MATERIALS & SURFACE SCIENCE INSTITUTE

Table of Contents

Letter from the Director page 1

Executive Summary page 2

Research

Microscopy of Materials page 8Nanomaterials page 11

Materials

Coatings and Alloys for Power Generation page 14Ceramics page 15Composite Materials for Aerospace Applications page 16Modelling and Simulation page 19

Crystallisation of Pharmaceuticals and Catalysts page 20

Bio/Catalysis and Clean Technology page 21

Biomaterials and Bioengineering page 24

Biomolecular Sciences page 28

Industrial Research page 31

Appendix page 33

I would like to introduce the 2005 Annual Report of the Materials &Surface Science Institute. The Institute is housed in a purpose builtbuilding consisting of 2800 m2 of dedicated research space, equipped withstate of the art instrumentation. MSSI currently has 211 researchers (35academic members, 38 postdoctoral fellows and 139 postgraduatestudents) based at the University of Limerick. In addition, there are 10academic members at Waterford Institute of Technology, Dublin CityUniversity, NUI Dublin and Cork, Limerick Institute of Technology andTralee Institute of Technology.

MSSI prides itself on using multi-disciplinary approaches to generatestate-of-the-art fundamental research. The Institute focuses on topics ofindustrial significance in the fields of surface science and materials. Sincethe establishment of the Institute in 1998, we have significantly expandedour capabilities and research efforts. In 2005 we have continued on thisgrowth path and have achieved notable research successes that arehighlighted in this report. New members have been recruited who willenhance the expertise of the Institute. A financial plan to underwrite theactivities of the Institute has been put in place to ensure continuity andgrowth of MSSI post-PRTLI funding. In 2006, we look forward tocontinued success.

___________________________Dr. Edmond MagnerDirector

Letter From The Director

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MSSI is housed in a purpose built building equipped with state of the artinstrumentation and facilities. Of utmost importance in a research Institute is having inplace the personnel with the technical skills and abilities to facilitate and performresearch. From the outset, the Institute has focused on ensuring that highly skilled staffare in place to provide the level of expertise and continuity required to perform cuttingedge research.

The research of MSSI centres on the themes of:• Microscopy of Materials• Nanomaterials• Bio/Catalysis and Clean Technology• Biomaterials and Bioengineering• Biomolecular Sciences• Crystallisation • Materials

- Ceramics - Composite Materials- Modelling and Simulation - Coatings and Alloys

When founded in 1998, the Institute comprised 20 academic members, supervising 75research students and 4 postdoctoral fellows. In 2005, the Institute has grownsubstantially with 35 academic members supervising 139 research students and 38postdoctoral fellows. Table 1 details the enormous growth in research output since1998. The number of Ph.D. graduates has more than tripled, research income hasquadrupled while the number of refereed journal publications has increased five-fold.

Table 1. Research outputs of MSSI.

1998 2005

Ph.D. degrees awarded 6 20

Project income €0.96m €3.43m

Principal investigators 20 35

PhD/Postdoctoral fellows 79 177

Journal publications 21 110

Professor Shohei Nakahara, an expert in microscopy was a Science Foundation IrelandE.T.S. Walton Fellow in MSSI in 2005. At the end of his fellowship, ProfessorNakahara has remained on in the Institute, continuing to oversee the microscopy suiteand providing the Institute with unparalleled expertise in microscopy and materialsscience.

Two new academic staff have joined MSSI. Dr. David Tanner’s appointment as alecturer in the Department of Manufacturing and Operations Engineering broadens theInstitute’s expertise in microscopy. Dr. Tewfik Soulimane’s appointment as a ResearchScholar significantly adds to existing expertise in structural biology.

New Members

Executive Summary

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Research Highlights

Visiting Scientists

Funding

Official Opening

MSSI received a total of €16.3 million from the Higher Education Authority, under theauspices of the Programme for Research in Third Level Institutions. This funding isscheduled to be fully spent by the Spring of 2006. As part of its overall researchstrategy, the University of Limerick has developed a funding plan to underwrite theactivities of MSSI, ensuring its continuity and growth post-PRTLI funding. Membersof MSSI were successful in obtaining a total of €3.4 million from a range of nationaland European funding agencies and from industry during 2005.

MSSI hosted two visiting professors in 2005. Professor Surekha Devi (University ofBaroda, India) commenced a collaboration on the use of novel gemini surfactants.Professor Lena Falk (Chalmers University, Sweden) continued her long-termcollaboration on ceramic materials with Professor Stuart Hampshire.

MSSI was formally opened by the Minister for Education and Science, Mary Hanafin,T.D. on March 10, 2005.

Dr. Mark Towler was runner up, from a field of several hundred, in the prestigiousMedical Futures Innovations Award in London in November 2005, an event whichreceived widespread tv, radio and newspaper coverage.

Professor Noel Buckley was elected Vice President of the Electrochemical Society andwill serve as President in 2008.

Memoranda of agreement have been signed between MSSI and Curtin University ofTechnology, Perth and with the Parker Centre for Hydrometallurgy (Western Australia).A number of academics from Curtin visited MSSI and there has been an exchange ofpostdoctoral fellows between the institutions. Professor Kieran Hodnett was appointedas an adjunct professor at Curtin University.

20 Ph.D. and 7 M.Sc. students completed their theses and graduated in 2005.

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NAME SPECIALISM

Dr. Arousian Arshak Semiconductor Technology

Professor Khalil Arshak Sensor Technology

Professor Colin Birkinshaw Polymer Chemistry

Professor Noel Buckley III-V Semiconductors / Electrooptic Materials

Professor Martin Buggy Composites and Polymer Materials

Professor Martin Caffrey Membrane Structural and Functional Biology

Dr. Vincent Casey Sensor Technology

Dr. Jakki Cooney Protein Structural Biology

Dr. David Corcoran Disordered Media

Professor Vincent Cunnane Electrochemistry / Electrodeposition

Dr. Teresa Curtin Clean Technology

Professor Stuart Hampshire Glasses / Ceramics

Professor Kieran Hodnett Heterogeneous Catalysis

Professor Con Hussey Optical Materials

Dr. Michael Laugier Surface Engineering / Coatings

Dr. J. J. Leahy Polymers / Adhesives and Biofuels

Dr. Edmond Magner Bioelectrochemistry / Biocatalysis

Professor Michael McCarthy Composite Materials

Dr. Tim McGloughlin Bioengineering

Dr. J. B. McMonagle Surface Chemical Technology

Professor Shohei Nakahara Applied Physics / Transmission Electron Microscopy

Professor Stephen O’Brien Mathematical Modelling of Interfaces

Dr. Tom O’Dwyer Clean Technology / Adsorption

Professor Tony Pembroke Biocompatibility / Molecular Biotechnology

Professor Michael Pomeroy High Temperature Materials

Dr. Abdur Rahman Electronic Systems

Dr. Zakia Rahman Magnetic Materials

Dr. Jeremy Robinson Metallurgy / Aluminium Alloys

Professor Julian Ross Environmental Catalysis

Dr. Tewfik Soulimane Membrane Structural Biology

Dr. David Tanner TEM / Residual Stress Analysis

Dr. Mark Towler Biomaterials

Dr. Gerard Wall Molecular Immunology / Immunosensors

Dr. Trevor Young Aircraft Structural Materials

Dr. Dmitri Zemlianov Surface Science

University of Limerick Membershipof the MSSI and Research Specialisms

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INSTITUTE NAME SPECIALISM

Waterford Institute of Technology Dr. Cormac O Raifeartaigh Semiconducting Films

Dr. Eamonn Molloy Polymer Kinetics

Dr. John O’Dwyer Materials Engineering

Dr. Sheila Donegan Surfactant Chemistry

Dr. Evelyn Landers Crystallisation

Limerick Institute of Technology Dr. Fergal Barry Electrochemistry

Institute of Technology Tralee Dr. Michael Hall Biochemistry

University College Cork Professor Declan Burke Electrochemistry

Dublin City University Dr. Fiona Regan Analytical Chemistry

University College Dublin Dr. Kenneth Stanton Biomaterials

Collaborating Institutions Membershipof the MSSI and Research Specialisms

NAME POSITION

Dr. Edmond Magner Director

Ms Bríd O’Brien-May Administrator

Ms Joan O’Riordan Co-Ordinator

Professor Shohei Nakahara Adjunct Professor

Dr. Mark Towler Research Scholar

Dr. Serguei Belochapkine Research Fellow

Dr. Wynette Redington Research Fellow

Dr. Marina Serantoni Research Fellow

Dr. Tofail Syed Senior Research Fellow

Mr David Bennis Experimental Officer

MSSI Personnel

Research Themes

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Microscopy of Materials

The materials microscopy suite in MSSI is the leading facility of its type in Ireland. Thesuite houses a transmission electron microscope (TEM), JEOL 2010, fully equippedwith analytical tools, such as an energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS) and ascanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) attachment. The TEM operation isfurther supported by a focussed-ion beam (FIB) system, FEI 200, which is dedicated topreparing TEM specimens. The FIB system is uniquely combined with a secondary ionmass spectrometer (SIMS) for chemical analysis. The most attractive feature of the FIBtechnique is its ability to cut a cross-section sample accurately at any user-defined sitein a short time. Specimen preparation time has been shortened considerably thanks to anewly-acquired external specimen liftout system, which allows one to pluck a thin(~100 nm) slice of TEM sample cut by the FIB machine and to transfer it directly ontoa carbon-coated TEM grid, thus eliminating a tedious mechanical pre-thinning step. TheFIB has been used to prepare site-specific cross-section samples from silicon devices tohard-to-prepare composite samples, such as oxide and ceramic materials.

The microscopy facility handles a wide range of specimens including metals/alloys,mesoporous materials, oxides, nano-tubes/-wires, and semiconductors. The facility ismanaged by Professor Shohei Nakahara, who has 30 years experience in TEM. Shoheiis an expert on image analysis and brings his experience in solving a vast range ofmaterials-science oriented problems to the Institute. In addition to imaging studies,computer simulations of TEM images are performed.

FIB-cut TEM slice from a silicon devicelying on the trench area prior to lift out.

Computer-simulated imageof an edge dislocation in InP.

In the fabrication of interconnect lines, vias, and windows in submicron silicon devices,electroplated copper was successfully introduced as a replacement for aluminium inrecent years. In connection with an interconnect reliability study on copperinterconnect, a group headed by Professor Buckley has discovered a suddenmorphology change on the surface of electroplated copper during room-temperatureaging. Although copper thin films are long known to undergo a self-annealing processat room temperature, such a fine-scale near-surface phenomenon has never beendetected previously. This discovery is particularly significant as the feature size ofdevices moves toward the nanometer scale. A TEM study has shown thatelectrodeposited copper films contain a highdensity of voids, indicating the existence ofexcess vacancies. The sudden morphologychange is triggered by a vacancy-induced plasticdeformation. This result thus demonstrates theimportance of excess vacancies trapped inelectroplated copper films during film deposition.

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Copper Interconnects for Electronic Devices

Mesoporous Materials for Catalysis

Self-assembled mesoporous materials contain aunique architecture of ordered pore structure,which is framed with amorphous silica. Thesematerials can be prepared either in a powder orthin film form and are currently investigated forpossible applications in the area of catalysis andsensors. TEM was used to determine thegeometry and dimensions of a powder form of ahexagonal mesoporous material (KIT-6). Threetypes of image contrast, i.e. a hexagonal honey-comb structure, wide and narrow parallel lines,typically appear in this material. TEM data hasbeen used successfully to characterize thegeometry and dimensions of these mesoporoussilica materials.

TEM image of mesoporous silicateshowing both the honey-comb

structure and wide parallel lines.

TEM micrograph showing a highdensity of dislocations in

electrodeposited copper film agedat room temperature for 2 hours

after the deposition.

Computer-simulated phasecontrast images of a void and analumina particle (of diameter 2.46

nm) in nickel, computed for variousfocus conditions.

D = 2.46 nm

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Al-Li alloys are attractive materials for aerospace applications because of theirlightweight, high strength and desirable weldabilty. Commercially available Al-Lialloys such as 8090 are strengthened by Al3Li precipitates. Although theseprecipitates are coherent to the matrix, they are easily sheared by moving dislocations,resulting in low toughness and ductility. The 2196 Al-Li alloy, on the other hand, is alsoan aerospace alloy and has recently been qualified for A380 floor beam applicationssuch as seat rails, crossbeams, cockpit and emergency bay floor structures. In the 2196alloy, the major strengthening phase is Al2CuLi (T1) along with Al3Li (‰?) to achievehigh toughness. To understand the precipitation sequence during ageing as well as anabnormal conductivity behavior in the 2196 alloy, Dr. Jeremy Robinson and his groupconducted TEM investigations and found that, with prolonged aging, voids are formedat the T1 precipitate/matrix interface. Such a void formation has never been reportedpreviously but appears to be related to so-called Kirkendall voids. In other words, thesevoids are believed to form because of a marked difference in the diffusion rate oflithium between the matrix and the T1 precipitate.

TEM Investigations of Al-LiAlloys for Aerospace Applications

TEM micrograph showing voids grown at the periphery of T1 phase precipitates.

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Focussed Ion Beam Lithographyfor Microelectronic Device Fabrication

The research group is led by Dr. Zakia Rahman and is concerned with the synthesis andcharacterization of patterned and nanostructured magnetic materials with potentialapplications in high-density data storage, power electronic converters and MEM/NEMdevices. Materials under investigation are metals, alloys, complex ferrites, porousceramics and polymer templates and diamond like carbon/carbon nitride coatings.

MI ratio vs. axially applied dc fieldfor metallic glass ribbon

Co71Fe1Mo1Mn4Si14B9

ribbon at different frequencies.

Magnetic Materials for High Density Data Storage

Nanomaterials

Frequency in Hz

MI R

atio

(DZ

/Z)

(%)

DC Magnetic Field in A/m

Professor Khalil Arshak and Dr. Arousian Arshak, in collaboration with AnalogDevices, are developing tools to pattern features at the nanoscale. A unique 2-step FIB

nanolithography process isbeing used to create advancedstructures and devices.Conventional microelectroniclithography, nanolithographytechniques such as EUV,electron beam and nanoimprintlithography require expensiveprocess equipment and the useof non-standard processmaterials. The 2-step NERIMEprocess uses equipment sets andmaterials commonly found inmicroelectronic device fabrication(FIB tool, O2 plasma etcher,DNQ/novolak resists), andprovides a low-cost and convenientnanolithography option forproof-of-concept nanoscaleprocessing.

SEM micrograph of an etched Polycide feature, with80 nm CD, masked using the 2-step NERIME process.The image shows a well resolved nanoscale Polycide

feature on the wafer surface with excellent profilecontrol with less than 5 nm LER (line edge roughness)per side. Such etched features are of potential use ina variety of applications such as nanosensors, NEMs,

MEMs, DRAM, and BiCMOS processing.

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Nanoparticle research is currently an area of intense scientific research, due to a widevariety of potential applications in biomedical, optical, and electronic fields. However,some of the experimental techniques used to produce the particles result in poor sizecontrol and unstable nanoparticles which hinders their possible application. Usingelectrochemical methods, Professor Vincent Cunnane and his research group havesuccessfully produced silver and gold nanoparticles in a number of polymer matrices.The resultant nanoparticles illustrate a narrow size distribution and excellent stability.

Polymer Coated Nanoparticlesfor Biomedical and Electronic Applications

Silver nanoparticles in a polypyrrole .

AFM image of gold nanoparticles.

TEM image showing gold nano-particlestrapped in a polytyramine matrix.

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Electrodeposition has emerged as themethod of choice for the deposition ofadvanced micro- and nano-scale coppermetallization for microelectronicsintegrated circuits. Professor NoelBuckley and his group are investigatingthe basic properties of electrodepositedcopper metallization in collaboration withgroups at UCC and Texas A&MUniversity. The group has recentlydiscovered a remarkable spontaneousmorphological change during roomtemperature aging of electrodepositedcopper films.

Terahertz computing speeds and super-fast optical communications are some of thepossible outcomes from research currently being carried out in Professor NoelBuckley’s Compound Semiconductors and Nano-structures Group. Encoding andsorting thousands of channels in information transmission systems places hugedemands on optoelectronic components. New devices based on photonic crystals canaddress these problems. The fabrication of photonic crystal devices could be based oncontrolled modulation of the pore diameter and pore growth direction insemiconductors. When indium phosphide (InP) is electrochemically etched undersuitable conditions, well-defined porous structures form by tunneling of holes throughthe depletion layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface.

Image of nucleating coppermicrocrystallites (bottom) during

electrodeposition obtained in situ using anatomic force microscope.

Cross-sectional scanning electron micrographs, in right-angular planes, of an n-type InPelectrode after electrochemical etching in potassium hydroxide electrolyte. The

schematic of a porous domain with a truncated tetrahedral shape shows how the twodifferent cross-sectional views arise. Controlled growth of such structures could be

used in the fabrication of photonic crystal devices for use in high-speedcommunications and computing applications.

Advanced Metallization for IC Applications

Indium Phosphide Nanostructures andPhotonic Crystals for Optical Communications

Coatings and Alloys for Power Generation

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Gas turbine coatings are effectivelyNi-Pt-Al alloys. For specificaluminium contents, phasetransformations may induce failure ofprotective oxides formed on the Ni-Pt-Al alloys. In a project conducted incollaboration with Iowa StateUniversity, Professor Mike Pomeroy isexamining the effect of composition ofNi-Pt-Al alloys and heat treatment onphase transformations using TEM andX-ray diffraction.

In an EU funded project, Professor Mike Pomeroy is examining the corrosion of steelsand a Ni-based alloy by deposits typical of those observed in coal / straw – fired boilersand refuse incinerator systems. The steels corroded catastrophically under theconditions employed, while the Ni-based alloy behaved well. Fe2Al5 or (Ni, Fe)Alcoatings significantly reduced corrosion effects, with the former coating fullyprotecting the least corrosion resistant steel.

Surface Engineering of New Alloysfor Super High Efficiency Power Generation

TEM micrograph of electroplated Ni-Al2O3 composite.

Focused Ion Beam milled TEM foil of aluminide coating corroded in simulated wasteincineration environment at 650°C for 1000 hours.

Gas Turbine Coatings

Materials

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Ceramics

Porous Ceramics for Diesel Particulate Filters

Cordierite porous honeycomb structures have been usedsuccessfully as particulate filters in heavy duty dieselengine applications. More recently, silicon carbide baseddiesel particulate filters have emerged for application inpassenger cars, particularly in Europe. Professors StuartHampshire and Mike Pomeroy have carried out aninvestigation of the chemical interactions betweencordierite or silicon carbide filter substrate materials andsynthetic ash compositions expected to be deposited onthe surfaces of the ceramic filter and within its porestructure as a result of the combustion of diesel fuelcontaining catalytic additives.

Schematic diagram showing how sootparticles are trapped by the ceramic.

Cordierite diesel particulatefilter.

Professor Stuart Hampshire has developed a new processing technology for advancedceramics such as zirconia, used as bone and dental implants, in which the ceramics aresintered and densified using a prototype microwave sintering furnace. In conventionalsintering the heat in the furnace originates from an external source and radiates to the

surface of the ceramic fromwhere it is transferred byconduction to the centre. Inthe microwave process, heat isgenerated within the materialleading to uniform andvolumetric heating of theceramic during sintering.Consequently microwaveprocessing makes it possibleto heat thin and thick sectionsrapidly and evenly, producinguniform microstructuraldevelopment and reducingthermal stresses.

Schematic diagram of a modified microwave oven for theprocessing of ceramic materials.

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Composite materials offer many advantages for engineering structures including highstrength and stiffness to weight ratios, excellent fatigue and corrosion resistance, andreduced part counts. Pioneered by the aerospace industry, today they are found in every kindof structure, from bridges to wind turbines to tennisrackets. The recent announcements of a compositefuselage and wing in the Boeing 787, and a compositewing in the Airbus A350, both of which will enter servicenear the end of the decade, represent a coming of age forcomposites in the civil aeronautics industry, following along gestation period. Current research is focused onproducing composite materials and composite structuresmore cheaply, improving material properties, improvingunderstanding of damage and failure to allow for lowerreserve factors, and improving analysis and designmethods to allow for their optimal use withinengineering structures.

Composites fail in a complex manner involving a number of different failure modes.Consequently, models for composite failure are far less mature than those for metals.Improved models are crucial to industry forreducing the reliance on expensive testingprogrammes. Professor Michael McCarthy andDr. Conor McCarthy have developed damage andplasticity models for composites and fibre-metallaminates.

Techniques such as optical microscopy, X-ray,ultrasonic C-scanning and atomic forcemicroscopy are used by the group led by Dr.Trevor Young and Professor MichaelMcCarthy to examine issues such as internaldamage in composites and surface coatings forbonding.

Damage and Plasticity Modelsfor Composites and Fibre Metal Laminates

X-ray of damage in a composite joint (a), C-scan of same joint (b), C-scan of laser drilledhole (c) used for sucking off air in aircraft wings to maintain laminar flow and increase

fuel efficiency.

AFM image of oxygen plasma treated PPSfor titanium/composite bonding.

Delamination models are used to modelseparation of plies in composite structures.

Non-destructive Testing and Microscopy

Composite Materials for Aerospace Applications

Autoclave for the manufactureof composites.

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All vehicles designed today (e.g. aircraft, cars, trains) are subject to crashworthinessrequirements, i.e. their ability to attenuate the effects of impacts with other vehicles orstationary structures on passengers and cargo. In addition, aircraft have to meetstringent requirements to cope with impacts from so-called foreign bodies such as birds,runway debris and hailstones. The group led by Professor Michael McCarthy and Dr.Conor McCarthy are developing methods to model structures made from compositesand fibre-metal laminates under impact loading, using state of the art methods such asmeshless methods.

Simulation of a bird-strike on an aircraft wing leading edge made from hybrid fibre-metal laminate (GLARE). On the left are stills from the test which used a substitute birdmade from gelatine; on the right are stills from the simulation which used a meshless

model of the bird to deal with the extreme distortions as the bird disintegrates.

Energy-absorbing helicopter sub-floor structures made from composite materials. Onthe right is shown the final state of a drop test in which the structure with 500 kg

attached on top (to simulate passenger/seat weights) was dropped at an impact speedof 10 m/s, together with the model developed in MSSI.

Modelling of Impact and Crashworthiness in Aircraft

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The group led by Dr. Trevor Young and Dr. Walter Stanley has a long and proven recordin composite manufacturing technologies, from the manufacture of simple flat panelsusing autoclaving techniques to complex curvature parts using diaphragm forming,press-forming, hydro-forming, RTM, VARTM. A particular interest is liquid mouldingfor thermoplastic materials. Thermoplastics offer several advantages over thermosetsincluding weight reduction, recyclability, faster processing, better impact resistance andno dangerous by-products during processing.

Composites ManufacturingTechnologies for Aerospace Applications

Schematic of manufacturing VARTM cell developed in UL, and details of a demonstratorblade (12.3 m length) highlighting manufacturing complexities.

Modelling and Simulation

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Multi-scale Modelling of Deformation Dynamics

Simulations have been developed by Dr. David Corcoran’s group to study the dynamicsof material deformation spanning scales from atom to tectonic plate movement. At thesmallest scales, “Molecular Dynamics” (MD) are used to study metals, particularly thedynamics of open surfaces, vacancies and voids, with and without the application ofexternal stress. The group’s recent results contradict the conclusion drawn fromexperimental observations of volume contraction in aluminium. Experiments hadshown that volume contraction occurs around a single vacancy, and while such acontraction is found in the MD model, it is significantly smaller than that calculatedfrom experiments. The experimentally determined contraction does however matchwell with void contraction in the model, which points to this being the more likelysource of volume change. At intermediate scales, lattice gas and MD models areemployed to study granular dynamics. With the lattice gas model, the experimentallyobserved exponential force distribution within granular force-chains has beenrecovered. Remarkably the relevant physics can be captured without the need fordetailed force descriptions. This is an exciting result as the implication is that there isan inherent “universality” within granular systems, where the system details becomeunimportant to the system behaviour. At the largest scales, continuum mechanics havebeen used to model earthquake dynamics. Dr. Corcoran’s group were first to derive theBurridge-Knopoff model, an often quoted but previously unjustified model ofearthquake dynamics, and proved for the first time that its dynamics can be tuned to a2nd order phase transition, with significant consequences for earthquake prediction.

Visualisation of force chains within a MD simulation of a granular medium.

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Crystallisation of Pharmaceuticals and Catalysts

Crystallisation is a supramolecular process whereby randomly organised molecules,ions or atoms in a fluid phase come together to form an ordered 3-dimensionalmolecular array called a crystal. The process of crystallisation is of vital importance ina wide range of industries (pharmaceutical, electronics, food, chemical). ProfessorKieran Hodnett, Dr. Teresa Curtin and Dr. David Corcoran have established a strongresearch group in the area of crystallisation of small molecules with experience inprojects dealing with glutamic acid, lactose, gibbsite and vanadium oxides. The teamhas developed a range of in-situ methods to monitor crystallisation events, some ofwhich involve considerable equipment design and the use of synchrotron radiationsources. Important outcomes from this work have been the presentation of a newmechanism for solvent mediated polymorph transformation, the detection of transientphases during the crystallisation of amorphous lactose in moist air, development of amechanism for calcium inhibition of gibbsite crystallisation and the determination ofthe factors which determine crystalline habit for commercial vanadium oxide catalysts.

Growth of the § polymorph of L-glutamic acid on the surface of the polymorph.

Evolution of the crystalline habit of vanadium phosphorus oxide catalysts.

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Bio/Catalysis and Clean Technology

Novel Adsorbents for the Removal of Heavy Metals

Regenerable CatalyticAdsorbents for Processing of Waste Streams

Heavy metal waste streams are currently produced from a number of industries withobvious consequences for the environment. A variety of techniques are being used totreat these wastewaters. One such technique is adsorption. Dr. Tom O’Dwyer’s researchgroup is developing selective adsorbents based on naturally occurring supportmaterials. A regenerated cellulose wood pulp has been employed as a support materialwhich has significant capability in removing heavy metals such as copper, nickel andlead from aqueous waste streams and has the potential to treat a variety of industrialwastewaters.

The hydrogenation of edible oil is an important process in the fats and oils industry.Hydrogenation changes liquid oil made up of triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acidsinto an oil containing monounsaturated fatty acids and saturates. The process is acomplex series of parallel reactions occurring mainly in a batch reactor system. Duringthis process trans fatty acids are produced. In recent years concerns have been raisedthat consumption of trans fatty acids contribute to coronary heart disease with the resultthat there has been significant efforts made to reduce the formation of these fatty acids.Drs. Teresa Curtin and J.J. Leahy have developed new catalysts based on platinum, thatare highly active for the hydrogenation reaction and also reduce the amount of transacids formed during oil processing. A membrane reactor, containing this catalyst hasbeen designed and is currently in operation in a hydrogenation facility in Spain. Inaddition, this new process simplifies the conventional process by eliminating thefiltration step, thereby reducing the wastes generated during production.

Hydrogenation of Edible Oils for Food Applications

Drs. Tom O’Dwyer and Teresa Curtin are developing solid regenerable catalyticadsorbent material capable of removing organic compounds from aqueous wastestreams. In a two-stage system, the organic compound is removed from solution by anadsorption step and subsequently catalytically oxidized to carbon dioxide, water and

nitrogen with minorquantities of other gasesbeing produced. In removingthe organic compound fromaqueous solution, the treatedwaste stream can then berecycled in production relatedprocesses and in-plant waterconsumption is reduced.

Adsorption/catalytic processfor treating and recycling

waste streams.

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Electrochemical biosensors can provide a simple and reliable means of measuring thepresence of a wide range of analytes at low concentrations. Dr. Edmond Magner and histeam are exploring the use of enzymes in the harsh environment of organic solvents.They have shown that under appropriate conditions, biosensors can provide a stableresponse with low limits of detection of peroxides in organic solvents.

Current European legislation requires all industry to carry out testing in order to complywith the discharge limits of certain ions in waste streams. In addition industrial consentsare required in all EU countries for particular substances e.g. heavy metal ions. Theelectrochemistry research group of Professor Vincent Cunnane is currently developingsensors capable of detecting specific metal ions in effluent streams. The sensors arecompact, inexpensive and selectively detect metal ions to very low concentrations, partsper million or better. The sensors employ techniques of liquid-liquid electrochemistry.The analyte ion is specifically transferred across a microinterface array and an electricalsignal is generated. The current limit of detection for a selective silver ion sensor is 50ppb. The sensors also allow for the real-time continuous monitoring of metal iondischarges thus aiding waste management.

Biocatalysis for the Synthesisof Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals

Bioelectrochemical Sensors for Organic Pollutants

Silver Ion Sensors for Waste Streams

TEM images of mesoporous silicates.

One of the major challenges facing the chemical industry is the sustainable synthesis offine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. While only 0.1 – 5 tons of waste are produced forevery ton of bulk chemical, between 10 and 50 tons of waste are generated for everyton of fine chemical and up to 100 tons of waste are generated for every ton of

pharmaceutical compound that is synthesised. Thiswaste generation can be avoided by the application ofbiocatalysts that work under mild conditions; inbenign solvents, they make the application of strongacids and bases unnecessary and, as the nameindicates, are necessary only in catalytic quantities.Dr. Edmond Magner, Professor Kieran Hodnett andDr. Jakki Cooney are developing stable biocatalystsby immobilising enzymes on mechanically stable,readily prepared mesoporous silicates. The group hasrecently established a methodical means of evaluatingthe effect of each variable on the adsorption of aprotein into a porous support and are using thisapproach to develop stable, active biocatalysts.

Protein encapsulated in amesopore.

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Electronic Nose Sensor for Food Safety

Ingestible Sensors for Real Time Measurements

Professor Khalil Arshak and Dr. Arousian Arshak are developing a range of sensors.One project involves the development of a handheld intelligent food safety controlinstrument, based on an electronic nose. The sensitivity of a PEA\CB\PS3 compositegas sensing material to propanol and butanol in the concentration range 0–25 000 ppmwas investigated. The sensitivity of these composites was significantly improved on theaddition of an NiO filler, demonstrating that oxide or ceramic fillers can be used toenhance the properties of existing conducting polymer composites for gas sensingapplications.

The group is also developing an ingestible sensor for the real time measurement ofintestinal activity in an ambulant physiological setting. The sensors are based oncapacitor structures from materials such as TiO2, PVDF (polyvinylidinedifluoride) andNb2O5. In addition to the sensors, miniaturized circuitry has been developed.

Capacitive interface circuitry for aningestible sensor.

A parallel electrode polymer nanocomposite sensor.

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Biomaterials and Bioengineering

A limited number of polymers are bio-absorbable although they are useful in many differentareas of medical technology. Professor Martin Buggy is developing methods of producingporous structures from lactide polymers, which may be used as tissue engineering scaffolds.In the past year progress has been made on two fronts. Firstly an efficient technique hasbeen developed to produce large quantities of poly-l-lactic acid with high molecular weightaverages and secondly a methodology has been established to make porous solids fromlactide polymers and copolymers. Current work is evaluating the effect of porosity onpolymer dissolution rates in simulated biological fluids.

Research is in progress to establish physical and chemical techniques to analyse surgicallyexplanted inter-ocular lens. A range of techniques, AFM, SEM, DSC, EDX, swell tests arebeing used to examine the modes of failure of interoccular lenses.

Over 400,000 hip fractures occur in Europe each year and this is forecasted to double by2050, partly as a result of the ageing population. Approximately 60% of these fracturesresult in a total hip replacement operation. Glass Ionomer Cements (GICs) have potentialfor cementation of hip replacements because they can chemically adhere to both surgicalmetals and bone and have mechanical properties comparable to bone. However, there areconcerns over the toxicity of aluminium. Unfortunately, Al3+ plays an integral role in thesetting process of a GIC and its removal will hinder cementation. Dr Mark Towler and histeam have developed a series of load bearing, antibacterial, bioactive GICs based onstrontium, calcium, zinc silicate glasses for use in dental, maxillofacial, orthopaedic andvertebral applications.

Examination of Explanted Opthalmic Devices

Bioactive Antibacterial Bone Cements

Development of Bio-absorbablePolymers as Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

Schematic diagramof an inter-occular lens.

SEM image of explanted lens.

Bioactive calcium phosphate layer growing on GIC after 1 (a), 7 (b) and 30 days (c).

a b c

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Novel Screening Protocol for Bone Fragility

Artificial Shoulder Joints

The capability of artificial joints to provide both relieffrom pain and great improvement in mobility is now wellknown, with millions of hip and knee replacementoperations being carried out annually. Total shoulderarthoplasty (TSA), or shoulder joint replacement, is bycomparison a relatively uncommon procedure and froman engineering point of view is much more challenging.The shoulder joint is a complex arrangement of softtissue surrounding and partially controlling the head ofthe humerus as it rotates and slides on the glenoid orbearing surface of the shoulder blade. Both the glenoid,and the head of the humerus can become damagedthrough disease or injury and in TSA both are replaced,but the local anatomy makes a satisfactory engineeringsolution difficult to achieve. Replacement of the humeralhead is reasonably straightforward, as this is a relativelymassive bone, but the glenoid surface lies approximatelyat a right angle to the plane of the scapula and offers verylittle opportunity for fixation of a replacement. The search for better solutions to the problems of TSA hasled to a joint research programme betweenSchematic drawing (top) and

photograph (bottom) ofmouldings.

Human bone is made of a protein, collagen, that provides flexibility, and a mineralphase, hydroxyapatite, that provides hardness. Osteoporosis causes depletion ofcollagen and hydroxyapatite, resulting in an increased likelihood of fracture. Bonefractures cost the Irish exchequer around €12m pa and in the USA osteoporosis care isestimated to cost US$3b pa. The current method of determining whether someone is

suffering from osteoporosisis to expose their body to lowlevel x-rays called DXA(dual x-ray absorptiometry)scans which measure bonemineral density (BMD). Thisprocedure is time consumingand requires trained staff.Additionally, studies haveshown that low BMD doesnot directly relate to fracturerisk. An MSSI team, led byDr Mark Towler and usingfacilities funded by CrescentDiagnostics Limited, aredeveloping a novel Ramanspectroscopy based diagnostictest for bone fragility that is

cheaper, simpler to use and may prove to be more accurate than all other forms of non-invasive detection available. The bone quality test was runner up in the MedicalResearch Council ‘best biomedical research innovation’ at the 2005 Medical FuturesInnovation awards.

Anthony Wren, Dr. Mark Towler and Dr. Niamh Rushe demonstrating the portable diagnostic test for bone

fragility.

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Professor Colin Birkinshaw, Cathal Geary and Stryker-Osteonics. The approach adoptedhas been to use a more bio-mimetic system in which a compliant elastomer is used as thebearing surface of the glenoid and behaves somewhat like natural cartilage in facilitatingfull liquid film lubrication, thus offering lower friction and improved wear resistance.Following machining of the damaged surface of the natural glenoid, the orthopaedicsurgeon will use a specially designed insertion tool to temporarily deflect the pins, allowingthem to be inserted into pre-drilled holes and the divergent angle will then lock thecomponent into place. Bone cement and bone in-growth will then further fix thecomponent. Shoulder joint simulator tests have shown no significant wear or loosening aftera million cycles and patent applications have now been filed for the designs. It is hoped thatthis development will mark a significant step towards fully bio-mimetic artificial joints.

Oxynitride glasses are special types of silicate or alumino-silicate glasses in which oxygenis replaced by nitrogen in the glass structure. Nitrogen increases their stiffness, hardness,viscosity and chemical durability. Professor Stuart Hampshire is examining the effect ofadding fluorine to these oxynitride glasses. Fluorine in alumino-silicate glasses for medicaland dental applications is known to reduce viscosity and other properties. New glasses areunder examination for use in biomedical applications. Crystallisation of these glasses mayresult in the formation of apatite-type phases that have the same structure as natural bone.

Hydrogels that respond to an external stimulus, such as a change in temperature are ofinterest as vehicles for the controlled release of pharmaceutically active compounds. At lowtemperatures the viscosity of 1–3 wt% aqueous solutions of a copolymer of polyethyleneoxide, polypropylene oxide and polyacrylic acidPluronic-PAA does not vary significantly.At temperatures above 20oC, a rapid 10-103-fold increase in viscosity occurs. Incollaboration with Dr. Lev Bromberg at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Conventional biomaterials have found their application owing to their biocompatibility, i.e.they do not cause the body to respond unfavourably to these materials during the durationof their usage. These materials are usually unable to respond according to the need andchanging situation of the complex body environment. Current biomaterials research hasmoved into the area of 'Smart biomaterials'- materials that are not only biocompatible butalso possess unique functionalities that make them superior to conventional biomaterials.Dr. Syed Tofail, Dr. Donncha Haverty, Dr. Seamus McMonagle and Dr. Tim McGloughlinhave developed new generation biomaterials that can respond to specific bodyenvironments. For example, a piezoelectric skeletal implant will adapt its surface charge inresponse to the body stress or the electric potential of the body fluid that pass through them.Conventional piezoelectric materials are not bioactive and only a few actually meet thestringent requirements of skeletal grafts/implants. The group has recently devised ways toharness the piezoelectric properties of synthetic inorganic grafts for skeletal tissueapplications. In addition, the group has recently been engaged in the improvement of thevisibility of certain 'smart' metallic biomaterials used in the manufacture of devices ininterlumenal corrective procedures.

Biomedical Glass Materials

Smart Biomaterials for Skeletal Implants

Smart Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications

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Dr. Edmond Magnerhas characterised someof the controlleddelivery properties ofPluronic-PAA, andrecently described theuse of AFM tomeasure the adhesiveproperties of Pluronic-PAA to mucin.

The insertion of plastic or polyestergrafts is routinely used to bypassblockages in arteries. Blockage of thearteries after surgery is a significantproblem with problems often occurringafter a period of five years. Dr. TimMcGloughlin and his team at the Centrefor Applied Biomedical EngineeringResearch in MSSI are examining thefluid mechanics of vascular andcardiovascular disease. The team hasdesigned a new graft, Prolong, whichaims to make bypass surgery moreeffective by ensuring that the chances ofa re-blockage are significantly reduced.The design of the Prolong graft issignificantly different from existinggrafts, in which blood from the bypassconnects back into the artery on one sideonly. The diverted flow path can causedisease at the wall of the artery hit bythe blood flow, as cell damage canoccur. Modelling and experimental datahave shown that Prolong ensures thatblood flow after surgery is as close aspossible to that in a healthy artery.

Schematic diagram ofcontrolled occular drug

delivery using a gel(top) and of the AFM

method used to probethe adhesive properties

of the gel (bottom).

Flow behaviour in a traditionalvascular graft configuration (A) and

in Prolong (B).

The Prolong graft.

Engineering of Vascular Grafts

liquid hydrogelcontainingdissolved drug

cornea

lens

clear gel onsurface ofthe eye

eyelidmovement

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Biomolecular Sciences

Electron transfer chains are part of the central metabolic process culminating in theproduction of ATP. They couple electron transfer to proton translocation through the plasmamembrane or the inner mitochondrial membrane, in prokaryotes or eukaryotes, respectively.A complete knowledge of their mechanisms, both as isolated complexes and in the cells, is

Membrane Structural Biology

Functional and Structural Studies on RespiratoryChain Complexes from Thermus thermophilus

Professor Martin Caffrey has established a fully equipped wet biochemistry laboratory formembrane protein production, purification and crystallisation. The lab is equipped with ahigh power X-ray generator, one port of which feeds a state-of-the-art macromolecularcrystallography suite (Rigaku 007) for use in structure determination of membrane proteins.

A second port will be equipped to do small-angleX-ray scattering on liquid crystal andlipid/protein complexes. Proteins are nowroutinely produced from natural sources and byusing the latest molecular biology techniquesemploying recombinant DNA. The structure ofthe vitamin B12 receptor/transporting proteinfrom E. coli was solved to 1.95 Å resolution (incollaboration with W. Cramer’s group, PurdueUniversity) whilst the light harvesting complex IIfrom R. acidophila was solved to 2.5 Å(collaboration with M. Papiz, DaresburySynchrotron Facility). Two current projectsinvolve the structure of outer membrane proteinsfrom bacteria responsible for meningitis and onproteins involved in quorum sensing and biofilmformation.

Ribbon structure of the light-harvesting complex 2 from

Rhodopseudomonas acidophila.

Ribbon representation of ba3-cytochrome c oxidase and its substrate cytochrome c552

from T. thermophilus. The crystal structures have been solved at 2.4 Å and 1.28 Åresolution, respectively.

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Dr. Jakki Cooney is using a combination of molecular and structural techniques toinvestigate the role of proteases in bacteria. A panel of proteases from the C10 class wasidentifed in bacteria ranging from symbiotic organisms to severe pathogens. A new inhibitorof the C10 protease SpeB from the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes has beenrecently identified by the group, the first specific inhibitor of a proteinaceous naturedescribed. This inhibitor is also produced by S. pyogenes. Molecular modelling of theinhibitor indicates that it has significant homology to the propeptide of SpeB. Molecularanalysis indicates the inhibitor gene and protease gene are coupled. This is the first, and sofar only, description of such an arrangement.

Bacterial Virulence

essential to understand the malfunctions in respiratory complexes, which lead to severalhealth-related disorders, such as Leigh syndrome, paraganglioma and Leber hereditary opticatrophy (LHON). One of the mechanisms in which malfunctioning of respiratory complexesmay lead to disorders is through the concerted production of reactive oxygen species, suchas superoxide, hydroxyl radicals or hydrogen peroxide, and of reactive nitrogen species, asnitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Dr. Tewfik Soulimane is examining the electron transferchain from the extreme thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus with the goal ofunderstanding the molecular mechanism of these enzymes. A purification scheme forcomplexes (II-IV) has been established which has enabled crystallisation experiments usingboth the in surfo and in meso methods. The group has recently obtained crystals of caa3-oxidase as well as small needles of complex III. Optimisation of crystallisation conditionsof these complexes as well as crystallisation of complex II are in progress. A second area ofresearch involves examining the structure and reactivity of the binuclear centre of the ba3-cytochrome c oxidase using a combination of ligand reactivity, electron paramagneticresonance, resonance Raman and fourier transform infra-red measurements. Incollaboration with a range of groups across Europe, several sites for ligand reaction havealready been identified. The role of these sites in the catalytic mechanism is being pursued.

Structures of papain-like proteases in complexes with inhibitors.

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ATAD is an autothermal aerobic sludge digestion system whereby bacterial populationsoperating in biofilms in jacketed reactors generate large quantities of heat, which killpathogenic microorganisms and the biofilm communities digests complex sludge materialssuch as humic substances, lignin and cellulosics. Professor Tony Pembroke has analysedthese biofilm communities. Molecular biology techniques are being used to examinechanges in microbial populations as digestion proceeds and as temperature increases. AFMand fluorescent microscopy are being used to examine the nature of the ‘floc’ and theadhesion of particular microorganisms to cellulosic and lignin substances during digestion.ATAD digestion of domestic and industrial sludges produces a class A biosolid which thegroup has shown to be free from enteric pathogens and which is capable of being utilisedas a soil fertiliser. This approach is also being utilised to examine adhering biofilmpopulations in catheters, pharmaceutical grade water purifiers and other ‘apparently sterile’surfaces.

Microstructure of an ATAD biofilm at 50°C with oxygenlimitation.

Biofilms for the Digestion of Sludge

Dr. Gerard Wall is investigating the mechanisms of protein folding under extremephysiological conditions, with emphasis on identification and characterisation of molecularchaperones with novel properties. Chaperones have been cloned from thermophilic,psychrophilic and halophilic eubacteria and archaebacteria and a number of these have beenused as co-production tools to improve heterologous protein production in Escherichia coli.

Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is a tumour targeting approachdesigned to increase the specificity of drug delivery to tumour cells. The approach iscurrently limited by the requirement for the enzyme moiety to exhibit a non-human activitybut to be immunocompatible. Dr. Gerard Wall has engineered novel enzyme variants for usein ADEPT, using both protein modelling/site-directed mutagenesis and directed evolutiontechniques.

Improved Production Yieldsof Recombinant Proteins in E. Coli

Cell Targeted Drug Delivery

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Industrial Research

MSSI conducts research in collaboration with a wide range of companies, in particularin the electronics and biomedical sectors. Two start up companies have been establishedfrom the Institute in the last two years.

MSSI is currently engaged in a large research programme funded by AughinishAlumina who have made a commitment to invest €5.3 million in research to developa world class centre of excellence in the Bayer process (extraction of alumina frombauxite) at UL. Research in this programme commenced in 2003 and currently 4academic members, 2 postdoctoral fellows and 6 postgraduate students work onAughinish related projects in MSSI.

As part of this initiative, MSSI is establishing links with other centres around the world.Memoranda of agreement were signed with two leading research centres in Australia,Curtin University and the Parker Centre for Hydrometallurgy. Professor Kieran Hodnettwas appointed a visiting professor at Curtin University in September 2005. A team ledby Professor Hodnett and Dr. Mitch Loan in collaboration with Aughinish Aluminahave developed a system which can obtain real time x-ray diffraction data under theextreme conditions used in the Bayer process (50 atmospheres of pressure, 250°C, pH14).

High pressure and temperature X-raydiffraction cell.

Time resolved diffractiondata.

Appendix

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Doctoral Degrees Awarded

Masters Degrees Awarded

Student Name Title of Thesis Supervisor(s)

Professor Martin Buggy

Professor Conleth Hussey

Professor Michael McCarthy

Dr. Tim McGloughlin

Dr. Tim McGloughlin

Dr. Tim McGloughlin

Dr. Mark Towler

The Effect of Polyvinlyalcohol as Interfacial Agent on the Structureand Properties of Talc Filled Polypropylene Composites

Robust Optical Fibre Y-Junction Devices

Modelling of Delamination in Composite Structures

Design and Construct a Bioreactor for Tissue Engineering

The Design, Construction and Testing of a Computer ControlledCon-and-plate Device

Study of the Facial, Nasal and Other Damage to Pre-term Neonates Due toUse of Nasal Continuous Positive Pressure Ventilation

A Novel Screening Method for the Detection of Osteoporosis

Student Name Title of Thesis Supervisor(s)

Colm Heffernan

Andrea Guida

David Dalton

Marinka Vignali

Finbarr O’Regan

Dimple Goradia

Anastassija Konash

John Cleary

Dorothy Murphy

Paul Devereux

Siobhan O’Callaghan

Donncha Haverty

Tian Ying Liu

Sinéad O’Doherty

Daniel Boyd

Mamun Jamal

Allan Costine

Leon MichaelCavanagh

Michael Chapwanya

Frank Cox

Professor Noel Buckley

Professor Martin Buggy

Dr. David CorcoranDr. Arous Arshak

Professor Vincent Cunnane

Professor Kieran Hodnett

Dr. Edmond MagnerProfessor Kieran HodnettDr. Jakki Cooney

Dr. Edmond Magner

Dr. Edmond Magner

Dr. Tim McGloughlin

Dr. Tim McGloughlin

Dr. Tim McGloughlin

Dr. Seamus McMonagle

Dr. Jeremy RobinsonProfessor Michael McCarthy

Dr. Gerard Wall

Dr. Mark Towler

Dr. Edmond Magner

Professor Kieran Hodnett

Professor Khalil Arshak

Professor Stephen O’Brien

Professor Michael Pomeroy

Optical and Electrical Characteristics of GaN Electrodes:Photoelectrochemical Etching and Photoluminescence

The Role of Flouride Release from Glass Ionomer Cements – an In Vivo and In Vitro Study

Measurement and Characterisation of Complex Abrupt ResistanceChanges in Electromigration

Electrodeposition of Polythiophene Layers Towards Photovoltaic Cells

Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia and Other Nitrogen ContainingCompounds to Nitrogen, Water and Carbon Dioxide

The Adsorption Characteristics and Activity ofTrypsin onto Mesoporous Silicates

The Activity of Immobilized Redox Enzymes in Organic Solvents

Characterisation of a Thermoreversible Hydrogel for the ControlledRelease of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds

An Investigation of the Contact Stresses and Wear Patterns at the Metal toPolymer Interface in Orthopaedic Implant Materials Used in Total KneeReplacement

Mass Transport Disturbances in the Downstream Junction of PeripheralBypass Grafts

An Investigation of Intimal Hyperplasia Development at an End to SideDistal Bypass Graft Junction: Correlation of Endothelial Cell Response toHemodynamic Variables

Structural Simulation of Complex Inorganic Oxides

Properties of Forgings Made From the Aluminium Alloy 2025

Cloning and Functional Expression of Molecular Chaperones fromHaloferax Lucentense in Eschericia Coli

Zinc-Based Glass Polyalkenoate Cements for Skeletal Applications

Development of a Biosensor for Androgens: Sample Matrix Effects

Alpha-Oxygen in Selective Oxidation Reactions

Developments in Resistive Gas Sensors Operating at Room Temperatureand Associated Signal Conditioning Circuitry for Electronic Nose Systems

Mathematical Modelling of Bioremediation

Phase Stability, Densification and Grain Growth in HydroxyapatiteCeramics and Nanocomposites

Ahmad H Al-Sharif

Eoin McDaid

Daire Cronin

Eoin Bambury

Shane O’Doherty

Richard Meany

Anthony Wren

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Project Amount € Funding Body PI

Nano and Mesomaterials for Solar Applications

Planar Pd Catalyst for Catalytic Combusion

Investigation of the Effect of EnvironmentalStimuli on Production of the InhibitorComponent of a Bacterial Toxin Anti-toxin Pair

Characterization of Newly Identified BacterialToxin Anti-toxin Pairs

Plasma Confined Magnetic Sensors

Bioactive Adhesive Materials for Skeletal Applications

Attachment of Enzymes to Mesoporous Silicates

Study Visit

Development of Processes for Biliary/oesophagealStent Coatings

Novel Sialon Glasses for Optical andBiological Applications

Membrane Proteins: Crystallogenesis and X-rayStructure

Embark Initiative

Piezoelectric Hydroxyapatite

Development of Nanoscale Mechanical Testing

Embark Initiative

3-D Mouse Enabled Navigation System forElectronic Nose

Embark Initiative

Embark Initiative

COMPACT

Isolator Vascular and Endova Devices forTreatment of AA

Embark Initiative

Development of an Expression Vector

Ionisation Unit for Environmental Friendly Metallic

Biochemical and Structural Analysis of StreptococcalProteins Interacting with Host Complement Factors

Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of a Protease:Inhibitor Pair from the Bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes

Ternary Nitinol-alloy with Higher Radio-visibility

In situ TEM Characterisation

Development of a Site Specific Integration Vector

Crystallisation of G-protein Coupled Receptors

EU

EI

SFI/UREKA

SFI/UREKA

UL

EI

SFI/RIA

EI

EI

SFI

NIH (US)

IRCSET

EI

SFI

IRCSET

EI

IRCSET

IRCSET

EU

EI

IRCSET

IRCSET

EI

IRCSET

IRCSET

EI

SFI

EI

SFI

131,457

7,200

5,600

5,600

10,000

292,450

6,000

7,600

9,000

140,000

847,751

57,150

89,064

154,000

57,150

150,500

57,150

57,150

147,534

349,718

57,150

96,300

75,007

57,150

57,150

321,255

59,983

71,556

51,923

Kieran Hodnett

Dmitri Zemlianov

Jakki Cooney

Jakki Cooney

Zakia Rahman

Mark Towler

Edmond Magner

Tim McGloughlin

Tim McGloughlin

Stuart Hampshire

Martin Caffrey

Tim McGloughlin

Tofail Syed

Noel Buckley

Khalil Arshak

Khalil Arshak

Arous Arshak

Arous Arshak

Jeremy Robinson

Tim McGloughlin

Tim McGloughlin

Gerard Wall

Dmitri Zemlianov

Jakki Cooney

Jakki Cooney

Tofail Syed

Noel Buckley

Tony Pembroke

Martin Caffrey

Total 3,429,549

Research Revenue

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36 Research Forum Seminars

Speaker Title Date

13.01.05

20.01.05

27.01.05

01.02.05

03.02.05

17.02.05

03.03.05

04.03.05

16.03.05

07.04.05

14.04.05

15.04.05

21.04.05

28.04.05

05.05.05

12.05.05

13.05.05

18.05.05

19.05.05

20.05.05

03.06.05

09.06.05

23.06.05

24.06.05

11.07.05

12.07.05

12.07.05

Professor Surekha DeviMaharaja Sayajirao University ofBaroda, India

Professor Stuart HampshireMSSI

Professor Michael McCarthyMSSI

Ms Zuzana BrusovaMSSI

Dr Tim McGloughlinMSSI

Professor Surekha DeviMaharaja Sayajirao University ofBaroda, India

Dr Michael OelgemoellerDublin City University

Mr Barry FitzgeraldMSSI

Dr Vasiliy KaichevBoreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russia

Professor Toshko ZhelevUniversity of Limerick

Dr Justin HolmesUniversity College Cork

Mr Finbarr O’ReganMSSI

Professor Des CunninghamNUI Galway

Dr Jakki CooneyMSSI

Dr Mitch LoanMSSI

Dr Pat FrawleyUniversity of Limerick

Professor C. Ross EthierUniversity of Toronto, Canada

Ms Anastassija KonashMSSI

Dr Fiona ReganDublin City University

Dr Murat TiryakiogluRobert Morris University,Pennsylvania, USA

Mr Shane McArdleMSSI

Mr Paul DillonUniversity of Limerick

Professor Patrik SchmukiUniversity ofErlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

Professor Shohei NakaharaMSSI

Mr John ClearyMSSI

Ms Dimple GoradiaMSSI

Ms Sinéad O’DohertyMSSI

Importance of Reaction Conditions on Size andProperties of Polymeric Nano-particles

Formation, Properties and Crystallisation of Oxynitride Glasses

Modelling of Bird Strike on Aircraft Wing Leading Edges MadeFrom GLARE

Electrochemical Characterisation of Peroxidases from Horseradishand Royal Palm Tree and Catalase in Aqueous and Organic Media

Vascular Research at the Centre for Applied BiomedicalEngineering (CABER)

Tailoring of the Surfactants for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles

Green Chemistry – The Photochemical Approach

The Solid-fluid Phase Transition in an Externally ShearedGranular Medium: A Computational Study

Interaction of Methanol with Palladium Surface: In-situ XPS,SFG, GC and Mass Spectrometry Study

Industrial Resources Management, Achievements, Applications,Challenges

Templated Nanowire Assembly – Beyond Moore’s Law

Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia

New Approaches to Soluble Metal Oxides:Consequences and Implications

Bacterial Cysteine Proteases and Their Natural Inhibitors

Calcium: The Aspirin of the Bayer Process

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Vascular Mass Transfer at Macro and Cellular Scales

The Activity of Immobilized Redox Enzymes in Organic Solvents

Material Design for Optical Sensor Applications

Quench Factor Analysis for Modelling Quench Sensitivity ofAluminum Alloys with Multiple Precipitates

Development of a New Process to Improve the HealthcareAspects of Hydrogenated Sunflower Oil

Managing Intellectual Property in Your Research

Some Approaches in Electrochemical Nanotechnology

Recent Development in a TEM Specimen Preparation TechniqueUsing FIB for Semiconductor Devices

Characterisation of a Thermoreversible Hydrogel for theControlled Release of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds

The Adsorption Characteristics and Activity of Trypsin onMesoporous Silicates

Cloning and Functional Expression of Molecular Chaperonesfrom Haloferax Lucentense in Escherichia Coli

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26.07.05

24.08.05

06.09.05

22.09.05

20.10.05

28.10.05

04.11.05

10.11.05

17.11.05

01.12.05

07.12.05

Mr Pádraig MoloneyNASA Johnson Space Centre, USA

Dr Elizabeth MayoUniversity of Southern California, USA

Dr Michael NarodoslawskyGraz University of Technology, Austria

Dr Edmond MagnerMSSI

Dr Tim SmythUniversity of Limerick

Mr Mamun JamalMSSI

Mr Allan CostineMSSI

Professor Lena FalkChalmers University of Technology,Sweden

Mr Alexandre CrisciInstitut National Polytechniquede Grenoble, France

Dr Jeremy RobinsonMSSI

Professor Grigoriy YablonskyWashington University, St Louis, USA

Nanomaterials for Space Exploration Applications

The Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Solar Energy Conversion

The Sustainable Process Index (SPI) as a Means for Process andProduct Evaluation

Materials and Methods for the 21st Century

The Chemistry of Penicillin – Past and Present

Development of a Biosensor for Androgens – Sample MatrixEffects

Alpha-Oxygen in Selective Oxidation Reactions

What Can Transmission Electron Microscopy Do For You?

Raman Spectroscopy in Materials Science

The Demise of Aluminium Aircraft?

Diffusion in Precise Kinetic Characterization of Oxide Catalysts

Speaker Title Date

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38 PUBLICATIONS

Books and Chapters in Books

Armstrong, G., B. Alonso, D. Massiot and M. Buggy. May 2005. “Solid-state NMR Study of UreidopyrimidinoneModel Compounds.” Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 43 (5), pp. 405-410.

Armstrong, G. and M. Buggy. February 2005. “Hydrogen-bonded Supramolecular Polymers: A Literature Review.”Journal of Materials Science, 40 (3), pp. 547-559.

Arshak, A., K. Arshak, D. Morris, O. Korostynska and E. Jafer. August 2005. “Investigation of TiO2 Thick FilmCapacitors for Use as Strain Gauge Sensors.” Sensors and Actuators A – Physical, 122 (2), pp. 242-249.

Arshak, A., K. Arshak, D. Waldron, D. Morris, O. Korostynska, E. Jafer and G. Lyons. June 2005. “Review of thePotential of a Wireless MEMS Microsystem for Biomedical Applications.” Medical Engineering and Physics, Vol. 27,Is. 5, pp. 347-356.

Arshak, K. and I. Gaidan. November 2005. “Gas Sensing Properties of ZnFe2O4/ZnO Screen-printed Thick Films.”Sensors and Actuators B – Chemical, 111, Sp. Iss. SI, pp. 58-62.

Arshak, K., J. Corcoran and O. Korostynska. September 2005. “Gamma Radiation Sensing Properties of TiO2, ZnO,CuO and CdO Thick Film pn-Junctions.” Sensors and Actuators A – Physical, 123-124, pp. 194-198.

Arshak, K. and O. Korostynska. August 2005. “Thin and Thick-film Real-time Gamma Radiation Detectors.” IEEESensors Journal, 5 (4), pp. 574-580.

Arshak, K. and I. Gaidan. April 2005. “Development of a Novel Gas Sensor Based on Oxide Thick Films.” MaterialsScience and Engineering B – Solid State Materials for Advanced Technology, 118 (1-3), pp. 44-49.

Arshak, K., E. Moore, L. Cavanagh, J. Harris, B. McConigly, C. Cunniffe, G. Lyons and S. Clifford. April 2005.“Determination of the Electrical Behaviour of Surfactant Treated Polymer/carbon Black Composite Gas Sensors.”Composites Part A – Applied Science and Manufacturing, 36 (4), pp. 487-491.

Adley, C. C., M. P. Ryan, J. T. Pembroke and F. M. Saieb. June 2005. “Ralstonia Pickettii: Biofilm Formation in HighPurity Water.” Biofilms: Persistence and Ubiquity.

Ahmed, S., D. N. Buckley, S. Nakahara and Y. Kuo. July 2005. “Effect of Temperature on Incubation Time forSpontaneous Morphology Change in Electrodeposited Copper Metallization.” Materials, Technology and Reliability ofAdvanced Interconnects, P. R. Besser, A. J. McKerrow, F. Iacopi, C. P. Wong, J. Vlassak, Editors, MRS Proceedings,Vol. 863.

Arshak, A., K. Arshak, D. Morris, O. Korostynska and E. Jafer. 2005. “Development of PVDF Thick FilmInterdigitated Capacitors for Pressure Measurement on Flexible Melinex Substrates.” Giant-area Electronics onNonconventional Substrates.

Curtin, T. 2005. “Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx.” Chapter in Book Entitled ‘Environmental Catalysis’, EditorVH Grassian, Taylor and Francis Group.

Melly, T., D. N. Buckley and S. B. Newcomb. 2005. “An Investigation of Current Oscillations on n-InP in Sulfide-Based Electrolytes at Anodic Potentials.” State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors XLII - and -Processes at the Compound-Semiconductor/Solution Interface, P. C. Chang, K. Shiojima, R. E. Kopf, X. Chen, D. N.Buckley, A. Etcheberry and B. Marsan, Editors (ISBN 1-56677-462-4) PV 2005-04.

Pembroke, J. T. and B. M. McGrath. August 2005. “Inverse PCR to Localise Insertion Sites of Integrating MobileElements: Location of the Insertion Site of the Bacterial Genomic Island R391.” The PCR Encyclopedia,http://www.pcr-encyclopedia.com/inverse-pcr-genomic-island-insertion.html.

Piterina, A. V., C. MacCusland, J. Bartlett and J. T. Pembroke. 2005. “Bacterial Community Composition, Physico-chemical Operating Parameters and the Efficiency of Solids Reduction During Autothermal Thermophilic AerobicDigestion (ATAD) of Municipal Sludge.” In: Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Applied Microbiology;Understanding and Exploiting Microbes and Their Interactions. Biological, Physical, Chemical and EngineeringAspects, Vol. 2, pp. 210-221.

Rahman, I. Z., K. M. Razeeb and M. A. Rahman. 2005. “Nickel Nanowires Obtained by Template Synthesis.”Materials for Information Technology In: Materials for Interconnects, Edited by E. Zschech, C. Whelan, T. Mikolajick,published by Springer-Verlag.

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39Arshak, K., O. Korostynska and D. Morris. April 2005. “Mixed and Carbon Filled Oxide Materials as GammaRadiation Sensors.” Materials Science and Engineering B – Solid State Materials for Advanced Technology, 118 (1-3),pp. 276-281.

Arshak, K., E. Jafer and A. Fox. April 2005. “Design of a New Thick Film Capacitive Pressure and CircuitryInterface.” Composites Science and Technology, 65 (5), pp. 757-764.

Arshak, K., M. Mihov, S. Nakahara, A. Arshak and D. McDonagh. March 2005. “The Mechanism of the Ion BeamInhibited Etching Formation in Gallium-FIB Implanted Resist Films.” Microelectronic Engineering, Vol. 78-79, Sp. Iss.SI, pp. 39-46.

Arshak, K. and M. Mihov. February 2005. “State-of-the-art of Focused Ion Beam Nanolithography.” Journal ofOptoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 7 (1), pp. 193-198.

Arshak, K., I. Gaidan and L. Cavanagh. 2005. “Screen-Printed Fe2O3/ZnO Thick Films for Gas SensingApplications.” JMEP, Vol. 2, Is. 1, Q1, pp. 25-39.

Arshak, K., O. Korostynska and J. Henry. 2005. “Structural Modifications in Thin Films Caused by GammaRadiation.” Materials Science Forum, Cross-Disciplinary Applied Research in Materials Science and Technology, 480,pp. 13-19.

Balázsi, Cs., E. Dolekcekic, Zs. Kövér, F. Wéber, S. Hampshire and P. Arató. 2005. “Comparison of Silicon Nitrideswith Carbon Additions Prepared by Two Different Sintering Methods.” Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 290, pp. 242-246.

Barham, A. S. and B. K. Hodnett. September-October 2005. “In-situ X-ray Diffraction Study of the Crystallization ofSpray-dried Lactose.” Crystal Growth and Design, 5 (5), pp. 1965-1970.

Barron, D. and C. Birkinshaw. November 2005. “Mechanism of Secondary Crystallisation in Irradiated and Aged UltraHigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene.” Polymer, 46 (23), pp. 9523-9528.

Beegan, D. and M. T. Laugier. September 2005. “Application of Composite Hardness Models to Copper Thin FilmHardness Measurement.” Surface and Coatings Technology, 199 (1), pp. 32-37.

Beegan, D., S. Chowdhury and M. T. Laugier. March 2005. “Work of Indentation Methods for Determining CopperFilm Hardness.” Surface and Coatings Technology, 192 (1), pp. 57-63.

Belochapkine, S., J. Shaw, D. Wenn and J. R. H. Ross. December 2005. “The Synthesis by Deposition-precipitation ofPorous Gamma-alumina Catalyst Supports on Glass Substrates Compatible with Microreactor Geometries.” CatalysisToday, 110 (1-2), pp. 53-57.

Benilov, E. S., S. M. Lacey and S. B. G. O’Brien. November 2005. “Exploding Solutions for Three-dimensionalRimming Flows.” Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, 58, pp. 563-576, Part 4.

Benilov, E. S., N. Kopteva and S. B. G. O’Brien. May 2005. “Does Surface Tension Stabilize Liquid Films Inside aRotating Horizontal Cylinder?” Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, 58, pp. 185-200, Part 2.

Benilov, E. S. and S. B. G. O’Brien. May 2005. “Inertial Instability of a Liquid Film Inside a Rotating HorizontalCylinder.” Physics of Fluids, 17 (5), Art. No. 052106.

Boyd, D. and M. R. Towler. September 2005. “The Processing, Mechanical Properties and Bioactivity of Zinc BasedGlass Ionomer Cements.” Journal of Materials Science – Materials in Medicine, 16 (9), pp. 843-850.

Brusova, Z., E. E. Ferapontova, I. Y. Sakharov, E. Magner and L. Gorton. 2005. “Bioelectrocatalysis of PlantPeroxidases Immobilised on Graphite in Aqueous and Mixed Solvent Media.” Electroanalysis, 17, pp. 460-468.

Buggy, M., G. Bradley and A. Sullivan. 2005. “Polymer-filler Interactions in Kaolin/nylon 6,6 Composites Containinga Silane Coupling Agent.” Composites Part A – Applied Science and Manufacturing, 36 (4), pp. 437-442.

Cashell, C., D. Corcoran and B. K. Hodnett. 2005. “The Effect of Amino Acid Additives on the Crystallisation of L-Glutamic Acid.” Crystal Growth and Design, Vol. 5 (2), pp. 593-597.

Chapwanya, M. and S. B. G. O’Brien. April 2005. “Corner and Start-up Singularities in Porous Flow.” Journal ofComputational and Applied Mathematics, 176 (1), pp. 163-177.

Cherezov, V. and M. Caffrey. April 2005. “A Simple and Inexpensive Nanoliter-volume Dispenser for Highly ViscousMaterials Used in Membrane Protein Crystallization.” Journal of Applied Crystallography, 38, pp. 398-400, Part 2.

Chowdhury, S., E. de Barra and M. T. Laugier. April 2005. “Hardness Measurement of CVD Diamond Coatings onSiC Substrates.” Surface and Coatings Technology, 193, (1-3), pp. 200-205.

Clancy, I. and D. Corcoran. April 2005. “Criticality in the Burridge-Knopoff Model.” Physical Review E, 71 (4), Art.No. 046124, pp. 1-6.

Clogston, J. and M. Caffrey. September 2005. “Controlling Release from the Lipidic Cubic Phase – Amino Acids,Peptides, Proteins and Nucleic Acids.” Journal of Controlled Release, 107 (1), pp. 97-111.

Clogston, J., G. Craciun, D. J. Hart and M. Caffrey. February 2005. “Controlling Release from the Lipidic CubicPhase by Selective Alkylation.” Journal of Controlled Release, 102 (2), pp. 441-461.

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40Clohessy, A. M., N. Healy, D. E. Murphy and C. D. Hussey. August 2005. “Short Low-loss Nanowire Tapers onSinglemode Fibres.” Electronics Letters, 41 (17), pp. 954-955.

Costine, A. and B. K. Hodnett. August 2005. “Factors Limiting Selectivity in C3 and C4 Amm (Oxidation) Reactions.”Applied Catalysis A – General, 290 (1-2), pp. 9-16.

Costine, A., T. O’Sullivan and B. K. Hodnett. 2005. “Oxidative Competition Between Aliphatic and Aromatic C-HBonds in the N2O-FeZSM5 System.” Catalysis Today, 99, pp. 199-208.

Cox, F. P., M. J. Pomeroy and M. E. Murphy. 2005. “Effect of Temperature and Time on the Sintering, Phase Stability,Microstructure and Microhardness of Commercially Available Hydroxyapatite.” Key Engineering Materials, 17, pp. 345-348.

Devereux, P. D., S. M. O’Callaghan, M. T. Walsh and T. McGloughlin. November 2005. “Mass Transport Disturbancesin the Distal Graft/Artery Junction of a Peripheral Bypass Graft.” Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 219 (H6), pp. 465-476.

Díaz, A., S. Hampshire, J. F.Yang, T. Ohji and S. Kanzaki. March 2005. “Comparison of Mechanical Properties forDifferent Porous Silicon Nitride Materials Fabricated by Partial Sintering, Addition of Fugitive Inclusions and Partial Hot-Pressing.” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 88 (5), pp. 698-706.

Dolan, G. P., R. J. Flynn, D. A. Tanner and J. S. Robinson. June 2005. “Quench Factor Analysis of Aluminium AlloysUsing the Jominy End Quench Technique.” Materials Science and Technology, 21 (6), pp. 687-692.

Dolekcekic, E., M. J. Pomeroy and S. Hampshire. 2005. “Influence of Amount of Nitrogen on Crystallisation of Y-SiAlON Glasses: In-Situ XRD Analysis.” Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 287, pp. 293-298.

Goradia, D., J. Cooney, B. K. Hodnett and E. Magner. 2005. “The Adsorption Characteristics, Activity and Stability ofTrypsin onto Mesoporous Silicates.” Journal of Molecular Catalysis B – Enzymatic, 32, pp. 231-239.

Grimes, M., J. T. Pembroke and T. McGloughlin. 2005. “The Effect of Choice of Sterilisation Method on theBiocompatibility and Biodegradability of SIS (Small Intestinal Submucosa).” Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering,Vol. 15, Number 1-2, pp. 65-71.

Hampshire, S. and M. J. Pomeroy. 2005. “Viscosities of Oxynitride Glass and the Effects on High Temperature Behaviourof Silicon Nitride-based Ceramics.” Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 287, pp. 259-264.

Haverty, D., S. A. M. Tofail, K. T. Stanton and J. B. McMonagle. March 2005. “Structure and Stability ofHydroxyapatite: Density Functional Calculation and Rietveld Analysis.” Physical Review B, 71 (9), Art. No. 094103.

Hayes, M. and S. B. G. O’Brien. September 2005. “A Model for Gravity Driven Flow of a Thin Liquid-solid Solution withEvaporation Effects.” Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Mathematik Und Physik, 56 (5), pp. 852-873.

Healy, N., D. F. Murphy and C. D. Hussey. September 2005. “Asymmetric Robust Evanescent Coupler on SinglemodeFibre.” Electronics Letters, 41 (19), pp. 1047-1048.

Hu, X. J., R. O’Dwyer and J. G. Wall. October 2005. “Cloning, Expression and Characterisation of a Single-chain FvAntibody Fragment Against Domoic Acid in Escherichia Coli.” Journal of Biotechnology, 120 (1), pp. 38-45.

Hudson, S., E. Magner, J. Cooney and B. K. Hodnett. October 2005. “Methodology for the Immobilization of Enzymesonto Mesoporous Materials.” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109 (41), pp. 19496-19506.

Ivanova, E. and E. Magner. 2005. “Direct Electron Transfer of Haemoglobin and Myoglobin in Methanol and Ethanol atDidodecyldimethylammonium Bromide Modified Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes.” Electrochem. Comm., 7, pp. 323-327.

Jamal, M., M. A. Crowe and E. Magner. December 2005. “Characterisation of the Composition of Bovine Urine and ItsEffect on the Electrochemical Analysis of the Model Mediator, p-aminophenol.” Analytica Chimica Acta, 554 (1-2), pp. 79-85.

Kagawa, T. F., P. W. O’Toole and J. C. Cooney. August 2005. “SpeB-Spi: A Novel Protease-inhibitor Pair fromStreptococcus Pyogenes.” Molecular Microbiology, 57 (3), pp. 650-666.

Knake, R., A. W. Fahmi, S. A. M. Tofail, J. Clohessy, M. Mihov and V. J. Cunnane. February 2005. “ElectrochemicalNucleation of Gold Nanoparticles in a Polymer Film at Liquid-liquid Interface.” Langmuir, 21 (3), pp. 1001-1008.

Konash, A. and E. Magner. 2005. “Electrochemically Mediated Reduction of Horseradish Peroxidase by 1,1'-FerroceneDimethanol in Nonaqueous Solvents.” Anal. Chem., 77, pp. 1647-1654.

Lawlor, V. P., M. A. McCarthy and W. F. Stanley. November 2005. “An Experimental Study of Bolt-hole ClearanceEffects in Double-lap, Multi-bolt Composite Joints.” Composite Structures, 71 (2), pp. 176-190.

Liu, W. and M. Caffrey. April 2005. “Gramicidin Structure and Disposition in Highly Curved Membranes.” Journal ofStructural Biology, 150 (1), pp. 23-40.

Menke, Y., L. K. L. Falk and S. Hampshire. December 2005. “The Crystallisation of Er-Si-AI-O-NB-phase GlassCeramics.” Journal of Materials Science, 40 (24), pp. 6499-6512.

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41Mooser, D., O. Maneg, C. Corvey, T. Steiner, F. Malatesta, M. Karas, T. Soulimane and B. Ludwig. June 2005. “AFour-subunit Cytochrome bc1 Complex Complements the Respiratory Chain of Thermus Thermophilus.” Biochimica etBiophysica Acta – Bioenergetics, 1708 (2), pp. 262-274.

Moreno, N., X. Querol, K. Stanton, M. R. Towler, H. Nugteren and M. Janssen-Jurkovicova. 2005. “Physico-Chemical Characteristics of European Pulverised Coal Combustion Fly Ashes.” Fuel, 84 (11), pp. 1351-1363.

Moriarty, T., M. O’Sullivan and J. G. Wall. 2005. “An Epidemiological Study of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus inPortugal, 1970-2001.” Acta Reum. Port, 30, pp. 49-60.

Morris, L., P. Delassus, A. Callanan, M. Walsh, F. Wallis, P. Grace and T. McGloughlin. October 2005. “3-DNumerical Simulation of Blood Flow Through Models of the Human Aorta.” Journal of Biomedical Engineering –Transactions of the ASME, 127 (5), pp. 767-775.

Murphy, M. E., G. M. Insley, M. T. Laugier and S. B. Newcomb. June 2005. “Microstructural Characterisation ofCarbon Implanted Austenitic Stainless Steel.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B – BeamInteractions with Materials and Atoms, 234 (3), pp. 256-260.

McCarthy, M. A., C. T. McCarthy, V. P. Lawlor and W. F. Stanley. November 2005. “Three-dimensional FiniteElement Analysis of Single-bolt, Single-lap Composite Bolted Joints: Part I – Model Development and Validation.”Composite Structures, 71 (2), pp. 140-158.

McCarthy, C. T. and M. A. McCarthy. November 2005. “Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Single-bolt,Single-lap Composite Bolted Joints: Part II – Effects of Bolt-hole Clearance.” Composite Structures, 71 (2), pp. 159-175.

McCarthy, C. T., M. A. McCarthy and M. D. Gilchrist. 2005. “Predicting Failure in Multi-bolt Composite JointsUsing Finite Element Analysis and Bearing-bypass Diagrams.” Key Engineering Materials, 293-294, pp. 591-598.

McCarthy, C. T., M. A. McCarthy, W. F. Stanley and V. P. Lawlor. 2005. “Experiences with Modelling Friction inComposite Bolted Joints.” Journal of Composite Materials, 39 (21), pp. 1881-1908.

McCarthy, C. T., M. A. McCarthy and V. P. Lawlor. 2005. “Progressive Damage Analysis of Multi bolt CompositeJoints with Variable Bolt-hole Clearances.” Composites Part B, Vol. 36, Issue 4, pp. 290-305.

McCarthy, M. A., V. P. Lawlor, P. C. O’Donnell, K. Harris, P. Kelly and J. P. Cunningham. August 2005.“Measurement of Bolt Pre-load in Torqued Composite Joints.” Strain, 41 (3), pp. 109-112.

McCarthy, M. A., J. R. Xiao, N. Petrinic, A. Kamoulakos and V. Melito. 2005. “Modelling Bird Impacts on anAircraft Wing – Part 1: Material Modelling of the Fibre Metal Laminate Leading Edge Material with ContinuumDamage Mechanics.” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 41-49.

McCarthy, M. A., J. R. Xiao, C. T. McCarthy, A. Kamoulakos, J. Ramos, J. P. Gallard and V. Melito. 2005.“Modelling Bird Impacts on an Aircraft Wing – Part 2: Modelling the Impact with an SPH Bird Model.” InternationalJournal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 51-59.

McCarthy, M. A., V. P. Lawlor and W. F. Stanley. 2005. “An Experimental Study of Bolt-hole Clearance Effects inSingle-lap Multi-bolt Composite Joints.” Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 39, pp. 799-825.

McGrath, B. M., J. A. O’Halloran and J. T. Pembroke. February 2005. “Pre-Exposure to UV Irradiation Increases theTransfer Frequency of the IncJ Conjugative Transposon-like Elements R391, R392, R705, R706, R997 and pMERPH andis recA+ Dependent.” FEMS Microbiology Letters, 243 (2), pp. 461-465.

Ohta, T., E. Pinakoulaki, T. Soulimane, T. Kitagawa and C. Varotsis. November 2005. “Detection of the PrimaryFerrous Nitrosyl Heme Fe2+-NO Intermediate in the Reduction of NO to N20 by Cytochrome ba3 Oxidase from ThermusThermophilus.” Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127 (43), pp. 15161-15167.

O’Brien, T., P. Grace, M. Walsh, P. Burke and T. McGloughlin. December 2005. “Computational Investigations of aNew Prosthetic Femoral-popliteal Bypass Graft Design.” Journal of Vascular Surgery, 42 (6), pp. 1169-1175.

O’Brien, T., L. Morris, M. Walsh and T. McGloughlin. October 2005. “That Hemodynamics and Not MaterialMismatch is of Primary Concern in Bypass Graft Failure: An Experimental Argument.” Journal of BiomedicalEngineering – Transactions of the ASME, 127 (5), pp. 881-886.

O’Brien, T., L. Morris, M. O’Donnell, M. Walsh and T. McGloughlin. September 2005. “Injection-moulded Modelsof Major and Minor Arteries: The Variability of Model Wall Thickness Owing to Casting Technique.” Journal ofEngineering in Medicine, 219 (H5), pp. 381-386.

O’Brien, T., M. Walsh and T. McGloughlin. March 2005. “On Reducing Hemodynamic Factors in the Femoral End-to-side Anastomosis: The Influence of Mechanical Factors.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 31-32.

O’Brien, J., T. Curtin and T. F. O’Dwyer. 2005. “An Investigation into the Adsorption of Aniline from AqueousSolution Using H-Beta Zeolites and Copper-exchanged Beta Zeolites.” Adsorption Science & Technology, 23, pp. 255-266.

O’Dwyer, C., D. N. Buckley and S. B. Newcomb. August 2005. “Simultaneous Observation of Current Oscillations andPorous Film Growth During Anodization of InP.” Langmuir, 21 (18), pp. 8090-8095.

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42O’Dwyer, P. and V. J. Cunnane. July 2005. “Selective Transfer of Ag+ at the Water Vertical Bar 1,2-dichloroethaneInterface Facilitated by Complex Formation with a Calixarene Derivative.” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 581(1), pp. 16-21.

O’Mahony, L., T. Curtin, J. Henry, D. Zemlyanov, M. Mihov and B. K. Hodnett. May 2005. “Phase Developmentand Morphology During the Thermal Treatment of VOHPO4.0.5H2O.” Applied Catalysis A – General, 285 (1-2), pp. 36-42.

O’Mahony, L., D. Zemlyanov, M. Mihov, T. Curtin and B. K. Hodnett. 2005. “In-Situ X-Ray Diffraction Analysis ofthe Crystallization of VOHPO4.0.5H2O.” Journal of Crystal Growth, 275, pp. 1793-1798.

O’Reilly, N. and E. Magner. February 2005. “The Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c in Aqueous and Mixed SolventSolutions: Thermodynamics, Kinetics and the Effect of Solvent Dielectric Constant.” Langmuir, 21 (3), pp. 1009-1014.

Pembroke, J. T. and B. M. McGrath. 2005. “Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis to Rapidly Detect the Presence of IncJConjugative Transposon-like Elements.” Letters in Applied Microbiology, 41 (3), pp. 258-261.

Pillay, I., D. Lyons, M. J. German, N. S. Lawson, H. M. Pollock, J. Saunders, S. Chowdhury, P. Moran and M. R.Towler. May 2005. “The Use of Fingernail as a Means of Assessing Bone Health: A Pilot Study.” Journal of WomensHealth, 14 (4), pp. 339-344.

Pomeroy, M. J., E. Nestor, R. Ramesh and S. Hampshire. 2005. “Properties and Crystallisation of Rare Earth SiAlONGlasses Containing Mixed Trivalent Modifiers.” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 88 (4), pp. 875-881.

Pomeroy, M. J. May 2005. “Coatings for Gas Turbine Materials and Long-term Stability Issues.” Materials & Design,26 (3), pp. 223-231.

Rahman, I. Z. and T. T. Ahmed. April 2005. “A Study on Ni Substituted Chemically Processed Ni-Zn-Cu Ferrites.” J.of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 290-291, Part 2, pp. 1576-1579.

Rahman, I. Z., A. Boboc, K. M. Razeeb and M. A. Rahman. April 2005. “Modelling of Co and Fe Based PatternedMagnetic Nanostructures on Porous Alumina Templates.” J. of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 290-291, Part 1, pp.246-249.

Reid, M., M. J. Pomeroy, V. Vokal and D. A. Tanner. October 2005. “Focused Ion Beam Assisted Analysis of theOxidation of a NiAl Coating on Pure Ni.” Materials at High Temperatures, 22 (3-4), pp. 421-426.

Ross, J. R. H. February 2005. “Catalysis Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow” Catalysis Today, 100 (1-2), pp. 1-2.

Ross, J. R. H. February 2005. “Natural Gas Reforming and CO2 Mitigation.” Catalysis Today, 100 (1-2), pp. 151-158.

Rouxel, T., N. Dely, J. C. Sangleboeuf, S. Deriano, M. LeFloch, B. Beuneu and S. Hampshire. April 2005.“Structure-property Correlations in Y-Ca-Mg-SiA1ON Glasses: Physical and Mechanical Properties.” Journal of theAmerican Ceramic Society, 88 (4), pp. 889-896.

Sadykov, V. A., T. G. Kuznetsova, V. P. Doronin, E. M. Moroz, D. A. Ziuzin, D. I. Kochubei, B. N. Novgorodov, V.N. Kolomiichuk, G. M. Alikina, R. V. Bunina, E, A. Paukshtis, V. B. Fenelonov, O. B. Lapina, I. V. Yudaev, N. V.Mezentseva, A. M. Volodin, V. A. Matyshak, V. V. Lunin, A. Y. Rozovskii, V. F. Tretyakov, T. N, Burdeynaya andJ. R. H. Ross. February 2005. “Molecular Design and Characterisation of Catalysts for NOx Selective Reduction byHydrocarbons in the Oxygen Excess Based Upon Ultramicroporous Zirconia Pillared Clays.” Topics in Catalysis, 32 (1-2), pp. 29-38.

Sarac, A. S., M. Serantoni, S. A. M. Tofail and V. J. Cunnane. October 2005. “Nanoscale Characterisation ofCarbazole-indole Copolymers Modified Carbon Fiber Surfaces.” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 5 (10),pp. 1677-1682.

Sarac, A. S., M. Serantoni, S. A. M. Tofail, J. Henry, V. J. Cunnane and J. B. McMonagle. April 2005.“Characterisation of Nanosize Thin Films of Electrografted N-vinylcarbazole Copolymers (P[NVCz–co-VBSA] andP[NVCz–co-3-MeTh]) onto Carbon Fibre: AFM, XPS and Raman Spectroscopy.” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 243,Issues 1-4, pp. 183-198.

Serantoni, M., A. S. Sarac and D. Sutton. April 2005. “FIB-SIMS Investigation of Carbazole-based Polymer andCopolymers Electrocoated onto Carbon Fibers and an AFM Morphological Study.” Surface and Coatings Technology,Vol. 194, Issue 1, pp. 36-41.

Tofail, S. A. M. October 2005. “Physiological Role of Bone Piezoelectricity: Retrospect and Prospect.” Engineering ofBiomaterials, 47-53, pp. 228-231.

Tofail, S. A. M., D. Haverty, K. T. Stanton and J. B. McMonagle. 2005. “Structural Order and Dielectric Behaviourof Hydroxyapatite.” Ferroelectrics, 319, pp. 343-349.

Turner, K., M. Serantoni, A. Boyce and G. Walsh. October 2005. “The Use of Proteases to Remove Protein-basedResidues from Solid Surfaces.” Process Biochemistry, Vol. 40, Iss. 10, pp. 3377-3382.

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