ENGLISH 1 MUST KNOW TERMS

READING STRATEGIES

ANNOTATION Underling and highlight important parts

of the text so that you can go back later and analyze.

Speeches, writings, poems (SWIFTT)

DETERMINING AUDIENCE Look at the way it is written Look at the words chosen What the story is about?

Sometimes the author states the audience.

The audience is not always you as the reader.

DETERMINING FACT & PURPOSE Decide type of writing (persuasive,

informational, etc.) Use the audience to help determine Find the central idea and ask yourself

“WHY”

DETERMINING MAIN IDEA Check for a moral Focusing on what the author is saying Author’s tone (How does the author

present the information?)

INFERENCE Use direct details to make an educated

guess based off of context clues It will not be directly stated.

PARAPHRASE Reference a direct quote that is long. Note-taking Annotations Claim/Quote/Statement

You are able to quickly identify main idea.

PREDICTION Learn to make an educated guess It allows you to think about what is

happening in the text and what is going to happen.

Helps you familiarize yourself with the text and the context

Cask- predicted that Fortunado was going to die

Lady or the Tiger- predict the ending

SEMINAR/DISCUSSION To observe your ideas and others ideas

about particular topics Desiree’s Baby- Socratic Seminar (Level

Questions) Lady or the Tiger- Debate on which door

she chose Marley and Me- Literature

Communication and Collaboration Helps you defend your beliefs, allows

you to use the text as support

SUMMARY Simplify the story Helps you focus on the main idea and

what details matter. You learn what things you do not have

to look at.

Oh What a Week! – Summarize what happened on each day of Romeo and Juliet

Comprehension… Prepares you for an analysis

LITERARY ELEMENTS

CHARACTER If we can identify characters, we can

also use them to help identify the plot, theme, etc.

Development of a character Characters relate to themes, mood, etc. WHO?

JOURNEY OF A HERO Odyssey: Odysseus

Help in understanding character motivation

Identify qualities that are admirable Understand character development

SETTING Place: When and Where? Culture Time Period Society’s rules Weather

Setting in contrast with characters, mood, theme, etc.

Setting as a symbol

ANTAGONIST/PROTAGONIST Antagonist: Bad, equal to the villain Protagonist: Hero, opposite of the

antagonist

Development of characters Motivation: What motivates characters

to act the way they do? What motivates characters to think how they think?

DYNAMIC/STATIC CHARACTERS Dynamic characters: Change their

views, values, morals, opinions etc.

Static characters: begin and end the same

Dynamic character: Scout (losing innocence, learning the truth of the world)

Static character: Tybalt, Bob Ewell

FLAT/ROUND Flat: We do not know much about these

characters. We see one side of their personality.

Example: Ivan

Round: We know a lot about these characters. We know multiple sides of their personality.

Example: Atticus

DIRECT/INDIRECT CHARACTERS Direct: Exact description Example: blue eyes, tall, bald, blue shirt,

big nose

Indirect: Infer or learn through their actions

Zaroff- room full of books: We can infer: He likes to read or he is intelligent.

CHARACTER MOTIVATION Why the character does what they do What DRIVES the character to act

Need to belong, revenge, regret, pride, survival, love, personal beliefs, morals, money

DETAIL Added information that supports the

main idea or theme Details can describe a character,

setting, behavior, mood, etc.

Voice Lessons

DICTION Word Choice Sets the mood and tone

Connotation and Denotation Colloquialism – Local Color

CONNOTATION/DENOTATION Denotation: Definition

Connotation: Society’s definition

Brother: blood male sibling Connotation: close friend, someone you

look up to…

DIALECT Conversation between groups of people.

Can be in connection to colloquialism

EUPHEMISM Nicer way to say something.

He passed away. (He kicked the bucket.) The chickens were cooked. (The

chickens were slaughtered)

IMAGERY 5 senses (Sensory details)

Olfactory: smell Visual: sight Tactile: touch

MOOD Attitude Overall feeling

Mood of The Cask- Dark, Ominous

PLOT The events of the story.

CONFLICT Man v. Man- Romeo v. Tybalt Man v. Nature- Doodle v. the storm Man v. Himself- Lady v. the decision Man v. Fate- Odysseus v. The Gods Man v. Society- Atticus v. Maycomb

FORESHADOWING Hints on what is going to happen Romeo “I have a feeling something bad

is going to happen.” Juliet “I’d rather die than be without

you.”

FLASHBACK Memory or a reference to something

that has happened previously

“The Scarlet Ibis”

SUSPENSE Feeling associated in the story when

something is about to happen.

The Most Dangerous Game: Discuss the island

POINT OF VIEW (OPINION) How the author feels Opinion about a particular topic

Harper Lee’s POV: Racism is useless.

POINT OF VIEW (WRITTEN) 1st POV: I, you, we (TKAM, The Scarlet

Ibis) 3rd POV: Narrator (The Lady or the Tiger)

Omniscient: All-Knowing (Narrator knows everything)

DIALOGUE Conversations Romeo and Juliet (drama) has a lot of

dialogue.

Diction- colloquialism

HYPERBOLE Extreme exaggeration

It is raining cats and dogs

IRONY Situational: Something happens we didn’t

expect. The jury took a while to come back, so we

thought they might have found Tom innocent. He was found guilty.

Dramatic: We know something the characters do not The Cask: We knew Fortunado was going to die

Verbal: You say something and mean something else Romeo and Juliet: Dialogue about Romeo and

Tybalt

MOTIF Element that reoccurs within a work

To Kill a Mockingbird: Do not judge a person until you walk in their shoes

MLK: I have a dream

SATIRE Poke fun of a part of society or a

expectation Not necessarily funny

Shrek: Idea of fairy tales

SYMBOLISM Object or idea that represents a

character’s actions or beliefs

TKAM: Mockingbird- Symbolized Boo Radley’s innocence

TYPES

ANALYSIS To look beyond basic comprehension SWIFTT Rhetorical strategies and devices

CAUSE AND EFFECT Cause: why something happens Effect: the result

Fortunado insulted Montressor which caused Montressor to want revenge.

ILLUSTRATION Illustrations allow you to look at the

details and imagery in a text.

RESEARCH BASED Allows you to find evidence about a

particular topic. Teaches you how to use various

resources to form a claim.

PERSUASION (ARGUMENT) Author’s Purpose Rhetorical Appeals

Bias Logical Fallacies Inductive and Deductive reasoning

INDUCTIVE/DEDUCTIVE REASONING Syllogism:

Major Premise Minor Premise Conclusion

Dogs are fluffy. Dallas is fluffy. Dallas is a dog.

ETHOS Ethical appeal Right and wrong

God (In the name of God do you duty)

PATHOS Emotional appeal

Disease, sickness, children, sick animals

LOGOS Logic Makes you think

I have a Dream when he references the quote from Kennedy (Also when he uses an allusion)

QUALIFY Explaining or justifying how something

supports or defends your opinion.

THEME Central Idea

Revenge Coming of Age Pride Survival Regret

TONE Attitude

MLK “I have a dream” – controlled anger

TONE SHIFT When the author changes their tone

throughout the selection

In Cold Blood: Objective to begin with then determined and somber.

MULTIPLE TONES Different tones.

MLK was angry but he was also controlled

He also tried to be nurturing when he mentioned his family.

TONE DETERMINED THROUGH SWIFTT

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

METAPHOR (PLUS EXTENDED) Comparison not using like or as

Extended: where the metaphor is continued throughout the entire passage

OXYMORON Contradiction

Icy Hot Bittersweet O Brawling Love O Loving Hate

PERSONIFICATION Giving an inanimate object human

qualities

SIMILE Comparison using like or as

ALLITERATION Repetition of sounds or letter

From forth the fatal Rapping, tapping

METER Rhythm.. Iambic meter ta-TUM

ONOMATOPOEIA Sounds

Woosh Bang Pow Slam

RHYME Words that sound the same

RHYTHM beat

LITERARY TECHNIQUES

ALLUSION Reference to a previous piece of work

Literature: “A pair of shoes can change a girl’s life”- Allusion to Cinderella

Mythology: “We are apt to shut our eyes to the siren song.” –Allusion to the Odyssey

Bible: “She was betrayed by a kiss” –Allusion to Judas

ANTITHESIS Juxtaposition of contradicting ideas

ASYNDETON Omission of conjunctions

She played, jumped, screamed.

PARALLELISM When words have the same ending.

Swimming, skiing, dancing, running, hiking

POLYSYNDETON Multiple conjunctions

REPETITION When something is repeated (similar to

alliteration and anaphora)

ANAPHORA Repetition of a phrase

I have a dream, I have a dream, I have a dream

RHETORICAL QUESTION Question not meant to be answered Encourages the reader to think

CLAIM/QUOTE/STATEMENT Claim: Your opinion or answer Quote: evidence that supports your

claim Statement: Explains how your quote

connects or shows your claim