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© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-1
INVENTORIES AND THE COST OF GOODS SOLD
Chapter
8
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-2
InventoryInventory
Goods ownedand held for sale
to customers
Goods ownedand held for sale
to customers
Current asset
Current asset
Inventory DefinedInventory Defined
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-3
INCOME STATEMENT
Revenue Cost of goods sold Gross profit Expenses Net income
As purchase cost (or manufacturing costs) are incurred
as goods are sold
BALANCE SHEET
Current assets: Inventory
$ $
$
The Flow of Inventory CostsThe Flow of Inventory Costs
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-4
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Entry on Purchase Date
Inventory $$$$
Accounts Payable $$$$
Entry on Sale Date
Cost of Goods Sold $$$$
Inventory $$$$
In a perpetual inventory system, inventory entries parallel the flow of costs.
The Flow of Inventory CostsThe Flow of Inventory Costs
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-5
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Entry on Sale Date
Cost of Goods Sold $$$$
Inventory $$$$
When identical units of inventory have different unit costs, a question naturally
arises as to which of these costs should be used in recording a sale of inventory.
Which Unit Did We Sell? Which Unit Did We Sell?
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-6
A separate subsidiary account is maintained for each item in inventory.
A separate subsidiary account is maintained for each item in inventory.
How can we determine the unit cost for the Sept. 10 sale?
Item LL002 Primary supplier Electronic CityDescription Laser Light Secondary supplier Electric CompanyLocation Storeroom 2 Inventory level: Min: 25 Max: 200
Purchased Sold Balance
Date UnitsUnit Cost Total Units
Unit Cost
Cost of Goods Sold Units
Unit Cost Total
Sept. 5 100 30$ 3,000$ 100 30$ 3,000$ Sept. 9 75 50 3,750 100 30 3,000
75 50 3,750 Sept. 10 10 ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ?
Inventory Subsidiary LedgerInventory Subsidiary Ledger
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-7
Specific identification
LIFO
Average cost
FIFO
We use one of these inventory valuation methods to determine cost of inventory sold.
Inventory Cost FlowsInventory Cost Flows
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-8
Cost of Goods Available for SaleAug. 1 Beg. Inventory 10 units @ 91$ = 910$ Aug. 3 Purchased 15 units @ 106$ = 1,590$ Aug. 17 Purchased 20 units @ 115$ = 2,300$ Aug. 28 Purchased 10 units @ 119$ = 1,190$
Retail Sales of GoodsAug. 14 Sales 20 units @ 130$ = 2,600$ Aug. 31 Sales 23 units @ 150$ = 3,450$
The Bike Company (TBC)
Information for the Following Inventory Examples
Information for the Following Inventory Examples
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-9
Specific Identification Specific Identification
When a unitis sold, the
specific cost of the unit sold is added to cost of
goods sold.
When a unitis sold, the
specific cost of the unit sold is added to cost of
goods sold.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-10
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$
On August 14, TBC sold 20 bikes for $130 each.
Nine bikes originally cost $91 and 11 bikes originally cost $106.
On August 14, TBC sold 20 bikes for $130 each.
Nine bikes originally cost $91 and 11 bikes originally cost $106.
Continue
Specific Identification Specific Identification
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-11
The Cost of Goods Sold for the August 14 sale is $1,985, leaving $515 and 5 units in inventory.
The Cost of Goods Sold for the August 14 sale is $1,985, leaving $515 and 5 units in inventory.
Continue
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 9 @ 91$ = 819$
11 @ 106$ = 1,166$ 515$
Let’s look at the entries for the Aug. 14 sale.
Specific Identification Specific Identification
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-12
Continue
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Aug. 14 Cash 2,600
Sales 2,600
14 Cost of Goods Sold 1,985
Inventory 1,985
RetailRetail
CostCost
A similar entry ismade after each sale.
A similar entry ismade after each sale.
Specific Identification Specific Identification
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-13
Additional purchases were made on August 17 and 28.
Costs associated with sales on August 31 were as follows: 1 @ $91, 3 @ $106, 15 @ $115, & 4 @ $119.
Additional purchases were made on August 17 and 28.
Costs associated with sales on August 31 were as follows: 1 @ $91, 3 @ $106, 15 @ $115, & 4 @ $119.
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 9 @ 91$ = 819$
11 @ 106$ = 1,166$ 515$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,815$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 4,005$
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 9 @ 91$ = 819$
11 @ 106$ = 1,166$ 515$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,815$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 4,005$ Aug. 31 1 @ 91$ = 91$
3 @ 106$ = 318$
15 @ 115$ = 1,725$
4 @ 119$ = 476$ 1,395$
Continue
Specific Identification Specific Identification
Cost of Goods Sold for
August 31 = $2,610
Cost of Goods Sold for
August 31 = $2,610
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-14
Balance Sheet
Inventory = $1,395
Income Statement
COGS = $4,595
1 @ 106$ = 106$ 5 @ 115$ = 575 6 @ 119$ = 714
End. Inv. 1,395$
Specific Identification Specific Identification
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 9 @ 91$ = 819$
11 @ 106$ = 1,166$ 515$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,815$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 4,005$ Aug. 31 1 @ 91$ = 91$
3 @ 106$ = 318$
15 @ 115$ = 1,725$
4 @ 119$ = 476$ 1,395$
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-15
Since specific identification is so
easy, can’t we use it all the time?
Not really. Specific identification is hard to use
when we sell a lot of inventory that has lots of
different costs.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-16
Cost of Goods Available for
Sale
Units on hand on the date of
sale÷
Average-Cost MethodAverage-Cost Method
When a unit is sold,the average cost of each unit
in inventory is assigned to cost
of goods sold.
When a unit is sold,the average cost of each unit
in inventory is assigned to cost
of goods sold.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-17
On August 14, TBC sold 20 bikes for $130 each. On August 14, TBC sold 20 bikes for $130 each.
Continue
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$
The average cost per unit must be computed prior
to each sale.
The average cost per unit must be computed prior
to each sale.
Average-Cost MethodAverage-Cost Method
$100 = $2,500 25$100 = $2,500 25
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-18
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 20 @ 100$ = 2,000$ 500$
Continue
The average cost per unit is $100.
The average cost per unit is $100.
Let’s look at the entries for the Aug. 14 sale.
Average-Cost MethodAverage-Cost Method
$100 = $2,500 25$100 = $2,500 25
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-19
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Aug. 14 Cash 2,600
Sales 2,600
14 Cost of Goods Sold 2,000
Inventory 2,000
Continue
RetailRetail
CostCost
A similar entry ismade after each sale.
A similar entry ismade after each sale.
Average-Cost MethodAverage-Cost Method
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-20
Additional purchases were made on August 17 and August 28.
On August 31, an additional 23 units were sold.
Additional purchases were made on August 17 and August 28.
On August 31, an additional 23 units were sold.
Continue
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 20 @ 100$ = 2,000$ 500$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,800$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 3,990$
Average-Cost MethodAverage-Cost Method
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-21
$114 = $3,990 35$114 = $3,990 35
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 20 @ 100$ = 2,000$ 500$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,800$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 3,990$
Total Purchases 55Less: Sales to Date -20Units on Hand 35
Average-Cost MethodAverage-Cost Method
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-22
$114 = $3,990 35$114 = $3,990 35
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 20 @ 100$ = 2,000$ 500$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,800$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 3,990$ Aug. 31 23 @ 114$ = 2,622$ 1,368$
The average cost per unit is $114.
The average cost per unit is $114.
Average-Cost MethodAverage-Cost Method
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-23
Income Statement
COGS = $4,622
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 20 @ 100$ = 2,000$ 500$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,800$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 3,990$ Aug. 31 23 @ 114$ = 2,622$ 1,368$
Balance Sheet
Inventory = $1,368
$114 × 12 = $1,368$114 × 12 = $1,368
Average-Cost MethodAverage-Cost Method
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-24
Costs of Goods Sold
Costs of Goods Sold
Ending InventoryEnding
Inventory
Oldest Costs
Oldest Costs
Recent Costs
Recent Costs
First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-25
On August 14, TBC sold 20 bikes for $130 each. On August 14, TBC sold 20 bikes for $130 each.
Continue
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$
The Cost of Goods Sold for the August 14 sale is $1,970, leaving $530 and 5 units in inventory.
The Cost of Goods Sold for the August 14 sale is $1,970, leaving $530 and 5 units in inventory.
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 10 @ 91$ = 910$
10 @ 106$ = 1,060$ 530$
First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-26
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Aug. 14 Cash 2,600
Sales 2,600
14 Cost of Goods Sold 1,970
Inventory 1,970
RetailRetail
CostCost
ContinueA similar entry is
made after each sale.
A similar entry ismade after each sale.
First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-27
Additional purchases were made on Aug. 17 and Aug. 28.
On August 31, an additional 23 units were sold.
Additional purchases were made on Aug. 17 and Aug. 28.
On August 31, an additional 23 units were sold.
Continue
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 10 @ 91$ = 910$
10 @ 106$ = 1,060$ 530$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,830$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 4,020$
First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 10 @ 91$ = 910$
10 @ 106$ = 1,060$ 530$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,830$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 4,020$ Aug. 31 5 @ 106$ = 530$
18 @ 115$ = 2,070$ 1,420$
Cost of Goods Sold for August 31 = $2,600Cost of Goods Sold for August 31 = $2,600
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-28
Balance Sheet
Inventory = $1,420
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 10 @ 91$ = 910$
10 @ 106$ = 1,060$ 530$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,830$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 4,020$ Aug. 31 5 @ 106$ = 530$
18 @ 115$ = 2,070$ 1,420$
Income Statement
COGS = $4,570
2 @ 115$ = 230$ 10 @ 119$ = 1,190
End. Inv. 1,420$
First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-29
Costs of Goods Sold
Costs of Goods Sold
Ending InventoryEnding
Inventory
Recent Costs
Recent Costs
Oldest Costs
Oldest Costs
Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-30
On August 14, TBC sold 20 bikes for $130 each. On August 14, TBC sold 20 bikes for $130 each.
Continue
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$
Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$
5 @ 91$ = 455$ 455$
The Cost of Goods Sold for the August 14 sale is $2,045, leaving $455 and 5 units in inventory.
The Cost of Goods Sold for the August 14 sale is $2,045, leaving $455 and 5 units in inventory.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-31
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Aug. 14 Cash 2,600
Sales 2,600
14 Cost of Goods Sold 2,045
Inventory 2,045
Continue
RetailRetail
CostCost
A similar entry ismade after each sale.
A similar entry ismade after each sale.
Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-32
Continue
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$
5 @ 91$ = 455$ 455$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,755$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 3,945$
Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)
Additional purchases were made on Aug. 17 and Aug. 28.
On Aug. 31, an additional 23 units were sold.
Additional purchases were made on Aug. 17 and Aug. 28.
On Aug. 31, an additional 23 units were sold.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-33
Continue
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$
5 @ 91$ = 455$ 455$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,755$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 3,945$
Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$
5 @ 91$ = 455$ 455$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,755$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 3,945$ Aug. 31 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$
13 @ 115$ = 1,495$ 1,260$
Cost of Goods Sold for August 31 = $2,685Cost of Goods Sold for August 31 = $2,685
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-34
Date Purchases Cost of Goods SoldInventory Balance
Aug. 1 10 @ 91$ = 910$ 910$ Aug. 3 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$ 2,500$ Aug. 14 15 @ 106$ = 1,590$
5 @ 91$ = 455$ 455$ Aug. 17 20 @ 115$ = 2,300$ 2,755$ Aug. 28 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$ 3,945$ Aug. 31 10 @ 119$ = 1,190$
13 @ 115$ = 1,495$ 1,260$
Balance Sheet
Inventory = $1,260
Income Statement
COGS = $4,730
Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)
5 @ 91$ = 455$ 7 @ 115$ = 805
End. Inv. 1,260$
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-35
Inventory Valuation Methods: A SummaryCosts Allocated to:
Valuation Method
Cost of Goods Sold Inventory Comments
Specific Actual cost of Actual cost of units Parallels physical flow identification the units sold remaining Logical method when units
are uniqueMay be misleading for identical units
Average cost Number of units sold times the
Number of units on hand times the
Assigns all units the same average unit cost
average unit cost average unit cost Current costs are averaged in with older costs
First-in, First-out (FIFO)
Cost of earliest purchases on
Cost of most recently
Cost of goods sold is based on older costs
hand prior to the sale
purchased units Inventory valued at current costsMay overstate income during periods of rising prices; may increase income taxes due
Last-in, First-out (LIFO)
Cost of most recently
Cost of earliest purchases
Cost of goods sold shown at recent prices
purchased units (assumed still in inventory)
Inventory shown at old (and perhaps out of date) costsMost conservative method during periods of rising prices; often results in lower income taxes
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-36
Once a company has adopted a particular
accounting method, it should follow that
method consistently, rather than switch methods from one year to the next.
The Principle of ConsistencyThe Principle of Consistency
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-37
This inventory arrived just in time for us to use it in the manufacturing
process.
Just-In-Time (JIT) Inventory SystemsJust-In-Time (JIT) Inventory Systems
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-38
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Dec. 31 Cost of Goods Sold $$$$
Inventory $$$$
The primary reason for taking a physical inventory is to adjust the perpetual inventory records for
unrecorded shrinkage losses, such as theft, spoilage, or breakage.
The primary reason for taking a physical inventory is to adjust the perpetual inventory records for
unrecorded shrinkage losses, such as theft, spoilage, or breakage.
Taking a Physical InventoryTaking a Physical Inventory
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-39
Reduces the value of the inventory.
Reduces the value of the inventory.ObsolescenceObsolescence
Adjust inventory value to the lower
of historical cost or current
replacement cost (market).
Adjust inventory value to the lower
of historical cost or current
replacement cost (market).
Lower of Cost or Market
(LCM)
Lower of Cost or Market
(LCM)
LCM and Other Write-Downsof Inventory
LCM and Other Write-Downsof Inventory
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-40
Year End
A sale should be recorded when title to the merchandise passes to the
buyer.
A sale should be recorded when title to the merchandise passes to the
buyer.
F.O.B. shipping
point title passes to
buyer at the point of
shipment.
F.O.B. shipping
point title passes to
buyer at the point of
shipment.
F.O.B. destination point title passes to
buyer at the point of
destination.
F.O.B. destination point title passes to
buyer at the point of
destination.
Goods In TransitGoods In Transit
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-41
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Entry on Purchase Date
Purchases $$$$
Accounts Payable $$$$
In a periodic inventory system, inventory entries are as follows.
Note that an entry is not made to inventory.
Note that an entry is not made to inventory.
Periodic Inventory SystemsPeriodic Inventory Systems
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-42
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Entry on Sale Date
No entry to inventory.
Accounts Receivable $$$$
Sales $$$$
In a periodic inventory system, inventory entries are as follows.
Periodic Inventory SystemsPeriodic Inventory Systems
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-43
The inventory on hand and the cost of goods
sold for the year are not
determined until year-end.
Periodic Inventory SystemsPeriodic Inventory Systems
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-44
Specific identification
LIFO
Average cost
FIFO
We use one of these inventory valuation methods in a periodic inventory system.
Periodic Inventory SystemsPeriodic Inventory Systems
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-45
Computers, Inc.Mouse Pad Inventory
Date Units $/Unit TotalBeginning Inventory 1,000 5.25$ 5,250.00$ Purchases:Jan. 3 300 5.30 1,590.00 June 20 150 5.60 840.00 Sept. 15 200 5.80 1,160.00 Nov. 29 150 5.90 885.00 Goods Available for Sale 1,800 9,725.00$
Ending Inventory 1,200 ?
Cost of Goods Sold 600 ?
Information for the Following Inventory Examples
Information for the Following Inventory Examples
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-46
By reviewing actual purchase invoices,
Computers, Inc. determines that the 1,200 mouse pads on hand at year-end have
an actual total cost of $6,400.
Determine the cost of goods sold for the year.
Specific IdentificationSpecific Identification
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-47
Computers, Inc.Mouse Pad Inventory
Date Units $/Unit TotalBeginning Inventory 1,000 5.25$ 5,250.00$ Purchases:Jan. 3 300 5.30 1,590.00 June 20 150 5.60 840.00 Sept. 15 200 5.80 1,160.00 Nov. 29 150 5.90 885.00 Goods Available for Sale 1,800 9,725.00$
Ending Inventory 1,200 6,400.00$
Cost of Goods Sold 600 3,325.00$
Cost of Goods Sold$9,725 - $6,400 = $3,325
Cost of Goods Sold$9,725 - $6,400 = $3,325
Specific IdentificationSpecific Identification
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-48
Total Cost of Goods
Available for Sale
Total Number of Units
Available for Sale
÷
The average cost is calculated at year-
end as follows:
The average cost is calculated at year-
end as follows:
Average-Cost MethodAverage-Cost Method
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-49
Computers, Inc.Mouse Pad Inventory
Date Units $/Unit TotalBeginning Inventory 1,000 5.25$ 5,250.00$ Purchases:Jan. 3 300 5.30 1,590.00 June 20 150 5.60 840.00 Sept. 15 200 5.80 1,160.00 Nov. 29 150 5.90 885.00 Goods Available for Sale 1,800 9,725.00$
Ending Inventory 1,200 ?
Cost of Goods Sold 600 ?
Avg. Cost $9,725 1,800 = $5.40278
Avg. Cost $9,725 1,800 = $5.40278
Average-Cost MethodAverage-Cost Method
Computers, Inc.Mouse Pad Inventory
Date Units $/Unit TotalBeginning Inventory 1,000 5.25$ 5,250.00$ Purchases:Jan. 3 300 5.30 1,590.00 June 20 150 5.60 840.00 Sept. 15 200 5.80 1,160.00 Nov. 29 150 5.90 885.00 Goods Available for Sale 1,800 9,725.00$
Ending Inventory 1,200 6,483.00$
Cost of Goods Sold 600 3,242.00$
Ending InventoryAvg. Cost $5.40278 1,200 =
$6,483
Ending InventoryAvg. Cost $5.40278 1,200 =
$6,483
Cost of Goods SoldAvg. Cost $5.40278 600 =
$3,242
Cost of Goods SoldAvg. Cost $5.40278 600 =
$3,242
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-50
Costs of Goods Sold
Costs of Goods Sold
Ending InventoryEnding
Inventory
Oldest Costs
Oldest Costs
Recent Costs
Recent Costs
First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)
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Remember: Start with the 11/29
purchase and then add other purchases until you reach the number of units in ending inventory.
First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)
Computers, Inc.Mouse Pad Inventory
Date Units $/Unit TotalBeginning Inventory 1,000 5.25$ 5,250.00$ Purchases:Jan. 3 300 5.30 1,590.00 June 20 150 5.60 840.00 Sept. 15 200 5.80 1,160.00 Nov. 29 150 5.90 885.00 Goods Available for Sale 1,800 9,725.00$
Ending Inventory 1,200 ?
Cost of Goods Sold 600 ?
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Date Beg. Inv. Purchases End. Inv.Cost of
Goods Sold
Nov. 29 150@$5.90 150@$5.90Units 150
Now, let’s complete the table.
Now, let’s complete the table.
First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)
Date Beg. Inv. Purchases End. Inv.Cost of
Goods Sold1,000@$5.25 600@$5.25
400@$5.25Jan. 3 300@$5.30 300@$5.30June 20 150@$5.60 150@$5.60Sept. 15 200@$5.80 200@$5.80Nov. 29 150@$5.90 150@$5.90Units 1,200 600
Now, we have allocated the cost to all 1,200 units
in ending inventory.
Date Beg. Inv. Purchases End. Inv.Cost of
Goods Sold1,000@$5.25 600@$5.25
400@$5.25Jan. 3 300@$5.30 300@$5.30June 20 150@$5.60 150@$5.60Sept. 15 200@$5.80 200@$5.80Nov. 29 150@$5.90 150@$5.90Units 1,200 600
Costs $6,575 $3,150
Cost of Goods Available for Sale $9,725
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Completing the table summarizes the
computations just made.
First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO)
Computers, Inc.Mouse Pad Inventory
Date Units $/Unit TotalBeginning Inventory 1,000 5.25$ 5,250.00$ Purchases:Jan. 3 300 5.30 1,590.00 June 20 150 5.60 840.00 Sept. 15 200 5.80 1,160.00 Nov. 29 150 5.90 885.00 Goods Available for Sale 1,800 9,725.00$
Ending Inventory 1,200 6,575.00$
Cost of Goods Sold 600 3,150.00$
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Costs of Goods Sold
Costs of Goods Sold
Ending InventoryEnding
Inventory
Recent Costs
Recent Costs
Oldest Costs
Oldest Costs
Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)
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Remember: Start with beginning inventory and then add other purchases until you reach the number of
units in ending inventory.
Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)
Computers, Inc.Mouse Pad Inventory
Date Units $/Unit TotalBeginning Inventory 1,000 5.25$ 5,250.00$ Purchases:Jan. 3 300 5.30 1,590.00 June 20 150 5.60 840.00 Sept. 15 200 5.80 1,160.00 Nov. 29 150 5.90 885.00 Goods Available for Sale 1,800 9,725.00$
Ending Inventory 1,200 ?
Cost of Goods Sold 600 ?
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Date Beg. Inv. Purchases End. Inv.Cost of
Goods Sold1,000@$5.25 1,000@$5.25
Units 1,000
Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)
Date Beg. Inv. Purchases End. Inv.Cost of
Goods Sold1,000@$5.25 1,000@$5.25
Jan. 3 300@$5.30 200@$5.30100@$5.30
Units 1,200 100
Now, we have allocated the cost to all 1,200 units
in ending inventory.
Next, let’s complete the
table.
Next, let’s complete the
table.
Date Beg. Inv. Purchases End. Inv.Cost of
Goods Sold1,000@$5.25 1,000@$5.25
Jan. 3 300@$5.30 200@$5.30100@$5.30
June 20 150@$5.60 150@$5.60Sept. 15 200@$5.80 200@$5.80Nov. 29 150@$5.90 150@$5.90Units 1,200 600
Costs $6,310 $3,415
Cost of Goods Available for Sale $9,725
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Completing the table summarizes the
computations just made.
Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO)
Computers, Inc.Mouse Pad Inventory
Date Units $/Unit TotalBeginning Inventory 1,000 5.25$ 5,250.00$ Purchases:Jan. 3 300 5.30 1,590.00 June 20 150 5.60 840.00 Sept. 15 200 5.80 1,160.00 Nov. 29 150 5.90 885.00 Goods Available for Sale 1,800 9,725.00$
Ending Inventory 1,200 6,310.00$
Cost of Goods Sold 600 3,415.00$
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Errors in Measuring InventoryBeginning Inventory Ending Inventory
Effect on Income Statement Overstated Understated Overstated Understated
Goods Available for Sale + - NE NE
Cost of Goods Sold + - - +Gross Profit - + + -Net Income - + + -Effect on Balance Sheet
Ending Inventory NE NE + -Retained Earnings - + + -
An error in ending inventory in a year will result in the same error in the beginning inventory of the next year.
An error in ending inventory in a year will result in the same error in the beginning inventory of the next year.
Importance of an Accurate Valuation of Inventory
Importance of an Accurate Valuation of Inventory
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For interim financial statements, we may need to estimate ending inventory and cost of goods sold.
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Determine cost of goods available for sale.
Estimate cost of goods sold by multiplying the net sales by the cost ratio.
Deduct cost of goods sold from cost of goods available for sale to determine ending inventory.
Determine cost of goods available for sale.
Estimate cost of goods sold by multiplying the net sales by the cost ratio.
Deduct cost of goods sold from cost of goods available for sale to determine ending inventory.
The Gross Profit MethodThe Gross Profit Method
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In March of 2005, ChemCo’s inventory was destroyed by fire. ChemCo’s normal gross profit ratio is 30% of
net sales. At the time of the fire, ChemCo showed the following balances:
In March of 2005, ChemCo’s inventory was destroyed by fire. ChemCo’s normal gross profit ratio is 30% of
net sales. At the time of the fire, ChemCo showed the following balances:
Sales 31,500$ Sales returns 1,500 Beginning Inventory 12,000 Net cost of goods purchased 20,500
The Gross Profit MethodThe Gross Profit Method
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Goods Available for Sale: Beginning Inventory 12,000$ Net cost of goods purchased 20,500 Goods available for sale 32,500$ Less estimated cost of goods sold: Sales 31,500$ Less sales returns (1,500) Net sales 30,000$
Estimated cost of goods sold (21,000) Estimated March inventory loss 11,500$
Estimating Inventory The Gross Profit Method
The Gross Profit MethodThe Gross Profit Method
× 70%
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The Retail MethodThe Retail Method
The retail method of estimating inventory requires that management determine the value of ending
inventory at retail prices.
The retail method of estimating inventory requires that management determine the value of ending
inventory at retail prices.
Goods available for sale at cost 32,500$ Goods available for sale at retail 50,000 Physical count of ending inventory priced at retail 22,000
Information for ChemCoThe Retail Method
In March of 2005, ChemCo’s inventory was destroyed by fire. At the time of the fire, ChemCo’s
management collected the following information:
In March of 2005, ChemCo’s inventory was destroyed by fire. At the time of the fire, ChemCo’s
management collected the following information:
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The Retail MethodThe Retail Method
a Goods available for sale at cost 32,500$ b Goods available for sale at retail 50,000 c Cost ratio [a b] 65%d Physical count of ending inventory priced at retail 22,000 e Estimated ending inventory at cost [ c d] 14,300$
Estimating Inventory The Retail Method
ChemCo would follow the steps below to estimate their ending inventory using the retail
method.
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Measures how quickly a companysells its merchandise inventory.
Measures how quickly a companysells its merchandise inventory.
A ratio that is low compared to competitors suggests inefficient use of assets.
A ratio that is low compared to competitors suggests inefficient use of assets.
Inventory Turnover Rate =
Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory
Average Inventory = (Beg. Inv. + End. Inv.) ÷ 2Average Inventory = (Beg. Inv. + End. Inv.) ÷ 2
Financial AnalysisFinancial Analysis
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Measures how many days on average it takes to sell its
inventory.
Measures how many days on average it takes to sell its
inventory.
Avg. Number of Days to
Sell Inventory =
Days in the Year Inventory Turnover
Financial AnalysisFinancial Analysis
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Remember that identical companies that use different
inventory methods (e.g., FIFO and LIFO) will have
different inventory turnover ratios.
Accounting Methods Can Affect Financial Ratios
Accounting Methods Can Affect Financial Ratios
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End of Chapter 8End of Chapter 8