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國立臺灣海洋大學NATIONAL TAIWAN OCEAN UNIVERSITY
Application of f Continuous-Lumped Hydrology Model to Urban Long-Term Water Balance
By Chao-Hsien LiawYue-Chun ChiaWei-Min Huang
2009 08 05
Impact of Urban Development
Watershed Hydrologic Balance (Source; FISRWG, 1998)
Framework of Urban Water Balance Model
HBV Rainfall-runoff Model
PrecipitationEvaportranspiration
Surface runoff
Interflow
Base flowGroundwater
14
Infiltration
Percolation
Hydrological Model for Surface Layer
Hydrological eq. per unit area for surface layer:
soil water content for surface layer at t day (mm);soil water content for surface layer at t-1 day (mm);rainfall at surface layer at t day (mm/day);infiltration for surface layer at t day (mm/day);evapotranspiration of surface layer at t day (mm/day);surface runoff at surface layer (mm)。
( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )i p erS M t S M t P t Q t A E T t S R t= − + − − −
( )SM t( 1)SM t −
( )P t( )iQ t
( )perAET t
( )SR t
2 2( ) ( 1)UZQ t K S t= × −
1 1( ) ( 1)UZQ t K S t UZL= × − −⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦
3( ) ( 1)D LZQ t K S t= × −
( )iQ t
( 1)( ) ( )UZi
S tDI t Q tUZL
β−⎡ ⎤= ×⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦
Mechanics of Unsaturated and Unsaturated Zones
Hydrological eq. per unit area for Unsaturated Zone:
water content for unsaturated zone in t day(mm);water content for unsaturated zone in t-1 day(mm);infiltration from surface layer in t day(mm/day);interflow for unsaturated zone in t day (mm/day);percolation of unsaturated zone in t day (mm/day)。
( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( )UZ UZ i US t S t Q t Q t DI t= − + − −
( )UZS t( 1)UZS t −
( )iQ t( )UQ t( )DI t
Precipitation
Evaporation
Surface runoff
roof(road,pave)
roof(road,pave)
roof(road,pave)
roof(road,pave)
Simple Tank Model
15
Hydrological Model for Impervious Pavement
( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( )roof roof roof roof roofS t S t P t AET t SR t= − + − −
( )roofS t
( 1)roofS t −
( )roofP t
( )roofAET t
( )roofSR t
Hydrological eq. for rooftop:
roof detention at t day(m3);roof detention at t-1 day(m3);rainfall on roof at t day(m3);evaporation on froof at t day(m3);surface runoff on roof at t day(m3)。
Water Supply Model for RRCS
Hydrological model for RRCS:
( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( )roof roof collect supply spillRWS t RWS t RW t RW t RW t= − + − −
Rai nwat er ut i l i zat i on r at i o ( RWUE) :
1 1( ) ( )
( )
T T
t tE T
D t IUW tRWU
D t
= =
⎡ ⎤−⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦=∑ ∑
∑( %)
Porous pavement
SM原土層含水量SMmax= SM原土層含水量
+ SM透水鋪面含水量
There are 11input data and 10 unknow parameters( )P t Daily rainfall mm
max ( )T t Max. daily temperature � min ( )T t Min. daily temperature �
( )SR t Daily radiation MJ/m2 ( )U t Daily average wind speed m/sec
Hydrology
data
( )eva t Daily evaporation mm perA Total area of pervious surface m2
imperA Total area of Impervious surface m2 roofA Total area of construction building m2 roadA Total area of road m2
Geology data
pavedA Total area of other impervious pavement m2
16
maxSM Max. wat er cont ent at sur f ace l ayer mm α I nf i l t r at i on f or sur f ace l ayer -
PERC Max. i nf i l t r at i on f or unsat ur at ed mm UZL Max. wat er cont ent f or unsat ur at ed mm
1K Recessi on const ant f or unsat ur at er day-1
2K Recessi on const ant f or unsat ur at ed day-1
Per vi ous
3K Recessi on const ant f or sat ur at ed day-1
roofUS Max. detention for uint roof area mm
roadUS Max. detention for unit vehicle road mm
Unknow
paras. Impervious
paveUS Max. detention for other pavement mm
Srearch Optimal Parameters
Tabu search method is used
20
Objective function
Efficiency coeff. (EC) and Correlation coeff. (r) are used
D D2 2
1 1D
2
1
( ( ) ) ( ( ) ( ))
( ( ) )
RECREC REC SIMt t
RECRECt
Q t Q Q t Q tEC
Q t Q
= =
=
⎛ ⎞− − −⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠=−
∑ ∑
∑
D
1D D
2 2
1 1
( ( ) )( ( ) )
( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
REC SIMREC SIMt
REC SIMREC SIMt t
Q t Q Q t Qr
Q t Q Q t Q
=
= =
− −=
− −
∑
∑ ∑
( )RECQ t historical record for t day(m3); ( )SIMQ t simulated data for t day(m3);
RECQ average historical record for t day(m3);
SIMQ average simulated data for t day(m3); D total simulation days(day)。
26
Establishment of Urban Water Balance Information System
Urban water balance model GIS
Urban water balance information system
27
Case studyThe watershed of Liu-guan pumping station
29
Digital Map
Scale: 1/2500; Resolution: 20cm; Date: 2006/7/20
18
BACK
Dan-shuei RiverStormw
atersewer
Huanhe
North R
oad
Outside pool
Pump
Pump
Pump
Pump
Gravity gate
Pumping stationTop View of Liu-Guan pumping station
Side view of Liu-Guan pumping station
32
1F
2F
3F Office
garbage cleaning machine
Pump
Outside poolInside pool
Dan-shueiRiver
Result analysis
台北市六館抽水站集水區
六館抽水站
環河北路
民權西路
鄭州路
重慶北路
35
面積(平方公尺) 比例(%)
透水性地表面積 42,609.8 6.77 學校面積 38,741.2 6.16 公園、綠地面積 3,868.6 0.61
不透水性地表面積 586,505.3 93.23 建物屋頂面積 280,740.2 44.62 行車道路面積 174,977.9 27.81 其它鋪面面積 130,787.2 20.79
六館地區總面積 629,115.1 100.00
1%
44%28%
21% 6%
學校面積公園綠地面積建物屋頂面積行車道路面積其它鋪面面積
No of search
Objective function
100 6.18E+08 302 1.07 10 83 0.53 0.1 0.01 6 1 6
500 5.64E+08 371 1.04 9.2 172 0.34 0.1 0.01 3.4 2.7 5.5
1,000 5.47E+08 380 1.005 8.9 187 0.36 0.1 0.02 5.6 1.1 3
5,000 5.47E+08 387 1.004 3.8 185 0.39 0.1 0.02 5.7 1.3 2.3
10,000 5.47E+08 387 1.004 3.8 185 0.39 0.1 0.02 5.7 1.3 2.3
50,000 5.47E+08 387 1.004 3.8 185 0.39 0.1 0.02 5.7 1.3 2.3
maxSM α PERC UZL 1K 2K 3K roofUS roadUS paveUS
Result analysis
36
38
2007年降雨逕流模擬
0
40000
80000
120000
160000
200000
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 日數
Q(m3)
0
60
120
180
240
300
P(mm)
precipitationsimulateestimate
EC=0.86,r=0.89
Calibration -2007
Verification-2008
39
2008年降雨逕流模擬
0
40000
80000
120000
160000
200000
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 日數
Q(m3)
0
60
120
180
240
300
P(mm)
precipitationsimulateestimate
EC=0.82,r=0.86
Urban Water Balance Information System
40
Improvement of Urban Water Environment
RWUE-Rainwater storage volume-Area of collection
0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000
0
10
20
30
4010%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%
St or age vol ume( m3)
收集面積比例
RWU
E
,%
RWUE=31.81%
Runoff reduction-Rainwater storage volume-Collection area
0 4000 8000 12000 16000 2000
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
120000010%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%
Rainwater storage volume (m3)
Runoff reduction
量(m3)
收集面積比例 逕流削減率=36.46(%)
Porous pavement -Interlock brick
Items
Area (%) Runoff(m3) Infiltration(m3) Evaporation(m3) Water
retention(m3)Runoff
reduction (%)
0 290,343 0 56,414 0 0 10 271,991 12,561 62,205 18,352 6.32 20 253,639 25,122 67,996 36,704 12.64 30 235,287 37,683 73,787 55,056 18.96 40 216,935 50,244 79,578 73,408 25.28 50 198,583 62,805 85,369 91,760 31.6 60 180,231 75,366 91,160 110,112 37.92 70 161,879 87,927 96,951 128,464 44.25 80 143,527 100,488 102,742 146,816 50.57 90 125,175 113,049 108,533 165,168 56.89
100 106,823 125,610 114,324 183,519 63.21
Remarks
The model developed by this research is able to simulate the hydrological balance in urban area and can be used for evaluate the long-term effect by installing rainwater storage and infiltration facilities。
43
Thank you For
Your Attention