© T. M. Whitmore

TODAY•R -> U migration continued•Development Geographies

Economic & Social indicators•Race and ethnicity

Spatial distributionsRace and society in LA

•ReligionCatholic traditionOthers

• Inter-Personal socio-cultural traits• Industrial history & geography

© T. M. Whitmore

Who migrates?•Age

•Gender

•Marital status

•Education level

•Personal

•Ethnicity

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How do migrants move?

•Migration patterns Role of information Role of social networksRole of “steps”Role of distance and costs

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Social Geography & Development: Wealth

•Average wealth in GDP (in PPP)/capitaWorld average ~ $9,940Lesser developed ~ $4,760-5,480USA ~ $44,260

© T. M. Whitmore

Social Geography & Development: Wealth II

•LA average GDP/capita ~ $8,630

•Extremes of GDP/capita in LA (< $5,000)Low

Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala Jamaica, Haiti (<$1,500!)Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay

> LA average GDP/capita (> $8,500)Costa Rica, MexicoArgentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay

© T. M. Whitmore

Percent population living on <$2/day

•World average > 50%

•Latin American average ~ 24%Countries with > 30%

Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador,

Jamaica, Haiti, Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay

Countries with fewer than LA averageCosta Rica, MexicoArgentina, Brazil, Uruguay Chile

GDP/capita

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Wealth distribution I•USA

Richest 20% have 40% of all incomePoorest 20% have 5% 65% in middle class

•GINI coefficientsUSA ~ 41Mexico ~46Bolivia ~60Brazil ~56Guatemala ~60

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Wealth distribution II•Latin America

Richest 20% have 50-65% of all income

Poorest 20% have 2-5%30% in the middleCountries with top 20% with more

than 50% of all incomeBrazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela

•Changing over time

•Varies within countries

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Social development indicators

•The Human Development Index

•Safe water access

•Population to hospital bed ratio

•% of children < age 5 underweight

•Overall worst levels of human developmentBolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; PeruEl Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras;

NicaraguaDominican Republic; Haiti

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Race & Ethnicity•Colonial legacy of population

holocaust, slavery, and miscegenation

•Post-colonial migrations — much in 19th CenturyAsianEuropean

•=> complex map

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Current ethnic distributions

•Afro-American (Latin Americans are “Americans,” too)BrazilCircum-Caribbean (Garifuna)

•AmerindianFormer high culture areas of

Mesoamerica and Andes

•Mestizo: Mexico & CA; South America & Brazil

•Euro-American: Costa Rica; Southern Cone

African HeritageAmerindian

Euroamerican

Mestizo

Garifuna

Garifuna

African Heritage

Amerindian

Euroamerican

Mestizo

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Race in Latin America•Racial mixing

•Racial “bleaching”

•Racism

•“Social” races

•Indigenismo & Négritude

17th C “casta” image

17th C “casta” image

http://www.univision.com/

© T. M. Whitmore

Catholic Heritage I•Spanish Catholic roots •Spiritual conquest — an integral

part of the conquest of the Americas

•Legacy of Church’s history in Latin AmericaIdentified with power/economic elite

Reform in form of liberation theology => oppression of the poor is a sin

© T. M. Whitmore

Catholic Heritage II•Overwhelmingly people say “soy

Catholico” = “I am a Catholic” Church attendance is often lowBut presence is everywhere

•“Folk” Catholicism — merging of Roman Catholic ritual and beliefs with indigenous (Amerindian) beliefs (syncretism)

•Roman Catholic beliefs have merged with (or been used to mask) various African religious traditions in the Caribbean and Brazil especially

Obatala known as the parent of the Orishas and all human kind. The saint he represents is "Our lady of Mercy“

© 2005-2006 www.santeriareligion101.com

Lukumi (Santería) Altar©2000 Latitude International Products

© T. M. Whitmore

Religion: Non-Catholic•Hindu and Islam — imported with indentured

labor to Suriname, Guiana, Trinidad & Tobago mostly (but minorities in all of the Caribbean)

• Judaism — accompanied 1st migrants from Spain (conversos)

•Evangelical Protestants — Protestants outlawed in Spanish/Portuguese colonial timesVery rapid growth in past few decades~40% of Guatemala~1/3 of Brazil

The Mosque of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab in La Guajira, Colombia. It is the second biggest mosque in Latin America.

© T. M. Whitmore

Inter-Personal socio-cultural traits

•Machismo — men in control of their lives and the lives of others in their lives

•Marianismo — roughly the inverse of machismo (from the idea that the ideal woman resembles Mary in her virtue and purity)

•Role conflict (e.g., casas chicas)

•“Personalismo” — much of social, economic, indeed all life in LA depends on social/family ties & personal spheres of influence and obligation

© T. M. Whitmore

Industrialization in the late 19th Century — up through

WWII•Export Processing Industrialization (a

follow on from colonial patterns)

•Low technology manufacture of basic consumer goods

•Era of WW I; Great Depression; through WW II

© T. M. Whitmore

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s

— 1970s)•Legitimized by Argentine economist

Raul Prebish in 1940 and adopted as official policy by the UN after WWII

© T. M. Whitmore

How ISI works• Imposed quotas or tariffs to increase

the price of imported manufactured goods

• Idea is to stimulate local industries

•NOT a new idea

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Consequences of previous rounds of industrialization

•A legacy of: Colonial; 19th C; and especially ISI industrialization

•Spatially uneven: largest states benefit most

•Smaller states forced to band together

© T. M. Whitmore

Economic & other assumptions of ISI• Presumes that “under development” is partly

the result of uneven terms of trade between LA and the more developed Atlantic world

• Isolating the country’s economy from the wider world’s economy will allow it to develop without the pressures from the Atlantic World

• Attempt to recreate a mini-model of the economy of more developed states

• Strongly involve the state in economic activities via state enterprises etc.

© T. M. Whitmore

Problems with ISI• Role of modern technology in ISI

• Role of changed imports in ISI

• Role of foreign control in ISI

• Role of role of governments in ISI

• Inefficient management due to lack of competition

• Loans to do all this not easily repaid => demands to “restructure” economy”