, (Ps) }

} 40

mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ, (Pb)

1+S

20

1+0.5}

20

0.5}

wju ñ, fiùu

QS = 10P

O = 10P

O = P

} ^30-0& 300

2

= 4500

noaog fmr ksIamdok

w;sßla;h

^ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ,

- wju ñ,&

2

X iu;=,s; m%udKh}

iykdOdrhg miq

ksIamdok w;sßla;h

îykdOdrhg miq ksIamdolhdg

,efnk ñ, - wju ñ,&

2

X iu;=,s; m%udKh}

} ^40-0& 400

2} 8000

Wmßu ñ, fiùu

Qd = 600-10P

10P = 600

P = 60

}

iykdOdrhg fmr



mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ,& X

2

iu;=,s; m%udKh

^60-30& 300

2

} 4500

}

-88-

} 8000

iykdOdrhg fmr

ksIamdol yd


4500+4500 } 9000}

}

iykdOdrhg miq


^Wmßu b,a¨ï ñ, - iykdOdrhg

miq mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ,&

2

X iu;=,s; m%udKh

iykdOdrhg miq

ksIamdol yd


8000+8000 } 16000}

iykdOdrh ksid jeä

jQ ksIamdol yd


16000-9000 } 7000}

iykdOdrh i|yd rch

ork úhou20x4000 } 8000}

iykdOdrh ksid wysñ

jQ iudc iqnidOkh

8000-7000

} 1000

}

^60-20& 400

2}

mdßfNda.slhdg ,efnk

uq¿ iykdOdr jdish10x400 } 4000}

ksIamdolhdg ,efnk

uq¿ iykdOdr jdish10x400 } 4000}

-89-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'18ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'18ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'18ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'18ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'18 ((((( ñ, md,kh fjf<|fmd< ls%hdldß;ajhg we;s lrk n,mEu

úuihs'



• ñ, md,kh ks¾jpkh lrhs'

• Wmßu ñ, m%;sm;a;sh w¾: olajd m%ia;dßl j ksrEmKh lrhs'

• Wmßu ñ, m%;sm;a;sfha m%;súmdl bÈßm;a lrhs'

• Wmßu ñ, m%;sm;a;sh w¾:j;a lr .ekSug .kakd ls%hdud¾. úia;r lrhs'

• wju ñ, m%;sm;a;sh w¾: olajd m%ia;dßlj ksrEmKh lrhs'

• wju ñ, m%;sm;a;sfha m%;súmdl bÈßm;a lrhs'

• wju ñ, m%;sm;a;sh w¾:j;a lr .ekSug .kakd ls%hdud¾. úia;r lrhs'

• iy;sl l< m%;sm;a;sh w¾: olajd m%ia;dßlj ksrEmKh lrhs'

• iy;sl ñ, m%;sm;a;sfha m%;súmdl bÈßm;a lrhs'


• b,a¨ï iemhqï n,fõ. u.ska ;SrKh jk fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h iudchg

wys;lr fj;ehs úYajdi lrkúg" rch úiska md,kh lrk ,o ñ, .Kka

y÷kajd §fï m%;sm;a;sh ñ, md,k m%;sm;a;sh nj'

• lsishï NdKavhla wf,ú l< yels Wmßu ñ, kS;sfhka kshu lsÍu" Wmßu ñ,

iSud mekùu nj'

• Wmßu ñ, iM, ùug kï" th iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd my< ñ,la úh hq;= nj'

• Wmßu ñ, iSudjla kshu lsÍu my; i|yka f,i m%ia;dr igyklska oelaúh yels

nj'

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,

^re'&^re'&^re'&^re'&^re'&

m%udKh î;shlg tall&m%udKh î;shlg tall&m%udKh î;shlg tall&m%udKh î;shlg tall&m%udKh î;shlg tall&

PP1

Q2 Q

D

S

Wmßu ñ, iSudjWmßu ñ, iSudjWmßu ñ, iSudjWmßu ñ, iSudjWmßu ñ, iSudj

Q3

ysÕh ^wê b,aü&ysÕh ^wê b,aü&ysÕh ^wê b,aü&ysÕh ^wê b,aü&ysÕh ^wê b,aü&

îemhqï jl%h&îemhqï jl%h&îemhqï jl%h&îemhqï jl%h&îemhqï jl%h&

^b,a¨ï jl%h&^b,a¨ï jl%h&^b,a¨ï jl%h&^b,a¨ï jl%h&^b,a¨ï jl%h&

00000

-90-

• Wmßu ñ, m%;sm;a;sh ksid fjf<|fmd< ;=< my; mßÈ m%;súmdl we;s úh yels

nj'

• NdKav ysÕhla we;súh yelsùu'

• úêu;a fyda wúêu;a fyda i,dl lsÍfï l%u we;sùu

• l¿ lv ñ,la ìysùu

• wd¾Ól wld¾hlaIu;d ìysùu

• Wmßu ñ, m%;sm;a;sh ksid l¿ lv mek ke.Su my; mßÈ m%ia;dßl j oelaúh yels

nj'

• Wmßu ñ, iSudj ksid isÿjk wd¾Ól wld¾hlaIu;d my; i|yka mßÈ m%ia;dßlj

oelaúh yels nj'

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,


m%udKh ^tall&m%udKh ^tall&m%udKh ^tall&m%udKh ^tall&m%udKh ^tall&

P

Q2 Q

D

S


Q1

P1

P2

l¿ lv ñ,l¿ lv ñ,l¿ lv ñ,l¿ lv ñ,l¿ lv ñ,

• ñ, md,khg fmr wd¾Ól w;sßla;fha m%udKh A, B, C, D, E, F fldgiaj,

tl;=jg iudk jk nj'

• md,k ñ, y÷kajd §fuka miqj A fldgi mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h jk w;r F

fldgi ksIamdok w;sßla;h jk nj'

• md,k ñ, y÷kajd §fuka miqj wd¾Ól w;sßla;h A iy F fldgiaj, tl;=j nj'

• md,k ñ, y÷kajd §fuka miqj wd¾Ól w;sßla;fha m%udKfhka C yd E hk

m%udK iïmQ¾Kfhkau wysñ jk nj'

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,



P

Q2 Q

S


Q1

P1

P2wysñ jQ wd¾Ól w;sßla;hwysñ jQ wd¾Ól w;sßla;hwysñ jQ wd¾Ól w;sßla;hwysñ jQ wd¾Ól w;sßla;hwysñ jQ wd¾Ól w;sßla;hB

A

DF

CE



00000



00000D

-91-

• ysÕ NdKav ,nd .ekSu i|yd mdßfNda.slhdg w;sf¾l msßjehla oeÍug isÿfkdfõ

kï" A fldgig wu;r B yd D fldgia o mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hg tl;=jk nj'

• Wmßu ñ, w¾:j;a lr .ekSug .kakd l%shdud¾. my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj'

• i,dlkh

• wdkhkh

• ksIamdokh Èß .ekaùu

• ñ, fkdjk i,dlk udOH my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj'

• fmda,sï l%uh

• i,dl m;a fhdod .ekSu

• w,a,ia uÕska i,dl lsÍu

• fjk;a NdKav iuÕ iïnkaO fldg fnod yeÍu

• ñ, md,k m%;sm;a;sh ksid fjf<| fmdf<a we;sjk NdKav ysÕhg ms<shula f,i

NdKav wdkhkh l< yels nj'

• ksIamdolhdg;a idOl ysñhkag;a by< ñ,la ,nd§u i|yd iu;=,s; ñ,g by<

ñ,la kshu lsÍu wju ñ, iSud mek ùu nj'

• iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd my<ska wju ñ, kshu lrkq ,enqjfyd;a wju ñ, m%;sm;a;sh

uÕska wfmalaIs; wruqKq imqrd .ekSug fkdyels jk nj'

• wju ñ, kshu lsÍu my; mßÈ m%ia;dr igyklska oelaúh yels nj'

• wju ñ, m%;sm;a;sh ksid fjf<|fmd< ;=< my; mßÈ m%;súmdl we;súh yels nj'

• wê iemhqula fyj;a iemhqï w;sßla;h;a yg .ekSu

• Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a wju ñ,la m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfuka fiajl ú/lshdjla we;s

ùu'

• wju ñ, kdñl ñ,la f,i ;ndf.k jÜgï iys; ñ, .Kka hgf;a

.eKqïlrejkag NdKav iemhSula isÿùu'

• wê wdfhdack ;;a;ajhla mek keÕsh yels ùu'

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,



PP2

Q2 Q

D

S

wju ñ,wju ñ,wju ñ,wju ñ,wju ñ,

Q1

wê iemhquwê iemhquwê iemhquwê iemhquwê iemhqu

P1



00000

-92-

• wju ñ, m%;sm;a;sfha iqnidOk m%;súmdl my; mßÈ m%ia;dr igykla weiqfrka

oelaúh yels nj'

• wju ñ, iSud mekùfuka ksIamdol w;sßla;h yd mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h fjkia

jk nj'

• wju ñ, w¾:j;a lr .ekSug .kakd l%shdud¾. my; mßÈ nj'

• w;sßla;h .nvd lsÍu

• w;=re ksIamdokh

• mj;akd b,a¨ï m%j¾Okh

• wmkhkh

• wju ñ, iuÕ ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsÍfuka o ksIamdolhkag by<

wdodhula ,nd §ug rchg ls%hdud¾. .; yels nj'

D

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,



P

Q2 Q

S

Q1

P2 wju ñ,wju ñ,wju ñ,wju ñ,wju ñ,

H E F D

GC

A B

0



-93-

ksmqK;dj 3ksmqK;dj 3ksmqK;dj 3ksmqK;dj 3ksmqK;dj 3 ((((( fjf<|fmd< ;=< ksIamdok ixúOdk ;d¾lslj yeisfrk wdldrh

.fõIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 ((((( ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha iajNdjh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'



• wd¾Ólhla ;=< mj;sk ksIamdok wdh;k yd ksIamdok ixúOdk j¾. lr

olajhs'

• fhojqï yd ksujqï w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj Ys%;hla wdldrhg olajhs'

• ksIamdokfha flá ld,h yd È.= ld,h w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• ySkjk M,od kS;sh iy mßudKdkql+, M, kS;sh f,aLk weiqfrka ;yjqre

lrhs'

• ksIamdokfha flá ld,Sk M,od jl% w;r iïnkaO;dj fmkajhs'


• wd¾Ól iïm;a fhdod .ksñka ;;a;ajldÍ;aj ksIamdokh lrk tallhla ksIamdok

wdh;kh nj

• tu ksIamdok ^jHdmdßl& wdh;k ixúOdkh ù we;s úúO iajrEm my; i|yka

mßÈ jk nj

• ;ks mqoa., jHdmdr

• yjq,a jHdmdr

• ixia:dms; iud.ï

• iuQmdldr jHdmdr

• rdcH jHjidhka

• fhojqï yd ksujqï w;r mj;sk ;dlaIKsl iïnkaO;dj ksIamdok Ys%;h keue;s

ixl,amfhka y÷kajd fok nj

• th my; iólrKh weiqfrka fmkaúh yels nj

Q = F (L,K)

Q = ksuejqu

F = Ys%;hla

L = Y%uh ^úp,H idOlh&

K = m%d.aOkh îa:djr idOl&

• flá ld,fha § ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh ;=< úp,H fhojqï iy ia:djr fhojqï

mj;sk nj

-94-

• È.= ld,fha ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha ish¨ fhojqï úp,H nj

• ksIamdokfha iajNdjh u; flá ld,h yd È.= ld,h ;SrKh jk nj

• flá ld,fha § ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha yeisÍu ySkjk M, kS;sh ;=<ska m%ldY jk

nj

• ksIamdokfha flá ld,hg n,mdk kS;sh ySkjk M,od kS;sh jk nj

• ySkjk M, kS;sfhka m%ldY jkafka ia:djr idOl iu. úp,H idOl ixfhda.

lrñka ksIamdokh jeä lr;au" jeä lrk úp,H idOlfha idudkH yd wdka;sl

ksuejqu tla;rd wjia:djlska miq ySkjk nj h'

• fuh my; mßÈ f,aLkhla ;=,ska fmkaúh yels nj

fhojqï

wdka;slksIamdÈ;h MP

^tall&

7'5

17'5

35'0

30'0

10'0

5'0

0

-5'0

uq¿ksIamdÈ;hTP tall&

0

7'5

25'0

60'0

90'0

100'0

105'0

105'0

100'0

idudkHksIamdÈ;h AP

^tall&

-

7'5

12'5

20'0

22'5

20'0

17'5

15'0

12'5

úp,HfhojqïY%uh

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

ia:djrfhojqïm%d.aOkh

20'0

20'0

20'0

20'0

20'0

20'0

20'0

20'0

20'0

ksuejqï

-95-

• uq¿ M,odhs;dj Wmßu jkúg wdka;sl M,odhs;dj Y=kH jk nj

• idudkH M,od jl%fha Wmßu ,laIHh yryd wdka;sl M,odhs;d jl%h my<g nEjqï

jk nj'

• È.= ld,fha § ishü fhojqï fjkia lrñka ksIamdokh isÿ lrk úg ksIamdokh

yeisfrk wdldrh mßudKdkql+, M, kS;sh u.ska meyeÈ,s lrk nj

• mßudKdkql+, M, ;=ka wdldrhlska ls%hd;aul jk nj

• jeäjk mßudKdkql+, M,

• wvqjk mßudKdkql+, M,

• ia:djr mßudKdkql+, M,

• È.=ld,Sk ksIamdok ls%hdj,shl ishü fhojqï jeälrk m%;sY;hg" jeä

m%;sY;hlska uq¿ ksuejqu jeäùu jefvk mßudKdkql+, nj'

• ishü fhojqï jeä lrk m%;sY;hg" wvq m%;sY;hlska uq¿ ksuejqu jeäùu ySkjk

M, nj'

• ishü fhojqï jeälrk m%;sY;hg iudk m%;sY;hlska uq¿ ksuejqu jeäùu ia:djr

mßudKdkql+, M, nj'

• jefvk mßudKdkql+, M, we;s jkafka uyd mßudK msßueiqï ksid nj'

• jeäjk mßudKdkql+, M, ,efnkafka we;eï ksIamdok idOlj, cHdñ;sl

iajrEmh" ksIamdok idOl fn§ug fkdyels ùu" hka;% Ndú;h" Y%u úNckh yd

úfYaI m%d.=KHlh" we;eï úhoï tla j;djla muKla oeÍu wd§ fya;= u; nj'

• uyd mßudK fkdmsßueiqï u; wvqjk mßudKdkql+, M, we;sjk nj'

• wvqjk mßudKdkql, M, we;sjkafka iïm;a laIhùu" wd;;sh iy l<ukdlrK

yd iïnkaëlrK .eg¿ wd§ fya;= u; nj'

-96-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2 ((((( úúO m%fõY Ndú;fhka ksIamdok msßjeh .Kkh lrhs'



• ksIamdok msßjeh w¾: olajñka tys iDcq msßjeh iy pl% msßjeh w;r fjki

ksoiqka uÕska meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• ksIamdokfha wd¾Ól msßjeh iy .KldêldÍ msßjeh w;r fjki ksoiqka iys;

j ú.%y lrhs'

• m%udKsl ,dNh ks¾jpkh lrñka th ksIamdok msßjehg we;=<;a lsÍug fya;=

olajhs'


• lsishï ksIamdok ls%hdj,shla fjkqfjka lem lrk ,o ishü wd¾Ól iïm;aj,

wdjiaÓl msßjeh ksIamdok msßjeh nj'

• wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § ksIamdok msßjeh f,i wdjiaÓl msßjeh i,lk w;r Bg iDcq

msßjeh yd pl% msßjeh hk folu we;=<;a nj

• .KldêlrKfha § iDcq msßjeh muKla ie,ls,a,g .kakd nj

• jl% msßjeh $ wdfrdams; msßjeh hkq" ksIamdok wdh;kh fyda ksIamdolhd i;=

ksIamdok iïm;a ;u ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg fhoùu fjkqfjka lem lrkq ,nk

m%Yia; jQ idOl bmhqïj, jákdlu nj'

• jHjidhlhd ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< r|jd .ekSu i|yd Tyq wfmalaId lrk wju

m%;s,dNh m%dudKsl ,dNh f,i i,lKq ,nk nj" tfia u jHjidhl;ajh

keue;s ksIamdok idOlfha wdjiaÓl msßjeh f,i m%dudKsl ,dNh i,lk nj

• fm!oa.,sl msßjeh yd ndysr msßjeh w;r fjkila mj;sk nj

• ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg fhdod .kakd fhojqï i|yd ksIamdolhd fm!oa.,slj ork

úhoï fm!oa.,sl msßjeh jk w;r ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh ksid iajdëk ndysr

md¾Yjhkag orkakg isÿjk úhoï ndysr msßjeh nj'

-97-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3 ((((( ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § msßjeh yeisfrk wdldrh úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'



• fláld,Sk ksIamdok msßjefha úúO iajrEm w¾: olajñka .Kkh lr fmkajhs'

• fláld,Sk ksIamdok msßjefha úúO iajrEm f,aLkhla yd m%ia:dr weiqfrka bÈßm;a

lrhs'



• lsrs fldams ksmoúh yels hka;%hla Ndú;fhka lsß fldams ksmojd wf,ú lsÍug

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk mqoa.,fhl=g oeÍug isÿjk úhoï isiqkaf.ka úuikak'


• lsß fldams ksmoùug fhdod.kakd hka;%fha msßjeh" lsßmsá msßjeh" fldams msßjeh"

iSks msßjeh" ma,diaála fldamam msßjeh" úÿ,s úhou wdÈh oeÍug isÿjk úhoï

nj

• fïjdhska fldams ksIamdokh lrk hka;%fha msßjeh ia:djr msßjehla jk nj

• wfkl=;a msßjeh j¾. úp,H msßjeh jk nj

• fï wdldrhg ksIamdok wdh;khlg oeÍug isÿjk msßjeh j¾. folla we;s

nj

• ia:djr msßjeh

• úp,H msßjeh

• isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd § l%shdldrlfuys

fhdojkak'


• my; i|yka m%ldY fol w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk m%ldYh flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lrkak'

• X NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd oeÍug isÿjk ia:djr msßjeh re' 60 ls' tu

NdKavfhka ksmojk tall .Kk yd ta i|yd oeÍug isÿjk úp,H msßjeh

my; oela fõ'

-98-

• Y NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd oeßug isÿjk ia:djr msßjeh re' 120 ls' tu

NdKavfhka ksmojk tall .Kk yd ta i|yd oeÍug isÿjk úp,Hh msßjeh my;

oela fõ'

• tla tla ksIamdok uÜgfï § uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh (TFC) oelafjk f,aLkhla ms<sfh,

lrkak'

• ta wkqj tla tla ksIamdok uÜgfï § uq¿ msßjeh (TC) .Kkh lr tu f,aLkhgu

we;=<;a lrkak'

• msßjeh isria wlaIfha o ksIamdok m%udKh ;sria wlaIfha o oelafjk mßÈ Tn

ieliq f,aLkfha we;=<;a f;dr;=re m%ia;dr .; lrkak'

• ksIamdok uÜgu tallh ne.ska jeä lsÍfï § uq¿ msßjeh jeä jk m%udKh

^wdka;sl msßjeh MC& wod< ksIamdok tall m%udKh bÈßfhka oelafjk f,aLkhla

ilia lrkak'

• by; f,aLkfha Tn bÈßm;a l< f;dr;=re weiqßka kj m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh

lrkak' msßjeh isria wlaIfha o yd ksIamdok m%udKh ;sria wlaIfha o olajkak'&

ksuejqï

m%udKh Q

uq¿ úp,H

msßjeh TVC

1

2

3

4

5

6

30

40

45

55

75

120

ksuejqï

m%udKh Q

uq¿ úp,H

msßjeh TVC

1

2

3

4

5

6

60

80

90

110

150

240

-99-

• ksIamdok tallhl idudkH uq¿ msßjeh (ATC) .Kkh lr by; f,aLkfha u

olajkak'

• Tn .Kkh l< idudkH uq¿ msßjeh o m%ia;dr .; lrkak'

• ksIamdok tallhl idudkH úp,H msßjeh (AVC) .Kkh lr th o f,aLkfha

olajd m%ia;dr .; lrkak'

• MC, ATC, AVC f¾Ld ms<sn| Tfí woyia olajkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,sj iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsßug iqodkï jkak'


• ksIamdok l%shdj,shl fláld,Sk msßjeh uQ,sldx. my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj

• uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh

• uq¿ úp,H msßjeh

• uq¿ msßjeh

• wdka;sl msßjeh

• idudkH msßjeh

• idudkH ia:djr msßjeh

• idudkH úp,H msßjeh

• hka;%" lïy, l<ukdlrKh jeks ia:djr idOl i|yd ork úhoï ia:djr msßjeh

nj'

• ksIamdokh Y=kH jqj o fuu msßjeh mj;sk nj'

• ksuejqu jeä l< o ia:djr úhou tlu uÜgul mj;sk nj

• ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha wuqøjH Y%uh jeks úp,Hh fhojqï i|yd ork msßjeh uq¿

Ñp,Hh msßjeh f,i (TVC) ye¢kafjk nj

• NdKavhla ksIamdokfha § oerSug isÿjk ishü msßjeh uq¿ msßjeh (TC) jk nj

• ksuejqu Y=kH jk úg uq¿ úp,H msßjeh Y=kHjk w;r ksuejqu jeä lr;au uq¿

úp,H msßjeh wvq jk yd jeä jk fõ.hlska by< hk w;r Bg fya;=jkafka

ySkjk M, kS;sh nj'

• ia:djr yd Ñp,Hh msßjefhys tl;=fjka uq¿ msßjeh ielfik nj

• ksujqu tla tallhlska fjkia jk úg uq¿ msßjefhys we;sjk fjki wdka;sl

(MC) msßjeh f,i ye¢kafjk nj

-100-

• th my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yels nj

• uq¿ msßjefhka tl tallhla ksmoùu fjkqfjka oeÍug isÿjk msßjeh idudkH

uq¿ msßjeh (ATC) f,i y÷kajk nj

• idudkH uq¿ msßjeh my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yels nj

• fláld,Sk ksIamdok msßjefha úúO iajrEm .Kkh lr oelaúh yels nj

• uq¿ ia:djr msßjefhka tla tallhla ksmoúug ork msßjeh idudkH ia:djr

msßjeh (AFC) nj


• tla tallhla ksIamdokhg ork úp,Hh msßjeh m%udKh idudkH úp,Hh

msßjeh (AVC) nj


} ATC/ AC =TC

ksuejqï tall .Kk

uq¿ msßjehidudkH uq¿ msßjeh }

Q

} MC =TC

ksuejqï tall .Kk

uq¿ msßjefhys fjkiwdka;sl msßjeh }

Q

ΔΔ

idudkH úp,H msßjeh }uq¿ úp,H msßjeh

ksujqï tall .KkAVC =

QTVC

idudkH ia:djr msßjeh }uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh

ksujqï tall .KkAFC =

QTFC

-101-

ksujqutall

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

uq¿ ia:djrmsßjeh

(TFC) ^re.&

40'00

40'00

40'00

40'00

40'00

40'00

40'00

40'00

40'00

40'00

40'00

wdka;slmsßjeh(MC)^re.&

-

>40

>30

>22

>15

>10

>10

>15

>22

>30

>40

uq¿úp,Hhmsßjeh

(TVC) ^re.&

-

40'00

70'00

92'00

107'00

117'00

127'00

142'00

164'00

194'00

234'00

uq¿msßjeh

(TC) ^re.&

40'00

80'00

110'00

132'00

147'00

157'00

167'00

182'00

204'00

234'00

274'00

idudkHúp,Hmsßjeh(AVC)^re.& -

40'00

35'00

30'67

26'75

23'40

21'16

20'29

20'50

21'56

23'40

idudkHmsßjeh(ATC)^re.&

-

80'00

55'00

44'00

36'75

31'4

27'83

26'00

25'50

26'00

27'40

• by; msßjeh uQ,sldx. my; i|yka mßÈ f,aLkhla weiqfrka fmkaúh yels nj

• fuu f,aLkhg wkqj uq¨ msßjeh" uq¨ ia:djr msßjeh iy uq¿

úp,Hh msßjeh my; mßÈ m%ia:dßlj fmkaúh yels nj'

idudkHia:djrmsßjeh(AFC)^re.& -

40'00

20'00

13'33

10'00

8'00

6'67

5'71

5'00

4'44

4'00

-102-

• f,aLkhg wkqj wdka;sl msßjeh" idudkH msßjeh" idudkH ia:djr

msßjeh iy idudkH úp,Hh msßjeh my; mßÈ m%ia;dr igykla

weiqfrka fmkaúh yels nj'

-103-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'4 ((((( uQ,sl ,laIK wkqj fjf<|fmd< jHqy úu¾Ykh lrhs'



• fjf<|fmd< wdlD;s w¾: olajñka ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'

• fjf<|fmd< wdlD;sj, uQ,sl ,laIK j.=.; lrhs'


• fjf<|fmd< yd l¾udka;h iudk w¾: we;s ixl,am nj'

• lsishï NdKavhla ^fndfyda fihska iudk jQ& ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk wdh;kj,

tl;=fjka l¾udka;hla iukaú; jk nj'

• wdh;kh úiska ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk NdKav yd fiajd úúO fjf<|fmd<

;;a;ajhka hgf;a wf,ú lrkq ,nk nj'

• fuu fjf<|fmd< ;;a;aj i|yd fjf<|fmd< jHqy hk ixl,amh Ndú; lrk

nj'

• fjf<|fmd< jHqyh j¾. lsÍug my; i|yka ks¾Kdhl n,mdk nj'

• fjf<|fmd< isák wdh;k ixLHdj

• ksIamdokh lrk NdKav yd fiajdj, iajNdjh

• wdh;khlg fjf<|fmd<g msúiSug fyda fjf<|fmdf<ka bj;aùug we;s

yelshdj

• wdh;k w;r mj;sk ;r.ldÍ;ajfha iajNdjh

• fjf<|fmd< ,dlaIKslhkaf.a fjkialï u; fjf<|fmd< jHqyhkays iajrEmh

fjkiajk nj'

• tu ks¾Kdhlhkag wkqj m%Odk fjf<|fmd< jHqy y;rla my; mßÈ fmkaúh

yels nj'

• mQ¾K ;r.h (Perfect competition)

• taldêldrh (Monopoly)

• taldêldÍ ;r.h (Monopolistic competition)

• l;smhdêldrh (Oligopoly)

• iucd;Sh NdKav ksmojk wdndO msúiqu yd msgjqula we;s wdh;k rdYshlska

iukaú; fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh mQ¾K ;r.h nj'

-104-

• mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l my; ,laIK mj;sk nj'

• ksIamdok iucd;Sh ùu

• .ekqïlrejka yd úl=Kqïlrejka úYd, ixLHdjla isàu

• fjf<|fmd< ;=< wdndO m%fõYh yd wdndO msgjqu oelsh yels ùu

• fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| mQ¾K f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels ùu

• mQ¾K ;r.h yqÿ kHdhd;aul ú.%yhla nj'

• lDIs l¾udka;h" ëjr l¾udka;h" m;,a l¾udka;h wd§ lghq;= ;=< mQ¾K ;r.hg

ióm ,laIK we;s nj'

• l¾udka;h yd wdh;kh folu tlla jk l¾udka;hg m%fõYùug ndO mj;sk

fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh taldêldrh nj'

• taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd<l my; ,laIK mj;sk nj'

• tla wdh;khla muKla ksIamdokfha ksr; ùu

• ksIamdokh iqúfYaIS tlla ùu

• l¾udka;hg m%fõYùug ndOd mej;Su

• fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re wmQ¾K ùu

• taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd<l tla wdh;khla ;sfnk ksid fjf<|fmd< ñ, flfrys

úYd, n,mEï l< yels nj'

• taldêldÍ wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg nEjqï jk f¾Ldjla nj'

• th my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels nj'

• taldêldß wdh;khl iemhqïlrejd ñ, ilikafkl= (Price Maker) f,i lghq;=

lrk nj'

• taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd<g WodyrK jYfhka c, iïmdokh" úÿ,sh iemhSu wdÈh

oelaúh yels nj'

ñ,

m%udKh

D

D0

^b,a¨ï jl%h&

-105-

• taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd<g we;=<;aùug my; idOl n,mdk nj'

• m%Odk wuqøjH ms<sn| ysñlu wod< NdKavh ksIamdokh

lsÍug fjk;a wdh;kj,

we;=,aùu j<lajd,Su

• rcfha kS;suh ndOl rch úiska msßkukq ,nk

n,m;% hgf;a NdKav

ksIamdokh lsÍu

• mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï oekg fjf<|fmdf<a isák

wdh;k NdKav wjYH m%udKh

iemhSu îajNdúl

taldêldrh&

• mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ,laIK;a taldêldÍ ,laIK;a folu oelsh yels fjf<|fmd<

;;a;ajh taldêldÍ ;r.h nj'

• taldêldÍ ;r. fjf<|fmd<l my; i|yka ,laIK oelsh yels nj'

• wf,úlrejka úYd, ixLHdjla isàu

• tla tla wdh;k ksmojk NdKavh m%fNaokh fldg ;sîu

• l¾udka;h ;=<g m%fõYùug yd msgùug ndOl fkd;sîu

• taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd<l olakg ,efnk iqúfYaIS ,laIKh NdKav m%fNaokh

nj'

• iEu wdh;khlau ;uka imhk NdKavh wjfYaI iemhqïlrejkaf.ka fjkafldg

fjkia jQ NdKavhla jYfhka fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lsÍu NdKav m%fNaokh f,i

oelaúh yels nj'

• NdKav m%fNaokh lsÍu ksid tla tla wdh;k ksmojk NdKav" mQ¾K wdfoaYlhka

fkdjk nj'

• taldêldÍ ;r.hg WodyrK jYfhka úúO inka j¾." mdjyka j¾." oka;df,am

j¾. wdÈh oelaúh yels nj'

-106-

• NdKav m%fNaokh lsÍu ksid ksIamdok wdh;kj,g tlsfkld yd ;r. lsÍug we;s

yelshdj Yla;su;a jkafka my; i|yka lreKq u; nj'

• NdKavfha .=Kd;aulNdjh

• NdKavfha ñ,

• wf,úlrKh

• taldêldß ;r. fjf<|fmd<l b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï jk

nj'

• ksIamdok wdh;k iSñ; ixLHdjla mj;sk fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh l;smhdêldrh

nj'

• l;smhdêldrfha my; mßÈ ,laIK mj;sk nj'

• l¾udka;h ;=<g w¨;a wdh;k m%fõYùu j<lajd,Sug iajNdúl fyda lD;su

ndOd olakg ,eîu

• l¾udka;h ;=< ;r. lrk wdh;k b;d iq¿ ixLHdjla ùu

• fjf<|fmd< wdêm;H

• l;smhdêldÍ fjf<|fmd< ;=<g w¨;a wdh;k we;=¨ùu j<ld,k ndOlhka

my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj'

• mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï

• lS¾;s kduh

• Wmdh ud¾.sl ls%hd iy ffk;sl idOl

• wdh;k w;f,diaila fjf<|fmd< ;=< lghq;= lrk ksid fjf<|fmdf<ka ysñjk

fldgi idfmalaI jYfhka úYd, nj

• ta ksid fjf<|fmdf<ys wdh;k w;r wfkHdakH /¢hdjla olakg ,efnk nj'

• l;smhdêldÍ l¾udka;j,g WodyrK jYfhka m%jD;a;s m;%" rEmjdyskS úldYkhka"

inka" isis,a îu" jdKsc nexl=" .Eia jeks lafIa;% fmkaúh yels nj'

-107-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'5 ((((( mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l wdh;khla flá ld,fha §

yeisfrk wdldrh úuid n,hs'



• fjf<|fmd< b,a u;a wdh;khl b,a u;a w;r iïnkaO;djh fmkaùug m%ia;dr

f.dv k.hs'

• idudkH whNdrh yd wdka;sl whNdrh w;r iïnkaO;dj fmkaùug f,aaLk

f.dv k.hs'

• mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl flá ld,fha § ,dN Wmßu lsÍfï m%fõY kï lrhs'

• tla tla m%fõYhg wod< f,aLk f.dv k.ñka tajd m%ia;dr .; lr ,dN Wmßuh

fmkajhs'

• mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kh flá ld,Sk iu;=,s;h m%ia;dßlj bÈßm;a lrhs'


• mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l ^l¾udka;hl& NdKav b,aü yd iemhqu u; ñ,

;SrKh jk nj'

• th my; mßÈ m%ia;drhlska fmkaúh yels nj'

• fuf,i ;SrKh jk ñ, tla wdh;khlg fjkia l< fkdyels ksid wdh;khl

ls%hd l,dmh wl¾ukH jk nj'

• fï ksid wdh;khl lghq;= lrk ksIamdolhd ñ, .kqfjl= nj'

• ;SrKh ù we;s ñ,g ´kEu m%udKhla wdh;khlg" fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a l<

yels nj'

• tu ñ,g ´kEu m%udKhla b,a¨ï l< yels nj'

• mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h mQ¾K kuH jk nj'

100

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,

10


S

D0

^b,a¨ï jl%h&

îemhqï jl%h&

-108-

• th my; mßÈ m%ia;dßlj bÈßm;a l< yels nj'

• flá ld,fha § ksIamdokfha fufyhùu wdh;kfha mj;sk ;dlaIKh yd Odß;dj

u; isÿjk nj'

• tu ixfrdaOl u; ksuejqu yd msßjeh ;SrKh jk nj'

• wdh;khla flá ld,fha § Wmßu ,dN ,nd .ekSu i|yd jeo.;a ;SrK folla .;

hq;= nj' tajd my; mßÈ nj'

• ksIamdokfha ;j ÿrg;a fhfokjd o@ ke;skï" jid oukjd o@

• ksIamdokfha ;j ÿrg;a fhÿKfyd;a fld;rï NdKav m%udKhla ksIamdokh

lrkjd o@

• ,dN Wmßu lsÍug wkql+, ksuejqï uÜgu ;SrKh lsÍfï § wdh;k wkq.ukh

lrkq ,nk úl,am l%u folla we;s nj'

• tajd my; mßÈ nj'

• whNdrh yd msßjeh wdY%fhka wd¾Ól ,dN Wmßu jk ksuejqu ;SrKh lsÍu'

• wdka;sl whNdrh yd uq¿ msßjeh mokï lrf.k ,dN Wmßu jk ksuejqï

uÜgu ;SrKh lsÍu'

• wdh;kh ;u ksuejqu fjf<|fmd<g wf,ú lsÍfuka Wmhd .kakd uqo,a m%udKh

uq¿ whNdrh nj'

• wf,ú lrkq ,nk NdKav m%udKh (Q) NdKavfha ñf,ka (P) .=K lsÍfuka uq¿

whNdrh ,nd .; yels nj'

TR = Q x P

uq¿ whNdrh } ksuejqï m%udKh x ñ,

100

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,

10


d ^wdh;kfha^wdh;kfha^wdh;kfha^wdh;kfha^wdh;kfhab,a¨ï jl%h&b,a¨ï jl%h&b,a¨ï jl%h&b,a¨ï jl%h&b,a¨ï jl%h&

fjf<|fmd< ;SrKhfjf<|fmd< ;SrKhfjf<|fmd< ;SrKhfjf<|fmd< ;SrKhfjf<|fmd< ;SrKhù we;s ñ,ù we;s ñ,ù we;s ñ,ù we;s ñ,ù we;s ñ,

-109-

AR =TR

Q

idudkH whNdrh }uq¿ whNdrh

ksuejqï m%udKh

• uq¿ whNdrh NdKav tall m%udKfhka fn§fuka idudkH whNdrh ,nd .; yels

nj'

• wu;r NdKav tallhla ksIamdokh lsÍfuka ,efnk uq¿ wdodhfï we;sjk

fjkiaùu wdka;sl whNdrh nj'

• wdka;sl whNdrh ,nd .ekSug uq¿ whNdrfha fjki NdKav tall m%udKfha

fjkiska fnÈh hq;= nj'

• mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl ;SrKh jQ ñ,la ^mejreKq ñ,la& ±lsh yels ksid

NdKavfha ñ,;a" idudkH wdodhu;a wdka;sl wdodhu;a iudk jk nj'

• fï ksid P = AR = MR hk ixl,amh bgqjk nj'

• uq¿ whNdrh idudkH whNdrh yd wdka;sl whNdrh w;r iïnkaO;djh fmkaùug

my; mßÈ f,aLkhla iy m%ia;drhla f.dv ke.sh yels nj'

wdka;sl whNdrh }uq¿ whNdrfha fjki

NdKav tall m%udKfha fjki

}MRQTR

Q

1

2

3

4

5

P

10

10

10

10

10

TR

10

20

30

40

50

AR

10

10

10

10

10

MR

10

10

10

10

10

-110-

100

10

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,^remsh,a&^remsh,a&^remsh,a&^remsh,a&^remsh,a&

0

P/AR/MR

• uq¿ whNdrfhka uq¿ msßjeh wvql< úg wd¾Ól ,dNh ,efnk nj'

• uq¿ msßjeh" uq¿ whNdrh yd wd¾Ól ,dNh w;r iïnkaO;djh j.=jla wdY%fhka

iy m%ia;dr ;=<ska my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels nj'

Q

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

uq¿ whNdrh(TR)

0

20'0

40'0

60'0

80'0

100'0

120'0

140'0

160'0

180'0

200'0

220'0

240'0

260'0

280'0

uq¿ msßjeh(TC)

20'0

36'8

52'8

68'0

80'0

90'4

101'6

114'4

128'0

146'4

168'0

196'0

240'0

288'0

340'0

wd¾:sl ,dNh(TR-TC)

-20'0

-16'8

-12'8

-8'0

0

9'6

18'4

25'6

32'0

33'6

32'0

24'0

0

-28'0

-60'0


-111-

• by; f,aLkh yd m%ia;drh ;=<ska my; i|yka lreKq ks.ukh l< yels nj'

• ksuejqu jeäùu;a iu. whNdr jeäjk ksid whNdr jl% uQ, wlaIfhka wdrïN

by< .uka lsÍu'

• ksuejqu jeäùu;a iu. msßjeh jeäjk ksid msßjeh jl%h by< .uka lsÍu'

• uq¿ msßjeh yd whNdr jl%h fþokh jk ,laIhj, § wd¾Ól ,dN Y=kH ùu'

• whNdr jl%hg jvd uq¿ msßjeh jl%h by<ska msysgk úg wd¾Ól mdvq isÿùu

fyj;a wd¾Ól ,dN RK ùu'

whNdrhwhNdrhwhNdrhwhNdrhwhNdrh

msßjehmsßjehmsßjehmsßjehmsßjeh

ñ, ñ, ñ, ñ, ñ,

ksuejquksuejquksuejquksuejquksuejqu

Èklg tallÈklg tallÈklg tallÈklg tallÈklg tall4 9 12

240

TR ûq¿ whNdrh&ûq¿ whNdrh&ûq¿ whNdrh&ûq¿ whNdrh&ûq¿ whNdrh&

TC ûq¿ msßjeh&ûq¿ msßjeh&ûq¿ msßjeh&ûq¿ msßjeh&ûq¿ msßjeh&

146.4

180

80

ksuejquksuejquksuejquksuejquksuejqu

Èklg tallÈklg tallÈklg tallÈklg tallÈklg tall4 9 12

33.6

+

0

-20

-60

,dNh,dNh,dNh,dNh,dNh

-112-

• uq¿ msßjeh jl%hg jvd uq¿ whNdr jl%h by<ska msysgk úg wd¾Ól ,dN ìysùu

• uq¿ msßjeh jl%h yd uq¿ whNdr jl%h w;r mr;rh jeä uOH ,laIHfha §

wd¾Ól ,dN Wmßu ùu'

• wdka;sl msßjeh (MC) yd wdka;sl whNdrh (MR) fhdod .ksñka o ,dN Wmßuh

fmkaúh yels nj'

• wdka;sl msßjeh wdka;sl wdodhug jvd wvqùfuka (MR>MC) woyia jkafka tu

tallh ksmoùfuka wd¾Ól ,dNhg tl;=ùula isÿjk nj'

• wdka;sl whNdrhg jvd wdka;sl msßjeh my<ska mj;sk úg tu tallh ksmoùfuka

wd¾Ól w,dNhla yg.kakd nj'

• fujeks wjia:djl ksIamdokfha m%idrKh ùu k;r l< hq;= nj'

• wdka;sl whNdrh wdka;sl msßjehg iudk jQ úg wdh;kfha ,dN Wmßu jk nj'

• fujeks wjia:djl ,dNh ;j ÿrg;a tl;= ùula fyda wvqùula isÿ fkdjk nj'

• wdka;sl m%fõYh wkqj ,dN Wmßukh lrk ksuejqï uÜgu MR=MC fldkafoaish

hgf;a isÿjk nj

• wdka;sl m%fõYh Tiafia ,dN Wmßu lsÍu fmkaùu i|yd j.=jla my; mßÈ

ks¾udKh l< yels nj'

• by; j.=j wkqj my; i|yka lreKq ,nd .; yels nj'

• 8 isg 9 olajd ksuejqï mrdih ;=< wd¾Ól ,dN mej;Su

• 9 isg 10 olajd ksuejqï mrdih ;=< ,dN wvqlr .ekSug wdh;kj,g isÿùu

• ksuejqï tall 9 § ,dNh wvqùula fyda jeäùula isÿ fkdùu' ,dN Wmßu ùu'

MR

20'0

20'0

20'0

20'0

20'0

Q

6

7

8

9

10

11

(TR)

120'0

140'0

160'0

180'0

200'0

220'0

(TC)

101'6

114'4

128'0

146'4

168'0

196'0

MC

12'8

13'6

18'4

21'6

28'0

wd¾Ól ,dNh

TR - TC

18'4

25'6

32'0

33'6

32'0

24'0

-113-

• mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl ,dN Wmßu ùu my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkaúh yels

nj'

• by; m%ia;drhg wkqj"

• ksuejqï tall 9 wvq ksuejqï uÜgïj, § ksuejqu m%idrKh lsÍfuka ,dN

jeälr .; yels nj'

• 9 tallfha § wd¾Ól ,dN Wmßu jk nj'

• ksuejqï tall 9 g jeä ksuejqï uÜgïj, § wd¾Ól ,dN wvqjk nj'

• mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khl fláld,Sk yeisÍu ;=< lghq;= lsÍug isÿúh

yels úl,am ;;a;ajhka ;=kla we;s nj'

• th my; mßÈ nj'

• wd¾Ól ,dN Wmhñka ksIamdokfha fh§ isàu

• wd¾Ól ,dN Y=kH uÜgula hgf;a ksIamdokfha fh§ isàu

• mdvq ,nñka ksIamdokfha fh§ isàu

• wd¾Ól ,dN Wmhk úg" wdh;kh NdKav tallhla wf,ú lrk ñ, idudkH

msßjehg (ATC/AC) jvd jeä jk nj'

• my; mßÈ m%ia;dr igyklska th fmkaúh yels nj'

ksuejqï tallksuejqï tallksuejqï tallksuejqï tallksuejqï tall9

24

8

MR

MC

16

MR/MC

P

123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789

2016

ATC

P = AR = MR

ksuejqïksuejqïksuejqïksuejqïksuejqï

î;shl § tall&î;shl § tall&î;shl § tall&î;shl § tall&î;shl § tall&90

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,


MC

-114-

• m%ia;drhg wkqj 9 tallfha § ,dN Wmßu ùu ksid uq¿ wd¾Ól ,dNh bß we¢

fldgig iudk jk nj'

• wd¾Ól ,dN Y=kH ;;a;ajhl § NdKavh wf,ú lrk ñ, NdKavfha idudkH

msßjehg iudk jk nj'

• my; mßÈ m%ia;drhlska th fmkaaúh yels nj'

• fï ;;a;ajh ;=< idudkH msßjehg iudk wdodhula ,efnk ksid l¾udka;h ;=<

wdh;k /£ isák nj'

• NdKav wf,ú lrk ñ, idudkH msßjehg jvd wvqùu;a mdvq iys; j jqj o

wdh;khla flá ld,fha § ksIamdokfha fh§ isàug fm<fUk nj'

• wdh;kh uq¿ukskau jid ±uqjfyd;a isÿjk mdvqj ksIamdokfha fh§ isàfuka

isÿjk mdvqjg jvd wvq kï" l¾udka;h ;=< wdh;kh /£ isák nj'

• fuu ;;a;ajh my; mßÈ m%ia;dr igyklska fmkaúh yels nj'

30

123456789012345678123456789012345678123456789012345678123456789012345678123456789012345678

28

25

ATC

P = AR = MR

ksuejqï tallksuejqï tallksuejqï tallksuejqï tallksuejqï tall

ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,ñ,


MC

20

ATC

P = AR = MR

ksuejqïksuejqïksuejqïksuejqïksuejqï120

ñ, ydñ, ydñ, ydñ, ydñ, yd


MC

-115-

• flá ld,fha § mdvq iys; j lghq;= lrk wdh;khl uq¿ w,dNfha m%udKh bß

we¢ fldgiska fmkajk nj'

• mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdlD;sh i;H fjf<|fmdf<ka wm.ukh ùula isÿjk nj'

• flá ld,fha § ksIamdok wdh;khlg ia:djr msßjeh fkdje<elaúh yelsjk

w;r úp,H msßjeh j<lajd .; yels nj

• wdh;khl uq¿ whNdrh uq¿ úp,H msßjeh mshjd .ekSug fkdyels jQ úg ksIamdokh

uq¿ukskau k;r lrk nj

• ñ, idudkH úp,H msßjehg jvd wvq kï ksIamdokfha fh§u w,dN jeäùug

fya;= jk nj

-116-

ksmqK;dj 4ksmqK;dj 4ksmqK;dj 4ksmqK;dj 4ksmqK;dj 4 ((((( idOl fjf<|fmd<l yeisÍu úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 ((((( idOl fjf<|fmd<l ñ, ;SrKh jk wdldrh úuihs'



• ksIamdok idOlj, wdodhï ;Srl ú.%y lrhs'

• ksIamdok idOl i|yd mj;skafka jl% b,aüla nj WodyrK iys; j fmkajhs'

• N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh hk ksIamdok idOlj, iemhqu ks¾jpkh lrñka idOl

iemhqï ;Srl olajhs'

• idOl fjf<|fmdf<a b,a¨ï iemhqï n,fõ. u; idOl ñ, ;SrKh jk whqre

meyeÈ,s lrhs'


• ksIamdok idOlj,g we;s b,aü yd iemhqu u; ksIamdok idOlj, ñ, ;SrKh

jk nj'

• ksIamdok idOl ñ, iy idOl fjf<|fmd< yqjudre jk idOl m%udKh u;

idOl wdodhï ;SrKh jk nj'

• wjidk mßfNdack NdKav yd fiajdj,g we;s b,aü u; ksIamdok idOl b,aü

jHq;amkak jk neúka ksIamdok idOl i|yd jl% $ jHq;amkak b,aüla mj;sk

nj'

• lsishï wjia:djl § ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg fhdojd we;s iy ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg

fhoùug wfmalaIs; iajdNdúl iïm;a N+ñfha iemhqu nj'

• N+ñfha iemhqu wkuH nj'

• kj iïm;a fidhd .ekSu ksid iy iïm;a laIh ùu ksid N+ñfha iemhqu fjkia

jk nj'

• fok ,o wjia:djl § M,odhS wd¾Ól lghq;a;lg fhdojd we;s yd fhoùug

wfmalaIs; Y%u tall m%udKh Y%u iemhqu nj'

• Y%u iemhqu ;SrKh jkafka my; idOl fol u; nj'

• Y%u n,ldh

• Y%ñlhl= jev lrk idudkH ld,h

• fok ,o wjia:djl wdfhdackh i|yd fhdojk wruqo,a m%udKh m%d.aOkfha

iemhqï nj'

• my; i|yka lreKq u; m%d.aOk iemhqu ;SrKh jk nj'

• foaYSh b;=reï

• úfoaYSh iDcq wdfhdack

• úfoaY Kh yd wdOdr

-117-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2 ((((( ;r.ldrS idOl fjf<ofmd<l jegqma ;SrKh jk wdldrh úuihs'



• Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a Y%uhg we;s b,aü yd iemhqu u; jegqma ;SrKh jk wdldrh

meyeÈ,s lr fmkajhs'

• jD;a;sh iñ;sj, n,mEu jegqma ;SrKh ùu flfrys bjy,a jk wdldrh ú.%y

lrhs'

• Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a jegqma úIu;d bj;a lsÍug rch ueÈy;a jk wdldrh fmkajd

fohs'


• mQ¾K ;r. fjf<|fmd<l jegqma wkqmd; ;SrKh ùug úúO idOl bjy,a jk

nj'

• Y%uhg we;s b,aü yd iemhqu jegqma wkqmd; ;SrKh ùfï § m%Odk jk nj'

• mQ¾K ;r. wdh;khla b,a¨ï lrk Y%u tall m%udKh" wdka;sl whNdr

M,odhl;ajh iy Y%uh i|yd f.úh hq;= wdka;sl msßjeh u; mokï jk nj'

• W - Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a b,aü yd iemhqu wkqj ;SrKh jQ jegqma uÜgu fõ'

tu jegqma uÜgu wdh;kh úiska ms<s.; hq;= h'

• V - wdh;kh úiska fiajd kshqla; lr.kq ,nk Y%u tall m%udKhhs'

• wdh;kh fiajd kshqla; lrkq ,nk Y%u tall m%udKh ;SrKh jkafka MRP

= MFC jk wjia:dfõ nj

• ;r.ldÍ Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a tla tla wdh;kj, Y%u b,a¨ï jl% ;sria w;g

tl;= lsÍfuka fjf<|fmd< Y%u b,a¨ï jl%h f.dvkef.k nj

• fm!oa.,sl Y%u iemhqu jegqfmys Ok Ys%;hla jk nj

• Y%u iemhqu jegqma uÜgfï Ok Ys%;hla jkqfha" Y%u iemhqu jeä lr;au tys

wdjiaÓl msßjeh jeäùu ksid nj

^wdka;sl idOl^wdka;sl idOl^wdka;sl idOl^wdka;sl idOl^wdka;sl idOlmsßjeh&msßjeh&msßjeh&msßjeh&msßjeh&

^wdka;sl whNdrh^wdka;sl whNdrh^wdka;sl whNdrh^wdka;sl whNdrh^wdka;sl whNdrhksIamdos;h&ksIamdos;h&ksIamdos;h&ksIamdos;h&ksIamdos;h&

V

MRP0

W MFC

Y%u tallY%u tallY%u tallY%u tallY%u tall

msßjehmsßjehmsßjehmsßjehmsßjehwhNdrhwhNdrhwhNdrhwhNdrhwhNdrh

-118-

• tla tla Y%ñlhdf.a fm!oa.,sl Y%u iemhqu ;sria w;g tl;= lsÍfuka fjf<|fmd<

Y%u iemhqu f.dvkef.k nj

• fjf<|fmd< Y%u b,a¨ï jl%h iy fjf<|fmd< Y%u iemhqï jl%h ;=,kh jkúg

;r.ldÍ Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a jegqma uÜgu yd yqjudre jk Y%u tall m%udKh

;SrKh jk nj

• L1 - hkq" ;r.ldÍ Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a fiajd kshqla; jQ Y%u tall m%udKhhs'

• ienE Y%u fjf<|fmd<l jegqma úIu;d ls%hd;aul jk nj'

• jegqma úIu;d flfrys my; idOl n,mdk nj

• Y%ñlhka iucd;Sh fkdùu

• /lshd wdl¾IKSh;ajfha úúO;ajh

• Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a wmQ¾K;d

• Y%u ixp,;djhg we;s ndOd

• jD;a;sh wjOdkfï fjkialï

• jD;a;sh iñ;s n,mEï

• jegqma úIu;djh wju lsÍu rch úiska úúO l%fudamdhka u.ska ueÈy;a jk nj

• jegqma úIu;d bj;a lsÍfuys ,d rch ueÈy;a jk wdldrhla jkafka wju jegqma

kshu lsÍu nj

• Y%u fjf<|fmdf<ys ;SrKh jQ jegqm Y%ñlhd flfrys idOdrK fkdjk úg

iu;=,s; jegqma uÜgug by<ska msysá jegqma uÜgula kS;Hdkql+, j kshu lsÍu

wju jegqm nj

• wju jegqmla kshu l< miq Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a w;sßla;h Y%u iemhqula we;s jk

nj

L1

MRP

0

jegqmajegqmajegqmajegqmajegqmawkqmd;slhwkqmd;slhwkqmd;slhwkqmd;slhwkqmd;slh

W1

1 1 1 1 1

re 're 're 're 're '

SL

DL2

Y%u tall .KkY%u tall .KkY%u tall .KkY%u tall .KkY%u tall .Kk

wju jegqmwju jegqmwju jegqmwju jegqmwju jegqm

iu;=,s; jegqmaiu;=,s; jegqmaiu;=,s; jegqmaiu;=,s; jegqmaiu;=,s; jegqmauÜguuÜguuÜguuÜguuÜgu

0

jegqma uÜgujegqma uÜgujegqma uÜgujegqma uÜgujegqma uÜgu

W1

m%udKh ^Y%u tall&m%udKh ^Y%u tall&m%udKh ^Y%u tall&m%udKh ^Y%u tall&m%udKh ^Y%u tall&

W2

L1 L2

Y%u iemhquY%u iemhquY%u iemhquY%u iemhquY%u iemhqu

Y%u b,aüY%u b,aüY%u b,aüY%u b,aüY%u b,aü

Y%u iemhquY%u iemhquY%u iemhquY%u iemhquY%u iemhqu

Y%u b,a,quY%u b,a,quY%u b,a,quY%u b,a,quY%u b,a,qu

-119-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3 ((((( idOl fjf<|fmd<l Y%uh yer wfkl=;a idOl wdYs%; wdodhï

úuihs'



• Y%uh yer wfkl=;a ksIamdok idOl wdYs%; wdodhï úuihs'

• ixl%du bmhSï yd wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh w;r fjki ksoiqka wdY%fhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• fmd<S wkqmd;slh ;SrKh jk wdldrh úYaf,aIKd;aulj bÈßm;a lrhs'

• wd¾Ól ,dNh ks¾jpkh lrñka .Kkh lr fmkajhs'


• N+ñh idOlfha ñ, jk nÿ l=,sh tu idOlhg we;s b,a u yd iemhqu u; ;SrKh

jk nj

• idOl bmhqï m%udKh idOl ñ, yd fjf<|fmdf<a yqjudre jk idOl m%udKh

u; ;SrKh jk nj

• ixl%du bmhqï yd wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh hk fohdldrfhka" idOl bmhSï iukaú; jk

nj

• lsishï ksIamdok idOlhla mj;akd Ndú;fha r|jd .ekSu i|yd wfmalaId lrkq

,nk wju wdodhu ixl%du bmhqï nj

• ixl%du bmhqu blaujd ,nkafka wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh nj

• idOl iemhqu mQ¾K kuH jq úg uq¿ idOl wdodhuu ixl%du bmhsula nj

• idOl iemhqu mQ¾K wkuH jq úg uq¿ idOl wdodhuu wd¾Ól nÿ l=,shla nj

• idOl iemhqu talSh kuH jkúg ixl%du bmhqï yd wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh iudk nj

• ixl%du bmhqu yd wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh my; mßÈ m%ia;dr igykaj,ska fmkaúh yels

nj

0D

S

wd¾Ólwd¾Ólwd¾Ólwd¾Ólwd¾Ólnÿ l=,shnÿ l=,shnÿ l=,shnÿ l=,shnÿ l=,sh

ixl%duixl%duixl%duixl%duixl%dubmh qubmh qubmh qubmh qubmh qu

fhoj qïfhoj qïfhoj qïfhoj qïfhoj qït all .Kktall .Kktall .Kktall .Kktall .Kk

D

Sixl%duixl%duixl%duixl%duixl%dubmh qubmh qubmh qubmh qubmh qu

t all .Kktall .Kktall .Kktall .Kktall .Kk0

^b, aü&^b, aü&^b, aü&^b, aü&^b, aü&

îemh qu &îemh qu &îemh qu &îemh qu &îemh qu &

idOl ñ,idOl ñ,idOl ñ,idOl ñ,idOl ñ,^rem sh, a &^rem sh, a &^rem sh, a &^rem sh, a &^rem sh, a &

idOl ñ,idOl ñ,idOl ñ,idOl ñ,idOl ñ,^rem sh, a &^rem sh, a &^rem sh, a &^rem sh, a &^rem sh, a &

îemh qu &îemh qu &îemh qu &îemh qu &îemh qu &


P P

QQ

-120-

D

S

wd¾Ól nÿwd¾Ól nÿwd¾Ól nÿwd¾Ól nÿwd¾Ól nÿl=,shl=,shl=,shl=,shl=,sh

0 m %udKhm %udKhm %udKhm %udKhm %udKh

• ienE jYfhka fjf<|fmdf<ys fmd<S wkqmd; jHqyhla mj;sk nj'

• YS% ,xldfõ fmd<S wkqmd;sl jHqyh my; oelafjk fmd,S wkqmd;slhkaf.ka

iukaú; jk nj

• uy nexl= wkqmd;slh

• m%;sñ,§ .ekqï wkqmd;slh

• ;ekam;= i|yd fmd<S wkqmd;slh

• Kh i|yd fmd<S wkqmd;slh

• m%dudKsl ,dNh blaujd jHjidhl;ajh Wmhd .kq ,nk m%;s,dNh wd¾Ól ,dNh

nj

• uq¿ whNdrfhka iDcq msßjeh iy jl% msßjeh wvq lsÍfuka wd¾Ól ,dNh .Kkh

l< yels nj

• .Kldêldß ,dNh yd wd¾Ól ,dNh w;r fjkila mj;sk nj

• iudydr b,a ï yd iudydr iemhqfuys lsisÿ fjkila isÿ fkdjk iaÓ;sl w¾Ólhla

;=< wd¾Ól ,dN Y=kH jk nj

• iudydr b,a¨ï yd iemhqï fjkiajk .;sl wd¾Ólhla ;=< wd¾Ól ,dN mj;sk

nj

• .;sl wd¾Ólhka ;=< wd¾Ól ,dN idOdrKSlrKh l< yels jkafka my; i|yka

fya;= u; nj

• wúksYaÑ; mßirhla ;=< jHdmdßl ;SrK .ekSfï § wjodku oeÍu

• wúksYaÑ; mßirhla ;=< kjH;djka y÷kajd §u

• taldêldÍ fyda wmQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ;;a;ajhla mej;Su

• m%d.aOkfha bmhSu fmd,S wkqmd;slh nj

• l=gqïN" jHdmdr" wdh;k yd rch mßfNdackh yd wdfhdackh i|yd wruqo,a

b,a¨ï lrk nj

idOl ñ,idOl ñ,idOl ñ,idOl ñ,idOl ñ,^rem sh, a &^rem sh, a &^rem sh, a &^rem sh, a &^rem sh, a & îemh qu &îemh qu &îemh qu &îemh qu &îemh qu &


P

Q

-121-

• wruqo,a i|yd mj;sk b,aü yd iemhqu u; fmd,S wkqmd;slh ;SrKh jk nj

kdñl fmd,S wkqmd;slfhka WoaOuk wkqmd;slh wvq l< úg uQ¾; fmd,S wkqmd;slh

,nd .; yels nj

• uQ¾; fmd,S wkqmd;slh RK fyda Ok w.hla .; yels nj

M1

fmd,Sfmd,Sfmd,Sfmd,Sfmd,Swkqmd;slhwkqmd;slhwkqmd;slhwkqmd;slhwkqmd;slh

R1

KhKhKhKhKhwruqo,awruqo,awruqo,awruqo,awruqo,aiemhquiemhquiemhquiemhquiemhqu

KhKhKhKhKhwruqo,awruqo,awruqo,awruqo,awruqo,ab,aüb,aüb,aüb,aüb,aü

KhKhKhKhKhwruqo,awruqo,awruqo,awruqo,awruqo,a

-122-

ksmqK;dj 5ksmqK;dj 5ksmqK;dj 5ksmqK;dj 5ksmqK;dj 5 ((((( id¾j wd¾Ól ls%hdldÍ;ajh ie<ls,a,g .ksñka cd;sl

.sKqï ilia lsÍug iQodku m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1 ((((( id¾j wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKh i|yd wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s

fhdod .kakd wdldrh úuid n,hs'



• id¾j wd¾:sl wruqKq kï lrhs'

• mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh ks¾jpkh lrñka tys jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• idOdrK;ajh w¾: olajd tys jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• ndysr ia:dhs;djh yd wNHka;r ia:dhs;djh w;r iïnkaO;djh olajñka id¾j

w¾Ól ia:dhs;djh ks¾jpkh lrhs'

• wd¾Ól j¾Okh yd ;sridr ixj¾Okh w;r fjki fmkajd foñka tys

jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'

• id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq <Õd lr .ekaaSu ioyd wd¾Ólhla l<ukdlrKh l< hq;=

nj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• id¾j wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKh i|yd fhdod .kakd id¾j wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s yd

WmlrK bÈßm;a lrhs'

• uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh yd rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• wd¾Ól ld¾hlaIu;djhg wod< j ksIamdokfha ld¾hlaIu;djh yd iïm;a fn§

hdfï ld¾hlaIu;djh meyeÈ,s lrhs'


• iudchla úiska ish wd¾Ólh ;=<ska bgqlr .ekSug W;aidy .kakd úúO

wNsu;d¾: id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq nj

• id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhka fufyhùug wfmalaIs; b,lal id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq

nj

• id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq my; mßÈ ±laúh yels nj

• mq¾K fiajd kshqla;sh

• wd¾Ól ia:dhs;djh

• idOdrK;ajh

• wd¾Ól j¾Okh

• ;sridr ixj¾Okh

-123-

• wd¾Ólhla i;= ishü iïm;a Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;djfhka NdKav yd fiajd

iïmdokh i|yd fhdod .ekSu mq¾K fiajd kshqla;sh nj

• wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;djh wju ùu idOdrK;ajh nj

• idOdrK;ajh hkafkka ishü l=gqïn w;r iudk whqßka wdodhu fn§hdula

isÿúh hq;= hehs woyia fkdjk nj

• udkj iïm;aj, .=Kd;aul nj iy M,odhS;dj wkqj bmehSï fjkia ùu

idOdrK;ajhg mgyeks fkdjk nj

• wNHka;r wd¾Ólfha;a" ndysr wd¾Ólfha;a ia:djr;ajhla mj;ajd f.k hdu

id¾j wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj hkafkka woyia lrk nj

• wNHka;r ia:dhs;djfha § ñ, yd fiajd kshqla;sfha ia:dhS;dj jeo.;a jk nj

• ndysr ia:dhs;djfha § f.jqï f.aIh yd úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;h ia:djr j ;nd

.ekSu jeo.;a jk nj

• wNHka;r ia:dhS;djh ndysr ia:dhS;djh flfrys o ndysr ia:dhS;djh wNHka;r

ia:dhS;djhg o n,mdk nj

• rgl uQ¾; ksIamdÈ;h wLkav j by< hdu wd¾Ól j¾Okhg fya;= jk w;r

tys § ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ú;ekajk nj

• jeä jQ uq¾; ksIamdÈ;h rfÜ ck;dj w;r idOdrK j fn§hdfuka ck;djf.a

Ôjk ;;a;ajh by< hk nj

• wd¾Ól" iudchSh yd mdßißl hk me;slv ;=ku ;=,kd;aul ixj¾Okhla

isÿùu ;sridr ixj¾Okh nj

• id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu ioyd id¾j wd¾Ól úp,H fufyhùu

id¾j wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKh nj

-124-

• id¾j wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKh i|yd my; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iy WmlrK fhdod

.kakd nj

• uQ,H m%;sm;a;s uy nexl= fmd,S wkqmd;h" újg

fjf<|fmd< lghq;= iy jHjia:dms;

wkqmd;h

• rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh rcfha nÿ wdodhu" rdcH Kh iy rdcH

úohï

• wdodhï m%;sm;a;s jegqma wkqmd;sl iy NdKav ñ, by< hdfï

fõ.h wvq lsÍu

• iemhqï m%j¾Ok m%;sm;a;s nÿ lmd yeÍu" fr.=,dislrKh"

fm!oa.,SlrKh iy udkj m%d.aOk

wOHdmk jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu

• iDcq md,k m%;sm;a;s cki;= lsÍu iy bvï m%;sixialrKh

• úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;s ;Sre nÿ m%;sm;a;s" wdkhk i,dl lsÍï iy

úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;h .e<mSu

• iQlaIu md,k m%;sm;a;s ñ, md,kh ^Wmßu ñ,$ wju ñ,&

-125-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 ((((( m%Odk id¾j wd¾Ól úp,H úu¾Ykh lrhs'



• id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhka kï lr" tu úp,Hhka fjka fjka j w¾: olajhs'

• jHdmdr pl% w¾: olajhs'

• id¾j wd¾Ólfha flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk yeisÍïj, iïnkaO;djh m%ia;dr

igykla weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'

• jHdmdr pl%j,g wod< j úNj ksuejqu yd i;H ksuejqu w;r fjki meyeÈ,s

lrñka miqneiSï yd m%idrKhka ú.%y lrhs'


• wd¾Ólhl l%shdldÍ;ajh ;SrKh flfrk m%Odk úp,Hhka id¾j wd¾Ól

úp,Hhka f,i ye¢ka fjk nj

• id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhka my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels nj

• cd;sl ksuejqu

• fiajd kshqla;sh

• ñ, uÜgu

• f.jqï fYaIh

• úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh

• m%Odk id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hj, l%shdldß;ajh fjkiajk úg wd¾:slfha iuia;

ksIamdokh o fjkia jk nj

• ld,h;a iuÕ uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha yeisÍu fmkakqï lrkplS%h yeisÍu

jHdmdr pl% f,i ye¢kafjk nj

• id¾j wd¾Ólfha flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk yeiSÍïj, iïnkaO;dj wjfndaO

lr .ekSug jHdmdr pl% Wmfhda.S lr .kakd nj

-126-

• jHdmdr pl%hl wjê y;rla y÷kd.; yels nj

• miq neiSfï wjêh

• m;=,

• m%idrK wjêh

• uqÿk;

• th my; mrsÈ m%ia;dr igyklska bÈßm;a l< yels nj

• i;H ksuejqu úNj ksuejqug jvd my; nisk Wmßu ,laIHh m;=, jk w;r

i;H ksuejqu úNj ksudjg jvd by< hk Wmßu ,laIHh uqÿk; nj

• m;=f,a isg uqÿk; olajd .uka lrk wjêh i;H ksIamdÈ;h m%idrKh jk

wjêh jk nj

• uqÿk; isg m;=, olajd .uka lrk wjêh i;H ksIamdokh my; jefgk$ miq

neiSfï wjêh jk nj

• m%idrK wjêhl ld,h miq neiSfï wjêhl ld,hg jvd §¾> jk nj

• jHdmdr pl%hl tla uqÿk;l isg ;j;a uqÿk;lg we;s ld,h jHdmdr pl%hl

È. jk w;r tlu jHdmdr pl%hl uqÿk;a w;r È. tlsfklg fjkia nj

• jHdmdr pl%hl È.= ld,Sk Wmk;shla wd¾Ól jDoaêhla fyda wd¾Ól ì|jeàula

úh yels nj

u qÿk;u q ÿk;u q ÿk;u q ÿk;u q ÿk;

u q ÿk;u q ÿk;u q ÿk;u q ÿk;u q ÿk;

mi qmi qmi qmi qmi qnei Sunei Sunei Sunei Sunei Su^m %Ó.ukh&^m %Ó.ukh&^m %Ó.ukh&^m %Ó.ukh&^m %Ó.ukh&

m; =,m; =,m; =,m; =,m; =,m %u dKhm %udKhm %udKhm %udKhm %udKh

úNj ksuej quúNj ksuej quúNj ksuej quúNj ksuej quúNj ksuej qu

Ai;H ksuej quAi;H ksuej quAi;H ksuej quAi;H ksuej quAi;H ksuej qu

0

uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;huQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;huQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;huQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;huQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

ld,hld,hld,hld,hld,h

-127-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3 ((((( cd;sl wdodhfï plS%h m%jdyh Ndú;fhka cd;sl

.sKqïlrKfha úúO m%fõY ú.%y lrhs'



• id¾j wd¾Ól ls%hdj,shg odhl jk m%Odk wd¾Ól ldrl kï lrhs'

• wd¾Ól ldrl w;r isÿjk .Kqfokq m%jdy wdodhfï plS%h m%jdyhla wdY%fhka

fmkakqï lrhs'

• ksIamdok m%jdyfha jákdlu wdodhï m%jdyfha jákdlug;a wdodhï m%jdyfha

jákdlu úhoï m%jdyfha jákdlug;a iudk jk nj ;yjqre lrhs'

• cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h ksIamdok" wdodhï iy úhoï hk úl,am m%fõY ;=klska .Kkh

l< yels nj m%ldY lrhs'

• cd;sl .sKqï ms<sfh, lsÍfï § neyer l< hq;= whs;u fya;= iys;j bÈßm;a lrhs'


• id¾j w¾Ólh ;=< ls%hdj,shg odhl jk m%Odk ls%hdldÍ tall ^wd¾Ól ldrl&

y;rla mj;sk nj

• l=gqïn wxYh

• jHdmdr wxYh

• rdcH wxYh

• úfoaY wxYh

• wd¾Ól ldrl w;r wfkHdakH jYfhka isÿjk .Kqfokq m%jdy ;=<ska id¾j

wd¾Ólh ls%hd;aul jk nj

• wd¾Ól ldrl w;r isÿjk .Kqfokq m%jdy ir, rEm igyklska bÈßm;a l< yels

nj

• tu rEm igyk wdodhï yd úhoï ms<sn| plS%h m%jdyh kñka y÷kajk nj

• l=gqïn wxYh iy jHdmdr wxYh muKla ls%hd;aul jk wd¾Ólh" ir, wd¾Ólhla

f,i y÷kajk nj

• ir, wd¾Ólfha b;ssß lsÍï ldkaÿùula jk w;r wdfhdackh ú£ula jk nj

• b;=reï yd wdfhdack iudk jk úg ir, wd¾Ólfha iuia; wdodhu yd iuia;

úhou iudk jk nj

• b;=reï iy wdfhdack ke; hk Wml,amkh hgf;a iy b;=reï iy wdfhdack

we; hk Wml,amkh hgf;a ir, wd¾Ólhl ls%hdldÍ;ajh wdodhï yd úhoï

plS%h m%jdyhla u.ska fmkakqï l< yels nj

-128-

• rch we;=<;a ixjD; wd¾Ólhl ls%hdldÍ;ajh wdodhï yd úhoï plS%h m%jdyhla

u.ska fmkakqï l< yels nj

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl b;sß lsÍï yd nÿ ldkaÿùï jk w;r wdfhdack yd wdKavqfõ

ñ,§ .ekSï ú§ï nj'

• b;=reï yd nÿj, tl;=j wdfhdack yd wdKavqfõ ñ,§ .ekSïj, tl;=jg iudk

jk úg ixjD; wd¾Ólfha Y=E nj

• wd¾Ól ldrl y;ru ls%hd;aul jk újD; wd¾Ólhl ls%hdldÍ;ajh wdodhï yd

úhoï plS%h m%jdyhla u.ska my; i|yka mßÈ fmkaúh yels nj

• újD; wd¾Ólhl iuia; ls%hdldÍ;ajh wdodhï iy úhoï plS%h m%jdyhla weiqfrka

my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels nj

jHdmdr

wxYh

úfoaY

wxYh

b;sß

lsÍï

wdfhdack

ûQ¾; m%jdyh&

ûQ,H m%jdyh&

rdcH

wxYh

l=gqïn

wxYh

idOl fiajd ^N+ñh + Y%uh + m%d.aOkh + jHjidh&

ûQ¾; m%jdyh&

NdKav yd fiajd

îdOl wdodhï&

^jegqma" nÿl=,S" fmd<S" ,dN&

uQ,H m%jdyh

nÿ

wmkhkrdcH

fiajd

rdcH

fiajd

wdkhknÿ

NdKav yd fiajd i|yd úhoï

-129-

• újD; wd¾Ólhl b;sß lsÍï" nÿ iy wdkhk ldkaÿùï jk w;r wdfhdack"

rcfha ñ,§ .ekSï iy wmkhk ú§ï jk nj

• újD; wd¾Ólhl ishü ldkaÿùï iy ú§ï iudk jkúg iuia; wdodhu yd

úhou iudk jk nj

• ksIamdok m%jdyh wdodhï m%jdyhg;a wdodhï m%jdyh úhoï m%jdyhg;a iudk

jk wdldrh wdodhï yd úhoï plS%h m%jdyfhka meyeÈ,s jk nj

• ksIamdok" wdodhï iy úhoï m%jdyhkaf.a w.h ;lafiare lsÍu cd;sl .sKqïlrKh

nj

• cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha § neyer l< hq;= whs;u ;sfnk nj

• my; i|yka whs;uhka cd;sl .sKqïj,ska neyer l< hq;= nj

• ixl%du .Kqfokq

• .sKqï ld,iSudjg wh;a fkdjk ksIamdokhka fyda úhoï

• uQ,H fjf<|fmdf<a isÿjk .Kqfokq

• wka;¾ NdKav yqjudre ùu

-130-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'4 ((((( ksujqï m%fõYhg wkqj cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍfï iQodku

m%o¾Ykh lrhs'



• § we;s f;dr;=re Ndú; lrñka ksujqï m%jdyh mokï lrf.k cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha

w.h ;lafiare lrhs'

• nyq .Kk fodaIh ksid cd;sl .sKqïj, úYajikSh;ajh wvqjk nj ;yjqre lrhs'

• nyq .Kk fodaIh u. yrjd .ekSug wjidk ksujqï l%uh iy tl;= l< jákdlï

l%uh fhdod .kakd wdldrh úia;r lrhs'


• ksujqï m%jdyh mokï lrf.k cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h ;lafiare lsÍu ksujqï m%fõYh

f,i y÷kajk nj

• ksujqï m%fõYh hgf;a cd;sl .sKqï ms<sfh, lsÍfï § nyq .Kk fodaIhla we;s

úh yels nj

• nyq .Kk fodaIh u. yrjd .ekSu i|yd l%u folla wkq.ukh l< yels nj

• wjidk ksujqï l%uh

• tl;= l< jákdlï l%uh

• ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha wjidk wÈhr miql<" mdßfNdack yd wdfhdack NdKav yd

fiajd muKla cd;sl .sKqïj,g we;=<;a lsÍu wjidk ksujqï l%uh nj

• wjidk ksujqï l%ufha § wka;¾ NdKav f;d. fjkqfjka .e<mSula isÿ l< hq;=

nj

• tl;= l< jákdlï l%uh hgf;a lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl yd fiajd wxYj, tl;= l<

jákdlïj, tl;=j o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h f,i ie,flk nj

• ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha tla tla wjia:dj, § uq¿ ksujqug w¿f;ka tl;= l< w.h

muKla cd;sl .sKqïj,g we;=<;a lsÍu tl;= l< jákdlï l%uh nj

• tl;= l< w.h ;=< idOl fiajd i|yd lrk ,o f.ùï" Y=oaO jl% nÿ iy

laIhùïj, jákdlu o wka;¾.; jk nj

-131-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'5 ((((( ksujqï m%fõYh wkqj cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍu wdYs%;

úúO ixl,am ;=,kd;aul j úuihs'



• ksujqï m%fõYh hgf;a o< foaYSh$ o< cd;sl$ Y=oaO foaYSh$ Y=oaO cd;sl

ksIamdÈ;h hk ixl,am w¾: olajhs'

• § we;s f;dr;=re weiqfrka by; ixl,am hgf;a cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh

lrhs'

• cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h idOl ñ, isg fjf<|fmd< ñ,g mßj¾;kh lrk wdldrh

ixLHd;aulj ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• j¾;k ñ, yd ia:djr ñ, wkqj o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h w.h lr tu ixl,am

w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• mj;akd ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h iy ia:djr ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh

ksIamdÈ;h ixikaokh lrñka o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh .Kkh lrhs'

• cd;sl ksIamdÈ;hg wod< ishü NdKav yd fiajdj, ñ, uÜgfï fjkia ùu .uH

wjOuklh ;=<ska ksrEmKh jk nj m%ldY lrhs'


• hï ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< hï ksYaÑ; foaY iSudjla fyj;a N+f.da,Sh

m%foaYhla ;=< ìys jQ wjidk ksIamdÈ;fha w.h o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h nj

• lDIsld¾ñl wxYh" ld¾ñl wxYh iy fiajd wxYfha tl;= l< w.hkaf.a tl;=j

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h nj

• hï ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< § rgl fkajdislhka i;= iïm;aj,ska ìysjk

uq¨ ksujqfï w.h o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h nj

• o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg úfoaY idOl wdodhï ,eîï iy f.ùï .e<mSfuka o<

cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh l< yels nj

• úfoaYSh idOl wdodhï ,eîï yd f.ùï w;r fjki úfoaYSh Y=oaO idOl wdodhu

f,i y÷kajk nj

• o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka m%d.aOk laIhùïj, w.h wvq l< úg Y=oaO foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

,efnk nj

• o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fhka m%d.aOk laIh wvql< úg Y=oaO cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h ,efnk

nj

-132-

• Y=oaO cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha úfYaI ,laIKhla kï th ieliS ;sfnk tl;= l<

w.fhys we;=<;a jkafka idOl fiajd i|yd f.jk wdodhï muKla nj

• Y=oaO cd;sl ksIamdÈ;hg Y=oaO jl% nÿ .e<mSfuka cd;sl wdodhu ,efnk nj

• ksIamdÈ;h ìys lsÍug odhl jQ ish¨ ksIamdok idOlj,g lrk ,o f.ùï fyj;a

ksIamdok msßjeh mokï lrf.k ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu .Kkh lsÍu idOl

msßjeh ñ, f,i y÷kajk nj

• rcfha ueÈy;aùu ksid idOl msßjeh ñ, fjf<|fmd<g tkúg fjkia jk nj

• idOl msßjeh ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg Y=oaO jl% nÿ tl;= l<úg

fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h ,nd .; yels nj

• j¾;udkfha fj<|fmdf<a mj;akd ñ, wkqj .Kkh lrk o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h"

j¾;; ñ, fyda mj;akd ñ, wkqj o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h f,i y÷kajk nj

• j¾;k ñ, hgf;a .Kkh l< ksIamdÈ;fhka wd¾Ólfha ienE j¾Okhla .ek

wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug fkdyels nj

• uq¾; ksIamdÈ;fha fjki y÷kd .ekSug j¾;k ñ, hgf;a .Kkh l< ksIamdÈ;fha

jákdlfuka" ñ, uÜgïj, we;s jQ fjkia ùu bj;a l< hq;= nj

• j¾;k ñ, wkqj .Kkh l< ksIamdÈ;fha w.h ñ, o¾Ylhlska wjOukh l<

úg ia:djr ñ, hgf;a ksIamdÈ;fha w.h ,efnk nj

• ia:djr ñ, hgf;a .Kkh l< o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h uq¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

f,i o y÷kajk nj

• mj;akd ñ, hgf;a o< foaYSh $ o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu yd ia:djr ñ,

hgf;a o< foaYSh $ o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu ikaikaokh lsÍu uÕska o<

foaYSh $ o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha .uH wjOuklh fidhd.; yels nj

• fuh my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels nj

.uH wjOuklh^wfrdams; ñ, o¾Ylh&

mj;akd ñ, hgf;a o< foa'ks'

ia:djr ñ, hgf;a o< foa'ks'= ‹ 100

-133-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'6 ((((( úhoï m%fõYhg wkqj cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍfï iqodku

m%o¾Ykh lrhs'



• úhoï m%fõYh hgf;a cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lrk wdldrh fmkajhs'

• o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu tu ksIamdÈ;h ñ, § .ekSug ork ,o úhoug

iudk jk nj WodyrK u.ska fmkajhs'

• o< foaYSh úhou yd o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h u; l< úhou hk ixl,am w;r fjki

meyeÈ,s lrñka .Kkh lr fmkajhs'

• o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h u; l< úhou o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h u; l< úhou njg m;a

lrk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

• úhoï m%fõYh hgf;a nyq .Kk fodaIh j<lajd .ekSu i|yd neyer lrk úhoï

j¾. kï lrh s'

• wd¾Ólhl iïm;a m%udKh iukaú; jk wldrh;a" tajd Wmfhdackh jk wdldrh;a

meyeÈ,s lrhss'


• l=gqïn úiska wdydrmdk" we÷ï me<÷ï wd§ wjika mdßfNdack NdKav yd fiajd

ñ, § .ekSug lrkq ,nk úhou fm!oa.,sl mdßfNdack úhou nj

• o< wdfhdackh my; mßÈ fldgia follska iukaú; jk nj

• o< foaYSh ia:djr m%d.aOk iïmdokh

• f;d. fjkiaùu

• NdKav yd fiajd ñ,§ .ekSug rch ork úhou rdcH ñ,§ .ekSï nj

• wmkhk yd wdkhk w;r fjki Y=oaO wmkhk nj

• fm!oa.,sl mßfNdackh" o< wdfhdackh yd rdcH ñ,§ .ekSïj, ftlHh o<

foaYSh úhou nj

• o< foaYSh úhoug Y=oaO wmkhk .e<mSfuka o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h u; úhou ,nd

.; yels nj

• o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h u; úhou úfoaY Y=oaO idOl wdodhu .e<mSfuka" o< cd;sl

ksIamdÈ;h ,nd .; yels nj

-134-

• M,odhS wd¾Ól ls%hd muKla ie,ls,a,g .ekSu i|yd my; i|yka úhoï j¾.

neyer lrk nj

• ixl%du úhoï

• mdúÉÑ l< NdKav kej; úlsKSu wdYs%; .Kqfokq

• wka;¾ NdKav u; lrk úhoï

• uQ,H m;s%ld u; lrk úhoï

• uq¿ iïm;a îïm;a ixhq;sh& my; i|yka mßÈ ilia jk nj

• iïm;a Wmfhdackh my; i|yka mßÈ oelaúh yels nj

uq¿ iïm;a } o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h + NdKav yd idOl

fkdjk fiajd wdkhk

iïm;a Wmfhdackh } fm!oa.,sl wxYfha mßfNdackh +rdcH wxYfha mßfNdackh + o< foaYSh

m%d.aOk iïmdokh + NdKav yd idOl

fkdjk fiajd wmkhk

-135-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'7 ((((( wdodhï m%fõYhg wkqj cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍfï iqodku

m%o¾Ykh lrhs'



• ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg odhl jQ ishü ksIamdok idOlj, bmhSï mokï lrf.k

ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu ;lafiare l< yels nj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• idOl wdodhï j¾. lr tla tla j¾.h WodyrK iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• § we;s f;dr;=re weiqfrka foaYSh wdodhï .Kkh lr fmkajhs'

• imhd we;s o;a; weiqfrka idOl msßjeh ñ, hgf;a o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h iy

fjf<|fmd< ñ, hgf;a o< foaYSh wdodhu .Kkh lr fmkajhs'

• wdodhï m%fõYh hgf;a cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍfï § neyer l< hq;= .Kqfokq

ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• fm!oa.,sl wdodhu iy jehl< yels fm!oa.,sl wdodhu w;r fjki ii|ñka

.Kkh lrhs'

• § we;s f;dr;=re weiqfrka jehl< yels o< cd;sl wdodhu .Kkh lr fmkajhs'

• imhd we;s f;dr;=re weiqfrka uQ¾; cd;sl wdodhu .Kkh lr fmkajhs'

• foaYSh b;=reï iy cd;sl b;=reï ixLHd o;a; weiqßka .Kkh lr fmkajhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (((((

• ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § thg odhl jQ ishü idOl bmhSï tl;= l< úg wdodhï

m%fõYh hgf;a cd;sl wdodhu ;lafiare l< yels nj

• idOl wdodhï m%Odk uQ,dY% myla hgf;a j¾. l< yels nj

• fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a wdodhu

• nÿ l=,S wdodhu

• Y=oaO fmd<sh

• ,dNh iy jHjidhl;aj wdodhu

• iajhx /lshd yd jD;a;slhkaf.a wdodhu

• fiajd kshqla;s wdodhu uQ,dY% 03 lska iukaú; jk nj

• jegqma$ fõ;k

• iudc ixrlaIK l%u i|yd fiajd fhdaclhka lrk f.ùï

• fiajd kshqla;slhkag ,efnk rlaIK fiajd" fi!LH myiqlï" wdmod §ukd"

lïlre jkaÈ

-136-

• nÿ l=,S wdodhu my; i|yka uQ,dY%j,ska iukaú; jk nj

• ksYap, foam< iy iajNdúl iïm;a l=,shg §fuka Wmhk ,o l=,S wdodhu

• l=,S ksjdi i|yd ,efnk nÿ l=,S iy whs;slre mÈxÑj isák ksjdi i|yd

wdfrdams; nÿ l=,sh

• nqoaêuh foam< i|yd ,nk wdodhï

• jHdmdßl wxYfha Y=oaO fmd<S muKla cd;sl wdodhï weia;fïka;=j,g we;=<;a

jk nj

• ,dN iy jHjidhl;aj wdodhï my; i|yka uQ,dY%j,ska iukaú; jk nj

• iud.ñl wdodhï nÿ

• whs;slrejkag f.jkq ,nk ,dNdxY

• fkdfn¥ ,dN

• iajhx /lshd yd jD;a;slhkaf.a wdodhug my; i|yka oE we;=<;a jk nj

• iud.ï jYfhka ,shdmÈxÑ fkdjQ flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr

• yjq,a jHdmdr yd iuQmdldr jHdmdr

• f.dùka

• fjk;a /lshdj, ksr; ù isák úúO Ys,amSka

• jD;a;slhka ^kS;S{" ffjoH&

• fm!oa.,sl wdodhu $ l=gqïn wdodhu my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels nj

idOl msßjeh hgf;a o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h } XXXtl;= lsÍï

úfoaY fm!oa.,sl Y=oaO ixl%du XXúY%du jegqma XXrdcH Kh i|yd l=gqïnj,g ,efnk fmd<SXXl=gqïnj,g ,efnk fjk;a iykdOdr XX

XXXXX

wvq lsÍï

m%d.aOk laIhùï XXjHdmdrj, fkdfn¥ ,dN yd iud.ñl nÿ XXrcfha foam< wdodhï XXiudc ixrlaIK odhl uqo,a XX

XXfm!oa.,sl wdodhu XX

-137-

• l=gqïn wdodhfuka $ fm!oa.,sl wdodhfuka iDcq nÿ wvq l< miq jeh l< yels

l=gqïn wdodhu ,efnk nj

• úfoaaY .sKqï cd;sl .sKqïj,g iïnkaO jk wdldr my; i|yka mßÈ fmkakqï

l< yels nj

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h }u; l< úhou

o< foaYSh úhou + NdKav .sKqfï

fYaIh + fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh

o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h }u; l< úhou

o< foaYSh úhou + NdKav .sKqfï

fYaIh + fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh +wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh

jeh l< yels o< }cd;sl wdodhu

o< foaYSh úhou + j¾;k .sKqfï

fYaIh

• idOl msßjeh u; o< foaYSh wdodhu my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkhl< yels nj

o< foaYSh wdodhu }îdOl msßjeh u;&

o< foaYSh wdodhu îd'ñ'& + m%d.aOklaIh

• fjf<|fmd< ñ, hgf;a o< foaYSh wdodhu my; i|yka mßÈ.Kkh l< yels nj

o< foaYSh wdodhu }^fjf<| ñ, wkqj&

o< foaYSh wdodhu îdOl ñ,& + Y=oaOjl% nÿ

• fjf<|fmd< ñ, hgf;a o< cd;sl wdodhu my; i|yka mßÈ.Kkh l< yels nj

o< cd;sl wdodhu }^fjf<|fmd< ñ,wkqj&

o< foaYSh wdodhu ^fj'ñ'& + úfoaYY=oaO idOl wdodhu

• idOl msßjeh u; Y=oaO foaYSh wdodhu my; i|yka mßÈ.Kkh l< yels nj

Y=oaO foaYSh wdodhu }îdOl msßjeh u;&

fiajd kshqla;s wdodhu + nÿ l=,S +Y=oaO fmd<S + iud.ñl ,dN + iajhx/lshd iy jD;a;slhkaf.a wdodhï

-138-

• cd;sl wdodhu l%u follg .Kkh l< yels nj

cd;sl wdodhu }

cd;sl wdodhu }

idOl msßjeh wkqj o< cd;slksIamdÈ;h - m%d.aOk laIh

fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< cd;slksIamdÈ;h -^m%d.aOk laIh + Y=oaO jl% nÿ&

• uQ¾; cd;sl wdodhu my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels nj

• foaYSh b;=reï my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels nj

• cd;sl b;=reï my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels nj

uQ¾; cd;sl wdodhu } ia:djr ñ, wmkhkj, ia:djr ñ,

hgf;a o< + l%h Yla;sh - hgf;a

cd;sl wmkhkksIamdÈ;h jákdlu

foaYSh b;=reï } o< foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh + Y=oaO

wmkhk

cd;sl b;=reï } foaYSh b;=reï +úfoaY Y=oaO idOl wdodhu

+ úfoaY Y=oaO fm!oa.,sl j¾;k ixl%dj

-139-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'8 ((((( cd;sl .sKqïj, m%dfhda.sl Ndú; úuihs'



• wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKh i|yd cd;sl .sKqïj,ska fy<sjk o;a; jeo.;ajk wdldrh

fmkajhs'

• cd;sl ksuejqfï wdxYsl ixhq;sh fhdod .ksñka wd¾Ól jHqyfha fjkiaùï WodyrK

iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• cd;sl wdodhu idOl ysñhka w;r fn§ we;s wdldrh .Kkh lr fmkajhs'

• tal mqoa., ksuejqu ñKqï lrhs'

• wd¾Ól j¾Ok fõ.h ñKqï lrhs'


• cd;sl .sKqïj,ska fy<sjk o;a; wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKh i|yd w;HjYH jk nj

• lDIsl¾udka;" l¾udka; yd fiajd hk wxYj,ska o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h iukaú;

jk nj

• fuu wxYj,ska o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg isÿjk idfmalaI odhl;ajfha jeo.;alu

uÕska" wd¾Ól jHqyfha fjkiaùï ú.%y l< yels nj

• o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wdxYsl ixhq;sh ie,ls,a,g f.k" idfmalaI jYfhka

ÿ¾j, lafIa;% k.d isgqùu i|yd" wod< m%;sm;a;s ilia l< yels nj

• ksIamdok idOl w;r" wdodhï fn§ hk wdldrh cd;sl wdodhï o;a; u.ska fmkakqï

lrk nj

• iuia; wdodhfuka ljr m%;sY;hla" Y%ñlhka w;g m;a fjkjd o" ljr m%;sY;hla

foam< ysñhka w;g m;afjkjd o fï u.ska oek.; yels nj

• cd;sl .sKqï o;a; fhdod .ksñka rgl wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh we.hSu yd cd;Hka;r

ikaikaokhka l< yels nj

• cd;sl wdodhu $ ksIamdÈ;h" rfÜ uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykfhka fn§fuka tal

mqoa., wdodhu ,nd .; yels nj

• wd¾Ólfha uQ¾; ksIamdÈ;h wLKav j jeä ùu wd¾Ól jDoaêh nj

• ia:djr ñ, hgf;a o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h weiqfrka wd¾Ól jDoaêh ñKqï l< yels

nj

-140-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'9 ((((( cd;sl .sKqïj, iSud u;=lr olajhs'



• cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍfï § we;sjk iSudjka kï lrhs'

• fjf<|fmd< fkdjk .Kqfokq cd;sl .sKqï ;=< we;=<;a fkdùu ksid ksIamdÈ;fha

w.h" wj;lafiare jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• kS;s úfrdaë wd¾Ól lghq;= cd;sl .sKqï ;=<ska neyer ùu ksid cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha

w.h wj;lafiare jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

• mßir ydhkh ksid we;sjk wys;lr n,mEï cd;sl .sKqï ;=< we;=<;a fkdùu

ksid cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h wê ;lafiare jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

• yß; cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'


• cd;sl .sKqï o;a;hka ms<sfh, lsÍfï § my; iSudjka mj;sk nj

• fjf<|fmd< fkdjk .Kqfokq

• kS;S úfrdaë wd¾Ól lghq;=

• fkdúêu;a wd¾Ól lghq;=

• ksIamdolfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh

• mßirhg jk n,mEï ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu

• rdcH Kh fmd<S f.ùu iïmQ¾Kfhka neyer lsÍu

• fj<ofmd< fkdjk .Kqfokq my; mßÈ jk nj

• l=gqïnhla ;=< .DyKshla úiska bgqlrkq ,nk fiajdj

• ;uka úiskau bgqlrkq ,nk fiajd

• hemqï wd¾Ól lghq;=

• by; M,odhS wd¾Ól l%shd cd;sl .sKqïj, we;=<;a fkdùfuka cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h

wj;lafiare jk nj

• kS;s úfrdaë u;ameka ksIamdokh yd wf,úh" .Ksld jD;a;sh" w,a,i yd ¥IK"

hqOuh yd uerjr lghq;= jeks oE kS;s ùfrdaë lghq;= i|yd ksoiqka jk nj

• fuu ish¨ lghq;= u.ska wdodhï yd úhoï ìysjQj;a" cd;sl ksIamdÈ;hg we;=<;a

fkdjk neúka cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha w.h wj;lafiare jk nj

• rcfha ms<s.ekSula" md,khla fkd,enQ úúO ck fldgia ksr; ù isák wd¾Ól

l%shdldrlï fkdúêu;a wd¾Ól lghq;= f,i ye¢kaúh yels nj

-141-

• fkdúêu;a wxYfha wd¾Ól l%shdldrlïj, ,laIK my; mßÈ jk nj

• úêu;a f,i f,aLk.; fkdùu

• mjqf,a Y%uh u; r|d mej;Su

• nÿ f.ùu iy iudc rlaIK l%u i|yd odhl ùfuka je<lSu

• rcfha úúO kS;s yd fr.=,disj,g wjk;ùfï wlue;a;

• by; wd¾Ól l%shdldrlïj,ska ìysjk ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu ks, jYfhka jd¾;d

fkdjk neúka cd;sl .sKqï wj;lafiare jk nj

• cd;sl .sKqï ñKqï lsÍfï § m%udKj;a nj muKla ie,ls,a,g .kakd w;r

ksIamdÈ;fha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh ie,ls,a,g fkd.kakd nj

• ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh ùug iudka;rj mßirhg

wys;lr n,mEï we;sùu mßir ydhkh nj

• fï ksid iqn idOkhg we;sjk wys;lr n,mEï cd;sl .sKqï o;a;j, ms<sônq

fkdùfuka cd;sl .sKqï wê ;lafiare jk nj

• ksIamdok lghq;= ksid mßirhg isÿjk ydksh ie,ls,a,g f.k cd;sl .sKqï

ilia lsÍu yß; cd;sl .sKqïlrKh nj

-142-

ksmqK;dj 6ksmqK;dj 6ksmqK;dj 6ksmqK;dj 6ksmqK;dj 6 ((((( id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ((((( id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;hg m%fõYùu i|yd iudydr úhofï

ixrpl úuihs'



• iudydr úhou ixl,amh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• iudydr úhofï ixrpl kï lrhs'

• fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou yd jehl< yels wdodhu w;r we;s iïnkaOh meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

• iudydr úhofï ixrpl fjk fjk u meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack ;Srl kï lr úia;r lrhs'

• wdfhdack úhoï ;Srl kï lr úia;r lrhs'

• rdcH úhoï ;Srl kï lr úia;r lrhs'


• NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokfha § ksIamdokfha jákdlug iudk wdodhula

ìysjk w;r tu wodhu" wfkla w;g NdKav yd fiajd i|yd b,aüla jYfhka

jeh lrk nj'

• iudydr úhofï ixrpl my; mßÈ jk nj'

• fm!oa.,sl mßfNdackh

• rdcH mßfNdack úhou

• wdfhdack úhou

• Y=oaO wmkhk

• fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou jehl< yels wdodhu u; r|d mj;sk nj'

C = f (Yd)

• fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou my; oelafjk wx.j,ska iukaú; jk nj

• l,a mj;sk mßfNdack NdKav ñ,§ .ekSu

• l,a fkdmj;sk mßfNdack NdKav ñ,§ .ekSu

• fiajd ñ,§ .ekSu

• m%d.aOk NdKav ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd ork úhou wdfhdack úhou nj

Wod( Wod( Wod( Wod( Wod( hka;% iQ;%" WmlrK" ksjdi

-143-

• rch úiska bgq lrk úúO wd¾Ól lghq;= Wfoid fm!oa.,sl wxYfhka

NdKav ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd ork úhou rcfha úhou nj'

Wod(Wod(Wod(Wod(Wod( • fmdÿ NdKav iemhSu

• iqNidOk NdKav Ndú;h

• rdcH wdrlaIdj

• rdcH mßmd,k úhoï

• wmkhk wdodhï yd wdkhk úhoï w;r fjki Y=oaO wmkhk nj

• th RK fyda Ok w.hka .; yels nj

• fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhoï ;Srl my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj

• jeh l< yels wdodhu

• l=gqïN i;= Okh

• nÿ wh lsÍu

• l=gqïn úiska .kq ,nk Kh

• wdfhdack úhou ;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßÈ jk nj'

• w¿;a wdfhdackj,ska ksmojk NdKav i|yd we;s b,aü

• fmd<S wkqmd;sl jHdmdßl nÿj, we;sjk fjkialï

• jHdmdßl wfmalaId

• wdKavqfõ mßfNdack úhou ;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßÈ jk nj'

• fmdÿ NdKav Ndú; jk m%udKh

• iqNidOk NdKav i|yd lrk úhou

• rdcH mßmd,kh i|yd lrk úhou

-144-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2 ((((( ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh úuihs'



• id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h w¾:l:kh lrhs'

• ir, wd¾Ól iu;=,s;fha § bgqúh hq;= fldkafoais bÈßm;a lrhs'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl mßfNdack Ys%;hl uQ,sldx. úia;r lrhs'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl b;=reï Ys%;fha uQ,sldx. úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl mßfNdack Ys%;h yd b;=reï Ys%;h ixLHd f,aLk m%ia;dr yd

iólrK u.ska bÈßm;a lrhs'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h ixLHd f,aLk" m%ia;dr yd iólrK u.ska .Kkh lr

fmkajhs'


• rgl iuia; ksuejqu (Y) iuia; fiajd úhoï iudk jk wjia:dj id¾j wd¾Ól

iu;=,s;h f,i y÷kajk nj'

• th my; i|yka m%fõY fol hgf;a bÈßm;a l< yels nj'

• wdodhï $ úhoï m%fõYh

• .s,sySï yd we;=¨ùï m%fõYh

• wdodhï úhoï m%fõYh hgf;a ir, wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj'

iuia; wdodhu = iuia; úhou

Y = E

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iuia; úhou (E) fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou (C) iy wdfhdack

úhofï (I) tl;=fjka ks¾udKh jk nj'

• th my; mßÈ iólrKhlska fmkaúh yels nj'

E= C+I

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iuia; wdodhu (Y) fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou (C) yd fm!oa.,sl

b;=reï (S) j, tl;=fjka iukaú; nj'

• th my; mßÈ iólrKhlska fmkaúh yels nj'

Y = C+S

-145-

• ir, wd¾Ólhl .s,sySï yd tl;=ùï m%fõYh hgf;a ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h


Y = C+S

E = C+I

Y = E

C+S = C+I

S = I

• ir, wd¾Ólhl .s,sySï (S) f,i b;=reï i,lk w;r tl;=ùï f,i wdfhdack

(I) i,lk nj' ta wkqj by; iólrKfha ldkaÿùï tl;=ùïj,g iudk jk nj'

ir, wd¾Ólhl mßfNdack Ys%;h my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj'

C = b+byd

c = mßfNdackh

a = iajdëk mßfNdackh

b = wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj

y = wdodhu

• wdodhfï n,mEulska f;drj isÿ lrk mßfNdackh" iajdëk mßfNdackh nj'

• wdodhu tla tallhlska fjkia jkúg mßfNdackh fjkiajk m%udKh wdka;sl

mßfNdack keñhdfjka (MPC) fmkajk nj'

• th my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yels nj'

b = wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj (MPC)

c = mßfNdackfha fjkiaùu

y = wdodhfï fjkiaùu

• mßfNdack jl%h mßÈ m%ia;dr igyklska fmkaúh yels nj'

MPC = C

Y

Δ

CmßfNdackh

^re'&

Ywdodhu re'&

mßfNdackh jl%hmßfNdackh jl%hmßfNdackh jl%hmßfNdackh jl%hmßfNdackh jl%h

a

Y

C

C = a+by

0

-146-

• ir, wd¾Ólhl b;=reï Ys%;h o my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj'

S = -a + (1-b) y

s = b;sß lsÍï

-a = iajdëk b;sß lsÍï

(1-b) = wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj

• wdodhu tla tallhlska fjkiajkúg b;=reï fjkiajk m%udKh wdka;sl b;=reï

keñhdfjka (MPS) fmkajk nj'

• wdodhu tla tallhlska fjkia jkúg mßfNdackh fjkiajk m%udKh wdka;sl

mßfNdack keñhdfjka (MPC) fmkajk nj'

• th my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yels nj'

S = b;=reïj, fjkiaùu

Y = wdodhfï fjkiaùu

MPS = wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj

• b;=reï jl%h my; mßÈ m%ia;dr igyklska fmkaúh yels nj'

Sb;=reï

^re'&

Ywdodhu re'&0

-a

YS

S = -a+(1-b) y

MPS =S

Y

ΔΔ

-147-

• ir, wd¾Ólhl wdodhu fjkia jQj o wdfhdackh ia:djrhehs Wml,amkh lrk

nj'

• ta wkqj wdfhdack f¾Ldj my; mßÈ oelaúh yels nj'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h my; oelafjk l%u wkqj .Kkh l< yels nj'

• ixLHd f,aLkhla u.ska

• m%ia;dßlj

• iólrK u.ska

• ixLHd f,aLkhla weiqßka ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yels

nj'

Iwdfhdack

^re'&

Ywdodhu re'&0

I ^wdfhdack f¾Ldj&

ksujqu

(Y)

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

mßfNdack

úhoï

(C)

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

b;=reï

(S)

^-50&

0

50

100

150

200

250

wdfhdack

úhou

(I)

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

iudydr

úhou

(E=C+I)

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

ksujqu yd

úhou w;r

fjki

^-150&

^-100&

^-50&

0

50

100

150

-148-

• m%ia;dßlj my; mßÈ ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h .Kkh l< yels nj'

• rEm igykg wkqj iu;=,s; cd;sl wdodhu E ,laIHfhka fmkakqï lrk nj'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h iólrK weiqßka o .Kkh l< yels nj'

E = Yiuia; úhou

remsh,a ì,shk (E)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 o< foaYSh

ksIamdÈ;h remsh,a

ì,shk (Y)

E

C + I

C

-149-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3 ((((( iudydr b,a¨ï ixrpl fjkiaùu u; ir, wd¾Ólhl

iu;=,s;h fjkiaùu .=Kl ls%hdj,sh weiqßka fmkajd fohs'



• ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h fjkiaùug n,mdk idOl kï lrhs'

• mßfNdack Ys%;h fjkiaùu fya;= bÈßm;a lrhs'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h fjkiaùug mßfNdack Ys%;h fjkiaùu n,mdk wdldrh

ú.%y lrhs'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h fjkiaùu wdfhdackh fjkiaùu n,mdk wdldrh

ú.%y lrhs'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl .=Kl ls%hdj,sh y÷kajhs'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl .=Kl ls%hdj,sh f,aLkhla yd iólrKhla weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'

• iu;=,s; wdodhu" mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgu u; yd bka neyer j msysgk wjia:d

úia;r lrhs'


• ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h fjkiaùu my; i|yka ixrplj, fjkiaùu u;

isÿjk nj'

• mßfNdack Ys%;h fjkiaùu

• wdfhdack fjkiaùu

• mßfNdack Ys%;h fjkiaùu iajdh;a; mßfNdackfha fjkiaùu iy wdka;sl

mßfNdack keñhdfõ (MPC) fjkiaùu u; isÿjk nj'

• iajdëk mßfNdackh fjkiaùu ksid iu;=,s;h fjkiajk wdldrh my; mßÈ

oelaúh yels nj'

C = a+by100

50

C1 = a1 + bymßfNdackh mßfNdackh mßfNdackh mßfNdackh mßfNdackh (C)

Yd ^jeh l< yels wdodhu&^jeh l< yels wdodhu&^jeh l< yels wdodhu&^jeh l< yels wdodhu&^jeh l< yels wdodhu&

-150-

• by; m%ia;drh wkqj iajdëk mßfNdackh fjkia jQ úg mßfNdack jl%h ú;eka

jqKq nj'

• mßfNdack jl%h ú;eka jQ ksid iudydr úhoï jl%h o ú;eka jqKq nj'

• fuu ksid iu;=,s; ksuejqu o fjkia jqKq nj'

• wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj (MPC) fjkiaùu ksid iu;=,s;h fjkiajk wdldrh


300

200

C1 = a + b1y

10000

C = a + by

E = C1 + I

E = C+I100

50

A

Y = E

1200 1500

B

A

Y = E

10001200

B

C1

C

• wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj fjkiaùu ksid mßfNdack jl%fha nEjqu fjkiajk

nj'

• mßfNdack jl%fha nEjqu fjkiajk úg iudydr úhoï jl%fha nEjqu o fjkia

jk nj'

E

Y

C

Y

E

Y

-151-

• fuu ksid iu;=,s; ksuejqu o fjkia jk nj'

• wdfhdack fjkiaùu ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h fjkiaùug my; mßÈ n,mdk

nj'

• wdfhdackh fjkia jQ úg wdfhdack jl%h ú;ekajk nj'

• wdfhdack jl%h ú;eka jQ úg iudydr úhoï jl%h o ú;eka jk nj'

• fuu ksid iu;=,s; ksujqu o fjkia jk nj'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iajdëk úhoï fjkia ùu ksid ksujqu fjkiaùug we;s lrk

n,mEu .=Kl ls%hdj,sh (K) f,i y÷kajk nj'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iajdëk úhoï f,i ie,flk iajdëk mßfNdack yd iajdëk

wdfhdack fjkiaùu .=Kl ls%hdj,shg n,mdk nj'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl .=Klh my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels nj'

Y = E

0

E1

ED

C

ksujqu

úhou

I1

I

100

50

E1 = C+I1

0

E = C+I

ir, wd¾Ólhl .=Klh (K) } K =(1-b)

1


ksujqu

úhou

-152-

• fuh ir, WodyrKhlska meyeÈ,s l< yels nj'

• iajdëk úhou fjkiajk úg ksujqfï fjki my; i|yka wdldrhg .=Klh

weiqfrka .Kkh l< yels nj'

• fuh my; WodyrKfhka meyeÈ,s l< yels nj'

• iajdëk wdfhdack (I) 50 isg 100 okajd jeäjk úg wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj

0'75 f,i Wml,amkh l< úg ksujqfï we;s jQ fjki

• fuh my; mßÈ m%ia;drhlska o fmkaúh yels nj'

• .=Kl ls%hdj,sh ixLHd f,aLk weiqßka o meyeÈ,s l< yels nj'

• iu;=,s; ksujqu mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgu u; fyda bka neyer j msysgk nj'

Y = wdodhfï fjki

I = iajdëk wdfhdackj, fjki

Y = X I(1-b)

1

Y = E

0

E = C+I1

E = C+I

E

Y

1000 1200

50

100

Y

I

Y = X I(1-b)

1

Y = 4 x 50

Y = X (100-50)(1-0.75)

1

200Y =

-153-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'4 ((((( ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh úuihs'



• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h .Kkh lsÍfï § fhdod .kakd ixrpl úia;r lrhs'

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h i|yd bgqúh hq;= fldkafoais bÈßm;a lrhs'

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl mßfNdack Ys%;hl uQ,sldx. úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl b;=reï Ys%;hl uQ,sldx. úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iajdh;a; nÿj, ld¾hNdrh úia;r lrhs'

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl rcfha úhoï y÷kajñka tys fldgia kï lrhs'

• ixjD; wd¾Ólfha iu;=,s;h ixLHd f,aLk" m%ia;dr yd iólrK u.ska .Kkh

lr fmkajhs'


• ir, wd¾Ólhlg rch we;=<;a ùu ksid ixjD; wd¾Ólhla njg m;ajk nj'

• fuu ksid iudydr úhoï yd wdodhï ixrplj,g nÿ (T) rcfha ñ,§ .ekSï (G)

iy ixl%du (TR) w¿;ska tl;=jk nj'

• fuys § nÿ f,i i,lkafka iajdhla; nÿ muKla nj'

• fuu ksid ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h .Kkh lsÍfï § my; i|yka ixrpl

fhdod .kakd nj'

mßfNdackh (C)

b;=reï (S)

iajdh;a; nÿ (T)

rcfha ñ,§ .ekSï (G)

ixl%du (TR)

wdfhdack (I)

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h my; m%fõY fol hgf;a úia;r l< yels nj'

• wdodhï úhoï m%fõYh

• ú§ï ldkaÿùï m%fõYh

• wdodhï úhoï m%fõYh hgf;a ir, wd¾Ólfha iu;=,s;h my; mßÈ oelaúh yels

nj'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iuia; úhou fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou (C) rcfha ñ, §

.ekSï (G) iy wdfhdack (I)j, tl;=jg iudk jk nj'

-154-

• th my; mßÈ iólrKhlska oelaúh yels nj'

E = C+I+G

Y = E ksid

Y = C+I+G

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iuia; wdodhu (Y) fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou (C) fm!oa.,sl

b;=reï iy iajdh;a; nÿ (T) j, tl;=jg iudk nj'

• th my; mßÈ iólrKhlska oelaúh yels nj'

Y = C+S+T

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl .s,sySï yd tl;=ùï m%fõYh hgf;a iu;=,s;h my; mßÈ oelaúh

yels nj'

E = C+I+G

Y = C+S+T

Y = E

C+I+G = C+S+T

I+G = S+T

• fuys b;=reï (S) iy iajdh;a; nÿ (T) .s,sySï f,i i,lk w;r wdfhdack (I) iy

rcfha ñ, § .ekSï (G) f,i y÷kajk nj'

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl mßfNdack Ys%;h my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels nj'

C = a+b (Y-T+TR)

a = iajdh;a; mßfNdackh


T = iajdh;a; nÿ

TR = ixl%du

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h my; oelafjk l%u wkqj .Kkh l< yels nj'

• ixLHd f,aLkhla u.ska

• m%ia;dßlj

• iólrKh u.ska

-155-

• ixLHd f,aLkhla weiqßka ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h my; mßÈ .Kkh l<

yels nj'

• m%ia;dßlj my; mßÈ ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h .Kkh l< yels nj'

ksujqu

(Y)

585

630

675

720

765

810

855

mßfNdack

úhoï

(C)

460

500

540

580

620

660

700

b;=reï

(S)

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

wdfhdack

úhou

(I)

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

iudydr

úhou

(E)

600

640

680

720

760

800

840

ksujqu yd

úhou w;r

fjki

^-15&

^-10&

^-5&

0

5

10

15

rcfha

ñ,§

.ekSï

(G)

95

95

95

95

95

95

95

iajdhla;

nÿ

(T)

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

Y=EC,I,S,T,G,E

0ksujqu (Y)Y

S+T

I+G

AE=C+I+G

C=a+b (Y-T+Tr)

• fuu rEm igyfka A ,laIHfhka iu;=,s;h fmkajhs'

-156-

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'5 ((((( újD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh úuihs'



• újD; wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h .Kkh lsÍfï § fhdod .kakd ixrpl úia;r lrhs'

• újD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h i|yd bgqúh hq;= fldkafoais bÈßm;a lrhs'

• újD; wd¾Ólfha iu;=,s;h ixLHdf,aLk yd iólrK u.ska .Kkh lr fmkajhs'


• ixjD; wd¾Ól úfoaY fjf<|dug újD; jk úg újD; wd¾Ólhla f,i i,lk

nj'

• újD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h .Kkh lsÍfï § my; i|yka ixrpl fhdod .kakd

nj'

mßfNdackh (C)

b;=reï (S)

wdfhdack (I)

rcfha ñ,§ .ekSï (G)

ixl%du (Tr)

iajdh;a; nÿ (T)

wdkhk (M)

wmkhk (X)

• újD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h my; m%fõY 02 l hgf;a úia;r l< yels nj

• wdodhï úhoï m%fõYh

• ú§ï ldkaÿùï m%fõYh

• wdodhï úhoï m%fõYh hgf;a újD; wd¾Ólfha iu;=,s;h my; mßÈ oelaúh yels

nj'

Y = C+I+G+ (X-M)

• újD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h .s,sySï - tl;=ùï m%fõYh hgf;a my; mßÈ oelaúh

yels nj'

.s,sySï = S+T+M

ú§ï = I+G+X

W = J

S+T+M = I+G+X

• fuys b;=reï (S) iy iajdh;a; nÿ (T) iy wdkhk .s,sySï (M) f,i i,lk nj'

• wdfhdack (I) " rcfha ñ,§ .ekSï (G) iy wmkhk (X) tl;=ùï f,i i,lk nj'

• újD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h ixLHd f,aLkhla yd m%ia;dßlj bÈßm;a l< yels

nj'

- 157 -

mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh

- 158 -

û$&Ù û÷ÀùÈ æØèõß õæßμ&ßØ`æØó× - {`úÀÚùßÒ´û$&Ù û÷ÀùÈ æØèõß õæßμ&ßØ`æØó× - {`úÀÚùßÒ´û$&Ù û÷ÀùÈ æØèõß õæßμ&ßØ`æØó× - {`úÀÚùßÒ´û$&Ù û÷ÀùÈ æØèõß õæßμ&ßØ`æØó× - {`úÀÚùßÒ´û$&Ù û÷ÀùÈ æØèõß õæßμ&ßØ`æØó× - {`úÀÚùßÒ´

áμèùÔ´ - áè`ùßÒ´ &{ à`è×Û´ àø]$ûù æÜÚ×$<ÙÚμ×ß <`÷Àèõß &‘Øëæ õÝùæß

ý<õß áμèùÔμ´{Ú &{ áè`ùßÒμ´{Ú ûÜèõÚ× ÷À ùè`ùÛ ûÚóÚ& à`è×Û μ×$÷À$ èõ×ÔõÝ

ý<õß &|´ èÝØ`<Ø×æÝ Ñ&Úùß ´ ÷Àõ ×ÔõÝ û`{`÷À ÚÙÚ æØ`óæÚ. äß<$ àμù]$ù]

ýÙû|μ´ùß ×ÔõÝ < æÜÚ×$ æØù ý<õß äμ&ß ´ äæÚμùμæ{Ú &‘<Ìøù× μæμØ{Ú ä´

&‘Øëæ ýÙû$ù ý<õß èÝØ`<Ø` ÷ÀùÚõÚ. &ùßõõÚæ (ùÚØùßõØμ×ùß &Ú÷<ù) à`è×ÛÈ

ÕÙøÌ´ àùÔ< à`è×Û &Ú÷Ñ× ×Ôõßμõß áμèùÛ {$ áè`ùßÒ´ μæμØù àõØõÝØ ÷ÀÛ×.

μ´× áμèùÔÈ - áè`ùßÒÈ æÜÚ×$<ÙÚ× à$ØÈþμ×ß ÷ÀÛ μ{$ß ´`÷À ÷ÀÛ μ{$ß àè ÷ÀÛ μ{$ß ×ù

¡ù|´ à<&ßö$<æ ÷ÀÛ &Ú÷Ñ× {`æÚ ý< μõßØ`È è`ùÛ èÝØ`<Ø×æÝð à<Á] ×. äμÙ&

õ´ &Ú&Ôùßμèß áμèùÔÈ ûÜèõÚ× à`è×Û´ð àμûßæßÂ$ æØù èÝØ`<Ø×æÝ áμèùÔ´

áè`ùßÒ´ &{ à`è×Û´ ûÚ}ÚýúÀ &‘Ñø$ù$õß´æ &`Ù`&ß´æß μ×$÷À$èõ ×ÔõÝμ<×Ú.

û$&Ù û÷ÀùÈ æØèõß à`è×ÛÈ <`òûÚ}Úμ<} {Ô÷¸ Ñþ$è æÜ´×æß μ{$ß ûÎæßÂó

û`<`õßÒ´æß μ{$ß μù$μÓ. ä× {úùß<ùÔ Ùýùßμùß &Ú&Ôùßμèß áμèùÛ õß, èÝØ`<Ø`ùßμèß

áè`ùßÒ´õß <`± ÷ÀÚ×ÔóÔ æÚÎ´ &úÀ{$ μ×$÷À$èùÔ Ùýù ´`÷ÀÚ{õß Ò´æß <Áμ×ùÚ. μ´×

&Ú&Ôùßð &Çû< &Ú®Æùß å<Ôùßμèß ûÜýÙõ$ &{ ÷¸ýÙõ$ {ú¸ù$μèù äß<$ð ûÚ}Ú×È

μ×$÷ÀÆùß &Ú&Ôùßμèß ãûÍ´ <Ìøù× }ê$ æØ è`ùÛ ð μ×$÷À$èõ {`æÚ <`òûÚ}Úμ<}æÚ.

áμèùÔÈ - áè`ùßÒÈ æÜÚ×$æ$ØæÈ õÝ}Úùß àù$<Øó æÜÚ×$<ÙÚ×æð &Ú&Ôùß μ×$´Ô

μæμØù àõØ, èÝØ`<Ø×$ &Ú&Ôùß àõØ è`<μ&Æùß å<Ôùß áðÔæØù æ$Ì× ùÚÎæßÂó×

æØÆùß ´$Ìμè$ßûμ÷ÀßÁæõß<× &û×Æùß æð×ÔõÝ æÚÎ´ û$&Ùß û÷ÀùÈ æØèõß à`è×ÛÈ

<`òûÚ}Úμ<} æÜÚ×$õß æ æÚÎμÈ ÷ÀÛ àμûßæßÂ$ μæμÌ. μ´{Ú÷ÀÛ ÁÚÂ]×$ ùÚØõÝØ`< à`è×Û ð

ÙæßÑ× ×ÔõÝ àõØ, ÁÚÂ] {`æÚ×$ &‘<Ìøù× àμûßæßÂÚõ àùß÷ÀÆùß &Ú÷¸<ùßμùß ÷À`×Ú

èÝØ`<Ø×$ Ñ&Úùß õ{<ÔØ` æ’óÔ Ù`Ã× ×ÔõÝ μ<×Ú.

- 159 -

áμèùÛ &{ áè`ùßÒ´ ´èÚùß &Ú÷Ñ× ×Ôõßμõß &Ú&Ôùßð ùÚ&Ú àõß÷À æÛÈ Ùý$ μ÷ÀÆùß äß<$

&Ú&Ôùß Ñ&Úùß ùÚ&Ú ûÍ÷ÀÚ àõßûõß æØ μèù õÚμÅ ÷À ×Ú õ{<ÔØ` æØ è`ùÛ ×. äß &úÀ{$

ùÚ&Ú ´$Ìμè$ßûμ÷ÀßÁ× &`û×Û ×. à`è×ÛμÈ (õæßμ&ßØ` æÚÎμÈ) μ×÷ÀÛ &Ú®ù èÝØ`<Ø`ùßð

õ´ &Ú&Ôùß &úÀ{$ μ÷À×$æ$Ø×æ ´$Ìμè$ßûμ÷À ßÁæõß<× Ùý$ ÷À Ú× {`æÚ ×. ä´

´$Ìμè$ßûμ÷ÀßÁ μû$÷μÓ {úùß<ùßμùß ûÜõÚ μû$ßÂó× (Feed Back) {$ á÷ÀÚÍ μû$ßÂó×

(Feed Forward) ×ùÔμ<ùÚ. &Ú&Ôùßμèß ÷ýÙõ$ {$ μù${`æÚ×$ àù$<Øó× æØèõß

Ñð å<Ôùßμèß áμèùÔÈ è`ðÏ ´è{Ø<$ è`ùÛ´ð ûÜõÚμû$ßÂó×õß &Ú&Ô {`æÚ×$ &{

ûÜýÙõ$ {ú¸ù$ èõß Ñð ä´ ÷ÀæßÂõ$ <`± ÷ÀÚ×ÔóÔ æÚÎ´ð á÷ÀÚÍ μû$ßÂó×õß Ùý$ ÷ÀÛ´

èÝØ` æ$Ì×× μ<×Ú.

áμèùÔÈ - áè`ùßùÔÈ æÜÚ×$<ÙÚμ×ß &$Ìöæõß<× &úÀ{$ û$ñ´$Ù$μÓ àØ ÔóÔ àõμØùß

æ<Ø àØ´ÔóÔ æ<Ø ´>ðÆùß &$æßÂ$õß æ} {`æÚ <Õμ×ß ÷À`×Ú {ú¸ù$ è`ùÛ´ &Ú&Ôùßð

à<Á] μ<×Ú. à`è×ÛÈ <`òûÚ}Úμ<} å&ßμ&ß &Ú&Ôùß }è$ æØ èõß ûÜÒóõ$ ´>ðÈ

ùÚÁßë× æÚÎ´ μÈ àùÔ< èÝØ`<Ø`ùßμèùß ýÙ$μû$μØ$õßõÝ <ù àõØ &Ú&Ôùß {$

μ÷À´ÓûÚ×ùß à`õÝ_ μ<ùõß à÷À$} û$ÌÁ<<Ùð &Ú&Ô ûÜèõÚ× ûÚ}ÚýúÀ μõ$ØõÝØ`

&ùßùÚμÓ÷Àù× æÚÎ´ð èÝØ`<Ø`ùß μ×$ ÔÑ× ×ÔõÝ ×. μÈ &úÀ{$ μ×$÷À$èõ {`æÚ μ{$úÀ

æÜ´× <ùßμùß &ùßõõÚæ< &Ú&Ôùß à`è×Û´ð û$õÜ æÚÎ´ð áò ûÜ&ßö$ &Ù&ù û$&Ù

û÷ÀùÈ æØèõß à`è×ÛÈ æÜ ××Ú.

×μö$ßæßõ àØ Ôó &{Úõ< æÜÚ×$ æØù èÝØ`<Ø`ùß Ñ&Úùß õ´ áè`ùßùÔÈ æÜÚ×$<ÙÚ×õß

&Ú&Ôùßμèß áμèùÔÈ æÜ Ú×$<ÙÚ×õß <ò$õß æ$Ì×æßÂ´ æÚÎ´ ûÚóÚ& <ò$ μ{$úÀ

æ$Ì×æßÂ´õ$μ<ùß ×Ôæßõ áμèùÔÈ, áè`ùßùÔÈ &{ à`è×ÛÈ æÜ´ μ×$÷À$ èõ ×ÔõÝ

μ<×Ú. μÈ &Èýùßøμ×ùß &Ú&Ôùßð &{ èÝØ`<Ø`ùßð μ×$÷À$ èõ {`æÚ ûÜμÓÁ ûÚ}ÚýúÀ

ûÜμþß÷À æÚ{Úû×æß ´õÝ ÷À`æßμ<×Ú. μÈ<$ μý$μ{$ß æÙæ &Úð èÝØ`<Ø`ùß μ<õ Ñþ$è

μ÷Àû$ÌõμÈùßõÝ< Ñ&Úùß ÷À í$õÚæ àø]$ûù à$×õù× Ñ&Úùß ÷À μõ$ØõÝØ` &Èû$÷Àù×

æØù Ù÷À æÜ μÓ÷À μ<×Ú. äμ{×Úùß äß<$ &Èýùßøμ×ùß û$&Ùß û÷ÀßøõÚμ×ß èÝØ`<Ø`ùß

μ{$úÀÚùß ÷À ùÔ<õß Ò à`õ`×Ú àμûßæßÂ$ μæμÌ. ä´ ûÜμþß÷À μ´μ&ß× :

- 160 -

01. û`<Ø`È 02. <]$û#õÚ

03. &ÇæßÂó 04. èμÓÂó

05. ùÚÎæßÂó 06. ûÜ÷ÀÌÁù / á÷ÀÚÍûõß æÚÎ´

07. æßμÂßõÜ ë$Íæ$ 08. μæ® ÙÚ¢õ ûÎæßÂó

09. <]Ô{èõ Øëù$ 10. Ñ<#õ èÜùßö ûÎæßÂó

11. ùÚÌ´$ó$õß´æ æÜÚ×$æ$ØæÈ 12. ÁÜ<ó ûÎæßÂó

13. ûÜ$μ×$ßèÚæ æÜÚ×$æ$ØæÈ 14. æöù×

15. &ß< ùÚÌ´$ó 16. æóßò$×È æÜÚ×$æ$ØæÈ

17. &‘æÙßû &ÚõÚ×´ 18. ÷ÀßÑõß< &ð{ùß íÌùÙ

19. ÃõßõÚ ûÔ<õßûõß 20. ûÜÁßù Ñë$Ø$õß æ <`ò&ð{ùß

21. ûÜÁßù {$ ûÚ}ÚõÝØ` μû$õß 22. Ñ<$÷À

23. &$æ§ì$ ´óßòÙ 24. &È´ùßõÜó

25. æßÂóÚæ æö$ 26. þÞÆæ$ Ø‘èù

{úùß<$ ÷ÀÛ à`õÚ μ´´ áμèùÔÈ, áè`ùßùÔÈ &{ à`è×ÛÈ æÜ &|´ äææß &|´ ÑÂ××æß

&Èýùßøμ×ùß &|´ ÑÂ×× äßææ×æð ´ μ×$÷À$ èõ×ÔõÝ ×`×Ú àμûßæßÂ$ μù$μæμØ×Ú.

õ´ ÑÂ××ð, ÑÂ× äßææ×ð è`}μûù ûÜμþß÷À×æß μõ$ßØ$ è`ùÛ ð èÝØ`<Ø`ùß ÷À ùÔ<õß

Ñ× ×ÔõÝ×; <è ýÙ$ èõ ×ÔõÝ×.

μ´´ èÝØ` ´$Ìμè$ßûμ÷ÀßÁ &‘èÜ{<Ù èÝØ`<Ø`ùßð õ´ &Ú&Ôùßμèß áμèùÔÈ ûÜèõÚ×

õæßμ&ßØ` æÚÎ´ &úÀ{$ μ×$÷À$èõ {`æÚ áμèùÔÈ - áè`ùßùÔÈ {$ à`è×ÛÈ ûÜμþß÷À

ûÚ}ÚýúÀ &úÀ{ùæß õÚμÅ. äß<$ èÝØ`<Ø`ùß Ñ&Úùß &Ô÷¸&Ô ûÍ÷ÀÚ õ´ ûùßõÚμ×ß &Ú&Ôùßμèß

ûÜèõÚ× õæßμ&ßØ` æÚÎ´ ûÚóÚ& μ×$÷À$èõ ×ÔõÝ μ<×Ú. äß<$ þ$Ñõ μù$μæ$ð ´è

{`Î´ &Ú&Ôùßð õ´ Á$&ßõÜÛ× {`æÚ×$ μ´ùß à$μÓ÷ÀùÚæ èõÚ ÙæßÂóõß ´μù$ßë$Ùæ

÷ÀæßÂõ$õß ûÚ}ÚýúÀ <Ìøù×æß }è$ æØ è`ùÛ´õß ûÜ÷ÀÌÁù× æÚÎ´õß ûÚ}ÚýúÀ àòÔû$òÔ

à`õÚ æØ<×Ú.

- 161 -

m%fndaOd;aul bf.kqï-b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïm%fndaOd;aul bf.kqï-b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïm%fndaOd;aul bf.kqï-b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïm%fndaOd;aul bf.kqï-b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïm%fndaOd;aul bf.kqï-b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqï

^1&^1&^1&^1&^1& we.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:dj ((((( jdrh 1 - ie,iqï 1

^2&^2&^2&^2&^2&wdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu ((((( 1'2" 1'4" 1'5" 1'6" 1'7" 1'8 iy 1'9

^3&^3&^3&^3&^3&ie,iqug wod<ie,iqug wod<ie,iqug wod<ie,iqug wod<ie,iqug wod<

úIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrh ((((( • wd¾Ól úoHdfõ iajNdjh yd l%ufõoh

• ñksia wjYH;d" jqjukd" NdKav yd fiajd

• ksIamdok idOl yd idOl M,odhs;dj

• ys`.lu iy wdjiaÓl msßjeh

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h

^4&^4&^4&^4&^4&ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh( flaj< mejreu

^5&ie,iqfï wruqK^5&ie,iqfï wruqK^5&ie,iqfï wruqK^5&ie,iqfï wruqK^5&ie,iqfï wruqK ((((( • wd¾Ól úoHdfõ iajNdjh" úIh lafIa;%h yd l%ufõo ms<sn|fidhd n,hs'

• ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjki y÷kd.kshs'

• ksIamdok idOlj, ,laIK fjk fjku bÈßm;a lrhs'

• úúO wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;aj hgf;a ksIamdok yelshd udhsïjl% ks¾udKh lrñka úl,am Ndú; bÈßm;a lrhs'

• rEmigyka" j.= iy wdlD;s Ndú; lrñka f;dr;=re ir,jbÈßm;a lrhs'

• ks¾udKYS,sj lghq;= lrhs'

^6&ie,eiau ls%hd;aul^6&ie,eiau ls%hd;aul^6&ie,eiau ls%hd;aul^6&ie,eiau ls%hd;aul^6&ie,eiau ls%hd;aullsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(

.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia ((((( • ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9 wjika jq miq flaj, mejreula ilial< hq;= nj" ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 wdrïNfha§ isiqkag okajkak'

• we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ms<sn|j isiqka oekqj;a lr we;'

• my; i|yka f;dr;=re we;=<;alr fmd;a msxpla ms<sfh, l<hq;= nj isiqkag okajkak'

• wd¾Ól úoHdfõ l%ufõohka

• ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd

• wd¾Ól NdKav yd wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav

• ksIamdok idOl

• idOl M,odhS;dj

• ys`.lu iy wdjiaÓl msßjeh

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h iy wdjiaÓl msßjeh

• ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%fha m%dfhda.sl Ndú;hka

- 162 -

• ks¾udKd;aul j bÈßm;a lsÍu ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=nj okajkak'

• ilia l< fmd;a msxp NdrÈh hq;= wjidk Èkh" wdrïNfha§ u oekqï fokak'

isiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoia ((((( • .=rejrhdf.a Wmfoia yd u`. fmkaùu wkqj ls%hdldrlfuysfhfokak'

• Tfí ks¾udKYS,S;ajh u;=jk wdldrhg mejreu ilia lrkak'

• wjYH f;dr;=re ish,a, we;=<;a lsÍug Wkkaÿjkak'

• .=rejrhd kshu lrk ld,h ;=< ksuejqu Ndrfokak'

^7&^7&^7&^7&^7&we.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhl ((((( • m%udKj;a úIh lreKq wka;¾.;ùu'

• úIh lreKqj, ksjerÈ nj yd meyeÈ,s nj'

• ilia lrk ,o mejrefuys ks¾udKYS,s;ajh yd ksudj'

• .=re Wmfoia ms<sme£u'

• kshñ; Èkg Ndr§u'

^8&,l=Kq mrdih^8&,l=Kq mrdih^8&,l=Kq mrdih^8&,l=Kq mrdih^8&,l=Kq mrdih ((((( • b;d fyd|hs 04

• fyd|hs 03

• uOHia:hs 02

• ixj¾Okh úh hq;=hs 01

- 163 -

bf.kqï-b.ekajSï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï-b.ekajSï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï-b.ekajSï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï-b.ekajSï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï-b.ekajSï we.hSï ie,iqï

^1&^1&^1&^1&^1& we.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:dj ((((( m<uqjk jdrh 1 - ie,iqï 2

^2&^2&^2&^2&^2&wdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu ((((( 1'10" 1'11" iy 1'12


úIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrh ((((( • uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak

• wd¾Ól moaO;s

• wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,sldx.

• wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lsÍfï ks¾kdhl

• úúO wd¾Ól moaO;s

^4&^4&^4&^4&^4&ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh( • újdoh

^5&^5 &^5 &^5 &^5 &ie,iqfï wruqKie,iqfï wruqKie,iqfï wruqKie,iqfï wruqKie,iqfï wruqK ((((( • ks¾udKYS,Sj yd ;¾ldkql+,j lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'

• l:k yelshdj j¾Okh lr .kshs'

• uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,sldx. bÈßm;a lrhs'

• úúO ks¾Kdhl Tiafia wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lrhs'

• fjf<|m, w¾: l%uhl yd úOdk w¾: l%uhl mj;skhym;a yd whym;a ,laIK ;¾ldkQl+,j bÈßm;a lrhs'

^6&^6&^6&^6&^6&ie,eiau ls%hd;aulie,eiau ls%hd;aulie,eiau ls%hd;aulie,eiau ls%hd;aulie,eiau ls%hd;aul

lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia( • ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'12 wjidkfha § újdohlg iyNd.s úh hq;=nj ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'10 wdrïNfha§ u isiqkg okajkak'

.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia ((((( • mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï follg fjka lrkak'

• ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'10 wdrïNfha§ my; i|yka ud;Dldfol wyUq f,i lKavdhï folg ,nd È újdohla i|ydiqodkï jk f,i okajkak'

• uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi£ug fjf<|m, l%uh ie,iqï.;l%uhg jvd fhda.H fõ'

• uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi£ug ie,iqï .; l%uh fj<|fmd<l%uhg jvd fhda.Hh fõ'

• tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgu wjidkfha § Bg wod< úIh lreKqújdoh i|yd wdod< lr .; hq;= njg Wmfoia fokak'

• kshu lrk ,o ld,Éfþo foll È újdoh meje;aúh hq;=nj;a" we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ms<sn|j;a isiqka oekqj;a lrkak'

• újdoh mj;ajk w;r;=r § wod< ks¾Kdhl mokï lrf.kisiqkag ,l=Kq mjrkak'

- 164 -

isiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoia ((((( • .=rejrhdf.a Wmfoia yd u`. fmkaùu wkqj ls%hdldrlfuysfhfokak'

• ;u lKavdhug ,enqKq ud;Dldjg wod< j f;dr;=re /ialr.kak'

• lKavdhï kdhlhd m;a lr .ekSu" tla tla idudðlhdg,efnk ld,h" wjia:d .Kk wdÈh .=re;=ud iu`. idlÉPdlr ;SrKh lr .kak'

• lKavdhï ch.%yKh i|yd iduqysl j lghq;= lrkak'

• ,l=Kq msßkuk wdldrh ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a jkak'

^7&^7&^7&^7&^7&''''' we.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhl (((((

• ud;Dldjg wod< j lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu yd ixúOdkd;auljlreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu'

• woyia ks¾udKYS,s j yd ;¾ldkql+, j bÈßm;a lsÍu'

• WÑ; f,i wx. p,kh yd ld,h l<ukdlrKh lsÍu'

• m%;súreoaO msf,a ;¾l ì£u'

• lKavdhu ;=< iduqysl j lghq;= lsÍu yd Woafhda.su;a jlghq;= lsÍu'

^8&^8&^8&^8&^8& ''''' ,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih (((((

• b;d fyd|hs 04

• fyd|hs 03

• uOHia:hs 02

• ixj¾Okh úh hq;=h 01

- 165 -

bf.kqï- b.ekajSï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï- b.ekajSï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï- b.ekajSï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï- b.ekajSï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï- b.ekajSï we.hSï ie,iqï

^1&^1&^1&^1&^1& we.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:dj ((((( fojk jdrh - ie,iqï 3

^2&^2&^2&^2&^2&wdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu ((((( 2'2" 2'3" 2'4" 2'5" 2'6" 2'7" 2'8" 2'10" 2'11 iy 2'12


úIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrh ((((( • fjf<|fmd<l b,a,qu

• b,aÆï kS;sh

• b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkiaùu

• b,aü fjkiaùu

• ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

• yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

• wdodhï ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

• iemhqu

• iemhqï m%udKh fjkiaùu

• iemhqu fjkiaùu

• iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj

^4&^4&^4&^4&^4&ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh( • m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyk

^5&ie,iqfï wruqK^5&ie,iqfï wruqK^5&ie,iqfï wruqK^5&ie,iqfï wruqK^5&ie,iqfï wruqK ((((( • ksYaÑ; ms<s;=re iys; m%Yak ks¾udKh lrhs'

• b,aü" iemhqu yd b,a¨ï iemhqï kuH;d ixl,amj,gwod< ld,Sk m%Yak ilia lrhs'

• kj ±kqu tl;= lrhs'

• lKavdhï ye`.Sfuka lghq;= lrhs'


lsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd Wmfoia • ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'12 wjidkfha § m%Yak úpdrd;aul

.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia ((((( jevigykla mj;ajk nj" ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1 wdrïNfha§ uisiqkag ±kqï fokak'

• we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ms<sn| j isiqka ±kqj;a lrkak'

• mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï follg fjka lrkak'

• tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgu wjidkfha § Bg wod< úIh lreKqwe;=<;a jkfia m%Yak ks¾udKhg isiqka fhduq lrkak'

- 166 -

• jßka jr isiqka ,shk ,o m%Yak yd ms<s;=re mßlaid lr n,dwjYH m%;sfmdaIK ,nd fokak'

• m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyk yd ksYaÑ; ms<s;=re iys; m%Yak20 ne.ska lKavdhï folu ms<sfh, lr ;sìh hq;= nj okajkak'

• iudk m%Yak lKavdhu fol u`.ska u bÈßm;a lsßu je<elaùugwjYH mshjr .kak' fï i|yd iEu lKavdhula u m%Yak 20gjvd ilia l< hq;= nj okajkak'

• lKavdhfï iEu idudðlfhlau wju jYfhka tlam%Yakhlaj;a ms<sfh, l< hq;= nj okajkak'

• l,ska ;SrKh lrk ,o ksYaÑ; Èkhl È ^ld,Éfþo follÈ& m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyk lKavdhï foflaiyNd.s;ajfhka mj;ajkak'

• ksjerÈ ms<s;=re i|yd WÑ; mßÈ ,l=Kq msßkeóug;a tajdigyka lsÍug;a isiqka fufyhjkak'

• m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyk meje;afjk w;r;=rks¾Kdhlj,g wkql+,j isiqkag ,l=Kq ,nd fokak'

isiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoia ((((( • .=rejrhdf.a Wmfoia yd u`. fmkaùu u; lghq;= lrkak'

• ilia lrk ,o m%Yak yd ms<s;=re jßka jr .=re;=udg fmkajdksjerÈ lr .kak'

• tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgu wjidkfha § wod, úIh lreKqwe;=<;a m%Yak yels;dla ilia lrkak'

• tajdg wod< ksYaÑ; ms<s;=re ms<sn| j lKavdhfï iEuidudðlfhl=u ±kqj;a lrkak'

• ;u lKavdhfï ch.%yKh ;yjqre lr .ekSug;a" jeä ,l=Kqm%udKhla ,nd .ekSug;a Wkkaÿ jkak'

^7&^7&^7&^7&^7&we.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhl ((((( • úIh lreKqj,g wod<j ksjerÈ m%Yak ilia lr ;sîu'

• m%Yak i|yd ksYaÑ; ms<s;=re ,shd ;sîu'

• kshñ; Èkhg wod< ld¾h ksu lr ;sîu'

• .=re Wmfoia ms<sme§u yd iyNd.s;ajh'

• lKavdhu f,i iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu'


• fyd|hs 03

• uOHia:hs 02


- 167 -

bf.kqï- b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï- b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï- b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï- b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï- b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqï

^1&we.hSï wjia:dj^1&we.hSï wjia:dj^1&we.hSï wjia:dj^1&we.hSï wjia:dj^1&we.hSï wjia:dj ((((( fojk jdrh - ie,iqï 4

^2&wdjrKh flfrk^2&wdjrKh flfrk^2&wdjrKh flfrk^2&wdjrKh flfrk^2&wdjrKh flfrkksmqKd;d uÜguksmqKd;d uÜguksmqKd;d uÜguksmqKd;d uÜguksmqKd;d uÜgu ((((( 2'15" 2'16" 2'17" 2'18" 3'1" 3'2" 3'3" 3'4" iy 3'5

^3&ie,iqug wod<^3&ie,iqug wod<^3&ie,iqug wod<^3&ie,iqug wod<^3&ie,iqug wod<

úIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrh ((((( • NdKav yd fiajd u; nÿ mekùu

• ksIamdok iykdOdr

• ñ, md,kh

• ksIamdok Ys%;h

• ksIamdok msßjeh

• fjf<|m, jHqy

• mQ¾K ;r`.ldß fjf<|m,l fláld,Sk iu;=,s;h

^4&^4&^4&^4&^4&ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh( • lKavdhï mejreu

^5&^5 &^5 &^5 &^5 &ie,iqfï wruqKie,iqfï wruqKie,iqfï wruqKie,iqfï wruqKie,iqfï wruqK ((((( • .fõIKh ;=<ska f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'

• /ia lrk ,o f;dr;=re wdY%fhka jd¾;d ks¾udKh lrhs'

• NdKav yd fiajd u; n\q mekùu yd tys wd¾Ól m%;súmdlúuihs'

• ksIamdok iykdOdr ,nd§u iy tys wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úuihs'

• ñ, md,kh yd tys wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úuihs'

• ksIamdok msßjeh yd ta yd iïnkaO uQ,sl ixl,am w;r

fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• fláld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

• mQ¾K ;r`.ldÍ fj<|m,l wdh;khla flá ld,hl§yeisfrk wdldrh úuid n,hs'


lsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd Wmfoia •ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'5 wjidkfha lKavdhï mejreula ilia lr

.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia ((((( bÈßm;a l< hq;= nj ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'13 wdrïNfha§ u isiqkg ±kqï fokak'


• úIh ikaOdrhg wkqj ud;Dld ilia lr.kak'ksoiqka (

• NdKav yd fiajd u; nÿ mekùu yd tys m%;súmdl'

- 168 -

• ñ, md,kh iy tys m%;súmdl

• fláld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh iy tys yeisßu

• mQ¾K ;r`.ldÍ fjf<|m,l wdh;khl fláld,Skiu;=,s;h'

• ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'5 wjidkfha§ mka;sh wjYH mßÈ lKavdhïj,g fjka lrkak'

• ud;Dld wyUq f,i mjrd lKavdhï mejreula f,i fmd;amsxpla ilia lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'

• ks¾udKd;aul bÈßm;a lsÍu ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= njokajkak'

• fufia ilia l< fmd;a msxp wjika lr NdrÈh hq;= wjidkÈkh wdrïNfha§u ±kqï fokak'

isiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoia ((((( • .=rejrhdf.a Wmfoia yd u`. fmkaùu u; lghq;= lrkak'

• lKavdhfï ish¨ idudðlhkaf.a odhl;ajh mejreu ilialsÍug fhdod .kak'

• lKavdhfï ks¾udKYS,s;ajh u;=jk wdldrhg mejreu ilialrkak'

• f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍfï§ j.= yd m%ia;dr igyka Ndú;lrkak'

• wjYH f;dr;=re ish,a, we;=<;a lsÍug Wkkaÿ jkak'

• .=rejrhd kshu lrk ld,h ;=< ksuejqu Ndrfokak'

^7&^7&^7&^7&^7&we.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhl ((((( • m%udKj;a úIh lreKq wka;¾.; ùu'

• f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍug fhdod.;a j.= yd m%ia;dr igykaj,ksjerÈ Ndjh'

• ilia lrk ,o mejrefuysÈ ks¾udKYS,S;ajh'

• kshñ; Èkg NdrÈu'

• lKavdhu f,i ish¨ idudðlhskaf.a odhl;ajh we;sj lghq;=

lsßu'

^8&^8&^8&^8&^8&,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih ((((( • b;d fyd|hs 04

• fyd|hs 03

• uOHia:hs 02


- 169 -

bf.kqï- b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï- b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï- b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï- b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï- b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqï

^1&^1&^1&^1&^1& we.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:dj ((((( ;=kajk jdrh - ie,iqï 5

^2&^2&^2&^2&^2&wdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkwdjrKh flfrkksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu ((((( 5'1" 5'3" 5'4" 5'5" 5'6" 5'7" 5'8" iy 5'9


úIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrh ((((( • id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq

• id¾j wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s

• cd;sl wdodhfï plS%h m%jdyh

• ksuejqï" úhoï yd wdodhï m%fõY hgf;a cd;sl .sKqïilia lsÍu

^4&ie,iqfï iajNdjh(^4&ie,iqfï iajNdjh(^4&ie,iqfï iajNdjh(^4&ie,iqfï iajNdjh(^4&ie,iqfï iajNdjh( • laIKsl l;d

^5&^5 &^5 &^5 &^5 &ie,iqfï wruqKie,iqfï wruqKie,iqfï wruqKie,iqfï wruqKie,iqfï wruqK ((((( • l:k yelshdj jeäÈhqKq lr .kshs'

• inflda,h wju lr .kshs'

• id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq yd id¾j wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s ú.%y lrhs'

• cd;sl .sKqïlrKh wdYs%; úúO ixl,am meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• ksujqï" úhoï yd wdodhï m%fõY hgf;a cd;sl .sKqï ilialrhs'


lsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd Wmfoia • ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'7 wjidkfha § jdÑl we.hSula ^l:kh&

.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia ((((( isÿlrk nj" ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1 wdrïNfha § u isiqkgoekqï fokak'


• my; i|yka ud;Dld w;=ßka mka;sfha isák isiqka ixLHdjgiudk ud;Dld ixLHdjla tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgu wjikalrk Èkfha § ishü isiqkag ,ndfokak'ksoiqkaksoiqkaksoiqkaksoiqkaksoiqka

• id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq

• id¾j wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s

• cd;sl wdodhfï plS%h m%jdyh

• ksuejqï m%fõYh wkqj cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsßu

• wdodhï m%fõYh wkqj cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍu

- 170 -

• úhoï m%fõYh wkqj cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍu

• nÿ .Kk fodaIh

• o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

• o< cd;sl ksIamdos;h

• Y+oaO foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hûd;Dld m%udKj;a fkdfõ kï ksmqK;djg wod< j fjk;aud;Dld bÈßm;a lrkak'&

• mka;sfha isiqka .Kkg m%udKj;a ud;Dld ixLHdjla muKla,nd fokak'

• iEu ud;Dldjla ms<sn|j u ñks;a;= folla l;d lsÍug iqodkïjk f,i isiqkg okajkak'

• l:k we.hSu isÿ lrk Èkh ksYaÑ; j okajkak'

• we.hSï lrk Èk tla tla isiqjdg ksYaps; j ysñ jk ud;Dldj"Tyq$weh l;d lsÍug úkdä ^05& mylg fmr wyUq f,if;dard .ekSug i,iajkak'

• isiqjd l;d lrk w;r;=r ks¾Kdhlj,g wkqj ,l=Kq ,ndfokak'

isiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoia ((((( • .=rejrhdf.a Wmfoia ms<smÈkak'

• .=re;=ud ,ndfok ish¨ u ud;Dld i|yd iqodkï jkak' kuq;al;d lsÍug isÿjkafka tla ud;Dldjla ms<sn| j muKla nji,lkak'

• we.hSï isÿjk Èkfha § wyUqj ,nd.;a ud;Dldj ms<sn| jñks;a;= foll l;djla mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

^7&^7&^7&^7&^7&we.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhl ((((( • ud;Dldjg wod< j lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu'

• kshñ; ld,h m%fhdackhg .ekSu'

• úIh lreKqj, ksjerÈ nj'

• wjYH wjia:dj, È yv md,kh yd wx. p,k bÈßm;a lsÍu'

• l:k wdrïNfha § yd wjidkfha § ms<smeÈh hq;= wdpdr O¾u

yd ms<sfj;a ms<sme§u'


• fyd|hs 03

• uOHia:hs 02

• ixj¾Okh úh hq;=h 01

- 171 -

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï-b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï-b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï-b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqïbf.kqï-b.ekaùï we.hSï ie,iqï

^1&^1&^1&^1&^1& we.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:djwe.hSï wjia:dj ((((( ;=kajk jdrh - ie,iqï 6

^2&wdjrKh flfrk^2&wdjrKh flfrk^2&wdjrKh flfrk^2&wdjrKh flfrk^2&wdjrKh flfrkksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu ((((( 6'1" 6'2" 6'3" 6'4" iy 6'5


úIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrhúIh ikaOdrh ((((( • id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h

• iudydr úhoï yd wdodhï m%fõYh

• iudydr úhofï ixrpl

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h fjkia ùu

• ir, wd¾Ólhl .=Kl ls%hdj,sh

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h

• újD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h

^4&^4&^4&^4&^4&ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh(ie,iqfï iajNdjh( • m%fya<sld ks¾udKh

^5&ie,iqfï wruqK^5&ie,iqfï wruqK^5&ie,iqfï wruqK^5&ie,iqfï wruqK^5&ie,iqfï wruqK ((((( • ksYaÑ; ms<s;=re ,nd .; yels m%Yak f.dvk.hs'

• lKavdhï ye`.Sfuka lghq;= lrhs'

• iudydr úhoï ixrpl yd ;Srl úia;r lrhs'

• ir, wd¾Ól iu;=,s;hl fldkafoais bÈßm;a lrhs'

• ir, wd¾Ólhl .=Kl ls%hdj,sh úia;r lrhs'

• ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;hl fldkafoais bÈßm;a lrhs'

• újD; wdrïNhl iu;=,s;hl fldkafoais bÈßm;a lrhs'


lsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd WmfoialsÍu i|yd Wmfoia • ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'5 wjidkfha § m%fya,sldjla ks¾udKh

.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia.=re Wmfoia ((((( l< hq;= nj" ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 wdrïNfha§u isiqkag okajkak'


• isiqka lKavdhï y;rlg fjkalrkak'

- 172 -

• ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h" ir, wd¾Ólhl" iu;=,s;fjkiaùu" ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h yd újD; wd¾Ólhliu;=,s;h hk ud;Dld y;r lKavdhï w;r wyUqj fnodfokak'

• iEu lKavdhula u ;udg ,enqK ud;Dldjg wod<j my;i|yka fldkafoais hgf;a m%fya<sldjla ks¾udKh l< hq;=nj okajkak'

• my<g mo 10la yd yryg mo 10la ;sìh hq;= h'

• wNsu; mßÈ fldgq oe, ilia lr .; yels h'

• m%fya<sld mo ;u lKavdhug ,enqkq ud;Dldjg iDcqju

iïnkaO úh hq;=hs'

• m%fya<sldj bÈßm;a l< hq;= Èkg i;shlg fmr iEulKavdhul u m%fya<sld mo yd m%fya<sldj mßlaId lrn,kak' wjYH ixfYdaOkh i|yd Wmfoia fokak'

• l,ska kshu lr.;a Èkhl § ld,Éfþo foll §& m%fya<sldjilia l< tla tla lKavdhu ,jd th bÈßm;a lrjkak'

• wfkla lKavdhu ,nd m%fya<sldj iïmQ¾K lrjkak' ;r.hliajrEmfhka lrjkak&

• we.hSï ks¾Kdhl u; m%fya,sldj bÈßm;a lr tla tlalKavdhug ,l=Kq mjrkak'

isiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoiaisiq Wmfoia ((((( • .=rejrhdf.a Wmfoia yd u`. fmkaùu wkqj ls%hdldrlfïfhfokak'

• lKavdhfï iEu idudðlfhla u m%fya<sld mo ks¾udKhlsÍug odhl lr.kak'

• .=re;=ud okajk Èkhl § tajd .=re;=udg fmkajd wjYHfjkialï isÿ lrkak'

• ks¾udKd;aul j m%fya<sldj ks¾udKh lrkak'

^7&^7&^7&^7&^7&we.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhlwe.hSï ks¾Kdhl ((((( • m%fya<sldfõ ms<s;=re mo ud;Dldjg wod< ùu'

• wruqK bgqjk wdldrhg m%fya<sldj ks¾udKh lr ;sîu'

• .=re Wmfoia ms<sme§u yd kshñ; ld,h ;=< ld¾hh bgq lsÍu'

• kshñ; mo ixLHdj we;=<;aùu'

• ks¾udKYS,s nj'

^8&^8&^8&^8&^8&,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih ((((( • b;d fyd|hs 04

• fyd|hs 03

• uOHia:hs 02


- 173 -

uQ,dY% (

^1& w;m;a;=" vekS" wd¾Ól úoHd m%fõYh 1" 2009

^2& ;s,lr;ak isßfiak" wd¾Ól úoHd moku" 1996

^3& ohdr;ak" B'" Wiia fm< iy jD;a;Sh úNd. i|yd wd¾Ól úoHdj" 2006

^4& ,laIauka ví'ã'" .=Kfialr tÉ'tï'" wd¾Ól úYaf,aIKh" 1974

^5& Lipsey Richard G. and Colin Harbury, First Principles of Economics, 1992

^6& YS% ,xld uy nexl=j - jd¾Isl jd¾;dj - 2007

^7& YS% ,xld uy nexl=j - jd¾Isl jd¾;dj - 2008

^8& igyk - YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ iudc yd wd¾:sl úoHd udislh - YS% ,xld uy nexl=j

Documents

wd¾Ól úoHdj - NIEáμèùÔÈ (Co-operative Learning) æÜ´ûÚ}Úμ