Compoundselearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Hufs/Hongseonghun/10.pdf · - turncoat, egghead, highbrow, redskin, redhead, redneck, bigfoot, loudmouth, greybeard, faintheart

11주차. Compounds

지난강의

• Derivation vs. inflection • Inflection, grammatical words, lexemes • Grammatical meanings of inflection - number, person, tense and aspect,

gender and noun class, case, voice, mood/modality

• Inflection in English • Irregular inflection • Why English has so little inflection?

학습내용

• Compounds, phrasal words, lexicalized phrases

• The internal structure of compounds • The right-hand HEAD rule • Common patterns of compounding

학습내용

• Types of compounds - endocentric, exocentric, copulative

compounds - root (= primary), synthetic

(= verbal or secondary) compounds - compound nouns, compound

adjectives, compound verbs - neoclassical compounds

• Compound stress

11주차. Compounds

11주차. Compounds 1 8

• biology, electroscopy; biochemistry, astrophysics

• parks commissioner, systems analyst • over-the-fence gossip, off-the-rack dress • gossip over the fence, dress off the rack

Which syntactic units comprise a compound?


- The left-hand member of a compound must be a root, a word, or a phrase.

- The right-hand member must be a root or a word; it cannot be a phrase.

Which syntactic units comprise a compound?


• A phrasal compounds is a word that is made up of a phrase as its first element and a noun as its second element. - stuff-blowing-up effects - bikini-girls-in-trouble genre - comic-book-and-science-fiction fans

Phrasal compounds


• It is impossible to insert a modifying word in-between the phrase and the HEAD of the compound. - exciting stuff-blowing-up effects - *stuff-blowing-up exciting effects

(*girl pretty friend)

Phrasal compounds


• Even a whole sentence can take up the left-hand position. - God-is-dead theology

Phrasal compounds


(1) jack-in-the-box (cf. book on the shelf) (2) good-for-nothing, dyed-in-the-wool

Phrasal words


• What are the internal structures of (1) and (2)?

• The right-hand member is a phrase: [[jack] [in the box]], [[good][for nothing]] , [[dyed][in the wool]] → phrase-like

Phrasal words


• What is the plural form of (1)?

• The plural form is marked on the whole expression: jack-in-the-boxes, not *jacks-in-the-box. (cf. [books on the shelf]NP) → word-like

Phrasal words


• (2) can act like an adjective: your good-for-nothing husband, a dyed-in-the-wool Republican → word-like

• These are phrasal words.

Phrasal words


• brother-in-law, grant-in-aid

• What is the internal structure? • The right-hand member is a phrase:

[[brother] [in law]] → phrase-like

Lexicalized phrases


• What is the plural form?

• The plural form is marked on the head noun, not on the whole expression: brothers-in-law, not *brother-in-laws (cf. [books on the shelf]NP) → phrase-like

Lexicalized phrases


• But still, brother-in-law is idiosyncratic (or unpredictable) in meaning, and hence, is a lexical item.

• Thus, brother-in-law is a lexicalized phrase.

Lexicalized phrases


- Exercise 6.1, Plag, p.163 Classify the following words as being products of either inflection, derivation, or compounding. Justify your analysis in the potentially problematic cases.

Exercises


- blackboard eraser

- unacceptability

- flowerpots

- movie monster

- broad-shouldered

- hard-working

- speaking

- developmental

Exercises


• Which one is correct? - [bathroom towel designer] - [[bathroom towel]] designer] - [bathroom [towel designer]]

• What is the meaning difference? - [[top hat] rack]] vs. [top [hat rack]]

• We will get back to this next week.

The internal structure of compounds


• If the right-hand member of a compound is a verb, the compound will be a verb (e.g. deep-fry, proof-read)

• If the right-hand member of a compound is a count noun, the compound will be a count noun (e.g. drophammer, greenhouse)

The right-hand HEAD rule


• If the right-hand member of a compound has feminine gender, the compound will be feminine (e.g. head waitress)

• If the right-hand member of a compound is plural, the compound will be plural (e.g. parks commissioner vs. parks commissioners).



• The compound as a whole inherits its syntactic information from its right-hand member.

• Thus, the right-hand member of a compound is its ‘syntactic’ head (=HEAD). → The right-hand HEAD rule



(V+A compounds are rare.)

Common patterns of compounding

left/right noun verb adjective

noun bathroom brainwash sky-high

verb pickpocket stir-fry (fail-safe)

adjective greenhouse dry-clean grey-green

preposition afterbirth outrun inbuilt



• The internal structure of compounds • The right-hand HEAD rule • Common patterns of compounding • Types of compounds

- endocentric, exocentric, copulative compounds - root (= primary), synthetic (= verbal or

secondary) compounds - compound nouns, compound adjectives,

compound verbs - neoclassical compounds

• Compound stress


• Depending on the category of the right-hand member: - compound nouns (= nominal compounds) - compound verbs (= verbal compounds) - compound adjectives

(= adjectival compounds)

Types of compounds


• Depending on the status of the semantic head: - exocentric compounds - endocentric compounds - copulative compounds (endocentric

compounds with multiple semantic heads)

Types of compounds


• Depending on whether the right-hand member is derived from a verb: - root (= primary) compounds - synthetic (=verbal or secondary)

compounds

Types of compounds


• There is a semantic head in an endocentric compound.

• The referent of the compound (= the semantic head) is the same as the referent of the right-hand member of the compound.

Endocentric compounds


- a laser printer is a kind of printer - a book cover is a kind of cover - a letter head is a kind of head

• semantic head = the right-hand member

Endocentric compounds


• ‘Exocentric compounds’ literally means that the semantic head is outside the compound (i.e. there is no semantic head in the compound).

• The referent of the compound is not the referent of the right-hand member of the compound.

Exocentric compounds


• There is no semantic head, but there is a syntactic head, usually the right-hand member, that determines the category of the compound. - turncoat, egghead, highbrow, redskin,

redhead, redneck, bigfoot, loudmouth, greybeard, faintheart



• But see to pickpocket, to cutthroat, to spoilsport, to killjoy, to cutpurse. → But examples like these are not common.



• Most exocentric compounds are forms denoting human beings (e.g. loudmouth) or higher animals (e.g. saber tooth).

Exocentric compounds (cont)


• The productive exocentric compounds are also called possessive compounds, because they denote an entity that is characterized (sometimes metaphorically) by the property expressed by the compound. - a loudmouth is a person that possesses

‘a loud mouth’ - a saber tooth is an animal with a saber-

like tooth



• Possessive exocentric compounds usually have an adjective as their left-hand element.



• How do we make plural forms?

• Endocentric compounds - wisdom tooth → wisdom teeth - club foot → club feet - oak leaf → oak leaves

Plural forms of endocentric vs. exocentric compounds


• Exocentric compounds - saber tooth → saber tooths - bigfoot → bigfoots - Toronto Maple Leafs (an NHL ice

hockey team)

• An exocentric compound inflects regularly even when its right-hand member inflects irregularly.

Plural forms of endocentric vs. exocentric compounds


• Copulative compounds have multiple semantic heads, neither of them being subordinate to the other. → endocentric compounds with multiple semantic heads - singer-songwriter, scientist-explorer,

poet-translator, hero-martyr, producer-director, fighter-bomber, bitter-sweet,

- the doctor-patient gap, the nature-nurture debate, a modifier-head structure, the mind-body problem

Copulative compounds


• appositional compounds → denote one entity

• coordinative compounds → denote multiple entities



• What is the plural form of ‘poet-translator’?

• There are two semantics heads, but the syntactic properties of the compound is nonetheless determined by the right-hand member (e.g. poet-translators, *poets-translator, *poets-translators)



• Synthetic (= verbal or secondary) compounds: - The right-hand member is derived

from a verb, and the left-hand member is interpreted as an argument of that verb.

Root vs. synthetic compounds


- dog walker, slum clearance, crime prevention, home invasion, cost containment → compound nouns

- university-controlled, home made, Washington-based, hand-washing, hair-raising, awe-inspiring → compound adjectives

Root vs. synthetic compounds


• Root (= primary) compounds: - The right-hand member is not derived

from a verb.

- The interpretation of the semantic relationship between the right-hand member and the left-hand member in root compounds is quite free.

Root vs. synthetic compounds (cont)


• Root (= primary) compounds: - What are the possible two meanings of

marble museum?

- Also compare the meanings of hairnet, butterfly net, and mosquito net.

Root vs. synthetic compounds (cont)


- Exercise 6.3, Plag, p.163

Classify the following compounds as exocentric, endocentric, possessive, appositional, or coordinative. frying pan redhead

maidservant author-reader

(exchange)

Exercises


Classify the following compounds as exocentric, endocentric, possessive, appositional, or coordinative. Austria-Hungary hardtop

silkworm man-machine

(interaction) bootblack German-English

actor-manager gas-light

Exercises


• Exercise 8, Lieber, pp.56-57 - oil burner

- light house

- blue blood

- hell raiser

- scholar athlete

- blue eyed

- pickpocket

- house-hunting

Exercises



• The internal structure of compounds • The right-hand HEAD rule • Common patterns of compounding • Types of compounds

- endocentric, exocentric, copulative compounds - root (= primary), synthetic (= verbal or

secondary) compounds - compound nouns, compound adjectives,

compound verbs - neoclassical compounds

• Compound stress


Common patterns of compounding

left/right noun verb adjective

noun bathroom brainwash sky-high

verb pickpocket stir-fry (fail-safe)

adjective greenhouse dry-clean grey-green

preposition afterbirth outrun inbuilt


• swearword, drophammer, playtime → V+N

• hairnet, mosquito net, butterfly net, hair restorer → N+N

• blackboard, greenstone, faintheart → A+N • in-group, outpost, overcoat → P+N

Compound nouns


• knee-deep, dog-lean; university-controlled, Washington-based; sugar-free, girl-crazy → N+A

• fail-safe → V+A (rare) • bitter-sweet, sweet-sour; French-German

(cooperation), public-private (partnership) → A+A

• inbuilt, incoming, outgoing → P+A

Compound adjectives


• N+A: The left-hand member as a modifier with various interpretations - capital-insensitive → intensive with

respect to capital - knee-deep → deep to the height of

one’s knee - dog-lean → as lean as a dog - blood-red → red like blood

Compound adjectives (cont)


• N+A: The left-hand member as an argument - university-controlled, Washington-

based, hair-raising → synthetic compounds

- sugar-free, girl-crazy, class-conscious



• A+A: copulative compounds - bitter-sweet, sweet-sour

appositional - a French-German cooperation, the

high-low alternation, a public-private partnership → coordinative



• to deep-fry, to shortcut, to blindfold, to broadcast → A+V

• to proof-read, to ghost-write, to chain-smoke → N+V

• to stir-fry, to dry-clean, to freeze-dry, to drink-drive → V+V

• to download, to outsource, to upgrade → P+V

Compound verbs


• Compounds with a preposition as the right-hand member violate the right-hand HEAD rule. - hanger-on, passer-by, sundown - Preposition is a closed class, which is

reluctant to accepting new members.

Compounds with a preposition


• pathology, pathogen, psychopath; dermatitis, dermatology, pachyderm, bronchitis; electroscopy, (two combining forms)

• electrometer, electromagnet, electrochemistry; Sino-Korean, Sinophobia, Sino-Japanes (one combining form)

Neoclassical compounds


• Neoclassical compounds are similar to compounds: Just like a blackboard is a kind of board, pathology is a kind of study and dermatitis is a kind of disease.

Neoclassical compounds


• Unlike ordinary compounds, neoclassical compounds are nearly all technical terms of scientific vocabulary, coined out of non-English elements (mostly from Latin and Greek) called “combining forms.”

Neoclassical compounds (cont)


• Combining forms are bound morpheme, more root-like than affix-like, usually of Greek or Latin origin, that occurs only in compounds, usually with other combining forms (e.g. bio, ology in biology).



• If a word made up of combining forms is in common use, the morphemes within it tend to acquire the status of free morphemes (e.g. photo from photograph).


Documents

Compoundselearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Hufs/Hongseonghun/10.pdf · - turncoat, egghead, highbrow, redskin, redhead, redneck, bigfoot, loudmouth, greybeard, faintheart