+

Reproduction

All species must reproduce or else become extinct.

+Purpose of reproduction: create new organisms to replace those

lost.

+Species share a Common Gene Pool, the different traits found in a species.

+Species can and do mate producing fertile offspring.

All dogs can mate producing dogs. One species.

A horse and a donkey can mate and produce a mule.

Mules are sterile so…...

Horse and donkey are different species.

+Types of Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

+What is the man doing?

+Each piece of plant (cuttings) will each grow into a new plant.

+Be Logical……

How will each plant compare?

How many parents were there?

What environment (changing/non-changing) would be good when plants could reproduce this way?

Where would new traits come from if a plant always reproduced this way?

+Asexual ReproductionSingle parent.

Offspring genetic clones of parent.

Good in a stable environment.

Good when mates are scarce.

Good for isolated organisms.

Mitosis reproduction for single cell things.

Change comes from genetic mutation.

+Methods of Asexual reproduction

Who can reproduce asexually?

Prokaryotes, cite an example _________________

Protista, cite an example _________________

Fungi, cite an example _________________

Plants, cite an example _________________

Some Animals, cite an example _________________

+Asexual reproduction of the animal Hydra by budding

+Binary Fission, splitting into two new individuals

+Protists reproducing asexually.

+Regeneration, an animal is split and each part replaces what is missing parts

+parthenogenesis Copperhead snakes eggs can develop without

fertilization.

Virgin Birth.

Polar body acts as a sperm-joins with ova.

+Asexual Reproduction in Plants

+Rhizomes, underground stemsTubers, underground stems or rootsBulbsRunners

+Cuttings

+Sexual Reproduction.

+Sexual Reproduction

+Be Logical……

How many parents are there?

How are the offspring similar to the parents?

How are the offspring different from the parents?

Would this be a good way to reproduce if the environment was changing?

Why?

Where would new traits come from if an organism only reproduced this way?

+Sexual Reproduction.

Two parents, male and female.

Offspring mixture of parent traits.

Offspring unique genetically.

Good in a changing environment.

Requires male and female sex cells.

Sex cells made by meiosis.

+Sex cells, ova and sperm

Sexual organisms have 2 sets of chromosomes.

Humans have 2 sets of 23 or a total of 46.

How many chromosomes should a human ova or sperm have?

Why?

When the ova and sperm fuse (fertilization) how many chromosomes will the new cell (zygote) have?

What is the special cell division that makes sex cells is called?

+Meiosis, a special cell division that

creates sex cells/gametes.

+Meiosis

How many cell divisions are there in Meiosis?

How many cells are produced from a single cell that undergoes meiosis?

How are the chromosomes changed during crossing over?

During 1st metaphase sister ________ line up in _______ line(s)

After the first division a human cell will have _____ chromosomes.

After the second division a human cell will have _____ chromosomes.

+Meiosis videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toWK0fIyFlY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCLmR9-YY7o

+Gametogenesis In males a single cell produces 4 sperm

Small, motile by flagella, little stored food (can live 2-3 days), large numbers needed to allow a few to locate the ova.

Only provides a single set of DNA to the new organism.

In females a single cell produces 1 ova 3 polar bodies so all food can be concentrated in a single egg. Polar bodies eliminate DNA.

Larger size, contains a lot of food, all cell organelles for the new individual.

Quantity of stored food depends if organism develops inside or outside the female. Ex. chicken egg 21 days of food needed to develop a survivable chick. Human 5 – 9 days of food because mother provides most food to embryo.

+Sperm, Ova and Polar Bodies

+Gametes, one set of chromosomes, n, haploid,

+External Fertilization

Sperm and ova fuse in the environment.

Aquatic organisms. (allows gametes to swim)

Fish, Amphibians, ocean invertebrates (coral, clams, sessile organisms )

Huge number of Ova and Sperm must be produced so a few can unite outside the female.

Mates (that produce sex cells) located.

Little/none parental care.

Most gametes and offspring do not survive.

+External Development

New individual develops outside the female.

Little care, high mortality

Ova contains enough food for development to a survivable state.

If embryo develops in water, wastes can diffuse into surrounding water

If Ova develops in a shelled egg, wastes cannot leave so they must be insoluble and are placed in a storage structure.

+Internal Fertilization Ova and sperm unite inside the female.

Terrestrial organisms.

Evolution of: female reproductive organs-vagina, uterus, oviduct, so sperm can swim to ova. Male organ penis allowing sperm to be placed in female

Birds, Reptiles, Mammals

Fewer Ova and sperm required, less lost.

Extensive parental care possible.

Fewer offspring lost.

+Internal Development

Offspring develop inside the female.

Born well developed.

High parental cares

Ova contains little food for development.

Placenta is an exchange organ between mother and embryo allows extensive, long term development inside mother.

Non-placental mammals give birth to an under developed embryo that attaches to mammary gland inside a pouch to complete development. Kangaroo.

+Shelled Egg 4 membranes…. Function in birds and reptiles, in a placental mammal.

Yolk sac, food for embryo. becomes part of the umbilical cord in placental mammals.

Allantois, sac where the nitrogen waste uric acid is stored. becomes part of the umbilical cord in placental mammals.

Chorion a membrane just inside the shell where gasses are exchanged, must remain moist. becomes the placenta in some mammals.

Amnion, water filled membrane holding embryo reduces damage from impact has same function in placental mammals.

+Human Reproduction

+Male reproductive system

+Functions the male reproductive organs.

Testes

Scrotum

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Prostrate

Urethra

Penis

Urinary bladder

+Female reproductive system

+Functions the female reproductive organs. Ovary

Uterus

Endometrium

Oviduct

Cervix

Vagina

Urethra

+Human Sex cells produced in the ovary (female) and testes (male)

+Menstrual cycle, (estrous cycle in most mammals)

Purpose create mature ova and prepare uterus to support a developing embryo.

Organs involved

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland (brain)

Ovary

Follicles in ovary

Uterus

Hormones FSH, LH,, estrogen, progesterone, HCG

+Menstrual cycle, preparing the body for pregnancy and developing mature ova. FSH released from pituitary causes several immature

follicles to develop. Follicles, a group of cells that become the ova and hormone producing cells.

Follicles produce estrogen, thicken uterine lining.

High estrogen levels indicate when ovum is mature.

LH spike causes ovulation, release of ova. Remains of follicle, (called the corpus luteum), produce progesterone.

Progesterone completes uterine preparations and maintain uterine lining throughout pregnancy, loss of progesterone cause of miscarriage.

Pregnancy, HCG is produced by embryo, and stimulates corpus luteum to make progesterone. (Pregnancy test)

+

+Primary sex characteristics

Physical characteristics present at birth that indicate an organism is male or female.

Human Males, testes, scrotum, penis.

Females, ovaries, uterus, vagina

+Secondary sexual characteristics

Physical characteristics that indicate an organism is capable of producing offspring.

Created by hormones.

Males, deepening voice, beard, muscle development, upper body skeleton, aggressive behaviors.

Females, subcutaneous fat storage, breast development, bones of pelvis widen allowing child birth, behaviors.

+Birth Control pill

Describe the basic way a birth control work in preventing the release of ova from the ovary.

Birth control pills contain ________

Which causes _________

Which causes _________ etc.

+Hormonal control of sperm production.

FSH released from pituitary causes cells in the testes to undergo meiosis producing sperm.

LH released from pituitary causes other cells in the testes to produce male hormones including testosterone..

+Secondary sex characteristics.

Testosterone from testes causes the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

List several. (Physical and behavioral)

Estrogen from ovaries causes the development of female secondary sex characteristics.

List several. (Physical and behavioral)

+Human reproduction

Ovulation

Fertilization

Implantation

Development

Growth, more cells

Differentiation, different types of cells

Morphogenesis, creation of shape

Labor and Birth

+ Hunan Fertilization and initial cleavage divisions occur in oviduct produce

blastula.

+Steps in Development

After fertilization:

1. Cell growth and division producing many cells. Then…..

2. Differentiation. Cells arrange themselves into layers, outside-ectoderm, inside-endoderm, a middle layer-mesoderm.

Cells start to specialize. Then…

Endoderm-produces digestive system, bladder, lung lining.

Mesoderm-muscle, skeleton, circulatory, kidneys, reproductive,

Ectoderm-brain, spinal cord, skin, nails.

3. Morphogenesis. The organism creates its shape.

+A human zygote (fertilized egg), two sets of chromosomes, 2n, diploid

+Cell division, called cleavage, create more identical cells, smaller with each division, more cells allows cells to form layers then specialize.

+Implantation, the developing embryo attaches to the uterus and receives nutrients and gets rid of wastes

+The Placenta,

a structure composed of both mother and child cells.

Exchange of oxygen to child and carbon dioxide from child.

Exchanges nutrients to child and wastes from child.

Hormones from child detected in mother.

+Umbilical Cord,

carries blood to and from placenta to baby

+Development, 280 days

+Birth

+Amniocentesis

+Chorionic villi sampling