- tu-chemnitz.de file The description and use of the terrestrial globe

<TEI.2><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>The description and use of the terrestrial globe. (Part of:Gregorii posthuma: or, Certain learned tracts. [scib1649]</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt>Distributed as part of the Lampeter Corpus</publicationStmt><sourceDesc><bibl><idno type="wing">G1927</idno><idno type="lamp">Founders 4B</idno><date>1649</date><pubPlace>London</pubPlace><printer>William Dugard</printer><publisher>J.G.</publisher><bookSeller>Laurence Sadler</bookSeller><pubFormat>quarto</pubFormat></bibl></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><particDesc><person role="author" sex="m" age="40:49"><persName>John Gregory</persName><birth><date>1607</date> Amersham (Buckinghamshire)</birth><residence>Amersham; Oxford; Kidlington (near Oxford)</residence><education>Christ Church, Oxford: BA (1628), MA (1631)</education><occupation>orientalist; chaplain; prebend of Chichester andSalisbury</occupation><socecStatus>professions (clergy)</socecStatus><socecstatusPat>"of humble parentage" (DNB)</socecstatusPat><biogNote>went to university in the station of servitor to Sir William Drake,because his parents were too poor to support him; deprived of his prebendsduring the Civil War; died 1646</biogNote></person></particDesc><textClass><catRef target="dom6 sci2 nstru1 nau1 dec1"/><keywords scheme="lamtop"><term>cartography</term></keywords><keywords scheme="lamgen"><term type="self">[tract]</term></keywords><keywords scheme="lamstruc"><term>body</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><text id="scib1649" rend="ro"><front><titlePage><docTitle><titlePart>THE<lb/>DESCRIPTION <lb/>AND <lb/>USE <lb/>OF THE <lb/>TerrestrialGlobe.</titlePart></docTitle>&horbar;<byline><lb/>By <sc>John Gregorie</sc>, Master of Arts <lb/>of <it>Christ-Church</it> in <it>Oxon.</it></byline>&horbar;<gap desc="ornament"/>&horbar;<docImprint><lb/>LONDON, <lb/>Printed by <it>William Du-gard</it>, for<it>Laurence Sadler</it>, <lb/>and are to bee sold at the <it>Golden-Lion</it>,<lb/>in Little-<it>Britain</it>. 1649.</docImprint></titlePage></front><pb n="257"/><body><gap desc="ornament"/><head><it>The Description and Use of the</it> Terrestrial Globe.</head>&Tic;He <it>Terrestrial</it> or <it>Earthlie Globe</it> is anar&rehy;tificial Respresentation of the Earth and Water under that form andfigure of Roundness which they are supposed to have, describing the<it>Situation</it>, and measuring the Compass of the <it>Whole Frame</it>, anddescribing the Situation and measuring the Distances of all the Parts.This Description is either of the <it>Earth</it> and <it>Water</it> bothtogether, and it is don by <it>Circles</it>; or of the Water consi&rehy;dered byit self; and is not so much a Description of that, as of the Mariner's coursupon it, or to shew <it>The Waie of a Ship upon the Sea</it>. And this is don bylines called <it>Rumbes</it>, which are not all Circles, but otherwise drawnaccording to the Point of the <it>Compass</it>, at which the Mariner set'sforth. But of the <it>Compass</it> and these lines in the second Place; andfirst of the Description of the Whole Frame by Circles. Now look what<it>Circles</it> were imagined upon the Earth, the same are expressed upon, or

framed with&rehy;out the <it>Globe</it>; and they are the <it>Greater</it>, orthe <it>Less</it>. The <it>Great Circles</it> without the <it>Globe</it> aretwo; the <it>Meridian</it> and the <it>Horizon</it>: the one of Brass, the otherof Wood. Circles indeed they are not so properly called; for, in the rigoroussens, no Line is supposed to have anie breadth, as both these have: But that wasfor the more convenience; for somthing more<pb n="258"/>then ordinarie was to bee written upon them. And more&rehy;overthey could not have been so disposed of, as they are, without the<it>Globe</it>, if they had not been exact Lines. But Use will have it so, andwee must call them the <it>Meridian</it> and <it>Horizontal Circles</it>.<div type="part"><head><it>Of the Meridian without the Globe</it>.</head>&Tic;He Brass Meridian is divided into 4 equal Parts or Quadrants, and eachof them subdivided into 90 De&rehy;grees, that is 360 for the whole Circle. Thereason why this Circle is not divided into 360 Degrees throughout, but stillstopping at the 90&thsup;, and then again begining 10, 20, 30, &c. is,becaus the Uses of this <it>Meridian</it>, so far as in Degrees they areconcern'd, require not above that Number. As for an Example: One use of the<it>Meridian</it> is to shew the <it>Elevation</it> of the <it>Pole</it>, butthe <it>Pole</it> cannot bee elevated above 90 Degrees. Another is to shew the<it>Lati&rehy;tude</it> or Distance of a Place from the <it>Equator</it>, whichalso can never exceed the 4&thsup; part of the Circle; for no Place can beefurther distant from the <it>Equator</it> then the <it>Pole</it>, which is justthat Number of 90 Degrees.Upon one of the North Quadrants of this <it>Meridian</it>, of som<it>Great Globes</it>, the <it>Climes</it> are set to the several Degrees of<it>Latitude</it>; and the Length of the longest Daie under the several<it>Climes</it>: which (if the Geographers would think so) might very fitly beeplaced on the <it>Lesser Globe's</it>: for it were but dividing a Quadrant ofthe wrong side of the <it>Meridian</it> into 90 Degrees, and there would be roomenough. In som other <it>Globes</it> the Climes are cast into a Table, andpi&rehy;ctured upon som void space of the <it>Globe</it>. But the Division upona Quadrant of the <it>Meridian</it>, is much more artificial, as hereafter shallbee understood. And the reason why a North Quadrant onely need to bee divided,is, becaus for the <it>Climes</it> of the Southern <it>Latitude</it> the seasonis the same. And the reason why the Division is made upon a North Quadrantrather then the South, is, becaus our <it>Globes</it> are<pb n="259"/>fitted for our Selvs, and all our share of the Earth lieth in theNorth <it>Latitude</it>.</div><div type="part"><head><it>Of the Axel and Poles of the Globe and of the HourCircle</it>.</head>&Fic;Rom the <it>North</it> and <it>South</it> Ends of this <it>Meridian</it>a strong <it>Wyer</it> of Brass or Iron is drawn, or supposed to bee drawn (forthe Artificers do not alwaies draw it quite through) by the Center of the<it>Globe</it> representing the <it>Axel</it> of the Earth. The North Endwhereof standeth for the <it>North</it>, the South End for the <it>SouthPole</it> of the Earth. Upon the North End, a small Circle of Brass is set, anddivided into two equal parts, and each of them into twelv, that is, twentie fourin all. This Circle is the onelie one above the <it>Globe</it>, which is notimagined upon the Earth, but is there placed to shew the hour of the daie andnight, in anie place where the Daie and night exceed not 24 hours:there&rehy;fore it is called<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Cyclus Horarius</foreign>. The <it>HourCircle</it>, for which purpose it hath a little Brass pin turning about upon the<it>Pole</it>, and pointing to the several hours, which therefore is called the<it><foreign lang="lat">Index Horarius</foreign></it>.The small Circle is framed upon this ground, that in the <it>DiurnalMotion</it> of the Heaven 15 Degrees of the <it>Equino&rehy;ctial</it> rise upin the space of everie one hour, that is 360 De&rehy;grees, or the whole<it>Circle</it> in the space of 24. So that the<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Cyclus Horarius</foreign> is to bee framed to that<it>Compass</it>, as that everie 24&thsup; part of it, or one hour is to bearproportion to 15 Degrees of the <it>Equator</it> below it. And so in turning the

<it>Globe</it> about, one may perceiv, that while the Pin is moved from anie onehour to another, just 15 Degrees of the <it>Equi&rehy;noctial</it> will rise upabove the Horizon upon one side, and as manie more go down below it on the otherside. But this <it>Circle</it> is not much for the <it>Geographer's</it>use.</div><pb n="260"/><div type="part"><head><it>Of the Horizon</it>.</head>&Tic;He other <it>Great Circle</it> without the <it>Globe</it> is the<it>Horizon</it>; upon which (yet not as due to this Circle more then anieother, but becaus there is more room) the <it>Geographers</it> set down the 12.Signs with their Names and Characters.And becaus everie Sign of the <it>Zodiack</it> containeth 30De&rehy;grees, which is 360 for the whole Circle, the <it>Horizon</it> isdivided into 360 Degrees indeed as it ought, but not from 10, 20, 30, 40, sothroughout, but by Thirties, that is, 10, 20, 30. and 10, 20, 30, and so alongto make the division conform to the 12 Signs, to each of which, as I said, isallotted the Number of 30 Degrees. And the reason of that is in reference to theSuns Annual Motion, in the Cours whereof hee dispatcheth everie daie one degreeunder or over. So that hee passeth through each of the <it>Signs</it> in, or inmuch about the space of 30 Daies. So that, though som of the 12 Moneths,answering to the 12 <it>Signs</it>, consist of one Daie more then thirtie, andone of 2 Daies less, yet take them one with another, and the Daies of everieMoneth correspond to the several Degrees of everie <it>Sign</it>, or withoutanie considerable difference. And after that rate, or much about it, they areplaced upon the <it>Horizon</it>, to shew in what Degree, of what Sign the Sunis everie daie of the year. And to this purpose there is set down upon the same<it>Horizon</it> a <it>Calendar</it>, and that of three sorts in som Globes: Oftwo in the most, the one whereof is called the <it>Julian</it>, or <it>Old</it>,the other the <it>Gregorian</it>, or <it>New Accompt</it>, reckon&rehy;ing thislatter 10 daies before the former, and the third sort, where it is found,thirteen. Now though it bee true that the greatest part of that which is writtenupon the <it>Horizon</it>, more nearly concerneth the <it>Celestial</it> thenthe <it>Terrestrial Globe</it>; yet it is not altogether unuseful here: andespeci&rehy;ally it will bee nothing out of the <it>Geographer's</it> way totake along with him the ground of Difference in the 3, princi&rehy;pally in the2 sorts of <it>Calendars</it>.</div><pb n="261"/><div type="part"><head><it>The Reason of the Difference inComputation be&rehy;twixt the</it> Old <it>and</it> New Accompts.</head>&Aic; Year is that space of time in which the <it>Sun</it> goeth through thewhole Circle of the <it>Zodiack</it>, as from the <it>Tropick</it> of<it>Cancer</it>, to the <it>Tropick</it> of <it>Capricorn</it>, and so to the<it>Tropick</it> of <it>Cancer</it> again, or from the <it>Equinoctial</it> tothe <it>Equinoctial</it>, or from anie other Point of the <it>Zodiack</it> tothe same again. Now, becaus of the unequal Motion of the Sun (depending uponreasons deeply engaged in the <it>Theo&rehy;rical</it> Part of the<it>Spheer</it>, and therefore here to bee taken up&rehy;on trust) it ever was,and yet is, a very hard matter to de&rehy;termine exactly in what space of timethis <it>Revolution</it> of the <it>Sun</it> in the <it>Zodiack</it> is made;insomuch that one said, that the Year consisted of so manie daies, and how muchmore or less no bodie knoweth.<note type="marginalia" place="margin" anchored="no"><foreignlang="lat"><ro>Censori&rehy;nus</ro> de Die Natali</foreign>.</note>This uncertaintie brought so much confusion upon the Old <it>RomaneCalendars</it>, that <it>Time</it> with them was grown a Commoditie, and boughtand sold at a price. Their Priests, who had to do with this Affair, having intheir power to make anie year longer or shorter at their pleasure; which theEmperor <it>Julius Cæsar</it> looking upon as a mat&rehy;ter no waie belowhis greatest consideration, advised with som Egyptian Mathematicians about it,by whose Instru&rehy;ctions hee found that the Sun's yearlie Motion in the<it>Zodi&rehy;ack</it>, was performed in the space of 365 daies, and one4&thsup; part of a daie, or 6 hours.The 6 odd hours hee caussed to bee reserved in store till everie fourth year,that is, till they made 24 hours, or one whole daie; so accounting, that the 3first years should consist of 365 daies, and the fourth of 366, one daie more;

and everie fourth year was therefore (as still it is) called the <it>LeapYear</it>, and the thing it self <it>Intercalation</it>, or putting in betwixtthe <it>Calendar</it>.'Twas verie much that the Emperor did, and hee left as much to do; for thoughit cannot yet bee found out ex<pb n="262"/>actly in what space of time the <it>Sun</it> goeth his yearliecours, yet thus much is made good by infallible experience that the Emperor's<it>Mathematicians</it> allotted too much for the Number of daies: they were inthe right, for<corr sic="it it">it</corr> is certain no year can consist of more then 365, butfor the odd hours it is as certain that they cannot bee fewer then five, nor somanie as 6; so that the doubt is upon the <it>Minutes</it>, 60 whereof go to themaking up of an Hour; a small matter one would think, and yet how great in therecess and con&rehy;sequence wee shall see.<it>Julius Cæsar</it> allotted 365 daies and 6 hours to thisRevo&rehy;lution, but the <it>Sun</it> goeth about in less time, that is,(ac&rehy;cording to the most exact Accompt) in 365 daies, 5 hours, 49 Minutes,and a little more; so that the Emperor's year is much about 10 Minutes greaterthen the <it>Sun's</it>, which must of necessitie breed a difference of so manieMinutes everie year, betwixt the <it>Year</it>, which the <it>Sun</it> it selfde&rehy;scribe's in the <it>Zodiack</it>; and <it>That</it>, which is reckonedupon in the <it>Calendar</it>, which though for a year or two may passin&rehy;sensibly, yet in the space of 134 years it will rise to an whole daie,that is the Begining of the year in the <it>Calen&rehy;dar</it> must bee set onedaie back. As for Example: Let the year begin at the <it>Vernal Equinox</it> orSpring: In the Empe&rehy;ror's time that fell out to bee at the 24&thsup; of<it>March</it>, but now this year it fell out upon the 10&thsup; of<it>March</it>, 13 daies back&rehy;wards, and somwhat more, and so if it bee letalone will go back to the 1 of <it>March</it>, and 1 of <it>Februarie</it>, till<it>Easter</it> com to bee on <it>Christmas Daie</it>, and so infinitely.To reform this difference in the Accompt, som of the later <it>RomaneBishops</it> earnestly endeavoured. And the thing was brought to that perfectionit now standeth in (so much as it is) by <it>Gregorie</it> the 13&thsup;, in theYear 1582. His <it>Ma&rehy;thematicians</it> (whereof <it>Lilius</it> was thechief) advised him thus: That considering there had been an Agitation in the<it>Councel</it> of <it>Nice</it> somwhat concerned in this matter upon themotion of that Question about the <it>Celebration</it> of <it>Easter</it>: Andthat the Fathers of that Assemblie after due delibera&rehy;tion with theAstronomers of that time, had fixed the <it>Ver<pb n="263"/>nal Equinox</it> at the 21 of <it>March</it>, and considering alsothat since that time a difference of 10 whole daies had been past over in the<it>Calendar</it>, that is, that the <it>Vernal Equinox</it> or Spring; whichbegan upon the 21 of <it>March</it>, had prevented so much as to begin in<it>Gregorie's</it> daies at the 10&thsup; of the same, 10 daies difference orthereabouts; they advised that 10 daies should bee cut off from the<it>Calendar</it>, which was don, and the 10 daies taken out of <it>October</it>of that Year 1582, as being the Moneth of that Year in which that <it>Pope</it>was born; so that when they came to the 5 of the Moneth, they reckoned the 15,and so the <it>Equinox</it> was com up to it's place again, and hapned upon the21 of <it>March</it>, as at the <it>Councel</it> of <it>Nice</it>. But that<it>Lilius</it> should bring back the <it>Begining</it> of the Year to the Timesof the <it>Ni&rehy;cen Councel</it>, and no further, is to be marvelled at. Heeshould have brought it back to the Emperor's own time, where the mistake wasfirst entered, and, instead of 10, cut of 13 daies; however this is the Reasonwhy these 2 <it>Calendars</it>, written upon the <it>Horizon</it>, differ thespace of 10 daies one from the other. And as the <it>Old Accompt</it> was calledthe <it>Julian</it>, from the Emperor; so the <it>New</it> is called from<it>Gregorie</it> the <it>Pope</it> and <it>Lilius</it> the chief Agent, the<it>Gregorian</it> or <it>Lilian Accompt</it>: and the <it>Julian</it> is termedthe <it>Old Style</it>, the <it>Gregorian</it> the <it>New</it>, as in theconversation of Letters betwixt Us and Those on the other side of the Seas weemay per&rehy;ceiv; Theirs to Us bare date (for the most part) such a daie ofsuch a Moneth;

<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Stylo Novo</foreign>; Ours to them such a daie;<it><foreign lang="lat">Stylo Veteri</foreign></it>: And Theirs may bee dated There,by their Accompt, and received here, before they were written by Ours.For the third <it>Calendar</it> there need not much bee said, though it beemore absolute then the second; for it redu&rehy;ceth the Beginings of the Yearto the Emperor's own Time, and so leaveth the <it>Old Style</it> 13 daiesbehinde as it ought to do. But it is very rarely found upon the<it>Horizons</it> of anie <it>Globes</it>, neither as yet translated to anieCommon Use. In the outermost Limb of the <it>Horizon</it> are set down the Names<pb n="264"/>of the 32 Windes of the <it>Compass</it>; to what end will beeshewed hereafter.</div><div type="part"><head><it>Why the</it> Meridians <it>and</it> Horizons<it>which are so several upon the</it> Earth, <it>are but single withoutthe</it> Globe.</head>&Tic;He Reason of this will bee plain, if it bee considered that the<it>Horizons</it> and <it>Meridians</it>, in the use of the <it>Globe</it>, areto bee fitted to anie particular place at pleasure; as <it>Oxford, Woodstock,Abingdon</it>, &c. this could never have been don upon the <it>Globe</it> itself; for there must a several <it>Horizon</it> and a several <it>Meridian</it>have passed through everie Citie, Town, or Castle upon the <it>Globe</it>, whichif it had been don, besides the confusion, the Circles would have put out the<it>Places</it>; therefore it was ingenuously devised of those who first thoughtupon it, to set one <it>Meridian</it> and one <it>Horizon</it> without the<it>Globe</it> to serv for all: For in this case the <it>Globe</it> it self maybee turned and applied to the <it>Ho&rehy;rizon</it> and <it>Meridian</it> withas much eas, as the <it>Horizon</it> and <it>Meridian</it> with impossibilitiecould not bee applied to the <it>Globe</it>, as it will hereafter more plainlyappear, then it can do yet.</div><div type="part"><head><it>Of the Quadrant of Altitude, and theCompass</it>.</head>&Mic;Oreover then the Circles framed without the <it>Globe</it>, two other<it>Appendents</it> are to bee noted upon; the one relating to the<it>Meridian</it>, the other to the <it>Horizon</it>: the first is the<it>Quadrant</it> of <it>Altitude</it>, and is a thin brass <it>Plate</it>repre&rehy;senting the fourth part of a <it>Great Circle</it>, and so dividedinto 90 Degrees, called therefore the <it>Quadrant</it>; and the<it>Quadrant</it> of <it>Altitude</it>, becaus it measureth the height of theStars upon the <it>Celestial Globe</it>, to which it most proper<pb n="265"/>ly belongeth. The business it hath to do in <it>Geographie</it>, isto set out the <it>Zenith</it> of anie Place, and consequently to shew the<it>Angle</it> of <it>Position</it>, or <it>Bearing</it> of one Place toano&rehy;ther, as hereafter shall bee taught. It is therefore affixed to the<it>Meridian</it> with a little <it>Screw-pin</it>, to bee removed at pleasurefrom anie <it>Ver&rehy;tical Point</it> of anie <it>Place</it>, to the<it>Vertical Point</it> of anie other. The second is the <it>Compass</it>, whichis a <it>Needle</it> touched with a <it>Loadstone</it>, and set in a Box uponthe Foot of the <it>Horizon</it>, upon the South side, such ano&rehy;ther as weesee in ordinarie <it>Pocket-Dyals</it> for the <it>Sun</it>. The Use of it here(as in <it>those</it>) is to point out the <it>North</it> and <it>South</it> forthe <it>Rectification</it> of the <it>Globe</it>, as shall bee more plainly saidhereafter.</div><div type="part"><head><it>Of the</it> Great Circles <it>upon the Globe,and first of the</it> Meridians.</head>&Tic;He <it>Great Circles</it> painted upon the <it>Globe</it> are the<it>Meridi&rehy;ans</it>, the <it>Equator</it>, and the <it>Zodiack</it>; wherewee must not think much to hear of the <it>Meridians</it> again. That of Brasswithout the <it>Globe</it> is to serv all turns, and the <it>Globe</it> isfra&rehy;med to applie it self thereto. The <it>Meridians</it> upon the<it>Globe</it> will easily bee perceived to bee of a new and another Use. Theyare either the <it>Great</it>, or the <it>Less</it>; not that the<it>Greater</it> are greater then the <it>Less</it>, for they have all one andthe same <it>Center</it>, and equally pass through the <it>Poles</it> of the

Earth: but those wich are called <it>Less</it>, are of less use then<it>that</it>, which is called the <it>Great</it>, though it bee no greater thenthe rest. The <it>Great</it> is otherwise called the <it>Fixt</it> and <it>FirstMeridian</it>, to which the <it>Less</it> are second, and respe&rehy;ctivelymoveable. The <it>Great Meridian</it> is as it were the <it>Land&rehy;mark</it>of the whole <it>Sphere</it>, from whence the <it>Longitude</it> of the Earth,or anie part thereof is accounted. And it is the onelie <it>Circle</it>, whichpassing through the <it>Poles</it>, is gradu&rehy;ated or divided into Degrees;not the whole Circle, but the one half, becaus the <it>Longitude</it> is to beereckoned round about the Earth. This <it>Great Meridian</it> might have been<pb n="266"/>planted in anie place, as at <it>York</it>, or at<it>Richmond</it>, but must of necessitie bee set in one certain place of the<it>Globe</it> or other, as it is in everie several Globe, though not in thesame place in all.</div><div type="part"><head><it>Concerning the Difference of Geographers inthe pla&rehy;cing of their</it> Great Meridian, <it>and the Causses pretendingthereto</it>.</head>&Iic;N assigning the place of this <it>First</it> or <it>Great Meridian</it>,I observ that the <it>Geographers</it>, whatsoever, still fix it in the<it>Western Parts</it>: And the Reasons are, not onely becaus <it>those</it>were more discovered then the <it>Eastern</it>, to those who had first to do inthis matter; but more especially for that the <it>Proper Motion</it> of the Sunand Moon is from the <it>West</it> to the <it>East</it>, contrarie to theirdiurnal or dailie Motion; and therefore the <it>Eclipses</it> of the Moon are tobee observed from <it>that Part</it>, which is the most learned and certain Rulefor the finding out of the <it>Longitudes of Places</it>, by observing how muchsooner the <it>Ecclips</it> begineth in a Place more or less West then another.And moreover, wheresoever they place their <it>Great Meridian</it>, they stillreckon the <it>Longitude</it> from West to East, that is, till they com up to180 De&rehy;grees, or the <it>Semicircle</it>; where som of them staie andbe&rehy;gin the <it>Longitude</it> again towards the East, calling the first<it>Half, Eastern</it>, the other, <it>Western Longitude</it>. But this Cours,howsoever Artificial enough, yet is not used by the later <it>Geographers</it>,for they account the <it>Longitudes</it> in the whole Circle throughout fromWest, by the East to West again, som few <it>Spanish Geographers</it> excepted,who, in the Descri&rehy;ptions of their <it>New Indies</it>, reckon the<it>Longitudes</it> quite con&rehy;trarie, from <it>East</it> to <it>West</it>,but which was thwartly in it self, and, in the proof, inconsiderably don. But asthe <it>Geogra&rehy;phers</it> well enough agreed in the placing of this<it>Great Me&rehy;ridian</it> in the <it>Western Parts</it>; so they havediffered much more then it becomed them in assigning out the <it>ParticularPlace</it>.<pb n="267"/><note type="structure" place="margin" anchored="no">TheGreek Meridian.</note> The Author of the Greek <it>Geographie</it> intituled to<it>Ptolomie</it> fixeth the <it>Great Meridian</it> (as <it>Marinus</it> the<it>Tyrian</it> (cited by Him) and the Antients before them) in <it>Hera</it>,or <it>Junonia</it> one of the <it>Fortunate Islands</it>, as they were termedof old, from an opinion of som singular Blessings imagined by the Antients uponthe <it>Genius</it> of those Parts. They are now called by the Spaniard,<it>Islas de Canaria</it>: The <it>Canarie-Isles</it>, better known to us by theWines of that Name, for the most part falsly so called. <it>Ptolomie</it>, as<it>Plinie</it> also, out of <it>Juba</it> the <it>Affrican</it> King findethout but Six of these: but the late Discoverers meet with Seven: that is,<it>Lançerotta, Forte&rehy;ventura, Teneriffa, Gomera, Fierro,Patma</it>, and the <it>Gran Ca&rehy;narie</it>, which giveth Name to the rest.For the Situation of these Islands they lie not as <it>Ptolomie</it> placedthem, within one Degree of <it>Longitude</it>, or little less, but morescattering, and lifted up a little above the <it>Tropick</it> of <it>Cancer</it>about the 30&thsup; Degree of the <it>Northern Latitude</it>, in that Part ofthe <it>We&rehy;stern</it> (otherwise called the <it>Atlantick) Oceän</it>which trendeth upon the Coast of <it>Affrick</it>, and are therefore reckoned by<it>Geographers</it> to the <it>Affrican Isles</it>. This was the furthest partof the Earth discovered towards the <it>West</it> to those of about

<it>Ptolomie's</it> time: therefore the Great <it>Meridian</it> was fixed there,in the Isle <it>Hera</it>, or <it>Junonia</it>, as then it was called, now<it>Tenariff</it>: And from this <it>Meridian</it> all the <it>Longitudes</it>in the <it>Greek-Geographie</it> are taken.<note type="structure" place="margin" anchored="no">The ArabickMeridian.</note> This the <it>Arabian-Geographers</it> knew well enough; butholding themselvs not to bee inferior (as indeed they were not) either to the<it>Indefatigation</it> or <it>Skill</it> of the<it>Greek&rehy;Geographers</it>, they hoped to have the begining of<it>Longitude</it> taken from them, which therefore they appointed to bee drawnup on the uttermost Shoar of the <it>Western-Oceän</it> 10 Degrees more<it>East</it> then that of <it>Ptolomie</it>: but they deceived themselvsdoubly; for first, Their <it>Meridian</it> would not bee brought into Example byothers: and again, It was not so improvidently intended, as not to servthemselvs.<note type="marginalia" place="margin" anchored="no"><it>Alphraganus</it>chap.10.</note> For according to the loss, or gains of the Sea upon that Shore,their <it>Longitudes</it> have proved to bee importantly different, rightlyenough assign'd, but falsifying with the Place, as<pb n="268"/>they are justly served. There is not, for the present, anie veriegreat Use to the <it>Geographer</it> of the <it>Arabick-Meridian</it> more thento know it; for the <it>Turkish Histories</it> are not so com&rehy;pletelyderived down to us as to Describe the Territories by <it>Longitude</it>, or<it>Latitude</it>. And for the <it>Arabick-Nubian-Geogra&rehy;phie</it>Translated into Latine by the <it>Maronites</it>, though other&rehy;wise of arare, and pretious esteem, yet is not commend&rehy;ed for this, That theDistances of Places are there set down by a gross Mensuration of Miles: and<it>John Leos Af&rehy;frica</it> is not so well. But when the Learned, and longpromised <it>Geographie</it> of <it>Abulfedea</it> the Prince shall com tolight, there can bee nothing don there, without this <it>Me&rehy;ridian</it>.The Prince setteth down the <it>Longitude</it> of <it>Mecca</it> 67 Degrees. The<it>Greek Geographie</it> 77: and they are both right, and yet they differ 10Degrees: for so much were their <it>Meridian</it> set <it>East</it>, or<it>West</it> one then the other. Yet nei&rehy;ther is this <it>Meridian</it>presently altogether unuseful, for besides the <it>Longitudes</it> of som placesnoted by <it>Saracenus, Al&rehy;bategni</it> and others, there is a<it>Catalogue</it> of Cities annexed to the <it>Astronomical Tables</it> of theKing <it>Alphonsus</it> accounted all from this Great <it>Meridian</it>, butwith this difference, That whereas <it>Abulfedea</it> the Prince setteth downbut 10 De&rehy;grees distance betwixt the <it>Fortunate Isles</it>, and the<it>Western Shore</it>, the <it>Catalogue</it> reckoneth upon 17, and 30Minutes: a Difference too great to bee given over to the <it>Recesses</it> ofthe <it>Ocean</it> from that Shore, and therefore I know not as yet what can beesaid thereto.<note type="structure" place="margin" anchored="no">The Magneti&rehy;calMeridian.</note> Our own <it>Geographers</it>, the later especially, haveaffected to transplant this great <it>Meridian</it> out of the <it>CanarieIsles</it> in&rehy;to the <it>Açores</it>, or <it>Azores</it>, for so the<it>çerilla</it> will endure to bee pronounced. They were so called from<it>Açor</it>, which in the <it>Spanish</it> Tongue signifie's a<it>Goss-Hawk</it>, from the great number of that Kinde, there found at thefirst Discoverie, though now utterly disappearing. And it is no stranger athing, then that <it>December</it> should bee called by our <it>Saxon</it> Fore-fathers &wynn;olfe Monat, that is, <it>Wolf-Moneth</it>; for that in those Daiesthis <it>Isle</it> was mischievously pestered with such Wilde-Beasts, and inthat Moneth more ragingly,<pb n="269"/>though now such a sight is grown so forreign to these parts, thatthey are looked upon with the Strangeness of a Camel, or an Elephant. The<it>Azores</it> are otherwise termed<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Insulæ Flandricæ</foreign>, or the<it>Flemish Isles</it>, becaus som of them have been famously possessed, andfirst Discovered by them. They are now in number Nine: <it>Tercere, S&tsup;Michaël, S. Ma&rehy;rie, S. George, Gratiosa, Pico, Fayall, Corvo,

Flores</it>; they are situate in the same <it>Atlantick Ocean</it>, but North-West of the <it>Canaries</it>, and trending more upon the <it>Spanish</it>Coast, under the 39 Degree of <it>Latitude</it>, or therebouts. Through these<it>Isles</it> the Late <it>Geographers</it> will have the Great<it>Meridian</it> to pass, upon this conceit of reconciling the <it>MagneticalPole</it> to That of the World. Their meaning is, That the <it>Needle</it> ofthe <it>Mariner's Compass</it>, which touched with the <it>Magnet</it>, or<it>Loadstone</it>, in dutie ought to point out true <it>North</it>, and<it>South Poles</it> of the World in all other Places, performeth it onely inthese <it>Isles</it>, whereas for the most part elswhere it swerveth, or maketha Variation from the true <it>Meridian</it> to&rehy;wards the <it>East</it>, or<it>West</it>, according to<corr sic="tht">the</corr> unequal temper of the Great <it>Magnet</it> of theEarth: therefore notwithstan&rehy;ding that the <it>Greek Meridian</it> wasplaced well enough in the <it>Canaries</it>, (as indeed it was, and best of all,becaus once fix&rehy;ed there) yet it pleased them to think that it would beemore Artificial, and Gallant to remove it into the <it>Azores</it>, where (asthey would bear us in hand) the <it>Magnetical Needle</it> precisely directethit self towards the <it>North</it>, and <it>South</it> of the Whole Framewithout the least Variation, which might seem to bee a <it>NaturalMeridian</it>, and therefore to bee yielded unto by that of <it>Art</it>,wheresoever placed before.This <it>Coincidencie</it> of the <it>Magnetical Meridian</it> with that ofthe <it>World</it>, Som of them will have to bee in the Isles <it>Corvo</it>,and <it>Flores</it>, the most Western: Others in S. <it>Michaël</it>, andS. <it>Marie</it>, the more Eastern of the <it>Azores</it>.<note type="marginalia" place="margin" anchored="no"><it>Ridly's</it>Trea&rehy;tise of Magne&rehy;tical Motions, <it>Chap.</it> 36. <it>Norman's</it>New Attra&rehy;tive, <it>Chap.</it> 9.</note> 'Tis true indeed that theVariation is less in these Isles, then in som other Places, yet it is byexperience found, that the <it>Needle</it> in <it>Cor&rehy;vo</it> North-Westeth4 Degrees: in S. <it>Michaël</it> it North&rehy;Easteth 6 Degrees: Andtherefore the Great <it>Meridian</it><pb n="270"/>should rather have been drawn through <it>Fayal</it>, where theVariation is but 3 Degrees to the East; Or especially through the <it>Cape ofgood hope</it>, where the <it>Needle</it> precisely pointeth to the True Northwithout any Variation at all by a River side there, which therefore thePortugals have called <it>Rio de las Agulias</it>, The River of the<it>Needles</it>.But which is more, the <it>Magnetical Needle</it> hath no cer&rehy;tain<it>Pole</it> in the Earth at all, and under the verie same <it>Meridian</it> isfound to varie in som places but 3, or 4 De&rehy;grees; in other 17, and more;and which is wors (if it bee true) the Variation it self hath been latelycharged up&rehy;on with a verie strange and secret inconstancie by thePro&rehy;fessor in <it>Astronomie</it> of <it>Gresham</it>-College. Hee saiththat the Variation of the <it>Needle</it> at <it>Limehous</it> near<it>London</it>, which M&rsup; <it>Burrows</it> found to bee 11 Degrees, 15Minutes, in the year 1580: M <it>Gunter</it> in the year 1622 found it to beebut 6 Degrees 13 Minutes. But Hee himself in the year 1634 found it to bee but 4Degrees, or verie little more; which in the space of 54 years is a difference of7 Degrees to the Less. So little reason is there why the <it>Greek Meridian</it>should give place to the <it>Magnetical</it>, besides the great confusion whichmust needs follow, as it hath.<note type="structure" place="margin" anchored="no">The <it>Toletan</it>Meridian.</note> But yet more impertinently, the <it>Spanish Describers</it>remem&rehy;bred before, not onely account their <it>Longitude</it> from East toWest, utterly against all other <it>Geographie</it>, but not content&rehy;edwith the <it>Greek, Arabian</it>, or any <it>Magnetical Meridian</it>, mustneeds reckon their <it>Indies</it> from that of <it>Toledo</it>. But they areverie few that take this cours, and this Pragmatical <it>Meridian</it> is onelyfound upon a Map, or two, but hath not as yet gotten (nor is it like to do) anyrelation to the <it>Globe</it>.

<note type="structure" place="margin" anchored="no">The Greek Meridiana&rehy;gain.</note> As the case standeth with the Great <it>Meridian</it>, thead&rehy;vice and counsel of <it>Stevinus</it> a Dutch <it>Geographer</it> isvery much to the purpose: That the Great <it>Meridian</it> should bee broughtback to the <it>Fortunate Isles</it> again, that one certain Isle of the sevenshould bee chosen; and in That, one cer&rehy;tain place;<q rend="it" lang="lat">Exiguus quidem, sed notabilis & perpetuus</q>, As<it>smal</it>, but as <it>notable</it> and <it>perpetual</it> as 'tis possible.The Island hee assigned was <it>Teneriff</it>, thought to bee the same with<pb n="271"/><it>Ptolomie's Hera</it>, or <it>Junonia</it>. The place <it>Picode Teide</it>, or <it>el pico, The Peak</it>, a Mountain so called from thesharpness of the top, and therefore the place is<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Locus exiguus</foreign>, as Smal as could bee, and'tis Perpetual, for Hils are everlasting; and as notable, for by the reports ofsom in <it>Julius Scaliger</it> it riseth above threescore Miles in height,which though it bee more then is generally believed, yet thus much is, That itis the highest Mountain in the World.This <it>Johnson</it> a great Master of this Art considering with himself,though in his lesser <it>Globe</it> of the year 1602 hee had made the Great<it>Meridian</it> to pass through the Isles <it>Cor&rehy;vo</it> and<it>Flores</it>; yet since that, in his Greater of the year 1616 hee hath itdrawn upon the <it>Peak</it> in <it>Tenariffe</it>, as hee ex&rehy;pressethhimself in a void place of the <it>Globe</it>. Onely, whereas hee addeth that bythis means the <it>Arabick Meridian</it>, and That of <it>Ptolomie</it> will beeall one upon the matter (which hee saith was fit to bee admonished) it mustneeds bee mista&rehy;ken. 'Tis true, that the <it>Canaries</it> lie near uponthe Coast of<corr sic="corick"><it>Affrick</it></corr>: But the <it>Arabians</it> mean notthis so much by the uttermost Shore, as the uttermost Points of the Western Landrunning along by the Streights of<foreign lang="ara" rend="it">Gebal Taric</foreign>, or <it>Ta&rehy;ric's</it>Hill, as they rightly (wee <it>Gibralter</it>) call it, where the Pillars of<it>Hercules</it> were set of old, as our Stories deliver, but of<it>Alexander</it> they saie, to whom, and not to <it>Hercules</it> the<it>Arabick Nubian Geographer</it> asscribeth this Labor, naming there the verieArtificers which that great King provided himself of to force out the Streight;which may possibly bee the reason, why the <it>Arabians</it> (over and abovetheir am&rehy;bition of Change) draw their Great <it>Meridian</it> by this Part,in honor to <it>Alexander</it>, whom therefore they call not so, but<foreign rend="it" lang="ara">Dhilcarnain</foreign>, that is, <it>The man of thetwo Horns</it>, for that hee joined the Ends of the Known World together bythose Pillars in the East upon one side, and these in the West on the other.Which seeing it is so, the Reduceing of the Great <it>Meridian</it> to<it>Tenariff</it> again will bee so far from closing with that of the UttermostWestern Shore, that ac&rehy;cording to the Account of som they will stand at 15De&rehy;grees distance one from the other, which also maketh show<pb n="272"/>of som reason of the Disagreement betwixt <it>Abulfeda</it> thePrince, and the King <it>Alphonsus</it> in assigning the difference of the<it>Arabick Meridian</it> from the <it>Greek</it>, the Prince allowing but 10,The <it>Catalogue</it> 17 Degrees, which was noted before.For any concurrence therefore of the <it>Greek</it>, and <it>ArabickMeridians</it> by this means, wee are not to take the<it>Ge&rehy;ographer's</it> word; but nevertheless to embrace thisAlterati&rehy;on of his Cours in bringing the <it>Greek Meridan</it> to his<it>place</it> again.The same advice of <it>Stevinus</it> is commended and taken by <it>Wil.Bleau</it> (a man very like to, if not the very same with <it>John&rehy;son</it>himself) <it>Cap.</it> 4 of his first Part, which<corr sic="teacheh">teacheth</corr> the Use of the <it>Globes</it> according tothe Improper <it>Hypothesis</it> of <it>Ptolomie</it> (as the Title termeth it)<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">per terram quiescentem</foreign>. For these&rehy;cond Part maketh good the same Use of the <it>Celestial</it> and<it>Terrestrial Spheres</it> by the Supposition of <it>Copernicus

<foreign lang="lat">per ter&rehy;ram mobilem</foreign></it>. His words are<q rend="it" lang="lat">Longitudo alicujus loci, &c.</q> The Longitude ofanie place is an Arch of the <it>Equator</it> <unclear>comprehended</unclear>between two half <it>Meridians</it>, the one passing through the Place it self,the other through the High Mountain called <it>Pico de Teide</it> in<it>Tenariffe,<foreign lang="lat">Qui tam in maximo nostro Glo&rehy;boTerrestri</foreign></it> (saith hee) <it><foreign lang="lat">quam in variis Tabulis Geographicis à no&rehy;biseditis pro Initio Longitudinis terræ assumptus est, 6 pro eo in hacdescriptione semper assumatur</foreign>, &c.</it> And 'twill never bee wellwith <it>Geographie</it> till this bee believed in, and made the common andunchangeable Practice.</div><div type="part"><head><it>What Cours is to bee taken with this Varietie of</it>Meridians, <it>and how followed, or neglected by the</it> Geographers.</head>&Aic;Nd now if one may make so bold as to give Law to the<it>Geographers</it>, it cannot bee denied but that the readiest and leastentangling waie of reckoning the <it>Longitudes</it> is to meet again upon thefirst <it>Meridian</it> in <it>Tenariffe</it>, but for want of this, and til itcan bee rellish't universally, the likest waie<pb n="273"/>to the Best is for the Describers either of the Whole, or any Partof the Earth not to fail of setting down the se&rehy;veral <it>Meridians</it>obteining as then. Also the Difference of <it>Longitude</it> betwixt these<it>Meridians</it>, and lastly which of those they mean to go by. If I were todraw up (If I could) a New <it>Geographie</it> of the Whole Earth, This, or thelike to this ought to prepare to the Description.That the Great <it>Meridian</it> by the most Antient <it>GreekGeo&rehy;graphers</it> was made to pass through the <it>Fortunate Islands</it>,now called The <it>Canaries</it>. That from thence it was translated by the<it>Arabians</it> to the uttermost Point of the Western-Shore. That our own<it>Geographers</it> removed it into the <it>Azores</it> pla&rehy;cing it som ofthem in S. <it>Michaël</it>, others in <it>Corvo</it>. That the Best ofthem brought it back to the <it>Canaries</it> again, and drew it upon the<it>Pico</it> in <it>Tenariffe</it>; The same, or thought to bee the same with<it>Ptolomie's Junonia</it>. That the Difference of <it>Longitude</it> from<it>El Pico</it> to the <it>Arabick Meridian</it> is 10 De&rehy;grees more Eastaccording to <it>Abulfeda</it> the Prince. From <it>Pi&rehy;co</it> to the Isleof S. <it>Michaël</it> 9 Degrees. From <it>Pico</it> to <it>Corvo</it> 15,and both so much more West. And such, or such a <it>Meridian</it> I mean tofollow.To this very purpose the same <it>Abulfeda</it> in the Intro&rehy;duction tohis <it>Geographie</it>. It is received by Tradition (saith hee) that theInhabited Earth begineth at the West in the <it>Fortunate Isles</it>, as theyare called, and lying waste as now. From these Islands som take the Begining of<it>Longi&rehy;tude</it>. Others from the Western Shore. The Difference of<it>Longitude</it> is 10 Degrees accounted in the <it>Equator, &c.</it> Asfor the <it>Longitudes</it> reckoned in this Book, they are all taken from theShores of the Western Oceän, and therefore they are 10 Degrees short ofthose which are taken from the <it>Fortu&rehy;nate Isles, &c.</it>If wee now exact (as I think wee may) to this Rule, which hath been latelydon by our own Describers espe&rehy;cially, wee may perhaps finde it otherwisethen wee thought for.Here it will not need to take much notice of those who have described theSituation of Countries by the <it>Climes</it> and<pb n="274"/><it>Paralells</it>. Thus much onely, That they had as good as saidnothing. I confess I conclude under this Censure, the verie good Autor of theEstates<foreign rend="it" lang="fra">du Mond</foreign>, translated by<it>Grimstone</it>. But it was to bee noted. For what if I saie that Great<it>Bri&rehy;tain</it> lieth under the 9&thsup; and 13 <it>Climates</it> of theNorthern Temperate <it>Zone</it> (as 'tis no otherwise Describ'd to the Site bya <it>Geographer</it> of our own) is this to tell where <it>England</it> is? Nomore then to tell where the Streights of <it>Anian</it> are much about the same

<it>Clime</it> and <it>Paralel</it>, and yet 160 De&rehy;grees distant andmore.They are not much more accurate who Describe the Si&rehy;tuation of Countriesby their <it>Latitudes</it> onely as the Gentle&rehy;man in his Description of<it>Huntingdon Shire</it> inserted into M. <it>Speed</it>. And the most learnedSir <it>Henrie Spelman</it> in his Description of <it>Northfolk</it>. It is nomore to saie the Situation of this, or that place then of anie other in theWhole Sphere lying under the same <it>Parallel</it>. But to saie the truth, Byreason of the Varietie of <it>Meridians</it>. The <it>Longitudes</it> were grownto such an uncertain and confused pass, that it was not everie man's work to setthem down.M&rsup; <it>Carew</it> in his Survey of <it>Cornwall</it> setteth down thatShire in the <it>Longitude</it> of 6 Degrees (I believ hee mean't 16) as mostmen account. But what doe's hee mean by that; or what manner of account is itwhich most men use in this case? <it>Norden</it> in the Introduction to his<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Speculum Britanniæ</foreign> saith, That theCenter of this Land, which hee taketh to bee about <it>Titburie Castle</it> in<it>Stafford-Shire</it> is 21 Degrees and 28 Minutes of <it>Longitude</it>. Butfrom what <it>Meridian</it> all this while? for the <it>Longitude</it> may beemanie Degrees more, or less, or just so much as hee saith, and yet all may beetrue.M&rsub; <it>Speed</it> more particularly professeth to follow<it>Merca&rehy;tor</it>; as in assigning the <it>Longitude</it> of<it>Oxford</it>, hee saith, that it is distant from the West 19 Degrees 20Minutes by <it>Mer&rehy;cator's</it> Measure. So M. <it>William Burton</it> inthe Description of <it>Leicester-Shire</it>. But how are wee the wiser for this?<it>Merca&rehy;tor's</it> Measure was not the same, for in his <it>Globe</it>dedicated to the Lord <it>Granvella</it> the great <it>Meridian</it> passeththrough<pb n="275"/>the <it>Canaries</it>; but in his great <it>Map</it> through the<it>Azores</it> M. <it>Ga&rehy;briel Richardson</it> in the State of Europe yetmore distinctly telleth his Reader, That the <it>Longitudes</it> in his bookshall bee taken from that <it>Meridian</it>, which passeth through the<it>Azores</it>. But whether from that in S. <it>Michaël</it>, or from theother in <it>Corvo</it> is not set down, and yet the Difference is 7 Degrees,and more: But hear lastly the Kingdom's <it>Geo&rehy;grapher</it> in the Prefaceto his <it>Britannia</it>.<q rend="it" lang="lat">At insimulabunt jam Mathematici & in crimen vocabuntquasi in Geographicis Latitu&rehy;dinis & Longitudinis Dimensionibus totoC&oelig;lo aberrârim. Audi quæso: Tabulas Astronomicas, novas,antiquas, manuscriptas,<ro> Oxonienses, Cantabrigienses,</ro> Regis <ro>HenriciQuinti</ro> dili&rehy;genter contuli. In Latitudine à <ro>Ptolemeo</ro>plurimion discrepant inter se ferè conspirant: nec tamen Terram èsuo Centro dimotam esse cum <ro>Stadio</ro> existimo. His igitur usus sum, InLongitudine autem nullus consensus, concentus nullus. Quid igitur facerem? CumRecentiores perpendiculum navigatoria pyxide Magnete illi&rehy;tum inter Azoresinsulas rectà Polum Borealem respicere deprehen&rehy;derim, indèLongitudinis Principium tanquam à Primo Meridiano cum illis dixi quam necubique<foreign lang="gkgk">leptomer&omacr;s</foreign> permensus sum.</q> So theLearned <it>Cambden</it>. Where note by the waie, that if the Translator hathrendered the Book no better then hee hath this Claus of the Preface, the bestcours will bee for those that can, to read it in the Latine. The Autor's meaningI think was this.But now (saith hee) the Mathematicians will accuse and call mee in question,as if I were altogether out in my <it>Geo&rehy;graphical Dimensions</it> of<it>Latitude</it> and <it>Longitude</it>. But praie heare mee: I diligentlycompared the Manuscript Astrono&rehy;mical Tables of <it>Henrie</it> the<it>Fifth</it>, as well the old, as the new, Calculated for the<it>Meridians</it> som of <it>Oxford</it>, others for that of <it>Cambridg</it>.In <it>Latitude</it> I found them to differ from <it>Ptolo&rehy;mie</it> verymuch, but well enough agreeing among themselvs: and yet I cannot think that theEarth is any whit startled aside from it's Center, as <it>Stadius</it> did.

These Tables there&rehy;fore I made use of. But in the <it>Longitude</it> Ifound no agree&rehy;ment at all. What should I do? Considering that theMo&rehy;dern <it>Geographers</it> had found that the <it>Needle</it> of theMariner's<pb n="276"/><it>Compass</it> touched with the <it>Loadstone</it> directlypointeth to the <it>North-Pole</it> by the <it>Azorian</it> Isles, I did as theydid, and took the begining of <it>Longitude</it> from thence, as from the First<it>Me&rehy;ridian</it>, but which I have not alwaies set down exactly, or to aMinute.And now the least that can bee exspected is, that the <it>Longitudes</it> ofall Places in the <it>Britannia</it> are accounted from the <it>Meridian</it>which passeth by the <it>Azores</it>. But from which of the <it>Meridians</it>?If it bee as the book expresseth<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">ab Ulti&rehy;mo Occidente</foreign>, 'tis fromthat of <it>Corvo</it>: then the Mathema&rehy;ticians have caus to complain, forall the <it>Longitudes</it> are fals. But I can perceiv that the<it>Geographer</it>, though otherwise most accomplished, yet was not so wellseen in this piece of the Skill; for though it bee pretended in the Preface thatall the <it>Longitudes</it> in the Description shall bee taken from the<it>Azores</it>, yet in setting down the <it>Longitude</it> of <it>Oxford</it>,hee saith, That as hee hath it from the Mathematicians of the Place, it is 22Degrees from the <it>Fortunate Islands</it> which can never bee true, for 'tisbut 19 from the <it>Azores</it> reckoning by S. <it>Michaël</it>: But thisis not all: In assigning the <it>Longi&rehy;tude</it> of <it>Pen-von-las</it>;or, <it>The Land's-end</it> in <it>Cornwall</it>, Hee saith that is 17 Degrees<q rend="it" lang="lat">à Fortunatis Insulis vel potiùsAzoris</q>, from the <it>Fortunate Islands</it> or rather from the<it>Azores</it>. But<corr sic="is is">is</corr> the Difference so small did hee think? But 9De&rehy;grees at least.But I finde by the <it>Longitudes</it> that <it>Mercator</it> was the Manthat set up all these for <it>Geographers</it>.<it>Mercator</it> first of all kept himself to the Greek <it>Meridian</it>,as, <it>Appian, Gemma Frisius, Maginus</it>, and others; but under&rehy;standingby <it>Francis</it> of <it>Deip</it>, an experienced Mariner, that the<it>Compass</it> had no Variation in the Islands of <it>Capo Verde</it>. And byothers, that it had very little in <it>Tercera</it>, and S. <it>Marie</it> ofthe <it>Azores</it>, but not anie at all in the Isle <it>Corvo</it>, that heemight go a mean waie to work, and complie with the Common <it>Meridian</it> ofthe World (as hee took it to bee). Hee made his Great <it>Meridian</it> to pass(as himself saith) be&rehy;twixt the Isles of <it>Capo Verde</it> and the<it>Azores</it>; that is, Through the Isles of S. <it>Michaël</it> and S.<it>Marie</it>, which was<pb n="277"/>afterwards taken for Example by <it>Plancius, Saunderson</it>, andthe common sort of others, so that little or no notice at all was taken of the<it>Meridian</it> by <it>Corvo</it>, no not by those of the biggest expectation,as M. <it>Carpenter</it>, M. <it>Camden</it>, M. <it>Speed</it>, and the rest;although this also was the known <it>Meridian</it> of som <it>Globes</it> of thevery same Times; and before that, that is, before they had set their last<it>hand</it> to their <it>Descriptions</it>. And 'tis no mervail, for<it>Mercator's Longitudes</it> were more exactly accounted then before, andtherefore they might well take his <it>Meridian</it> along with them. And 'twasnot amiss to go by the most <it>received</it>, but then they should have saidso, and withall, have set down the three severall <it>Meridians</it> at least,and the difference of <it>Longitude</it> betwixt them; and all this with moredistinction then so, that ano&rehy;ther man should com after them to tellthemselvs what <it>Me&rehy;ridian</it> they went by.<it>And thus much of the First, or Great</it> Meridian.</div><div type="part"><head><it>Of the Lesser Meridians</it>.</head>&Tic;He Lesser are those <it>Black Circles</it>, which you see to passthrough the <it>Poles</it>, and succeeding to the Great at 10 and 10 Degrees asin most <it>Globes</it>; or as in som, at 15 and 15 Degrees Difference.

Everie place, never so little more East, or West then ano&rehy;ther, hatha several <it>Meridian. Shot-over</it> hath a distinct <it>Meri&rehy;dian</it>from <it>Oxford</it>, becaus more East; <it>Osney</it> hath not the same as nearas it is, for it lieth West of the Citie: The exact <it>Meridian</it> whereofmust pass directly through the middle; yet becaus of the huge distance of theEarth from the Hea&rehy;vens, all these Places, and Places much further off maybee said to have the same <it>Meridian</it>, as the <it>Almanack</it>-makersCalculate their <it>Prognostications</it> to such, or such a <it>Meridian</it>where they pretend to make their Observations: But saie too, <it>that it maygenerally serv, &c.</it> And indeed there is no verie sensible Difference inless then 60 Miles, upon which ground the <it>Geographers</it>, as the<it>Astronomers</it> allow a New <it>Meridian</it> to everie other Degree of the<it>Equator</it>, which would<pb n="278"/>bee 130 in all, but except the <it>Globes</it> were made of anEx&rehy;treme and Unuseful <it>Diameter</it>, so manie would stand too thick forthe Description. Therefore most commonly they put down but 18; that is at 10Degrees distance one from the other, the special use of these Lesser<it>Meridians</it> beeing to make a quicker dispatch in the account of the<it>Longitudes</it>. Som others, as <it>Mercator</it> set down but 12 at 15Degrees dif&rehy;ference, aiming at this, That the <it>Meridians</it> might beedistant one from the other a full part of time, or an hour: for seeing that theSun is carried 15 Degrees off the <it>Equi&rehy;noctial</it> everie hour, as wassaid before. The <it>Meridians</it> set at that Distance must make an hoursdifference in the Rising or Setting of the Sun to the several places, as if theSun Rise at such an hour, such a daie of the year at <it>Oxford</it>. In a place15 Degrees more distant towards the East the Sun riseth an hour sooner. In aplace 15 Degrees distant towards the West, an hour later, the same daie of this,or that year.Now becaus the Spaces of time are reckoned by the same Degrees of the<it>Equator</it> as the Distances of Place, The De&rehy;grees of<it>Longitude</it> have been called<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Tempora</foreign>; which word <it>Camden</it>somtimes delighteth to use, as in the <it>Longitude</it> of <it>Bath</it> heesaith it is 20 <it><foreign lang="lat">Temporibus</foreign></it>, 20 Times, that is 20 Degreesdistant from the Great <it>Meridian</it>. Hee expresseth by the same word insetting down the <it>Latitude</it>, but not so cun&rehy;ningly as I think.</div><div type="part"><head><it>Of the Equator, and the LesserCircles</it>.</head>&Tic;He <it>Equator</it> is the Middle Circle betwixt two <it>Poles</it>gra&rehy;duated throughout, and plainly dividing the <it>Globe</it> into twoequal Parts, from North to South, This is the <it>Circle</it> of<it>Longitude</it>, as the <it>Meridian</it> of <it>Latitude</it>; for<it>Lon&rehy;gitude</it> is reckoned in the <it>Equator</it> from the<it>Meridian: Lati&rehy;tude</it> in the <it>Meridian</it> from the<it>Equator</it>.Crossing this Circle obliquely in the Middle is the<it>Zodi&rehy;ack</it>, the uttermost extent whereof towards the Northno&rehy;teth out the <it>Tropick</it> of <it>Cancer</it>; towards the South, the<pb n="279"/><it>Tropick</it> of <it>Capricorn</it>, each of them distant fromthe <it>Equator</it> 23 Degrees, or not much more, as may bee accounted in theGreat <it>Meridian</it>. Equi-distant from these, and at the same distance fromthe <it>Poles</it> as the <it>Tropicks</it> from the <it>Equator</it>, are setdown the <it>Artick</it> and <it>Antartick Circles</it>; all offering themselvsto sight by their Names, and distinction of Bredth, and Color, more notably thenthe rest: by the rest I mean the black blinder Circles equi-distantly remoovedfrom the <it>Equator</it> at 10 Degrees difference, and serving the same turn inthe accounting of <it>Latitude</it>, as the <it>Meridians</it> at the samedistance in the reckoning of the Longitude. And these are called the unnamed<it>Parallels</it>.<it>And so much of the Description of the</it> Earth <it>and</it> Water<it>together; Now of the</it> Waterie-Part <it>by it self</it>.

</div><div type="part"><head><it>The Description of the</it> Waterie-Part <it>ofthe Globe by the Rumbes of the Mariner's Compass</it>.</head>&Tic;He Cours of a Ship upon the Sea dependeth upon the Windes. TheDesignation of these, upon the certain Knowledg of one Principal; whichconsidering the Situ&rehy;ation and condition of the whole Sphere, ought innature to bee North, or South. The North to us upon this side of the Line, theSouth to those in the other Hemisphere; for in making this observation, Men wereto intend them&rehy;selvs towards one fixed part of the Heavens, or other, andtherefore to the one of these. In the South Part there is not found anie Star sonotable, and of so near a distance from the <it>Pole</it>, as to make anieprecise or firm Direction of that Winde. But in the North wee have that of thesecond Ma&rehy;gnitude in the Tail of the <it>Lesser Bear</it>, making so smal,and, for the Motion, so insensible a Circle about the <it>Pole</it>, that itcometh all to one, as if it were the <it>Pole</it> it self. This pointed out theNorth-winde to the Mariners of old especially; and was therefore called by somthe <it>Load</it>, or <it>Lead-Star</it>. But this could bee onely in the night,and not alwaies then. It is now more constantly and surely shewed by the<it>Needle</it><pb n="280"/>touched with the <it>Magnete</it>, which is therefore called the<it>Load</it> or <it>Leadstone</it>, for the same reason on the leading anddi&rehy;recting their Courses: in the Nature and Secret of which Stone, becausthe whole business of <it>Navigation</it> is so throughly concern'd, somthing isto bee borrowed out of that <it>Philosophie</it>.</div><div type="part"><head><it>The Original of the Mariner's Compass fromthe Magnetical Constitution of the Earth</it>.</head>&Aic; <it>Magnetical Bodie</it> is described to bee <it>That</it>, whichhan&rehy;ging in the <it>Aërial</it> or <it>Ætherial</it> Parts ofthe Univers, firmly seateth it self upon it's own <it>Poles</it>, in a<it>Situation</it> natu&rehy;ral and unchangeable, consisting also of som suchparts as se&rehy;parated from the rest can take upon them the nature andconditions of the whole.Under this Description the <it>Magnetical Philosophers</it>com&rehy;prehend the Globes of <it>Saturn, Jupiter</it>, the <it>Sun</it>,&c. but be&rehy;caus these Bodies are placed so far above the reach of ourExperience, and purpose; it shall bee sufficient to make the<it>Description</it> good upon the <it>Earth</it>.To do this, I think I may suppose, First, that the Con&rehy;stitution of the<it>Whole Earth</it> may bee gathered from the pre&rehy;vailing parts, suchparts especially as do bear upon them the <it>Marks</it> and <it>Signatures</it>of the <it>Whole</it>.Then secondly, That the parts of the Earth, which lie couched about the<it>Center</it>, are not of a different of dege&rehy;nerous compliance fromthese which lie scattered about the Surface; which if anie bodie lift to raissuspicions upon, as M&rsup; <it>White</it> hath don, they may: but I am surethey were no nearer <it>Him, when hee lai'd the Foundations of the Earth</it>,then wee.The prevailing parts about the Surface of the Earth, are the Mines of<it>Loadstone, Steel, Iron</it>, &c. of all which, it is certain, that theyare indued with a virtue <it>Magnetical</it>, which enableth them to placethemselvs in a set position betwixt <it>North</it> and <it>South</it>: And notonely these, but even <it>Claie</it> it self, burnt to Brick, and cooled<it>North</it> and <it>South</it>, if it bee hanged up in a close place, andleft to it's libertie, will seat it self in the same Situation.<pb n="281"/>But the most vigorous <it>Magnetes</it> are the <it>Stone</it>and the <it>Steel</it>, the <it>Stone</it> especially: And the <it>Steel</it>hath a capacitie to receiv a stronger virtue from the <it>Stone</it>, whereby itmore firmly seat&rehy;eth it self in the <it>North</it> and <it>South-Position</it> of the Earth, directly pointing out those Windes to the Mariner;not in all parts directly, becaus in following the Constitution of the <it>GreatMagnete</it> of the <it>Whole Earth</it>, it must needs bee here and there ledaside towards the <it>East</it> or <it>West</it>, by the unequal temper of the<it>Globe</it>, consisting more of <it>Water</it> then of <it>Earth</it> in somplaces, and of <it>Earth</it> more or less <it>Magnetical</it> in others.

This <it>Deviation</it> of the <it>Needle</it>, the <it>Mariners</it>call <it>North&rehy;Easting</it>, or <it>North-Westing</it>, as it falleth outto bee; other&rehy;wise and more Artificially, the <it>Variation</it> of the<it>Compass</it>; which though it pretend uncertainly, yet proveth to bee one ofthe greatest helps the Seaman hath; for the Degrees of Variation, which theplace it self exactly observed, giveth him a shrewd guess of the same, when heemeeteth with the same Variation again, unless the Variation it self should beesubject to a Change of <it>Admirable Diminutions</it> as the <it>LateDiscoverer</it> calleth it in his <it>Discours Mathematical</it>, &c.This <it>Needle</it>, touched with the <it>Stone</it>, and directingto&rehy;wards the <it>North</it> and <it>South</it>, the Mariners (as the<it>Magnetical</it> Philosophers) call their <it>Directorie-Needle</it>, notonely for the reason intimated, but to distinguish it also from their other,called the <it>Inclinatorie-Needle</it>, becaus it is also found that the<it>Needle</it> touched with the <it>Stone</it>, will not onely turn towards the<it>North</it>, but make an <it>Inclination</it> under the <it>Horizon</it>, asto conform with the <it>Diameter</it> or <it>Axis</it> of the <it>Earth</it>.<note type="marginalia" place="margin" anchored="no">M&rsup; <it>HenrieGellibrand</it>.</note>This Motion of the <it>Needle</it> was accidentally discovered by <it>RobertNorman</it>, a Man of great dexteritie in the framing and dressing up of the<it>Mariner's Compass</it>. It hapned to him, that, as often as hee had finishedhis <it>Needles</it>, and equally poized them upon their <it>Pins</it>, hee hadno sooner touched them with the Stone, but still the <it>North-Point</it> of the<it>Needle</it> would forsake the parallel Site in which hee had placed it, andincline it self to the <it>Axis</it> of the <it>Earth</it>. The reason whereofnot presently perceiv'd, escaped a while, with a conceit, as if the Artificerhad deceived himself in ballancing<pb n="282"/>the <it>Needle</it>; which therefore hee endeavoured to correctwith a little peice of <it>Wax</it> stuck upon the lighter End (as hee took itto bee) till at last, beeing imploied in the framing of a <it>Compass</it>, the<it>Needle</it> whereof was to bee 6 inches in length, and having polished andlevelled it with all possible care, and yet after the touching of it with the<it>Stone</it>, finding one end to weigh down the other, hee was forced to cutoff som part of the heavier end, (as hee still mistook it) and so more, till heehad made the <it>Needle</it> unserviceable: whereupon, consul&rehy;ting with somknowing Friends, hee was advised to make som Instruments to trie out theexperience. And it was found to bee this verie <it>Inclination</it> to the<it>Axis</it> of the Earth, and proportionably, though not equally, answering tothe Degrees of <it>Latitude</it>.But this Inclination also, as the Direction, is variable, and for the samecausses of the Earth's unequal temper.But all that which I have said will more evidently and ex&rehy;pertly appear,upon the<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Terrella</foreign>, or little Earth of<it>Load&rehy;stone</it>.As the <it>Great Magnete</it> of the Earth, so everie <it>Magnetical</it>part thereof, and everie part of that, hath <it>Poles, Axis, Equator,Me&rehy;ridians</it>, and <it>Parallels</it> of it's own. The <it>MagneticalPhiloso&rehy;phers</it> therefore, to represent unto themselvs the GreatNa&rehy;ture of the Whole, take a strong small piece of a <it>Rock</it>, whichhaving reduced into a <it>Globous</it> form, they first found out the<it>Poles</it> by the filings of Steel (or otherwise) which will all meettogether upon the <it>North</it> and <it>South</it> Points. A <it>Circle</it>drawn equidistantly from these describeth the <it>Equator</it>. This don, theytake a smal Steel wyer, of about half an inch long, and applie it to anie partof the <it>Equator</it>, and it will precisely turn towards the <it>North</it>and <it>South Poles</it>, which is <it>Motion of Direction</it>, and marketh outthe <it>Meridians</it> of the<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Terrella</foreign>. But supposing a Concavitie tobee let into this <it>Little Earth</it>, in anie part, either about the<it>Equator</it>, or be&rehy;twixt it and the <it>Poles</it>: In that case the<it>Needle</it> will not point directly to the <it>Poles</it>, but will make a

<it>Variation</it>; unless it bee placed exactly towards the Middle of the<it>Concavitie</it>, and then it maketh no Variation at all, but turnethdirectly, as<pb n="283"/>before; which from the Causses justifieth the <it>Directions</it>,and <it>Variations</it> of the <it>Compass</it>, towards and from the<it>Poles</it> of the <it>Earth</it>.Remove this Wyer from the <it>Equator</it> towards the <it>Pole</it>, and theone Ende of it will rise up as <it>Norman's Needle</it> did, and the other Endwill stick down upon the <it>Stone</it>, making an <it>Acute Angle</it>, anddescribing a <it>Parallel</it>. Remove it nearer to the <it>Pole</it>, and the<it>Angle</it> will bee less and less acute, till at<corr sic="a a">a</corr> certain Parallel it becom a <it>Right Angle</it> to theStone. Re&rehy;move it yet nearer, and the Angle will bee<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Recto Major</foreign>, or more and more obtuse.Bring it up to the <it>Pole</it> it self, and it will there stand bolt upright,and make one Line with the <it>Axis</it> of the <it>Stone</it>; which makethgood the Inclination of the <it>Needle</it> to the <it>Diameter</it> of theGreat <it>Magnete</it>: for if <it>Norman</it> had touched his <it>Needle</it>under the <it>Line</it>, it would have stood level upon the <it>Pin</it> withoutanie Declination at all. If hee had touched it in anie place beyond the<it>Line</it>, the In&rehy;clination, would have been on the <it>South</it>side; but living here more towards this <it>Pole</it>, it must needs fall out ashee found it. <it><foreign lang="lat">Nobile experimentum</foreign></it>, as D&rsup;<it>Gilbert</it> cal's it, and hee is bold to saie, <it><foreign lang="lat">ut nullius unquam rationis aut mentis compos,&c.</foreign></it> that hee who had considered of this, and holdeth nothimself convinced of the Principles of <it>Magnetical Philosophie</it>, is notto bee taken for a man of sens or reason. I know what <it>Scaliger</it> saith tothis; <it><foreign lang="lat">Gilbertus Medicus, &c. tres am&rehy;plissimosCommentarios edidit, in quibus magìs mihi probavit Do&rehy;ctrinam suam,quàm Magnetis Naturam; nam incertior sum quàmdudum</foreign></it>. Wee know what hee meaneth by <it><foreign lang="lat">amplissimos</foreign></it>: but why <it><foreignlang="lat">tres Commentarios</foreign></it>? Sure the Man had not read all hisBooks, for the D&rsub; wrote six: but <it>England</it> was a kinde of<it>Nazareth</it> to this Great Scholar; hee would not endure anie good shouldcom out from hence.But to give the <it>Art</it> and the <it>Nation</it> but their due: As thereis no point of <it>Philosophie</it> so admirable and secret with<it>Na&rehy;ture</it> as this; so none so immerst in visible practice andexpe&rehy;riment, and bred up from the verie Cradle to that growth and stature,which now it hath in this verie Corner of the World, by English Men.<note rend="it" type="marginalia" place="margin" anchored="no"><listrend="braced"><item>Norman</item> <item>Burrough</item> <item>Wright</item><item>Gilbert</item> <item>Ridley</item> <item>Barlow</item><item>Gellibrand</item></list></note>.<pb n="284"/>Manie other Experiments of great Wonder and Satisfa&rehy;ctionare made by the <it>Magnetical Philosophers</it> upon the <it>Stone</it>; but tothe purpose I speak of, these are the Principal, which is, to give the Reasonsof the <it>Needles</it> turning towards the <it>North</it> and <it>South</it>,which is the Original of the Mariner's Compass.The North and South Windes thus assured by the <it>Motion</it> either of<it>Direction</it> of <it>Variation</it> of the <it>Needle</it>, The Marinersupposeth his Ship to bee, as it alwaies is, upon som <it>Horizon</it> or other.The Center whereof is that of the Ship.The Line of North and South found out by the <it>Needle</it>, a Line crossingthis at right Angles sheweth the <it>East</it> and <it>West</it>, and so theyhave the 4 <it>Cardinal Windes</it>; and the <it>Indian</it><note n="*" place="margin">They are drawn upon a white <it>China</it> dishfilled with Water, upon the Cen&rehy;ter whereof there hangeth a Needle of 6inches long.</note> <it>Compass</it> consisteth of no more. Cross again each of

these Lines, and they have the 8 <it>Whole Windes</it>, as they call them:Another Division of these maketh 8 more, which they call the <it>HalfWindes</it>. A third maketh 16, which they call the <it>Quarter Windes</it>; sothey are 32 in all. <it>Martin Cortez</it> no&rehy;teth, that som Mariners ofhis time divided that Division over again, and so the <it>Compass</it> consistedof 64 Windes: but hee noteth also, that this Division was more exact then forthe Use. Everie one of these Windes is otherwise termed a several point of theCompass, and the <it>Whole Line</it> consi&rehy;sting of 2 Windes, as the Lineof <it>North</it> and <it>South</it>, or that of <it>East</it> and<it>West</it>, is called a <it>Rombe</it>. The <it>Spaniards</it> first gavethat Name, as <it>Peter</it> of <it>Medina</it> taketh it upon them; yet not outof their own <it>Language</it>, but fancying to themselvs that the<it>Lines</it> of<corr sic="rhe">the</corr> <it>Compass</it> (as indeed they do) much resembledthe Spars of a Spining Wheel, which in Latine is called<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Rhombus</foreign>, from the Greek <foreignlang="gkgk">rhemb&omacr;</foreign>, to turn about, they call those Lines<it>Rumbos</it>: and the Word hath taken.The <it>Compass</it> therefore is an <it>Horizontical Division</it> of the 32Windes, upon a round piece of Pasteboard set in a Box, in the Center whereofupon a <it>pin</it> of <it>Laten cinque</it> bored, the <it>Needle</it> orWyers, first touched with the <it>Stone</it>, are placed. This Box hangeth inanother Box, between two hoops of <it>Laten</it>, that however the outermost Boxbee tossed up and down by the Motion of the Ship, yet the innermost may alwaieshang<pb n="285"/>level to the <it>Horizon</it>. It is placed in the middle of the<it>Pupe</it>, upon a right Line imagined to pass by the Main-mast through the<it>Center</it> of the Ship, and so putteth the <it>Pilot</it> in his Waie.These <it>Compasses</it> are represented, as they may upon the<it>Globe</it>, by those Circles which you see divided into 32 Parts with their<foreign rend="it" lang="fra">Fleurç de Lis</foreign>, alwaies pointingto the <it>North</it>. And though the Windes are not set down by Name, yet theymay bee fetched from the <it>Horizon</it> without the <it>Globe</it>. And the<it>Rumbes</it> are drawn out at length circularly, if the Cours bee upon a<it>Meridian</it>, the <it>Equator</it>, or anie other parallel; other&rehy;wisethey are <it>Helispherical</it> Lines, as they call them, that is, partly<it>Circular</it>, and partly <it>Helical</it> or <it>Spiral</it>, as you maysee them described upon the <it>Globe</it>.In the <it>Globes</it> set out by <it>Saunderson</it> and <it>Molineux</it>,you have the Courses of S&rsup; <it>Francis Drake</it>, and<it>Fourbisher's</it> Voyages; and in <it>Janson's Globe</it> that of <it>OliverVan-Nort</it> described by the <it>Rumbes</it>, whereby you may judg of therest.The Knowledg of all this is not of less use to the <it>Geogra&rehy;pher</it>,then the other <it>Description</it> by <it>Circles</it>; aswel for theRea&rehy;ding of <it>Sea-Voyages</it> and <it>Discoveries</it> of <it>NewLands</it> and <it>Passa&rehy;ges</it>, as for that the verie<it>Descriptions</it> of the <it>Earth</it>, for a great part, cannot bee madewithout references to the <it>Water</it>.As the <it>Earth</it> and <it>Water</it> are wholly represented upon the<it>Globe</it>, so the whole, or anie part of either may bee described in<it>Plano</it>, or upon a plane Surface in a <it>Map</it> or <it>Sea-Chart</it>.<note type="marginalia" place="margin"><it>Janson's</it> Globe of the Year 1616.The Great Meri&rehy;dian passeth by the Pike in <it>Tena&rehy;riff</it>. TheLes&rehy;ser stand at 10 Degrees di&rehy;stance.</note> And of these alsosomthing shall bee discoursed hereafter; for the present,<it>Thus much of the</it> Description: <it>now followeth</it><pb n="286"/></div><div type="part"><head rend="it">The Use of the TerrestrialGlobe; and first of the Rectification.</head>&Tic;He first care of this is to see that the Foot of the <it>Globe</it>stand level or parallel to the <it>Horizon</it>; for which pur&rehy;pose som<it>Globes</it> have a <it>Plumb-line</it>, and there bee that advise for a<it>Triangular</it> Level of <it>Wood</it>, with a Plummet for the

pur&rehy;pose, to bee applied to anie part of the <it>Horizon</it>, after themanner as the <it>Mechanicks</it> trie their <it>Planes</it>: but the matter isnot tied to such a severitie of exactness, but that a good Eie may pass for asufficient Judg. The next thing is, that it bee placed in the <it>North</it> and<it>South-Position</it> of the Earth as di&rehy;rectly as it may. This dependethupon the knowledg of the <it>Meridian</it> of the place, but may well enough beedon by a <it>Needle</it>, whose Variation is known, such an one as is used tobee set upon the South side of the Foot of som <it>Globes</it>, for the samepurpose: then lift up the <it>North-Pole</it> above the <it>Ho&rehy;rizon</it>so manie Degrees as will answer to the <it>Latitude</it> of the Place unto whichyou mean to rectifie, which suppose to bee <it>Oxford</it>, therefore the<it>Pole</it> is to bee lifted up 51 Degrees, for that is the Elevation of thisPlace: then finde out <it>Ox&rehy;ford</it> in the <it>Globe</it>, and bring itto the <it>Brass Meridian</it>, and there staie it with a piece of paper, or thelike, put between the <it>Meridian</it> and the <it>Globe</it>: And you have setbefore you <it>Oxford</it> with the verie same and all respects of<it>Situation</it> upon the <it>Globe</it>, as it hath upon the <it>Earth</it>it self. And this is cal&rehy;led <it>Rectification</it>, or right setting ofthe <it>Globe</it>.<pb n="287"/></div><div type="part"><head><it>By the known Place to findeout the Longitude and Latitude, and by the known Longitude and Latitude to findeout the Place</it>.</head>&Tic;Hese Terms of <it>Longitude</it> and <it>Latitude</it> are understoodei&rehy;ther of the same or several Places. In the first sens they areabsolutely called the <it>Longitude</it> or <it>Latitude</it> of this or thatplace. In the other sens wee use to say, The <it>Difference of Longitude</it> or<it>Latitude</it> between such and such a place. The <it>Longitude</it> of thisor that place is the distance of it from the <it>Great Meridian</it>, to the<it>Meridian</it> of the Place reckoned in the Degrees of the <it>Equator</it>.The <it>Latitude</it> of a Place is the <it>Di&rehy;stance</it> of the<it>Equator</it> from the parallel of the place reckoned in the Degrees of the<it>Meridian</it>. Therefore if the place met with bee under the <it>GreatMeridian</it>, it hath no <it>Longitude</it> at all, as the Hill in<it>Tenariffe</it>, unless it bee in respect of som other <it>GreatMeridian</it>, as that by <it>Corvo</it>, or the other by S&tsup;<it>Mi&rehy;chaël</it>; and of such a place it will bee sufficient to knowthe <it>Latitude</it>. So again, if the place met with bee under the<it>Equa&rehy;tor</it>, it hath no <it>Latitude</it> at all; and of such a placeit shall bee sufficient to know the <it>Longitude</it>. But if the place shouldfall out to bee in the verie <it>Intersection</it> it self of the<it>Equator</it>, and the <it>Great Meridian</it> it hath neither<it>Latitude</it> nor <it>Longitude</it>; and of such a Place it is sufficientlysaid, that <it>There it is</it>.But if the <it>known Place</it> lie at anie distance from the<it>Equa&rehy;tor</it>, it is but bringing it up to the <it>Brass Meridian</it>,and the <it>Latitude</it> is found by observing what Degrees the<it>Meridian</it> setteth off. Let <it>Oxford</it> bee the <it>Place</it> youmeet with, turn the <it>Globe</it> till it lie precisely under the<it>Meridian</it>, and you will finde from the <it>Equator</it> 51 Degrees, 32Minutes of <it>Norther Latitude</it>; and, by consequence, you also have the<it>Elevation</it> of the <it>Pole</it>: for that is alwaies equal to the<it>Latitude</it> of the <it>Place</it>.With the same labor you may finde out the <it>Longitude</it>, if holdingstill the <it>Globe</it> you observ the Degrees of Interse<pb n="288"/>ction cut off by the <it>Meridian</it> in the <it>Equator</it>: asput the case for <it>Oxford </it> still, it will bee found 22 Degrees from the<it>For&rehy;tunate Islands</it>, saith <it>Camden</it>; from S&tsup;<it>Michaël</it> in the <it>Azores</it> 'tis exactly true by which the<it>Preface</it> promised to go; but from the <it>Fortunate Isles</it> or the<it>Pike</it> in <it>Tenariffe</it>, not out 15.In case anie of the <it>lesser Meridians</it> happen to pass through thePlace, you may rekon of what number it is from the <it>Great Meridian</it>, aswhether it bee the 3&dsup;, 5&thsup;, 9&thsup;, &c. and so manie times 10

Degrees, (for at that distance they are set) is the <it>Longitude</it> of thePlace. The same cours may bee taken by the <it>Parallels</it> to account theDegrees of <it>Latitude</it>.And as the <it>Longitude</it> and <it>Latitude</it> are found out by the<it>Place known</it>, so after the same manner anie <it>Place</it> may bee foundout by the fore-knowledg of them. This fore-knowledg was first had by<it>Observation</it> of the <it>Eclipses</it> of the <it>Moon</it>, and the<it>Meridian Altitude</it> of the Sun or Stars, but may bee now more easilygotten out of the Tables of <it>Peter Appian, Gem&rehy;ma Frisius, Mercator,Ortelius, Tycho</it>, and that annexed to M&rsup; <it>Hues</it> his Treatise ofthe Use of the <it>Globes</it>, wherein the <it>Longitudes</it> and<it>Latitudes</it> of all the <it>Principal Cities, Capes, Ri&rehy;vers</it>,&c. are set down, but not accounting all from the same <it>Meridian</it>,which therefore also must bee considered off: For the named Autors, <it>Appian,Gemma Frisius</it>, and <it>Tycho</it> reckoned from the <it>Canaries</it>, therest from S&tsup; Michaël in the <it>Azores</it>.</div><div type="part"><head><it>Of the Difference of Longitude and Latitude,and what is to bee observed in the con&rehy;verting of the Degrees of eitherinto Miles</it>.</head>&Tic;He Respect of several Places one to another, is called the<it>Difference of Longitude</it> or <it>Latitude</it>, as the <it>Latitude</it>of <it>Oxford</it> is 51 Degrees, the <it>Latitude</it> of <it>Durham</it> 55.The <it>Difference of Latitude</it> is 4 Degrees. The Use of <it>Longitude</it>and <it>Latitude</it>, in the absolute sens, was to make out the<it>Position</it> of anie <it>Place</it>, in respect of the <it>WholeSphere</it>. In this other<pb n="289"/>meaning, the Intent is to shew the <it>Situation</it> and<it>Distance</it> of anie Place from and in respect of anie other. The<it>Situa&rehy;tion</it> of a Place to another Place, is otherwise called the<it>Angle of Position</it>; but of the <it>Distance</it> first, and how that isto bee made into Miles.The several cases put by the <it>Geographers</it> of this<it>Difference</it>, are either of <it>Places</it> differing in<it>Latitude</it> onely, or <it>Longitude</it> onely, or both. Places differingin <it>latitude</it> onely, are all such as lie under the same<it>Meridian</it>, but <it>several Parallels</it>. This may so fall out, as thateither both the Places may bee in <it>North</it>, or both in <it>SouthLatitude</it>, or one of them in <it>each</it>. If both the Places lie in<it>North</it> or <it>South Latitude</it>, then it is plain, that if the<it>lesser Latitude</it> bee subduced from the <it>greater</it>, the<it>Re&rehy;manent</it> of Degrees, multiplied into <it>Miles</it> by 60,sheweth the <it>Distance</it>, as the <it>Isl' de Maio</it> in the<it>Latitude</it> of 14 Degrees; and the Isle of S&tsup; <it>Michaël</it>39 Degrees, are both under the <it>same Meridian</it>: the 14 Degrees are the<it>lesser Latitude</it>, which taken from the 39 the <it>greater</it>, theremainder is 25, which multiplied by 60, giveth the Distance in <it>Miles</it>.If one of the Places lie in <it>North</it>, the other in <it>SouthLatitude</it>, add the De&rehy;grees of both <it>Latitudes</it> together, and dothe like.The verie same Cours is to be taken, if the Places differ in<it>Longitude</it> onely, in case they both lie under the <it>Line</it> it self,becaus there the measure is in a <it>Great Circle</it>, as in the<it>Meri&rehy;dians</it> of <it>Latitude</it>; but if otherwise it fall out tobe bee in anie <it>Parallel</it>, on this or that side of the <it>Line</it>, thecase is altered.Wee take for instance the Difference of <it>Longitude</it> betwixt<it>London</it> and <it>Charlton</it>, or <it>Charls-Town</it>, in<it>Charlton</it> Island, so honored with the Name of <it>CHARLS</it> Prince ofWALES, by Captain <it>Thomas James</it>, at his Attempt upon the <it>North-West</it> Passage in the <it>Wintering</it>, the 29&thsup; of <it>Maie</it>, theYear 1632, which was the Daie on His Highness Nati&rehy;vitie.The Difference of <it>Longitude</it> is 79 Degrees, 30 Minutes, as it wastaken from an <it>Eclips</it> of the <it>Moon</it>, observed there by the

Learned Captain, <it>Octob.</it> 29, 1631, and by M&rsub; <it>HenrieGellibrand</it> at <it>Gresham College</it> at the same time. It is requiredthat this Difference of <it>Longitude</it> bee converted into<it>Miles</it>.<pb n="290"/>The <it>Latitude</it> of <it>Charlton</it> is 52 Degrees, 3Minutes; that of <it>London</it> much about the same. Here the proportion of 60<it>Miles</it> to a Degree, will over-reckon the <it>Distance</it> almost by thehalf. The reason whereof shall bee first reported out of the Nature of the<it>Sphere</it>.However, it bee certain, that the <it>Artificial Globe</it> (as the<it>Natural</it> is supposed to bee is of a Form precisely round, and may beedrawn upon all over with <it>Great Circles</it> Meridional&rehy;ly, yetconsidered from the <it>Middle Line</it> to the <it>Poles</it>, it hath asensible <it>Inclination</it> or <it>Depression</it> of <it>Sphere</it>, as itis termed in their words, so that if the <it>Artificial Globe</it> bee turnedabout upon it's <it>Axel</it>, several parts of the same Bodie shall bee moreswiftly moved then other at the same time; for it is plain, that the<it>Equator</it> is moved about in the same duration of time, as the smallest<it>Parallel</it>, but the <it>Circumferences</it> are of a Vast and VisibleDisproportion, and therefore is not pos&rehy;sible they should go an equalpace.It is upon the same grounds, that the Author of the <it>Use of the Globe<foreign lang="lat">per Terram mobilem</foreign></it> will tell you, that in theDiur&rehy;nal Motion of the Earth, though <it>Amsterdam</it> (in the same<it>Latitude</it> with <it>Oxford</it>) keep pace with the Isle of S&tsup;<it>Thomas</it> under the <it>Line</it>, yet they are of a very differentdispatch; for <it>Amsterdam</it> goeth but 548 Miles in an hour, whereas theIsle of S&tsup; <it>Thomas</it> posteth over 900 Miles in the same space oftime, which is after the rate of 12 Miles in a Minute, and more. And all this istrue (that is true to the <it>Paradox</it>) from the Inclination of the Sphere:But more plainly yet.Wee see that the <it>Meridians</it> upon the <it>Globe</it> are set at 10Degrees Distance, but wee may perceiv too that this Di&rehy;stance groweth lessand less, as the <it>Meridians</it> draw nearer towards their concurrence in the<it>Poles</it>, as the <it>Globe</it> it self doth from the <it>Equator</it>upwards, and therefore the Degrees however accounted proportionable, yet cannotpossibly bee equal in the Lesser <it>Parallels</it> to those in the<it>Equator</it>, but must needs make an orderlie Diminution from thence toeither of the <it>Poles</it>.When therefore it was formerly said that 60 Miles of the Surface of the<it>Earthlie Globe</it> answer to a degree in the <it>Hea<pb n="291"/>ven</it>, it is to bee understood of the Degrees of a <it>GreatCircle</it>, and so is alwaies true in those of <it>Latitude</it>, but in theDe&rehy;grees of <it>Longitude</it> it holdeth onely in the <it>Equator</it> itself, but in the <it>Parallels</it> more North, or South the proportiondiminisheth from 60 to none at all. So that if I would con&rehy;vert the<it>Longitudes</it> of the <it>Molucca's</it>, or anie other parts un&rehy;derthe <it>Line</it> into Miles, it is but multiplying the Degrees of<it>Longitude</it> by 60 and the thing is don; but if I would do the like by<it>Oxford</it>, or anie other place betwixt the <it>Equator</it> and the<it>Poles</it>, I must first know what number of Miles answereth to a Degree inthat <it>Parallel</it> of <it>Latitude</it>. The knowledg of this dependeth uponthe proportion which the <it>Equator</it> beareth to the <it>Parallels</it>,which is learned out by the skill of <it>Trigonometrie</it>, but need not nowbee so hardly attained to; for the Proportions are alreadie cast up into a<it>Table</it> by <it>Peter Appian</it> in the first Part of his<it>Cosmographie</it>. They are there set down according to the rate of<it>German</it> Miles, one of which maketh 4 of ours. According to our own Ratethey are as followeth: <gap desc="ornament"/><pb n="292"/><it>The Proportion of English Miles answering to their severalDegrees of Latitude</it>.

<table rows="31" cols="9" rend="boxed"><row role="label"><cell>Deg. ofLat.</cell> <cell>Miles English.</cell> <cell>Seconds.</cell> <cell>Deg. ofLat.</cell> <cell>Miles English.</cell> <cell>Seconds.</cell> <cell>Deg. ofLat.</cell> <cell>Miles English.</cell> <cell>Seconds.</cell></row><row><cell>1</cell> <cell>59</cell> <cell>59</cell> <cell>31</cell><cell>51</cell> <cell>26</cell> <cell>61</cell> <cell>29</cell><cell>5</cell></row><row><cell>2</cell> <cell>59</cell> <cell>58</cell> <cell>32</cell><cell>50</cell> <cell>53</cell> <cell>62</cell> <cell>28</cell><cell>10</cell></row><row><cell>3</cell> <cell>59</cell> <cell>55</cell> <cell>33</cell><cell>50</cell> <cell>19</cell> <cell>63</cell> <cell>27</cell><cell>10</cell></row><row><cell>4</cell> <cell>59</cell> <cell>51</cell> <cell>34</cell><cell>49</cell> <cell>45</cell> <cell>64</cell> <cell>26</cell><cell>18</cell></row><row><cell>5</cell> <cell>59</cell> <cell>46</cell> <cell>35</cell><cell>49</cell> <cell>9</cell> <cell>65</cell> <cell>25</cell><cell>21</cell></row><row><cell>6</cell> <cell>59</cell> <cell>40</cell> <cell>36</cell><cell>48</cell> <cell>32</cell> <cell>66</cell> <cell>14</cell><cell>24</cell></row><row><cell>7</cell> <cell>59</cell> <cell>33</cell> <cell>37</cell><cell>47</cell> <cell>55</cell> <cell>67</cell> <cell>23</cell><cell>27</cell></row><row><cell>8</cell> <cell>59</cell> <cell>25</cell> <cell>38</cell><cell>47</cell> <cell>17</cell> <cell>68</cell> <cell>22</cell><cell>29</cell></row><row><cell>9</cell> <cell>59</cell> <cell>16</cell> <cell>39</cell><cell>46</cell> <cell>38</cell> <cell>69</cell> <cell>21</cell><cell>30</cell></row><row><cell>10</cell> <cell>59</cell> <cell>5</cell> <cell>40</cell><cell>45</cell> <cell>58</cell> <cell>70</cell> <cell>20</cell><cell>31</cell></row><row><cell>11</cell> <cell>58</cell> <cell>54</cell> <cell>41</cell><cell>45</cell> <cell>17</cell> <cell>71</cell> <cell>19</cell><cell>32</cell></row><row><cell>12</cell> <cell>58</cell> <cell>41</cell> <cell>42</cell><cell>44</cell> <cell>35</cell> <cell>72</cell> <cell>18</cell><cell>32</cell></row><row><cell>13</cell> <cell>58</cell> <cell>28</cell> <cell>43</cell><cell>43</cell> <cell>53</cell> <cell>73</cell> <cell>17</cell><cell>33</cell></row><row><cell>14</cell> <cell>58</cell> <cell>13</cell> <cell>44</cell><cell>43</cell> <cell>10</cell> <cell>74</cell> <cell>16</cell><cell>32</cell></row><row><cell>15</cell> <cell>57</cell> <cell>57</cell> <cell>45</cell><cell>42</cell> <cell>26</cell> <cell>75</cell> <cell>15</cell><cell>32</cell></row><row><cell>16</cell> <cell>57</cell> <cell>41</cell> <cell>46</cell><cell>41</cell> <cell>41</cell> <cell>76</cell> <cell>14</cell><cell>31</cell></row><row><cell>17</cell> <cell>57</cell> <cell>23</cell> <cell>47</cell><cell>40</cell> <cell>55</cell> <cell>77</cell> <cell>13</cell><cell>30</cell></row><row><cell>18</cell> <cell>57</cell> <cell>4</cell> <cell>48</cell><cell>40</cell> <cell>9</cell> <cell>78</cell> <cell>12</cell><cell>28</cell></row><row><cell>19</cell> <cell>56</cell> <cell>44</cell> <cell>49</cell><cell>39</cell> <cell>22</cell> <cell>79</cell> <cell>11</cell><cell>27</cell></row>

<row><cell>20</cell> <cell>56</cell> <cell>23</cell> <cell>50</cell><cell>38</cell> <cell>34</cell> <cell>80</cell> <cell>10</cell><cell>25</cell></row><row><cell>21</cell> <cell>56</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>51</cell><cell>37</cell> <cell>46</cell> <cell>81</cell> <cell>9</cell><cell>23</cell></row><row><cell>22</cell> <cell>55</cell> <cell>38</cell> <cell>52</cell><cell>36</cell> <cell>56</cell> <cell>82</cell> <cell>8</cell><cell>21</cell></row><row><cell>23</cell> <cell>55</cell> <cell>14</cell> <cell>53</cell><cell>36</cell> <cell>7</cell> <cell>83</cell> <cell>7</cell><cell>19</cell></row><row><cell>24</cell> <cell>54</cell> <cell>49</cell> <cell>54</cell><cell>35</cell> <cell>16</cell> <cell>84</cell> <cell>6</cell><cell>16</cell></row><row><cell>25</cell> <cell>54</cell> <cell>23</cell> <cell>55</cell><cell>34</cell> <cell>25</cell> <cell>85</cell> <cell>5</cell><cell>14</cell></row><row><cell>26</cell> <cell>53</cell> <cell>56</cell> <cell>56</cell><cell>33</cell> <cell>33</cell> <cell>86</cell> <cell>4</cell><cell>11</cell></row><row><cell>27</cell> <cell>53</cell> <cell>28</cell> <cell>57</cell><cell>32</cell> <cell>41</cell> <cell>87</cell> <cell>3</cell><cell>8</cell></row><row><cell>28</cell> <cell>52</cell> <cell>59</cell> <cell>58</cell><cell>31</cell> <cell>48</cell> <cell>88</cell> <cell>2</cell><cell>5</cell></row><row><cell>29</cell> <cell>52</cell> <cell>29</cell> <cell>59</cell><cell>30</cell> <cell>54</cell> <cell>89</cell> <cell>1</cell><cell>3</cell></row><row><cell>30</cell> <cell>51</cell> <cell>58</cell> <cell>60</cell><cell>30</cell> <cell>0</cell> <cell>90</cell> <cell>0</cell><cell>0</cell></row></table><pb n="293"/>&Kic;Nowing then the <it>Latitude</it> of <it>Charlton</it>to bee 52 De&rehy;grees, and that of <it>London</it> much about the same: Ienter the Table, where I finde the Sum of 36 Miles, or thereabouts to answer aDegree of that <it>Parallel</it>, therefore multiplying the Degrees of<it>Longitude</it> by 36, it giveth up the number of Miles from the Great<it>Meridian</it> to the Place.And very fit it were that these Proportions were written upon the<it>Horizon</it> of the <it>Terrestrial Globes</it>, rather then the<it>Calendars</it>. And what els there is, confessed by themselvs to belong ofright to the other <it>Globe</it>, and of little use to the <it>Geographer</it>,till this will bee, they may bee cut upon a <it>Sil&rehy;ver-Plate</it>, or<it>Ruler</it> of <it>Box</it>, or som how, or other; for without this<it>Table</it>, the Use of the <it>Globe</it>, as to this Case of Difference, isas good as none at all.The last Case is remaining, which is put of such Places as differ both in<it>Longitude</it> and <it>Latitude</it>; for the considerati&rehy;on whereofthe <it>Geographers</it> have devised several waies, as the<it>Arithmetical</it> waie; That by the <it>Sphærical Triangles</it>, bythe <it>Semi-circle, &c.</it> But the working by either of these is of moretime and intricacie then was to bee wished. The readi&rehy;est of all, and notmuch inferior to the certaintie of the rest is the <it>Geometrical</it> waie, as<it>Peter Appian</it> (one of the Fa&rehy;thers of this Art) hath termed it; and'tis no more but this: Let the two Places bee the Isle of S&tsup;<it>Thomas</it> and <it>Te&rehy;nariff</it> in the <it>Canaries</it>. Take your<it>Compasses</it> and set one Foot of them <it>Tenariff</it>, the other in S.<it>Thomas</it>, and keep&rehy;ing the Feet of the <it>Compasses</it> at thesame distance, remove them to the <it>Equator</it>, or Great <it>Meridian</it>,and see how many Degrees they set off; for that number multiplied by 60 is theDistance of the two Places in Miles. The ground of this Rule is, that theDistance of all Places not differing onely in <it>Longitude</it>, are to bee

understood to bee in a Great Circle, and it was known before, that the Degreesof such a one are severally answered by 60 of our Miles upon the face of theEarth. You may do the like in the <it>Quadrant</it> of <it>Altitude</it> as willbee seen in the next <it>Invention</it>.<pb n="294"/></div><div type="part"><head><it>To finde out the Bearing of onePlace from ano&rehy;ther, and what is meant by the Angle ofPosition</it>.</head>&Tic;He <it>Zenith</it> is the <it>Pole</it> of the <it>Horizon</it> throughwhich the <it>Astronomers</it> imagin Circles drawn (as the<it>Meridi&rehy;ans</it> through the <it>Poles</it> of the World) so dividingthe De&rehy;grees of the <it>Horizon</it> as to mark out the <it>Site</it> ofthe <it>Stars</it> from this or that Coast of the World. And becaus theseCircles are supposed to bee drawn through the <it>Semt</it>, or <it>Se&rehy;mithAlros</it>, that is The Point over the Head, or <it>Vertical Point</it>, The<it>Arabians</it> called them <it>Alsemuth</it>, we cal them stil<it>Azimuths</it>. And for that the <it>Zenith Point</it> still altereth withthe <it>Horizon</it>, these Circls could not have been describ'd upon the<it>Globes</it>, but are represented there by the <it>Quadrant</it> of<it>Altitude</it>, which is the 4&thsup; part of anie one of those, and mostproperly ser&rehy;ving the other <it>Globe</it>, yet upon the same ground isuseful to the <it>Geographer</it> in setting out that <it>Angle</it> which ismade by the meeting of the <it>Meridian</it> of anie Place, with the<it>Vertical Circle</it> of anie other and of the same, called therefore the<it>Angle</it> of <it>Position</it>, or <it>Site</it>. To finde this out you areto ele&rehy;vate the <it>Pole</it> to the <it>Latitude</it> of one of thePlaces, then bring the Place to the <it>Meridian</it>, and it will fall outdirectly to bee in the <it>Zenith</it> of that <it>Elevation</it> upon thisground, That the <it>Elevation</it> is alwaies equal to the <it>Latitude</it>;then fasten the <it>Qua&rehy;drant</it> of <it>Altitude</it> upon the<it>Zenith</it>, and turn it about till it fall upon the other Place, and theEnd of the <it>Quadrant</it> will point out the Situation upon the<it>Horizon</it>. Let the Places bee <it>Oxford</it> and the Hill in<it>Tenariff</it>, set the <it>Globe</it> to the Elevati&rehy;on of<it>Oxford</it>, that is 51 Degrees of Elevation above the <it>Horizon</it>,then bring <it>Oxford</it> to the <it>Meridian</it>, and it falleth under 51Degrees of <it>Latitude</it> from the <it>Equator</it>, therefore it is found init's own <it>Vertical Point</it> 90 De&rehy;grees equidistantly removed from the<it>Horizon</it>: Fasten there the <it>Quadrant</it>, and move about the<it>Plate</it> till it fall upon the Hill in <it>Tenariff</it>, and the end ofthe <it>Quadrant</it> where it touch<pb n="295"/>eth the <it>Horizon</it> will shew that the Hill in<it>Tenariff</it> beareth from <it>Oxford</it> South South-West: and if youmultiplie<corr sic="the the">the</corr> Degrees of the <it>Quadrant</it> interceptedbetwixt the two Places by 60, you have the Distance in Miles, which waspro&rehy;mised before.If you finde, as you needs must, that the Proportion of Miles upon the<it>Globe</it> doth not alwaies answer to that which wee reckon upon in theEarth, you are desired not to think much; for when it is promised that 60 of ourMiles shall run out a Degree of a Great Circle above, it is inten&rehy;ded uponthis Supposition, as if the Earth wee tread upon were precisely round as the<it>Globe</it> it self is, and not interrupted with Rivers, Hills, Vallies,&c. which though they bear no proportion otherwise, yet becaus it cometh topass by this that wee cannot set our cours in a Streight Line upon the Earth asthe Demonstration is forced to presuppose, wee must bee contented if somdifference fall out.The more unhappie Difference will bee found in the <it>Longitudes</it>themselvs. The Difference of <it>Longitude</it> betwixt <it>Rome</it> and<it>Norenberg</it> (as M. <it>Gellibrand</it> hath already made the Observation)is according<corr sic="te">to</corr> <it>Kepler</it>, but 4 Minutes of Time:<it>Lansbergh</it> reckoneth it at 10 Degrees, <it>Mercator</it> at 12,<it>Stadius</it> at 18, <it>Longomontanus</it> at 16, <it>Stoffler</it> at 18,

<it>Ma&rehy;ginus</it> at 26, <it>Werner</it> at 32, <it>Origan</it> at 33,<it>Appian</it> at 34, <it>Re&rehy;giomontanus</it> at 36: with discouragementenough it may bee noted, for the Places are verie eminent, and of a nearDi&rehy;stance: the Men professed able, and for the most part reckon&rehy;ingfrom the same Great <it>Meridian</it>; and yet the less to bee wondred at, ifwee consider how much in this case must bee taken upon trust, even by these Menthemselvs. Wee must not think they all spake this of their own Knowledg, for itis certain the thing might have been, and is don, though not without anie atall, yet without anie considerable dis&rehy;agreement. I saie the<it>Longitudes</it> for a very great part, are exact&rehy;ly enough agreed on.The perfection is not one Man's, nor one Ages Work, and must bee waited for. Itmust not seem strange if I tell you that you may distinguish the more certainfrom the doubtful by their disconvenience, for<pb n="296"/>where you finde them to agree, you have caus to suspect (for themost part) that they have lien long upon the Lees of Time, not as yet enquiredinto. But if you finde them to disagree, you may conclude that they have beenbrought to a new Examination. And of these, you are to take the latest, and fromsuch (if it may bee) as have don it by their own Observation, as out of theTables of <it>Tycho</it> before others. The difference of <it>Longitude</it> by<it>Tycho's</it> Tables betwixt <it>Rome</it> and <it>Norenberg</it> is under 4Degrees, which cometh nearest to <it>Kepler</it>, who also took it himself fromtwo several observa&rehy;tions of the Moon. There will still seem to bee somwant of satisfaction, but it is sufficient for anie man to know in this as muchas anie other man doth.If you would convert the Degrees of <it>Longitude</it> into Hours (for thisalso may bee don as well as into Miles) you are to allow 15 Degrees to one Hour,upon the Reasons taught before; and that which will bee gained by this is toknow, by how much sooner or later the Sun Riseth, or Setteth to one Place thento another. As the Difference of <it>Longitude</it> betwixt <it>Oxford</it> and<it>Charlton</it> is 79 Degrees, 30 Mi&rehy;nutes: that is, 5 Hours, 18 Minutes:and becaus <it>Charlton</it> lieth West from <it>London</it>, the Sun Riseth somuch sooner here then there.</div><div type="part"><head><it>To finde out the several Positions of Sphere,Clime, Parallel, &c.</it></head>&Tic;He <it>Latitude</it> and <it>Longitude</it> of a Place once resolvedupon, the other Accidents of <it>Sphere</it> will follow of themselvs: the<it>Position</it> of <it>Sphere</it> you cannot miss of, for if the Place youtrie for have no <it>Lati&rehy;tude</it> at all, you know alreadie that it mustof necessitie lie under the Line it self, and therefore in a right<it>Position</it>. If it have less, or more the <it>Position</it> is<it>oblique</it>. If it have as much as it can have, that is the Whole<it>Quadrant</it>, or 90 De&rehy;grees, the <it>Position</it> is<it>Parallel</it>; the reasons were told before, and may evidently bee discernedupon the <it>Globe</it>.<pb n="297"/>For the <it>Climes</it> and <it>Parallels</it>, andconsequently the length of the longest Daie, The fore-knowledg of the<it>Latitude</it> leadeth you directly, in case the <it>Climes</it> bee set downupon the <it>Brass Meridian</it>, or in anie void part of the <it>Globe</it>,other&rehy;wise it is but entring the Table of <it>Climes</it> and<it>Parallels</it> pro&rehy;portioned to everie Degree of <it>Latitude</it>, andyou have your desire. And as by the <it>Latitude</it> you may finde out the<it>Clime</it>, so if it happen that you knew the <it>Clime</it> before, as itmay in the reading of the<foreign rend="it" lang="fra">Estats du Monde</foreign>, or the likeDescri&rehy;bers, you may by the <it>Clime</it> finde out the <it>Latitude</it>;And you cannot know either of these, but you must needs know the <it>Zone</it>:And if you know that, you can easily con&rehy;clude upon the<it>Distinction</it> of <it>Shadows</it>, for you knew be&rehy;fore that theInhabitants of the <it>Mid Zone</it> are alwaies <it><foreign lang="lat">Ascii</foreign></it> or <it><foreignlang="lat">Amphiscii</foreign></it>; those of the two <it>Extreme<foreign lang="lat">Periscii</foreign></it>; those of the two Temperate or<it>Intermedious,

<foreign lang="lat">Heteroscii</foreign></it>. To finde out the otherDistinction of Habitation you may do thus: Let <it>Oxford</it> bee the Place;bring it to the <it>Meridian</it>, where you finde it to bee 51 Degrees liftedup above the <it>Equator</it>; ac&rehy;count so manie Degrees of Southern<it>Latitude</it> below the <it>Equator</it>, and you meet with the <it><foreign lang="lat">Antæci</foreign></it> (if anie bee) in the <it><foreign lang="lat">Terra Australis incognita</foreign></it>; remove<it>Oxford</it> from the <it>Meridian</it> 180 Degrees, and you shall finde your<it><foreign lang="lat">Periæci</foreign></it> under the <it>Meridian</it>where <it>Oxford</it> was before, about the <it>Bay</it> of S.<it>Michaël</it> in the Kingdom of <it>Quivira</it>, and your<it>Antipodes</it> in the place where their <it><foreign lang="lat">Antæci</foreign></it> stood before, but they are not,for the Place is covered over with Water.There yet remaineth one waie of Description, but out of Curious Art, andof no great Instruction, yet becaus it is made use of by som<it>Geographers</it>, and not left out by M. <it>Camden</it> himself in his<it>Britannia</it>, I may tell what it meaneth.<pb n="298"/></div><div type="part"><head><it>Of Astrological Geographie, and totell under what Sign, or Planet, a Region, or Citie is subjected</it>.</head>&Tic;He <it>Wisdom</it> of the Antients (it was called so) held an Opinionthat not our selvs onely, the <it>Little Worlds</it>, but the <it>GreatGlobe</it> of the <sc>Earth</sc> also is particu&rehy;larly reigned over by theDominion of the 12 <it>Signs</it>, and Influence of the 7 <it>Planets</it>; uponwhich Principle (as wee receiv it by <it>Ptolomie's</it> Tradition) they dividedthis <it>Globe</it> into 4 <it>Quadrants</it> by the Intersection of the<it>Equator</it> with the Great <it>Meridian</it> passing by the<it>Canaries</it>. Every of these <it>Qua&rehy;drants</it> they again dividedinto 4 <it>Trigons</it>, consisting each of them of 3 <it>Signs</it> of the<it>Zodiack</it>, not orderly, but so as that everie <it>Trigon</it> night beemade up of one Fixt <it>Sign</it>, one Moveable, and the third Common, as theydistinguish. The first <it>Quadrant</it> was reckoned from the <it>Vernal</it>by the <it>Pole</it> to the <it>Autumnal Intersection</it>, and was called the<it>Quadrant</it> of the <it>Habitable World</it>: for every one of the otherthree was to that Time a<foreign lang="lat" rend="it">Terra incognita</foreign>. The first<it>Trigon</it> of this <it>Qua&rehy;drant</it> falleth to the Dominion of<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Aries, Leo</foreign>, and <foreign rend="it"lang="lat">Sagittarius</foreign>. The Second to<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Taurus, Virgo</foreign>, and <foreign rend="it"lang="lat">Capricornus</foreign>, and to the Influence of such <it>Planets</it>as are connatural to such <it>Signs</it>. So <it>Britain, France, Germanie,&c.</it> fall to the share of<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Aries</foreign> and his Planet <it>Mars. Italie,Sicilie, &c.</it> to<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Leo</foreign>: <it>Norwaie, Ba&rehy;varia,&c.</it> to<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Scorpio</foreign>; and so forwards, concludingall, and every Part and <it>Province</it> of the <it>Globe</it> under one, orother of the <it>Twelv</it>. But this emptie Speculation stopped not here, butwould make us believ too, that not Whole Countries onely, but everie Citie,Castle, Village, nay, not a private Hous, or a Ship that ride's upon theOceän but is thus di&rehy;stinctly governed by their <it>Planets</it>. Theydo it upon this ground: Those men allow as earnest a livelihood to the Beam inthe Timber, and Stone in the Wall as to themselvs. And when the first Stone of aBuilding is laid, a Citie or<pb n="299"/>Hous is said to bee born, and as Formal a Figure erected of that,as of the Owner's Nativitie.The Emperor <it>Constantine</it> (though you would not think it) at theBuilding of his new <it>Rome</it> commanded <it>Valens</it>, (a named<it>Astrologer</it> of that Time) to Calculate the Nati&rehy;vitie, and makeJudgment of the Life and Duration of that Imperial Citie. The

<it>Asscendent</it> was <it>Cancer</it>, and the <it>Astrologer</it> said thatthe Empire should stand 696 years, and (whether hee knew so much or not) heesaid true; the Citie lived longer indeed, but all the rest was but labor andsorrow. And for a more private Mansion, there is yet now to bee seen theNativitie of the <it>Warden's</it> Lodgings of <it>Mer&rehy;ton College</it> inone of the Windows; the <it>Horoscope</it> the same with that of<it>Constantinople</it>; now look what <it>Sign</it> of the <it>twelv</it> shallbee found to rise up in the <it>Horoscope</it> or <it>Angle</it> of the East,that is the <it>Sign-Regent</it> of that Hous, or Citie. Pre&rehy;pared thus,the <it>Astrologers</it> sit in Judgment upon the <it>Inclina&rehy;tions</it>and <it>Fatalities</it> of States and Men: and how little soever it may seem tous, or bee in it self, it was of moment to som of old, for <it>Tiberius</it> (an<it>Astrologer</it> himself) had the <it>Genitures</it> of all his Nobilitie byhim, and according as hee found his own, or the Kingdom's <it>Horoscope</it> tobee well, or ill look't upon by theirs, so hee let them stand, or cut them offby <it>Legislative Astrologie</it>.According therefore to this waie of <it>Description</it>, the King&rehy;domof <it>England</it> is Astrologically Sited in the first <it>Trigon</it> of thefirst <it>Quadrant</it>, under the Dominion of<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Aries</foreign> for the <it>Sign</it>, and for the<it>Planet Mars</it>; or otherwise under the Dominion of<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Pisces</foreign>, now in the Place of<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Aries</foreign>, and the In&rehy;fluence of the<it>Moon</it> and <it>Mars</it>. And <it>Silen</it> saith, that the<it>Pla&rehy;net</it> of <it>England</it> is the <it>Moon</it>, and<it>Saturn</it> of the <it>Scots:</it><q rend="it" lang="lat">Unde homines illius regionis</q> (saith an oldAstrologer)<q rend="it" lang="lat">sunt vagi, & instabiles, ludibrio exponuntur, nuncad summum, nunc ad imum delati.</q> So the Jews and wee are governed by the sameStars equally, as <it>Cardan</it> is pleased to saie of us;<note n="*" place="margin"><it>Cardan.</it> in 2. <foreign lang="lat">Tetra bib.<it>Pto&rehy;lomæi</it>, cap.</foreign> 3. tex. 12.</note> A Rebelliousand Unluckie Nation, ever now and then making of New Laws and Rites of Religionto the better somtimes, but for the most part to the worst.<pb n="300"/>Now take an Essaie by all the waies of Description in the<it>Geographie</it> of <it>Oxford</it>.It lieth in an Oblique Position of <it>Sphere</it> in the Nor&rehy;thernTemperate <it>Zone</it>: The Elevation of the <it>Pole</it> 51 Degrees, 30Minutes: the <it>Longitude</it> from the Great <it>Meridian</it> in<it>Tenariff</it> 15 Degrees: under the 8 <it>Clime</it>, and 16<it>Parallel</it>: the Longest Daie 16 Hours. The <it>Sign-Regent</it> is<it>Ca&rehy;pricorn</it>: the Noon-Shadows are <it>Heteroscian</it>: Wee are<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Peri&oelig;ci</foreign> to the Baie of S.<it>Miguel</it> in<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Qui&rehy;vira: Antæci</foreign> to theNorthern Parts of<foreign rend="it" lang="lat">Terra Australis incognita</foreign> be&rehy;lowthe <it>Promontorie</it>: Wee are <it>Antipodes</it> to none.</div><gap desc="ornament"/></body></text>

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- tu-chemnitz.de file The description and use of the terrestrial globe