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Citizens’ Accessibility with Sustainable Transport Modes as basis when Defining the Right Mix of Measures

Hanna Wennberg, Trivector Traffic AB, SwedenErika Knobblock, City of Malmö, Sweden

– the Accessibility Index

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DEVELOPING AN ACCESSIBILITY INDEX

Overarching goal of the mobility policy in the City of Malmö:

Walking, cycling and public transport are the first hand choices for transport.

Objectives: Develop a normative accessibility index based on relevant measurements Use maps to illustrate sustainable accessibility based on a number of

criteria for sustainable transport modes Assess the impact of measures undertaken

Accessibility with sustainable transport modes (relative to car) is crucial for more sustainable transport systems

There are several ways to measure accessibility, but no accepted method to sum up different measurements

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ACCESSIBILITY – A DEFINITION

The ease of access or how easily people can reach desiredactivities: Macro-level – geographical

accessibility and land-use patterns Meso-level – availability and quality of

transport modes Micro-level – occurrence of various

environmental barriers (poor standard)

Place-specific accessibility – accessibility of areas

Individual accessibility– accessibility of individuals

or groupsFreedom of choice – be able to choose between several modes with good

accessibility

Robustness – sustainable, reliable, safe, meet various

needs etc.

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MEASURING ACCESSIBILITY

Travel time Distance Density Relative attractiveness,

e.g. travel time ratio

Selected accessibility measurements are based on previous research, e.g. the EU project ISEMOA (www.isemoa.eu) and “Enkla tillgänglighetsmått” (funded by Swedish Transport Administration).

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Haugen K (2011) The Advantage of ‘Near’: Which Accessibilities Matter to Whom? EJTIR 11(4):368-388.

Children's accessibility is the most important!

Access to leisure/ recreation, work, friends, grocery store, care centre.

Access to activities you rarely do or to activities more "on the road"

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Score Level of accessibility

5 Good accessibility

4  

3 Average accessibility – ”acceptable level”

2  

1  

0 Poor accessibility

Calculation principle

• 226 areas in Malmö collect scores based on eight criteria for accessibility with sustainable transport modes

• The accessibility index is the mean value for the eight criteria

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8 CRITERIA

1. Travel time by walking to 10 destinations

2. Travel time by cycling to 10 destinations

3. Travel time ratio bicycle/car to 10 destinations

4. Travel time ratio PT/car to 3 destinations (city centre, nearest shopping mall, nearest major node in public transport)

5. Distance to nearest bus stop (with good headway)

6. Distance to nearest major node in public transport

7. Distance to nearest carpool

8. Range of travel opportunities, i.e. access to several sustainable modes with good accessibility (freedom of choice)

6

6

2

1

1

2

1

3

1

1

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10 DESTINATIONS

1. Nearest child care 3

2. Nearest school 3

3. Nearest care centre 2

4. Nearest grocery store 2

5. Nearest park/recreational area 2

6. Nearest public facility for sports/exercise 1

7. Nearest play ground (only theme level) 1

8. City centre 3

9. Nearest community centre 3

10. Nearest shopping mall 2

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Share of citizens in Malmö living in areas with different accessibility levels:

59 %of the citizens in Malmö have at least an acceptable accessibility

with sustainable modes.

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Distance (m) Travel time (min) Score

- 250 m - 3,75 min 5

250-499 m 3,75 - 7,5 min 4

500-999 m 7,5 - 15 min 3

1000-1499 m 15 - 22,5 min 2

1500-1999 m 22,5 - 30 min 1

2000 - m 30 - min 0

1. Travel time by walking to 10 destinations

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Distance (m) Travel time (min) Score

- 1 km - 3,75 min 5

1-2 km 3,75 - 7,5 min 4

2-4 km 7,5 - 15 min 3

4-6 km 15 - 22,5 min 2

6-9 km 22,5 - 33,75 min 1

9 - km 33,75 - min 0

2. Travel time by cycling to 10 destinations

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Travel time ratio (bicycle/car) Score

- 1 5

1 (more than 1) - 1,25 4

1,25 - 1,5 3

1,5 - 1,75 2

1,75 – 2 1

2 - 0

3. Travel time ratio bicycle/car to 10 destinations

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Distance (m) Score

-199 m 5

200 - 299 m 4

300 - 399 m 3

400 - 499 m 2

500 - 599 m 1

600- m 0

5. Distance to nearest bus stop (with good headway)

Only bus stops with at least:• 30 minutes headway on weekdays

at 06-00, Saturdays at 07-00 and Sundays at 07-22 AND

• 10 minutes headway on weekdays at 06-09 and 15-18

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Criteria Score

Mean score 4,5 AND no score < 3 5

Mean score 3,5 AND no score < 3 4

Mean score 3 AND no score < 3 3

Mean score 2 2

Mean score 1 1

Mean score < 1 0

8. Range of travel opportunities,i.e. access to several sustainable modes with good accessibility (freedom of choice)

Aggregate of four criteria: 1: Travel time by walking to 10 destinations 2: Travel time by cycling to 10 destinations 6: Distance to nearest bus stop 7: Distance to nearest major node in PT

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HOW THE CITY OF MALMÖ USES THE INDEX

Status reports Compare different investment options Compare accessibility between areas and

for population groups Evaluate effectiveness of various measures Monitor progress over time

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RIGHT MIX OF MEASURES

Physical measures

Communicative measures

HIGHLOW

Use of sustainable modes

Acc

essi

bil

ity

wit

h

sust

ain

able

mo

des POOR

GOOD

Physical + communicative

measures

Maintain…

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Scores for the 10 destinations (1. travel time by walking to 10 destinations, 5-7. distances to nearest bus stop, nearest major node in PT, and carpool):

Share of children (0-6)

Nearest child care

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Hanna Wennberg, Trivector Traffichanna.wennberg@trivector.se+46 10 456 56 08

Erika Knobblock, City of Malmöerika.knobblock@malmo.se+46 72 181 27 68