II-NON –GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS:

There is no doubt that N.G.O's represent one if the emerging and contemporary International Relations .The number of N.G.O's has increased in thousands and their role has also effectuated to the degree that they were recognized not only by the UN but also by all other actors in International Relations.

A)-N.G.O's Definition:N.G.O's are usually defined as Non –

Governmental Organizations And Non – profit insituations based upon voluntary participations of its members who are linked by a common reforming union in the field of politics ,Economics, Development ,without being affiliated to any partisan, religion or ideological reference.

I.C.R.C, Human Rights Watch and International Amnesty are examples of I.N.G.O's.

B)-The role of N.G.O's in International Relations:

The role played by the N.G.O's in International Relations takes many different forms as the following:

-Submitting consultations to I.G.O through participating in meeting and sessions of organs of the I.O in addition to participation in the conference held under the sponsorship of I.G.O

Ex. Many N.G.O's enjoy the consultative status in the Economic and social council of the UN.

Hundreds in not thousands of N.G.O participated in the UN conference on Earth summit in 1992 in Rio De Janero .1995 Becjin conference on women ,1994 Cairo conference on population and Development ,2001 conference on Anti-Racism.

-Communicating governments and protest to them in relation to economic and cultural side effect of globalization.

Ex. Demonstrations led by N.G.O's anti W.T.O,I Monetary Fund , I. Bank ,American Intervention in Iraq.

-Participating in the preparation and formulation of I.O collective agreements dealing with sophisticated international issues and problems (Human Rights , environment and climatic change , mass destructive, weapons…)

-Participating governments in international negotiations dealing with international problems. Representatives of N.G.O are included in the official delegation of the states such as negotiations.

As a matter of fact the increasing and effective role of N.G.O's led some to call upgrading the consultative status of I.N.G.O's to be recognize as a person of International law , not only an actor in international relations.

C)-Challenge undergone by I.N.G.O's:

N.G.O's faces some challenge that more or less affects their effectively in international manifestations of such challenges run as the following:

1 )The participation of N.G.O's in the work and debates of I.GO's is limited only to consult and never extends to decision –taking

2 )Ambiguity and un clarity of standards of accountability of N.G.O's weather they are able to international law to national laws.

N.G.O's might be manipulated and influenced by some governments I.O or even some multi-national companies, which usually contributes financial assistance to non –G.O's in many countries.

*It remains to mention that irrespective of mistakes and side-effects by the work of N.G.O's their increasing and effective role still constitutes an outstanding and remarkable phenomena in contemporary international relations.