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The Economist, March 14 2002

Group GammaDavid Dürrenmatt, Inna Höhener, Michael Knuchel, Josiane Imhof, Christian Tschumi

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Global Positioning: Accuracy is Addictive

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Celestial guidance Landmarks Dead reckoning Map

Before GPS

Source: Wikipedia

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1957 1960 1973 1990 Today

A short history of GPS

Launch of Sputnik

Development of Transit

Combination of best features

End of accuracy restrictions

Source: www.bisbos.com Source: Wikipedia

32 artificial satellites orbiting above earth

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How it works

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Source: Garmin Corporation: Magellan

Pinpoint locationSPACE

SEGMENT

USER SEGMENTCONTROL

SEGMENT

HAND-HELD RECEIVER

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Science or technology?

Sputnik

Accuracy 25m, 15mins to get fix,

no continuous location

Science AND technology: Process of technical evolution

Quantum mechanics(Caesium clock)

Theories of special and general relativity

Pseudo-random codeto prevent jamming

Many applications in military and civil industry

Transit GPSCompeting

Efforts

Nature of ionosphere?Earth’s gravity field?

Consolidation,lead by Pentagon,

Significant investmentby US military

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Dopplershifts

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Bacon’s linear model…? Not really

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Basic Research

Applied Research

Technology

Diffusion

Innovation

Invention

Integrative model: Science and technology highly dependant

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“The better it gets, the more uses people find for it”

Self-perpetuating innovation - GPS today

Military applications Navigation Target tracking Search and rescue Nuclear detonation

detection

Civilian applications Automated vehicles Clock synchronization Fleet tracking Aircraft tracking Robotics

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Integration of scientific knowledge into technological project

Important role of funding source (Pentagon) Possibilities of / applications for GPS technology still

growing today

Take home messages

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Source: Navipedia