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DNA Transcription and Translation: The Central Dogma
The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by directing the synthesis of proteins
DNA directs protein synthesis in two stages, called transcription and translation
Protein Synthesis
DNA RNA protein
Transcription: RNA is made, under the direction of DNA◦messenger RNA (mRNA)
Translation: protein is made◦under the direction of mRNA ◦Occurs on ribosomes
Transcription and Translation
Transcription and Translation
Transcription:DNA-directs synthesis of RNA
RNA synthesis◦RNA polymerase pries DNA strands apart & hooks together the RNA nucleotides
◦Uses the same base-pair rules as DNA, except that RNA has uracil for thymine
Transcription
RNA is single stranded, not double stranded like DNA
RNA is short, only 1 gene long, where DNA is very long and contains many genes
RNA uses the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose in DNA
RNA uses the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) in DNA.
So, in RNA, A U and C G
RNA
Table 17.1
Translation: RNA directs synthesis of a protein (= a series of amino acids)
Translation: mRNA
◦Ribosomes◦rRNA◦tRNA ◦Codons (genetic code from DNA to mRNA)
Translation
Genetic information is encoded as a sequence of base triplets=codons
The Genetic Code
DNAmolecule
Gene 1
Gene 2
Gene 3
DNA strand(template)
TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
Protein
TRANSLATION
Amino acid
A C C A A A C C G A G T
U G G U U U G G C U C A
Trp Phe Gly Ser
Codon
3 5
35
Codons: 3 base code for a specific amino acid
There are 20 amino acids; most have more than 1 codon
One codon is used as a START signal: it is at the start of every protein
Universal: in all living organisms
The Genetic Code
The Genetic Code
Consists of a single RNA strand
Each tRNA has an “anticodon” on one end
tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosomes
The “anticodon” in the tRNA matches the codon on the mRNA
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A summary of transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell
Figure 17.26
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA is transcribedfrom a DNA template.
DNA
RNApolymerase
RNAtranscript
RNA PROCESSING
In eukaryotes, theRNA transcript (pre-mRNA) is spliced andmodified to producemRNA, which movesfrom the nucleus to thecytoplasm.
Exon
Poly-A
RNA transcript(pre-mRNA)
Intron
NUCLEUSCap
FORMATION OFINITIATION COMPLEX
After leaving thenucleus, mRNA attachesto the ribosome.
CYTOPLASM
mRNA
Poly-A
Growingpolypeptide
Ribosomalsubunits
Cap
Aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetase
Aminoacid
tRNAAMINO ACID ACTIVATION
Each amino acidattaches to its proper tRNAwith the help of a specificenzyme and ATP.
Activatedamino acid
TRANSLATION
A succession of tRNAsadd their amino acids tothe polypeptide chainas the mRNA is movedthrough the ribosomeone codon at a time.(When completed, thepolypeptide is releasedfrom the ribosome.)
Anticodon
A C C
A A AU G G U U U A U G
U A CE A
Ribosome
1
Poly-A
5
5
3
Codon
2
3 4
5
A mismatching of base pairs, at a rate of 1 per 10,000 bases.
DNA polymerase proofreads/repairs accidental mismatched pairs.
Chances of a mutation occurring at any gene is 1 in 100,000
Since the human genome is so large, mutations add up. Each of us inherited 3-4 mutations!
Mutations
Since we have about 6 billion bases of DNA in each cell, every cell in your body contains several mutations.
Most mutations are neutral: have no effect.
Only mutations in cells that become sperm or eggs—are passed on to future generations.
Mutations in other body cells only cause trouble when they cause cancer or related diseases.
Mutation Causes and Rate
Point mutations = only one base pair is involved.
Point mutations can significantly affect protein structure and function
Point mutations are caused by damage to the DNA from radiation, chemicals or occur spontaneously
Point mutations
Physical agents include high-energy radiation like X-rays and ultraviolet light
Chemical mutagens fall into several categories.
Most carcinogens are mutagenic and most mutagens are carcinogenic.
Mutagens
Tumor viruses cause cancer in various animals, including humans
About 15% of human cancers are caused by viral infections that disrupt normal control of cell division
All tumor viruses transform cells into cancer cells because the viral nucleic acid joins host cell DNA
Viral Mutagens
The change of a single nucleotide in the DNA’s template strand leads to the production of an abnormal protein
Sickle Cell Anemia is a point mutation
Point Mutation
Sickle Cell Anemia
Point mutations within a gene can be divided into two general categories◦ Base-pair substitutions◦ Base-pair insertions or deletions
Types of Point Mutations
Insertion and Deletion Mutations