الكينونة فعل ترجمة

Translating verb to be

( الكينونة فعل يأتي رئيسي( VERB TO BEعندما كفعلاألحيان بعض في المبتدئ المترجم يجد فقد الجملة، في

(ا غالب الصعوبة تلك وتعزى العربية إلى ترجمته في صعوبةواستخدام العربية الجملة في إظهاره على إصراره إلى

السياق معنى فهم في إلخفاقه أو عنه للتعبير الكينونة فعليمكن طرق عدة لدينا توجد المشكلة تلك على وللتغلب

: الترجمة في أحدها اتباع1 .جملة إلى وتحويلها العربية الجملة من الفعل إسقاط

: ) مثال ) ، وخبر مبتدأ اسميةThe manager is absent today.

. اليوم غائب المدير

2: مثال. العربية، اللغة في شخصي بضمير الفعل ترجمة

Egypt is the heart of the Arab nation..هيمصر العربية األمة قلب

يمليه( to beترجمة. )3 لما طبق(ا الكينونة فعل غير العربية في آخر بفعل.السياق، واضح وبشكل كاماًل( المعنى نقل في وأيسرها اتباع(ا الطرق أكثر وهذه

What logic is.. المنطق ماهية

Democracy is a corner stone in our world today.. اليوم عالمنا في الزاوية حجر الديمقراطية تشكل

The wedding was last week.. الماضي األسبوع القران عقد تم

تعتبر« أو تشكل أو تعد أو تمثل « أفعال أن المترجم سياًلحظ الممارسة ومن. السياقات من الكثير في واستخدام(ا شيوع(ا األكثر هي

األدوات مع األفعال

) األفعال ) اقتران البسيطة البناء التركيب أشكال منأدوات أو جر بحروف معناها particlesاإلنجليزية تغير

مع المستخدمة الحروف فتغيير ، كاماًل( يكون يكاد ا تغيير(باختاًلف تختلف التي المعاني من عدد(ا تولد قد واحدة كلمةالواحد الحرف مع الفعل نفس معاني تتعدد وقد السياقات،

. السياق حسبخصائص من بخاصية وثيق(ا ارتباط(ا ترتبط المشكلة وهذه

العربية في األمثلة ومن العربية، في وجودها يندر اإلنجليزيةبين ينفر الفرق أي عن« »يرغب و يريد أي في« »يرغب

للفروق. ويزهد اإلنجليزية القواميس إيراد من وبالرغممعظمها تبيان المتقدمة القواميس بعض ومحاولة الدقيقة

هو حالة كل في الفيصل .السياقفإن

األدوات مع األفعال

:كلمة concernمثالInternational Amnesty Organization raised its concern

at the UNHRC, particularly at the situation snowballed. We certainly concerned for the safety of the civilians caught in the crossfire between the insurgents and government forces. Their safety should be the concern of all nations of the world.

بواعث الدولية العفو منظمة اإلنسان قلقهاأثارت حقوق لجنة فيونحن . الموقف تدهور بعد خصوص(ا المتحدة، لألمم باًل حريصونالتابعة

المتمردين بين التناحر ضحية وقعوا الذين المدنيين ساًلمة على شكساًلمتهم تكون أن وينبغي الحكومة اهتمام وقوات العالم موضع شعوب

قاطبة.

للمجهول والمبني للمعلوم المبني

للمجهول المبني الجملة اليستخدم بناء كان العربيةفي إذا إالفي. مجهوال(الفاعل المبني فيشيع اإلنجليزيةأما استخدام

بالفاعل للمجهول يقرأ مردف(ا أن المترجم فعلى ولذلك ،المبني كان إن يرى حتى آخرها إلى اإلنجليزية العبارة

عبارة إلى يحولها حتى الفاعل معلوم حقيقته في للمجهول . عند فيتعين معلوم غير الفاعل كان إذا أما للمعلوم مبنية

. العربية اللغة في المجهول بصيغة االلتزام ترجمتها

للمجهول والمبني للمعلوم المبني

معلوم. 1 الفاعل فيها للمجهول مبنية جملةInmates were beaten by the prison guards.

. النزالء السجن حراس ضرب : ترجمتها الخطأ .من السجن حراس قبل من النزالء ضjرب

معلوم. 2 غير فيها الفاعل للمجهول مبنية جملةHis father was killed in the war.

/ الحرب في حتفه والده لقي الحرب في والده قتل

في ويستخدم للمعلوم (ا مبني يكون قد اإلنجليزي الفعل أن بالذكر الجدير ومن: للمجهول (ا مبني العربية

He died last night.. أمس ليلة توفي

Translation of Verb ‘Have’

The verb ‘Have’ (i.e. have, has, had) is used

both as an auxiliary and a main verb. As an auxiliary, it is not so problematic. However, as a main verb, it can pose a few problems to the students of translation.

Translation of Verb ‘Have’

Problem 1 and solution: ‘ Have’ as an auxiliary:Verb ‘ have’ is used as an auxiliary to perform important grammatical functions with regard to tenses in particular. In this case, it is meaningless in Arabic, and you can simply ignore it altogether and translate the tenses according to the rules that you have already learned.

The workers have left early today.اليوم ا باكر( العمال غادر .لقد

The patient has had the medicine. ) الدواء ) المريض تناول أخذ .لقد

Translation of Verb ‘Have’

Problem 2: ‘Have’ as a main verb: different meanings:

Many students translate ‘have’ into one version only, that is: (يملك), when it is the main verb of the sentence. This is only one of its several meanings, and students are advised to be careful at translating it.

Translation of Verb ‘Have’

Solution: students should understand ‘have’ as a verb of several meanings. Here they are:

1. she has money./ (هي) / / / نقود معها نقود لديها نقود حوزتها في نقود عندها نقود(ا تملك

(all these translations are possible, but the last one may be the most common, while the first one could be the least common.)

2. she has her breakfast at 7 o’clock everyday.يوم تتناول كل السابعة الساعة عند فطورها .

Translation of Verb ‘Have’

3. She has the tablets on time. ) تتناول ) ( تأخذ المحدد ) الوقت في الدواء أقراص الحبوب .

4. She has just had the ticket.على للتو حصلت التذكرة .

5. She had a telephone call this morning.الصباح ) ( تلقت هذا (ا هاتفي اتصاال( هاتفية مكالمة .

6. She has to speak two languages.عليها بلغتين يجب تتحدث أن .

Translation of Verb ‘Have’

7. She had a nice holiday.جميلة قضت عطلة .

8. Have a good journey./ استمتع جميلة لك برحلة ممتعة أتمنى رحلة .

9. Have a bash.جرب/ حظكحاول .

What helped students distinguish between these meanings of “have” is the consideration of the word immediately after it (i.e. its object). Together with its object, ‘have’ make a special combination in Arabic (i.e. collocation). For instance, although we can say « نقود(ا » we cannot say , «يملك دواء or «يملك« هاتفية مكالمة .etc , يملك

Revision

Translate the following:You have to study now. She has a beautiful house. Have a nice weekend.My friend’s father was killed in the war. There is a pen on the desk.A knife is for cutting. Sugar is an important source of energy.The contract was signed by the two parties.My dress was made in Italy.Rice is grown in India.

Phrasal verb

a phrasal verb is a combination of verb and one or more adverbs or prepositions, as catch on, take off, or put up with, functioning as a single semantic unit and often having an idiomatic meaning not predictable from the meanings of the individual parts.

Phrasal Verb Meaning(s) Example

Bring about Cause a speech that brought about a change in public opinion.

Bring up Raise children  Mention/introduce a topic

*She brought up five children. *bring it up at the meeting

Call back Return a telephone call I’ll call you back.

Call off Cancel The game was called off because of bad weather.

Call on Visit Ask a student to answer a question in class

*Let's call on Mrs. Franklin this afternoon.*The teacher called on me, but I was not ready to recite. 

Call up Call on the telephone I called him up to ask if he was free for lunch.

Check in Register The airline requires you to check in at least an hour before your flight.

Check into Investigate I don't know when they open but I'll check into it.

Check out Borrow a book from the library  Investigate

*If you don't finish that book before the library closes, you will have to check it out.* It's something we all have to be concerned with. Check it out.

Drop by Visit Be sure to drop by the next time you're in the area.

Drop in (on)

Visit informally *We'll drop in and see how you're doing tomorrow. *Should we drop in on our neighbors tonight?

Drop off Leave something for someone  Take someone or something to a particular place

You left your jacket, but I can drop it off on my way to work tomorrow. I’m about to leave. Can I drop you off somewhere on my way home? 

Get along (with)

To have a good relationship

Do you think the cats and dogs will get along if we put them in a cage together?Those two just don't get along.

Get back (from)

Return from somewhere

What time did you get back last night?

Get off Leave any vehicle Let's get off the train at the next stop.

Get in Enter a car We opened the door of the car and got in.

Get on Enter any vehicle The bus stopped, and I got on.

Get through Finish It took me a week to get through the book.

Get up Arise from bed, a chair, etc.

I usually get up early.

Give back Return something to someone

Could you give me my pen back?

Give up Stop doing something She didn’t give up work when she had a baby.

Hand in Submit an assignment I forgot to hand in my test paper.

Hang up Stop a telephone conversation Put clothes on a hook or hanger

*Please hang up the phone. 

*Please hang your jacket up in the closet.

Keep out (of) Not enter The lid keeps the flies out of the jar.

Keep up (with) Stay at the same position of level

Don't work so fast. I can't keep up with you.

Look after Take care of Please look after my little boy.

Look into Investigate I'll have to look into that matter.

Look out (for) Be careful If you don't look out, you could fall on the ice.

Look up Look for information I forgot her phone number, so I looked it up on the Internet.

Pass away Die His aunt passed away last month.

Pass out Distribute Faint - lose consciousness

*Please pass these out to everyone.*When he got the news, he passed out.

Pick out Select We went to the video store and picked out a movie to watch.

Pick up Go to get someone Please come to my office and pick me up at noon.

Put off Postpone I have to put off our meeting until a later time.

Put on Get dressed Don't forget to put on a warm coat.

Put out Extinguish a fire He put out the fire with flour.

Put up with Tolerate I will not put up with your bad behaviour any longer!

Run into Meet by chance We ran into some old friends at the store.

Run across Find by chance He ran across her name in the phone book.

Run out (of) Finish a supply of something

I think we've run out of toothpaste.

Take after Resemble She takes after her grandfather in her talent for design.

Take off Remove clothing Leave on a trip 

Leave the ground

*She took her coat off.  * We took off for Moscow early in the evening.

*The plane took off on time.

Take over Take control The new manager will take the office over next week.

Take up Begin a new activity

When did you take this hobby up?

Turn down Decrease volume Please turn the radio down.

Turn in Submit work (class work) Go to bed

*I turned my application in before the deadline.*I turned in early last night.

Turn off Stop a machine, equipment, light, etc.

Turn the TV off.

Turn on Start a machine, equipment, light, etc.

Turn on the light.

Turn out Extinguish a light I turned the light out.

Turn up Increase volume Turn up the radio, please.

Revision

Fill in the blanks using the following verbs in the appropriate form:drop by Pass out Put out check in

1. I entered the hotel, went to the registration desk, and______.

2. If you still have questions on the material, why don't you______ my office sometime, and we'll go over everything step by step.

3. ______these papers to everyone.4. ______that fire now, before it goes out of control.

Translate the following:The meeting was called off.When did you take this hobby up?I have to put off our meeting until a later

time.Let's call on Mrs. Franklin today.