Water as a solvent Acids, bases and pH Organic compounds
Hydrocarbons Functional groups Dehydration synthesis/
hydrolysis
Slide 2
Water and life 4. The universal solvent Water can form hydrogen
bonds with any polar or ionic compound. Therefore, many things can
be dissolved in water The dissolving agent is called the solvent
The dissolved substance is called the solute A liquid of two or
more evenly mixed substances is a solution
Slide 3
Acids & Bases Acids: Donate H + ions to a solution. Bases
Accept H + ions & remove them from solution.
Slide 4
pH= A measure of hydrogen ion concentration, but on a
logarithmic scale (potential of Hydrogen) Solutions with high
hydrogen ion concentrations have low pH are acidic Solutions with
low hydrogen ion concentrations have a high pH are basic There is a
10-fold difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions
that differ by one pH unit. So what is pH??
Slide 5
Acids & Bases Acids: Donate H + ions to a solution. Bases
Accept H + ions & remove them from solution.
Slide 6
Acids & Bases Acids: Donate H + ions to a solution. Bases
Accept H + ions & remove them from solution.
Slide 7
Implications of extreme pH in the environment
Slide 8
Acid deposition affects land and aquatic environments
Slide 9
What US regions are affected by acid deposition? EPA Air
Quality Website
Slide 10
Some common acids, bases and salts
Slide 11
Salts Neither acids or bases Can form when acids and bases
react The dissociated hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions join to form
water. The remaining ions form ionic bonds creating a salt. This is
an example of neutralization. H + Cl - + Na + OH - Na + Cl - + H +
OH - Hydrocloric + Sodium Sodium + Water acid hydroxide
chloride
Slide 12
Molecules containing carbon and hydrogen Long chains or rings
of carbon form backbone of diverse biological compounds.
C9H8O4C9H8O4
Slide 13
All organic molecules have a carbon skeleton. This determines
the overall shape of the molecule. Organic molecules differ in
these ways: 1. The length and arrangement of the carbon skeleton.
2. Which atoms are attached to the skeleton
Slide 14
Length: How long is the carbon based skeleton? Dehydration
synthesis: Single units/ monomers are linked to form large units/
polymers; water removed Hydrolysis: Polymers are broken into
monomers during metabolism; water is added.
Slide 15
Arrangement of the skeleton: Isomers Organic molecules can have
the same number and composition of atoms, but can have different
arrangements. These are called isomers.
Macromolecules are very large organic molecules. The most
important organic compounds found in living things are: 1.
Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic acids
Slide 19
Carbohydrates Compounds with a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O Monomers=
monosaccharides Polymers= polysaccharides Hydrophobic or
hydrophilic? Function?
Slide 20
Simple sugars are described by the number of carbons in the
molecule. Triose-3 carbons Pentose-5 carbons Hexose-6 carbons
Slide 21
When two simple sugars are combined they form disaccharides
Formed via dehydration synthesis Examples: Maltose, lactose and
sucrose
Slide 22
So how is high fructose corn syrup different from sugar? Sugar
HFCS
Slide 23
Contain many simple sugars connected by _________________
Examples of polysaccharides:
Slide 24
Primarily C, H and O but not a fixed ratio Monomer = amino acid
Polymers= proteins or polypeptides Hydophobic or hydrophilic?
Function?
Slide 25
An amino acid contains: 1. Amino group 2. Carboxyl group 3.
Side chain/ R group There are 20 different amino acids
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Amino acids are joined via dehydration synthesis. The bond
formed between amino acids is called a peptide bond. Several amino
acids joined together form polypeptide chains or proteins.
Slide 29
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide constitutes the
primary structure of the protein
Slide 30
Polypeptides twist and fold into their secondary structure Form
-helix or -pleated sheet
Slide 31
The 2 structure folds in a random manner to form a globular 3
structure.
Slide 32
Multiple polypeptides interact to form a functional
protein
Slide 33
Slide 34
Denaturation: When heat or other environmental conditions break
the bonds that stabilize tertiary structure.
Slide 35
The proteins overall shape determines function Example: Sickle
cell anemia A mutation in one gene causes the protein to have a
different shape- changes RBC shape. Different shape altered
function
Slide 36
Composed of C, H and a little O, but no fixed ratio There are
three types of lipids: True fats (e.g. pork chop fat and oils)
Phospholipids (membrane components) Steroids (most hormones)
Hydrophobic/ hydrophilic? Function?
Slide 37
True fat= triglyceride Used to provide energy The building
blocks of fats= fatty acid A glycerol molecule Three fatty acid
tails
Slide 38
If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has as much hydrogen as
possible, the fat is called a saturated fat. If the carbons of a
fatty acid have double bonded carbon molecules in them, the fat is
called unsaturated fat.
Slide 39
Slide 40
Trans (Elaidic acid)Elaidic acidCis (Oleic acid)Oleic
acidSaturated (Stearic acid)Stearic acid Elaidic acid is the
principal trans unsaturated fatty acid often found in partially
hydrogenated vegetable oils. [22] [22] Oleic acid is a cis
unsaturated fatty acid that comprises 5580% of olive oil. [23] [23]
Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid found in animal fats and is
the intended product in full hydrogenation. Stearic acid is neither
cis nor trans because it has no double bonds. These fatty acids are
geometric isomers (structurally identical except for the
arrangement of the double bond).geometric isomers This fatty acid
contains no double bond and is not isomeric with the previous ^^
Alonso L, Fontecha J, Lozada L, Fraga MJ, Jurez M (1999). "Fatty
acid composition of caprine milk: major, branched-chain, and trans
fatty acids". Journal of Dairy Science 82 (5): 878 84.
doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75306-3. PMID 10342226.
doi10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75306-3PMID10342226 ^^ Alfred Thomas
(2002). "Fats and Fatty Oils". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_173.doi10.1002/14356007.a10_173
Slide 41
Phospholipids: Are complex organic molecules that resemble fats
but contain phosphate groups. Phospholipids are the major
components of cell membranes. Some are known as lecithins.
Slide 42
Nonpolar molecules that are arranged in rings of carbon
Steroids are important components of cell membranes. Cholesterol
Steroids often serve as hormones and serve in regulation of body
processes. Testosterone, estrogen
Slide 43
Cholesterol: LDL vs HDL Cholesterol does not travel freely in
the bloodstream. Carried by lipoproteins (L) LDL LOW Density
Lipoproteins Deposit excess cholesterol on arterial walls. bad
cholesterol HDL HIGH Density Lipoproteins Remove cholesterol from
the blood. good cholesterol
Slide 44
Nucleic acids Contains C, H as well as lots of N, P and O
Monomer = nucleotide Polymer= nucleic acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) Hydophobic or hydrophilic?
Function?
Slide 45
The functions of DNA 1. Replicate itself 2. Store information
and pass to offspring 3. Make proteins
Slide 46
The nucleotide monomer Each nucleotide contains 1. A 5-carbon
sugar DNA: deoxyribose RNA: ribose 2. A phosphate group 3. A
nitrogenous group
Slide 47
The 4 nucleotides of DNA
Slide 48
Nucleotides are linked by ______________ Each DNA molecule is
made of two strands. Strands are held together by hydrogen bonds
between the nitrogenous bases. The bases pair according to base
pair rules Adenine - Thymine Cytosine Guanine The DNA polymer
Slide 49
-helix structure of DNA
Slide 50
Each DNA strand is divided into segments called genes Genes are
the recipes for proteins The sequence of nucleotides in a gene
dictate the order of amino acids in a polypeptide. Each DNA strand
is called a chromosome Human cells have 46 chromosomes in each
cell. DNA, genes, and chromosomes
Slide 51
Slide 52
RNA is a single stranded molecule Nucleotides: 4 nucleotides
BUT contains uracil instead of thymine Base pairs with itself and
DNA A-U G-C RNA is found in three different forms: mRNA (messenger
RNA) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) tRNA (transfer RNA) The RNA polymer
Slide 53
A special nucleotide- ATP - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
contains 1. Ribose sugar 2. Adenine sugar 3. 3 phosphate groups -
Bonds between phosphates are used for energy storage