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'. TEN-TH ARMY

PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE LEAFLETS

FIRED. IN ARTILLERY SHELLS

AND A·IR .'DR"OPPED

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'R:YUKYUS OPERATION ,

I :J APRIL - 21 JUNE 1945

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LIBRARY ARMED FORCES STAFF COllEGE :

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1. REPORT DATE 1945

2. REPORT TYPE N/A

3. DATES COVERED -

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Tenth Army Psychological Warfare Leaflets Ryukyus Operation

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

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5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER

5e. TASK NUMBER

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) American Forces

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER

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12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release, distribution unlimited

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES JFSC - WW II Declassified Records.

14. ABSTRACT

15. SUBJECT TERMS

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SAR

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b. ABSTRACT unclassified

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

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-L:&FLET X-l - ~,' j-Il;Lustrated Side:

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Upper left: J

"Stay away from airfieldS ~ tt

Upper rig.ht: "Keep away from roads ~"

Lower left: "Stay a way from military installations l"

Lower right: "Keep away from ainmuntion dumps!"

Center: "If you ignore these instructions; this sort of fate may befall you even though it 1 s unintenti onal. ;,

• " Reve'rse:

To Okinawan Evacuees: '- -

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'Those of you who are resigned to entering the American occupied area may do so during the day with safety. Do not enter the American occupied area and loiter around at night _ because we fear that you wi 11 be mi staken for a Japanese, so:}.o!1.er.

- . , Furthermore, be sure never to wear arms, military uni­

forms, leggings or other items of Japanese military equipment, for. you may be mistaken for a Japane se soldier. Those of you who, by ~ollowing the above instructions, come to the American occupied area dur ing the day and who place com.plete trust in the American Army, .will be given food, water end medical cere end ---yvU:l be treated wit h kindne ss.

Commander of American Forces

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LEAFLET X-2

-Illustrated Side:·

Caption: "Wi thonly old men and women, we cannot hope to rebuild Okinawa."

Reverse:

1:en of Okinawa! As you all knOW', mos t of Okinawa is now ·under 'contro'l of the .American Amy. Your parents, sis ters, and' children, who are und er the protection of tlie kind Americans, await your return with anxiety. Not only your familie s but the dome sti c animals that you left, be­hind are eagerly awaiting the ~eturn of their masters.

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Your familie s are findi ng it. di fficul t to return to 'normal living withou'b you young men. There are no teachers to' start schools for the children. Although sufficient medical' supplies are furnished by the American Army, there are no Okinawan doctors.' There are American doctors, but they do not und erstAIld the langua ge and therefore cannot give as good service as the American Army desires,

The duty Of the yo'ung Ulen of Okinawa is to return and work'for their families and ror Okinawa! There~ore, return to your families who are eagerly awaiting you .

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LEAFLET X-)

Photograph:

,Caption: . "This is the truthl Japanese receive the same .medic al treatment as Ameri cans."

Reverse:

Take off your. uniform, throw down your. weapons, 'Advance· with your arms upraised above your head. Come individually, not in groups. If you have a"safe-conduct pass"(i.~., "sur"'; 'render ticket"), wave it above your head.

Do not be afraid. If you try no tricks, 'We will give you_ kind, dignified treatment.

You will immediately be given food, water and medical attention.

You will be protected in a place of safety aijd there . awai t the end of the war.

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. , . LEAFLET X-4

Illustrated Side:

caption: "The American Army is the friend of all."

Reverse:

CIVILIANS~

If you follow these instructions, no unfortunate ac­cident swill befall you.

1. All men 50 ye ars of age orblder and all women and children will continue to live in their houses and caves as they 1]8 ve up to now'.

2. All men from 17 to 50 years of age will come to the American Army inrrnediately upon arrival of the American forces

. in their vicinity.

3. There will be no walking around at night. It is ab­solutely forbidden to approach the positions of the }~erican forces at night.

4. It is fQrbidden to wear army uniforms, school uniforms or any other kind of uniforms.

5. Stay away from roads as much as pussible.

6. If you mav e al'ong with the Japanese force s, or if you aid the Japanese forces, you will receive the same treatment as the Japanese forces.

Do not be afraid. The AmericBnArmy will treat every­one kindly and wlth dignity.

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Al th~ughiunerican troops, supp~'t~~<~y~::pow~rful ships and innumera ble- planes; hav~ landed -:Qn the'~?~o_I"~s~they, _ have no wi'sh to harm ,,:~.Q.f:_.na tlve~~' -Ame~~f);8~'i:~~~_,:f.l:gnti:n'g: Japanese troops, not natlves( c:~.:vil,ia~sL .- .. ' .. ,:~,:.i;;,.(~\.·, .' >,

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battle ar ea s -an d -< Jap~ne sel·ns ·talla ti a hs:'.an:~-:'.(;t.arle s ~. "Later, when the battle subside's, we-',wil1 give y6~-fQOd'~w&terj tobacco and medic 81 treatIIEnt. -Americ'(;ms a1'·e kind -sftd wiil. treat you well. _If you carry out the se . instructions·, you will be safe flnd happy. ',-

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LEAFLET x-6

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Illustrated Side:

Caption: "Come to" TAIRA and NAKAJIN for food, medical treatment an~safe shelt er. tt

Reverse:

TO RESIDENTS OF Mar OBU PENINSULA t

As all your compatriots who 'have already come over to the Americans have said, it is the polic y ·of the American goverIlIlEnt to treat all Okinawan civilians with kindne,ss and consideration. In line with that policy, the American govern­ment herewith issues these instructions which" if heeded faithfully, will benefit all citizens of Motobu Peninsula. If t,hese rules are not obeyed, the American gover!lIll8·nt caml0t guarantee. ydur safety. For your own benefit," follow these' instruc ti ons c'arefull'y:

1. All 'residents of Motobu Peninsula will immedi.ately advance along roads to TAIRA and NAKAJIN.

2. Travel' only be.tween the hours of <;>800 and 1700.

'3. Do not leave your children behind. Take them along and travel as a complete family unit. Bring as much food and clothing as you can.

4. Because we. fear that at night you may be mistaken ,for a Japanese soldier and.be shot, do not under any circumstances approach the American lines at night .

. 5. Do not wear clothe s that can be mistaken as uniforms of soldiers. Also, do no.t carry any weapons of any kind.

The American Ai:my will give you food, safe shefter and medical treatment at TAIRA and HP.KAJIN.

Come q uie kly to. TAIRA and NAKAJIN ~

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LEAFLET X-7

Text:

It has come to my. attention the.t a 'serious state of affair s·· has &risen directly affecting you Gkinawan civilians. In large measure this has been no fault of yours. Briefly there hav~ been instances where Japanese soldiers- have dis­carded their uniforms and, masquerading as civilians, h8ve 'entered civilie.n interrunent cam.ps under false pretenses.

. Because of this sfi~metul deception~ all civilian men are under e clolld of suspicion. Because of the unlawful pre­sence among you of disguised Japanese soldiers, we E1re forced to take stern :measures which affect all of· you.1[.1e must keep you under guard night and ay, restrict your movement s, and otht rwise prevent your resuming 8. normal family life and re­turning to your home s ~nd farms.

,Thus, the shameful conduct of a Japanese soldier who sneakingly hides hi s uniforms and poses as a ci vili&n to take advantage of the Araerican government's benevolent policy towards civilians reacts directly to your disadvantage. As long as such saldie rs are in your midst , innocent civilians will have to suffer restrictions .that otherwise need not be imposed.

It is illegal for a civilian to conceal hi s knowledge of the id entity of masquerading soldie rs. The civi lian who fails to report such knowledge to the authorities is violating his duty to the l£lw and to his family.and 1-11s community. Ja­panese soldiers in the camps who voluntarily come forward and identify themselves within 24 hours of the posting of this' notice will be transferred to special camps for Japanese mili­tary men, and will not be punished.

Therefore, I command you civilians to \:·reveal the. iden­tities of all Japanese soldiers hiding among you who do not give themselves up during the 24-hour period. This informa­ti on you must report immedi ately. to th e authori tie s in charge of your camp.

I,oeal COIIll!Bnd er U.S. A:rmy Forces Okinawa Shima

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LEAFLET X-8

Text:

On April 7th, a patrol of the AmericanSevent·h Division while advancing along a road, came upon the body of a Japanese soldier. A quick irispecition proved that he was still alive. Quickly, first aid·treatment was applied, and the patrol leader had two of his men escort the Japanese soldier back to a place of safety behind American lines. rrhere he was given further medi­cal treatment. Two days .later, in ·talking to an Ameri­can language of fic.er, the Japane se soldier said that he had been a stonis hed when he had awakened to find himself in a place of shelter. He lladexpected, he 'said, that ' Americans killed all Japanese, and that they certainly would. torture any defenseless Japanese soldiers who fell into their hands. .

The notion thet the American Army would submit to indignities any Japanese soldiers who, weakened by day after day of incessant bombEtrdment, feverish from lack of food end water, and weary with exerti on in t he cause of Japan, have fainted in exhaustion is another of the lies foisted upon you by the militarists~ You can be assured that unconscious Japanese so'ldiers who fall into our hands will be treated as th~ brave 'warriors they are.

Do not believe the lies perpetrated by the militarists .

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LEAFLET X-9

Illustrated Side:

Caption: "Mercy Knows No Enemy"

Reverse:

Muny Japanese soldiers who have become uncon":' scious during an engagement 11a ve al ready been received by American forces on this islElnd. In the furious battle s on this island, many so Idiers have become shell­shocked and stunned, and were therefore una bl e to re­sist capture.- Everyone of them was despatched irnuedi­ately to the rear f or roo di cal treatment. The re they have been given shelter, clothing, hot food and H'tJ}:1ANE TREATMENT. '

These soldiers have been amazed at American kindness and generosity. As one soldier said:

"Japanese propagc~nda is decidedly inaccurate and I feel it my duty to mention the unexpectedly kind treatment, Wilich actually astounded me. When I noted the thorough medical treatment accorded our wounded I felt keenly tlH;t from none but your country (Americ.a), renowned for its wealth, would such facilities be possible. The kind treatment rendered by the doctors illid corpsmen was such thut might be expected from aCt.1uaintances of long standing and not that of an enemy country."

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LE.AFtET X-IO

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Text:

PROCLAMATION TO THE CIVILIANS OF OKINAwA FROM THE COMIv'lANDER IN CHIEF OF THE MlliRIC.i\.N FORCES.

American's objective in this battle is to render the Japanese military powerless and NOT TO Iffim~ CIVILIANS. Therefore it is your duty and to your benefit to follow these instructions:

1. When the American forces approach, go well to the rear of the Japanese 'troops and seek safety.

2. When seeking shelter, do not remain with or near Japanese troops.

J. Never resist American troops anywhere. Remember, they intend no harm to YOll.,

4. Wear light-colored clothing so that you may be easily identifie~.

5. Do not go through tile American lines until so ordered by the Cownander inOhief of the American Forces.

6. Wait for further instructions as to time, piace Bnd means of crossing. These instructions will be given when the time is ready,. Do not cross until you receive them.

7. In all event s, never approach the American lines at night.

Those civilians who val ue their lives will 'follow these instructions.

PASS THE VifORD AROUND.

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LEAFLET X-ll ------------------~-----------

Illustrated Side:

Photograph of Mt. Fuji in blue with superimposed caption: liThe lofty snow-capped Fuji stands as though "Qeckoning to you. 1I

Reverse Side:

~".y DEAR NATIVE HOME

There lies my peaceful homc--green hills and flowing streams. And the:te awaits my wife, children an0. aged. parents.

Nry DEAR NATIVE Hmm

The lofty snow·-capped Fuji stF.mds as :ii' beckoning.

* * * * * *- * * * * '

Here on the isL:md of Okinawa, completely isolated from your home- ' land, you fight a futile wa'r which the militarists of Japan started. Here you fight to die; there (in Japan) they live enjoying the gloriec: and beauties of the four seasons. Their children and wives enjoy their love and care.

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LEAFLET,~X~-1~2~ ______________________ ~ ____________________________ _

Text:

PEOPLE OF OKINAWA

Follow our instructions and you will receive kind treatment from the American forces. You can bring an end to the fear and famine and disease and misery which you now suffer. You can receive food, water, shelter, and med­ical attention from the American forces. Those are the instructions which you must follow:

1. Come out of your cavos and other hiding places at once, all .of you.

2. Come in groups, brini;ing with you only those possessions 'N'hich you can r Gad i1 y carry.

3. Follow the roads and head for the nearest point on the seacoast highway.

4. Travel only durinG the daytime and never in company with Japanese soldiers. If you move about at nizht or assoch'l.te in 'lny way with Japanese soldiers you will be in great danger of being shot as a. soldier.

5. When you see .Alneric9.n soldiers,· do not be afraid, do no.t run, do not make any suspicious move. Stop Bnd call out and wait. The American solditrs will take you to a place of safety where you will receive food, water, shelter,. and medical attention.

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"nON'T LEAN-YOUR LADD:::;R AGILINST'iL CLOUDu •

Do you thinl~ that. a fC\'1 hundrod suicide upits C:;l.n dQstroy, the powcrf':ll fleet and air forces of ·the Vnitqd States? Can they e,ttain vic"ti0tY i"n figli.ting against tho combj;ncd navy and' ~~!r forcos of Eng+and, Hbllo.nd" l~W3tra1ia", ~l'?-d Fro.nco?

3vory day tho Japo.noQo ~uicidq pla.nos ~:r-o clestr-oycd at the fo.ctories in Japo.n, i-1nnchuria, and Chino., by +o.rg() An).;ri9an air raids., Enormous air forcoo, arc at.to.cking Japo.ncse airfields, dcstroiing plo.nco, 'ane. kj,.ll~ng Llo.ny wo.r.]:"ioro, of the suicide unite·. '

h'hon \'lith grent difficulty Jq.pan io r.b~c to dispo.tcheuici90 units~: a : huge force of airoro.ft oo.:rriero ip.tor~ept ~'\"ld' oho9t uo\'m c.lmoat all of thorn,. Tho 'fO'iI that aro ~oJ!lotimoo ablet~o.p})rqo.ch ~heir tqrgeto a.rb attMkod by e great nUl..'1lbcrs of ouporior planos ,'Ihieh,o.ro bo.oed ~hcr.:,. If,thoy "arc able to', OD~ capo thoso highly okillod. Amorica1i. piloto .• ' they' fac'e anti-nircr,aft fire so " ' hoa.vy t.hnt only by a miro.clo. c.c.ri ,o.ny pl,n.no ?~r.y~ vo' and penetrate, it, Hoot of: ' ' theoe planee tH!.)t a.ro t\:blo'io' ovorcotle tnooc hazards c::'..hnot,.'f.,ill'd.thoir tOot ..

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LEAFLET::' »-14

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It: is the cornman talk among Japanese- tz:oops now under- the pro"tection of the US-Fbrcreo that they woro groatly hinderod in making their deCision to surrender qymisleading Japanoso propo.go.ndu to tho affect tho.t. all . .L':'.po..neoo would b:) torturod r.md killed r,egard 1000 of oox. Upon ourrendering, tho prioamoro roo.lizod tho.t tho propago..ndn. \"IC.O fdoo o.nd indeod n.nabourd otory. Tho Iooling of rolief o.nd rojoicing co.n be ooen in thoir fo.ceo •.

. '. Tho following WD.O vo lunta.ri ly Vlri tton by a. BOEITAI (ConGcript~, Labor' Uni t) mombor to rolay tho truo picturo to you \-Iho c.rcundorgoing hardohipo" minlorl.' by Jo.pano.::Jo propo.go.nda:

'. "! o.m roco!. ving good troatment undor the protoction of tho AmeriC~ Forcor1, I am am OKINAWA BOEITAI lllembor and I W('.a 11 ving in NAHA. un'~i1 I enterod the 30EITAI It:wt yonr. I had boon \'fQrking at YONTAN •. Wo t,,:, woro woundod by tho bor.tbardtlont a.cconpo.nying tho .Al:1erican lr:mdingo,' but 'vTO woro reocued by tho US ForcGo. Prior to thQ landing of tho US, F'6rcoo, wo woro O:lwo.yo b1c; that '!Thori o.nd if tho Amcricnno ohould lc.nd, ovory bot JnprmeoQ 'vT·::JUldbokillod. Thio propaganda. io entiro1y f"loo. My (;onradeoJ Thio OKINANAOporo.ti0ri io ,hope10oo. I beliove that Undero·uch circu,":lotancoo it w0ulc. bo bettor t::l corio into tho l\.rnori·cnn'linoa ono dny oeJonor. At prot.Jont tho people -::>f OKINAVIA nre loo.ding ho.ppy liven under tho protoction -::>f tho Ar.lOrico.n Forceo •. 1l

By cOY.1plying with tho fQ Howing, pCroQno ::lUrrendering to the US ForceD have nothing to foo.r:

1. Diopooo of 0.11 nrl:J.O nnd atllJuni tion •.

2. Raioe b:jth ,ho.ndo high c..b;)ve thehec.d, CO,'le Qut wwing oi ther c. wBi to cloth or thin aheot of po.por.

5~ Sslcct open OPo.coo. Do thio ''lith-out hooito.tion nlone or no 001'9 tht\n groupo of throe.

4. Never approach US linea during the houro :)f do.rkneoG ..

5" Any hour dur~ng do.ylight io oui tl\ble but the 1:100t !lppr~priS,te houro ;;.ro o.ftor dawn.

6. Bocause caveo' and other plo.ccs of hidin8 will be b1o.stod by f1aoo .. thrQworo o.nd to.nk o.rtillery, pero:mo hiding in ouch plo.ceo oh-::>uld~ cone -::>ut lLn::,ediatoly whenever US trClopo r.pprQo.ch. If nQt you will :, be killed by f1c.wing oil oryQu will fMo 0. niooro.b10 ngonizing 1o.&-t-h.,

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~ "-*,T!I .. ,- (DLUustrati.Olll)

eonfe~ing at the San: F-rancisc.ClJ Conference are (left to right ):. British Foreign Minister Eden'" U .S~ Secretary of State StettiniuSi, Russian Foreign; Commissar MolotClW, and Chinese Minister Sacngf}

CRev,ers:.a)

America is now at war. b.ecause she was attacked without warning, at Pearl Harllar. Then, as now t • .America desired peace and an opportunity to achieve economic progrcas; and prosperity by trading freoly V1ith tha rest of the.. world.

But, against her 'lill, Americ.a· is at war. Because of the g;laa.:b: auf .. :Cering,. croat-.: and destructiofr of uar. America. and her allies are daterminec1.

that wars shall never again disturh hUIDllIl: happiness and the e our se, of. pr.a­greB..ao With all her manpower" riches" and arms" the. United. S~ates d0stroyed:. German and Italian. militarism and at present is destroying ~~~~nese mili­tarism. Furthermore t at San Francisco; more than 40 peD.ce~lC1Ving nat ions ara. meeting to create a. system of ... orld organizat ion in V1hich fa~rness and!> Jus.­tia..c" rather than forc,e ,. will be used to s.cttle disputes amon.g nat ions.

The ilIilCricans. do not seek. to defeat J.apan in order to enrich them­selvea. They are fight ing because they uerc attacked and no·w.nre striv-ing to end war for all time. Like Italy and Gcrnany, a defeated ]apan wi.1~ be permittcd to rebuild:: her destroyed cities and to rostore norr.l£l.l lifo. "ith a chanc.e to earn a respec.ted place for hersolf' in a. uor1.a. of pea.ce. , .

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LEAFLET X-15

Text:

TO JAPANESr!: PP'F!dERS

Durinp, the past few days, you have no doubt l1eard rumors of an AInetican offer to save the lives of tho remaining Japanese troops on Okinm1a Shima •. Since your 66mElandor-in-chief, Lt. Gone, Ushijima, has sho\1n a nega­tive reaction to this offor, it i8 imperative that hio officers learn the facts in order to O:void furthor UGeleS8 bloodshed.

The lett.qr \'1hich is reproduced on t.he reverso aide of this paper \'laS I

delivered to Lt~ Gon. Uohiji;~la nore than 48 hourG ago. He waG thuG ,givon Bufficient tim~ in 'vhich to cenoic1er the honorablo cmd hunrmo propoo0.1., His rosponGe haD been ouch as to condor.m you o.nd your [;10n to nioorab1e 2.nd UElO-'

1008 doa.th.

You officers \'/ho have been educc.ted .in r:i1ito,ry and \vorld history realize that tho comDunicCltion to Lt. Gon. Ushijino. \'rao prepo.rod in accord­anco\,/ith the highest hv:cmnitario.n traditiono of the civilized world .. The proposal ha.G countlQso precedento in hiotory. Siniliar proposal's have been accepted countleoa til:'.es by arny forccs in h::lpoloos pOOl tiena ouch 0.0 your own. The rece.nt Gurrender of r..1l Gernan ar;jioo .:1.n(\ c.ir Clnd naval forceD iG a conpelling precedent, bocau:lO Jo.pan and Ger,::::my ha.vo been po.rtnoro in thin \-'ar. You are likovrioo ml0.re of tho intelligent precondent. oet by Jo.paneoe i:lili tar;}, officers wh::l Ourrender'their nen to pr')vent needless l()so of lifo in tho RuoGo-Jo.pn..neoe \'Jo.r •. '

Since Lt. Gen. Uohijino. ho.o rofuGed to o.ccopt tho roop::moibi li t,y for the "Tolfare of hiD nen, tho 1u~lc:ricn.n co'.L:n.nder-in-chief has ordered thnt the 1u:iorican hte::o.ni tr..rir.m offer ohould' be extended to other 0fficers of tho Jnpnnooo f0rceo \'1ho nay foel· tho.t GU::lbo.;l:Jou /::lilito.ry cliquo/ and the 10c0.1 JQPcmoso CO!'.1rlnnd" by their paosivo and nego.tivo attitude, havo oontenc'ed ao1diero to futile, noo(11ooo deo..tlh,

• A vThite fInG ::>f truce will bo recognized ao 0. sign of y::>ur dooirc to

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nog::Jtic.te with tho An;)rico.ns. Thio ::>pportunity iG ::>fforc.:l to 0.11 Japaneoo officoro who wioh to oo.vo tho Ii vea of th)ir ooLliero o. It no VI is y:,ur reoponGibility',t::> do'cUe whether y::>u '"ill oo.crifice tho liveo of y~ur 1:1en for a vnin cauoo, ':)r will land theu to oo.i'ety within;tho'AnoriOnn'linoo";\'/horo tho.y will rcicoivo go::>d f::>od, nedical treatnont, end sheltero.

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HEAD"UAR'DERS 'IJEN]H .ARMY Office;) of th9 ([o'J:nc.ncline CGoncral

.APO ·157

10 :TUlle l!.945

FROM:. Liautenant eenerall a_a El... Buekner ~ J"r., (ll'ommanding GeneralJ.; U .. S .. ~enth A-rmy. and (D'Q'1l1lander-irr-(lliief, All1. ilmeriean Forees, Okinawa Shi:.no..

'1Q l L.ieutenant GeneralL USHLjThIA. Mitsur~, GbInrnnnding GeneralL, Jap.an­es.a T,.hirty-Sec.ond 4U'.my, Okinawa Shimo...

li. '!lhc fOrces. under your. C.orJffiand have fought bravely and wall, and. your infantry tnet ies have 'merited the resppet of your apponents. in the battle of· Okinawa Shima.

2. Like rnyseltf. you nrc nn infantry generalL long achoolcd and pro.:e ... t ieed in infantry wc:rfcrc. You fully know the pit iful pl ight of yeur de­fenso forc.es. You know that no ro.inforcements can r.eC\ch you. I. believe therefora, that You understand as cl.o~~rly ns It that the destruction of all. Japanese resistance on the island is merely 0. matter of days, and toot this wilL ontail'. the necossity of my killing tho vast mc.jority of your re­maining troops •

.3.. My forc.os now fir::tiy hold" and "ill c.ontinuc t:o hold, ~ar1y' all of Okinawa ShL.':la. so thD.t even o.t the presGnt t l.r:J.o it' is fulfilling ita funct ion. c..s an A":l€lrican baso of c.t:to.ck against the J'llpauese h()rl~lalll.d. Since '!our purpose in def~ndinG the 1sJlalild w~a to prev.ent .auch uae .. amd yo~ purpose has boon thwarted" you nrc nC'TI fonewing a course of resistance which is. of no value to the strr.,tegy of defense of the Japanese hO!!lCland. •. , and whioh, in fact. is furthor dopleting the reserve of physically fit young oen who oust rob1,li'ld Japnn nftor tho "livar. .

4. 1'.3 an info.ntry generalt., you conprohcnd that one of the most i..?:l­portnnt' duties in the code of milito.ry loadershipis that' of re~pansi­bility for the wolfc..re of one's ::::lone If there is any possible Oc;lans by . "hiah a aor.lr.1anding offic.er cen preserve the lives of his :.lcn after the auto.one of tAO b,nttlc .hp,s been docidod., it i$ his honor·bo1,lnd dy.ty 1to eo­ploy such nonns..

5. ..:uthcugh I wilL. prosecute every bnttle relentlessly until. f-i·nalL victory in this war has been won .. I ciso feel, that in ncmrdanco' vdth the hU:.1anitnrinn stnndexds of tho United states and the rcst of t hEl,' c.ivilized "orld, negotintions should be undertaken by you in.":1odiately so ttho.t the future welforo of your troops ::12.y be nssurcc1 .. rather .thl'.n that tthey. be killed to the lnst r.1nn in tho fut ilo defense of 0. lost cause. 'Dbe cos.:­sntion of ba1i:tlo by your fora.es. i7i11 bring c.redit to your nilit¢y j'Udg':' nellt and earn you the hu.":1blo thanks of all relatives and fricnd~ of yoU!: troops; tho prclongaticn of hcstUitics will only :"lc'1lign your f¥liliy nanG for all tine by branding yeu 0. goneral "ho, for selfish vanity alone, needlessly so.crificed thousands of bravo lives.. .

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6. - I a...'":l.thCU'eforc prepared to enter intO. nogotations >lith' you. Ne.got.1-at lOllS Day be 5.nit iato'd by you in the following !J8.nner: At: l!800 hours on tho coy :::'o.llo\dng y~ rocQip:ti of this letter, display a lnrgo white cloth" ·risll:llc i'l;'C~:l the ground and: ail!'" at the place ir. your line nearest: the wcst-.;Z'rr coast of Okina,;a Shima. T-his will be a. signed;. 1re Ilnerican forces to givesufo passage to your' representatives for nogot:i­at ion. i~,t thet t inc and plc.ae, I will pcr::lit- yot1,l:" c.cJc·gation, c:onsist ing of not nero than gjx persons, to acne through the ~inos on fc:t. Your rep.l!osentativf13.. wLU be .~rlad. tc -::w headquarters.. t:'hore I will ae,­quaint the::l with the r.1-'J.nnCl' in whio-h ordc:~J.y and honorable c.cssaticn of host il it ies ::.1O.y be arranGed .. Your doJa.gat ion will be) returned through tho lines at tho condusion: of this. !'.1ecting. You :.my bo assured that your pl!oposnla offered through your. stoff r,oprcsontutlvcs at the ::l(lcting will be. ·creo.ted viith tho respect< and ccnsidero.tion duo an offic:er of your r.e­putation and rank.

7. It is ho.rrUy neo-essary for l"lC to recnll to your ;::lind t'he in­atanaos in :the past i:here Japanese :-iilitary (to::no.nders,· in bot~ the fcudalL nnd nodern cretS of JCtpan,. hnve saved their. fora.es to prevent noedloss b~oodshcd after the battle hns boen doci(led. Hu.":lDnitnrian considerations shouLd inpeL. you to r.10.1;:0 tho SOl'.1e docdsion they did.

8. The English is the officio.~_ version of this con::lUni<i:at iOlIli.

s.:..B.. BUCIK.NER :Ir,. Lieutenant General, U.S.J~.

Gbn.:lallding. .

l1BRARY COLLEGt : ARMED FORCES STAff

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ium o£. you hnv;a seeni or AGard at the :ot~C}f whi.¢h liUS; mda to.. your aN'iCa-ra.dUring the :pa:a-t i1~'l'ha !Uncricro.n 'c~: oUr'ferod hanora;.bla, tarm:;t, .. 0Jf: 'ncgatiritiPll';·to nUL JapnncSQ.~Q£fi~~ra i1ho nished' to. pr.o.tec.it the lives:' of .. tho!r men. Akcady some' .~ficora; ac:~pO:nicd 'byenl.isted meIL Mve e,OInC;, eVer to the Amcri.can side on. Okillll:WU., '.I'hefro Oiffi~~ know that ~the JinoJi.outeamo of this., 00t.t10 hc..s>· ~ClCn: d.c;ided and. thd.t· c.oat.1nucd i"op£tnosO:;. rcii!fitnnc.c uould­s.crve. no.: useful purpose ana.. i1QUld!~ Qn."the:·:·a:.~tro:ry" wasto tho livqa '0£ ~:q~~

bodied J1n:nancsc soldiers vihoso. ~qmj.lios; o.nii :'uhose notion. n.:ccd thciratrength' nft'or this 17ar. Howev.er your affic:.crs hc.vo ref.u.;;ed .. to 'aecopt the American -o~fer~ o.ndore comoiuuing you c.rid.yo~ fellowaoldicrs: to needless death.

. ~rlt' o£~icer knows.. tho.thia, duty us Q.. l!.e.tJ.c.e~'is to~'.Putthe welr~.~ a o£ his.: meh: above hia oron porsono.l·~sirc'~~,The ol:;fie.ers who romnin uith you . .., and foro.e.. you ~9 continue futVe }·Q.sis~ do 8,0 bccau§a they put their own

scX:fish vnnity aba..va: your ~"'ldV'aa. Ask yburaclf thia questiona Does, this s.c.lfish leadership of your' of'fia.ors. norit your reSl).o,gt and ob£)diene.a? . .'. ,:;; .

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It: is; the duty of your offic.ars. to protect. you by not n1s:JLending y,:'Qu. and, to «:oro for you. H017Q..ver.. they have ref'Wt,ed to accept this. duty ~ failing to negotiD..to i1i thO us. But, •. tho .American cf'ier. of good f00d, noMen]. troatment •. ~1lll.d place of sheLter i~ ~hich you c:o:~ s.~folY o.i1o.it tho oDd 0'£ the uo.r ia extended to each or you.·Nol1 it is'your indivi-aunlL docis.ion, not your. oUic::.(tt>s·' .:: ,.' . . "

YotlI'. \7orat enemes .. ore your. offie.ers·· .. ho nr'o tryiJ)g to. col:1I!1it you to dea.th .O'9-?:~.S9pora.tc you forc,yg't frotl'your b~.).oved tnnilies and hooes .•

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Gaptionc on reverse sidel "Think this over coretully.n:

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NEvVSPAPER XN-l

"Ry\1kyu Shuho" ".,

Format:

Single sheet, 8'~" X -nil, hlack on white. The masthead (upper right corner, first page) carries the words "Hyij.kyu Shuho" ("The Ryukyu W'Cjl.ekly News") superimposed on an outline map of Okinawa Shima. A photograph oJ Lt. Gen. Buc~er and a current. Rituation map of Okinawa Shima also appear on the first page, whil e a cartoon in: a forIil famil iar to Japanese readers appears at the foot of the second page.

Text:'

(The following is' a resume, re.ther than a full translation, of articles appearing in the newspaper.)

American forces continue advance on Okinawa, already hold three­fourths of the island-~Yamato, largest Japanese battleship, sunk in battle off Kyushu--Allies sweep across Germany; Berlin is encircl~--Large force of B-29s attack Tokyo; four B-29s lost--Pres ident Tru.rnan announce's he will be guided by Roosevelt policies; re~terates U.S. desire for a just peace after victory--Thousands of Okinawan civilians are under U.S. protection on this island; foo.d and clothing is being distributed to them--To date, Japanes0 losses in Pacific war exceed 865,000 (excluding:, l,psses in China); A.merican losses in all theatres are 166,000 for Army, 36,000 for ~avy-­Baseball season openR in the U.S.; Babe Huth and movie stars attend first game--Twenty American Nisei soldiers recoi ve Bronze Star 1~edal.

(Cartoon) Kabocha Taii and Omimi Heisotse (Captain Pu~pkin-head and Private Big Ears). There is a picture of Hitler at the threshold of the Hall of' Defeat. The officer asks whether Hitler is entering or leaving C'hairu ka" or "deru ka"). The prii.ratc immedi9,tely answers, "Yes, hairu Hitora ll

, a pun having both the meaning "Heil Hitler" l1.nd that Hitler is entering the Hall of Defeat •

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NEVYSPAPER XN-2

"Ryukyu Shuho" 6 Hay 1945'

Illustration:

A photograph of Hitler and Mussolini and a map showing the routes of Allied advances through Germany appear on the first page. On the reverse side there i~ a photograph of a wedding of a captured Japanese officer as well as a cartoon in a form familiar to Japanese readers.

Text:

(The following is a resume, rather than a full translation, of articles ap­pearing in the newspaper)

Hitler dies in Berlin; Admiral Doenitz takes over control of German government--Hussolini, former Italian dictator, exe0uted in Milan; jury convicts him and eighteen other fascist leaders of treason-~America~ troops slowly advance southward amiqst fierce fighting on Okinawa--Secretary of Navy Forrestal states that Japanese planes are it:1proving; says that the margin of Ai11erican superiority is slpwly diminishing--German resistal1ce crumbles on all fronts-··P,ussians take Berlin as British and American troops race through Germany--Stalin iss1'1es statement calling for post-war coopera­tion among nations; reiters,tes his desire for harmoni6us relations with' America and Britain--First wedding in Okinawa under military government; Japanese officer takes Ol!:inawan girl as bride--Movie star Joe E. Brown returns from European tour; praises fighting ability of 'Nisei troops in Italy and France--War against Japan to cost A..."llericans seventy .billion dol­lars annually--Late flash reports that all german troops ip Italy and Austria have unconditionally sur.rendered. .

(Cartoon) Captain Pumpkin-Read is unable to discover a means of fording a stream. Private Big-Ears suspenQs a fishing pole over the stream in the manner indicated. As the fish nibble at the bait, t.he soldiers promptly use the fish as an impromptu footbridge •

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NE\!\[SPAPER XN-3

"RyUh.7U ShiihC5" 9 May 1945

Text:

EXT R A ~

GERMANY SURRENDERS

Germany has surrendered unconditionally to the United States, Great Britain, Russia and. France.

This historic news was flashed to the world after the German Chief of Staff, General JodI, signed the unconditional surrender articles at General Eisenhower's cornmand post in France. The a.rticles were signed on 7 May at 0230, French time.

Events leading up to the unconditional surrender of Germany include the mass surrenders of German armies in Holland, Denmark" It,aly, Austria and northwestern Germany; 'the death of the dictators, Hitler and Mussolini; the fal1 of Berlin; the complete destruction of large Gern,an cities; an,d. the utter crushing of the German Navy and Air Forces.

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NENSPAPER X1'J-4

13 May 1945

Illustration:

A photograph of General ~MacArthur and Premier Suzuki appear on the first pag;e. On the reverse side there ts a photograph of Admiral Nimitz as well as a cartoon in a form familiar to Japanese readers.

Text: , ,

Germany surrenders; leaders plead for post-war cooperation--American 24th Division occupies Davao..:-Not much change in Okinawan situation as Americans continue slow advance--Chinese troops' fepel four-pronged Japanese drive 150 miles s01.'theast of Chunking--British enter Rangoon--New shake-up in Japanese cabinet; Suzuki assumes control--Ameri.can air power in Europe to be im.mediately transferred to PacHic--Japanese air units attack American hospital ship-­Allies des;~roying; Japanese planes faster than J8pan can produce them, says Nimitz--J9.panese artist wins Carnegie Foundation Art Prize--Iwo Jima based fighters attack Japanese homeland--Special Notice: Because of interest in the "Ryukyu Weeklyll, back-issues of a well-known Hawaii. Jc1.panese language newspaper vlill be distributed in the nea.r future.

(Cartoon) The three priva.tes are at attention with their paint cans ready as 'Captain Pumpkin-head' barks the· stern com..mand: "Camouflage 1" Two of the privates proceed to open their cans by orthodox means but Private Big Ears rams his rifle through the can with the result as indicated. The captain returns and pr~ises Big Ears highly for his speed.

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NEW"SPAPER XN - 5

"RyukyU Shi1hCi tl 20 May 1945

Illustration:

Photographs of Prime Minister Churchill and of an American casualty on Okinawa appear on the first page. On the reverse side there are photographs of President Roosevelt and of Shirley Temple as well as a cartoon stri;?

Text:

(The following is a resume, rather than a ful1 translation, of articles ap­pearing in the newspaper.)

500 B~29s raid Nagoya; Japanese fuel centers also hit in week of inten­.sive aerial activity--Tent.h Army makes gains in southern Okinawa--Chine~e troops battle into port of Foochow--British Fourteenth Army continues drive in Burma-­Six American divisions flushing out J8panese on Luzon and Eindanao--War Depart­ment announces plans for tra.'1sfer of' l\:I'lerican forces to Pacific--Nazi. U-Boats . surrender to Allies--Japanese statesman praises the) late President Roosevelt-- . Shake-up in Japanese navs.l command--Ivro Jima casual ties announced--Shirley Temple announces engagement.

(Cartoon) Captain Pumpkin Head and Private Big Ears are being bothered by an ' artillery barrage. "Some fireworks", exclaims the captain. Says Private Big Ears pointing to his red- badly bruised nose, "Here are the fireworks til

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28 May 1945

Photogr~h~ of Foreign COmmissar MOlotov -and Ad~iral Halsey appear on the first page. On the reverse si.dethere is ~.l. photogr.aph of Major General LEl lfi~y and Babe Ruth.

i, Text:

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(The following is a resume, rather t.i1a.n a full translation, of articles appear­ing in the nei>lspaper)

Heavy fighting continues on Oldna\·la.i Nalla and Shuri wi thin reach of American forcos--U.S. 7th Army Captures Four .i~.panese Gonernls--B-29's sow minee in Jap~~nesc harbors--Australian troops d·.pture Tarakan oil field-':"United

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.. Nations Delegates Drafting 1.¥Orld Cha:ter--U.3.1 !.Javy 's greate~t new war..ships S launched--Trapped Japanese force oncucled ao ~~~ndanao Crunpa~gn nea.~ close­

-Chinese forces recapture' Foochow--Babe Ruth o~pccts baseball to boom in world wido favor. \

Nows of the lJorld l Genoral Doo 1i ttlo predicts 2;')00 airpla.no raids on Jo.pan­Jo.pan mustoxpect more frequent bombings says ~.dorl3ocrctary Pat..torson--France will Clond t .... l0 infantry divisions against· Japan-'--Navy Department. announ­cos details of dCl.lllagos on bombed aircraft carrie.r I1Franklin"--Gorxnan prisionora in U.3. to be ropatri~tedo

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