Range in size (microscopic to gigantic) Adapted to nearly every environment on earth

Shared Characteristics: Most have roots or root-like structures All need water Have a cell wall Contain chlorophyll to aid in photosynthesis

Land plant ancestors were green algae that lived in the sea

Exact origin of flowering plants are not known

There was more sunlight and CO2 on land for plants to use during photosynthesis than in the sea

As plants moved onto land more O2 became available for animals to develop

All adaptations enabled plants to survive on land

Cuticle-helps plant conserve water Cellulose found in the cell wall helps plants support itself and provide structure

Structures developed that distribute water, nutrients and food to all plant cells

Plants developed water-resistant seeds or spores to help them reproduce

2 divisions1.Vascular Plants have tube-like structures that carry water and nutrients to other parts of the plant

2 groups in this division Seed vascular and seedless vascular2.Nonvascular plants Do not have tube-like structures Are seedless and have no groups

Developed by Carolus Linnaeus Every plant given a unique 2 word name

Ex: Shasta daisy-chrysanthemum maximum

Do not grow from seeds Few cells thick Rhizoids anchor them to the ground not roots

Grow in places that are damp Do not have flowers or cones Reproduce by spores- waterproof reproductive cell

1. Mosses Grow in damp areas Grow on rocks, trees and ground Some have adapted to live in the desert Pioneer species2. Liverworts Rootless plants Flattened leaf-like bodies3. Hornworts Less than 2.5 cm in diameter Flattened bodies Have only 1 chloroplast in each cell

Reproduce with spores Has vascular tissue which is made up of long tube-like structures

Vascular tissue carries water, minerals, and food throughout the plant

This enables plants to grow bigger and thicker

1.Ferns Largest group Have stem, leaves and roots Leaves are called fronds, where spores are found

2. Club Mosses Related more to ferns than mosses Needle-like leaves Spores are produced at the end of the

stem in structures like pine cones3. Horsetails Spores produced in a cone-like

structure Stem is jointed and has a hollow center Stem contains silica-gritty stubstance Used for polishing objects and

sharpening tools

Peat, remains of moss, is used as a low-cost fuel in Ireland and Russia

Scientists hypothesize peat could become coal

Nonvascular plants help build new soil Parts can be eaten as food, such as

rhizomes and young fronds Ferns used as weaving material Ferns used as landscaping and house

plants Ferns also used as folk medicines

Have leaves, stems, roots and vascular tissue

Produce seeds 2 major groups Most plants are seed plants1.Leaves Organs where photosynthesis occurs Come in many shapes, sizes and colors Epidermis covers and protects the leaf Cuticle-waxy covering

Stomata-openings in the epidermis which allows CO2 and water to enter and exit

Guard cells-open and close the stomata Palisade layer -most of the food is produced by the cells in this layer

Spongy layer -veins containing vascular tissue are found

2.Stems Located above ground and support the branches, leaves and reproductive structures

Vascular tissue in stems moves material from the roots to the leaves

Some are herbaceous-soft, and green Trees and shrubs have hard, rigid woody stems

3.Roots Water and nutrients enter the plant through the roots and the vascular tissue transports the substances to the other parts of the plant

Act as anchors, to keep plants from being blown away

Sometimes all of the roots can be above ground

Can store food Plants in dry areas have roots that store water

Root tissue absorb oxygen to aid in respiration

4.Vascular Tissue Made up of three tissues Xylem: tubes stacked up on top of each to form a vessel

Vessels transport substances throughout the plant

Xylem cell walls help support the plant Phloem: tubular cells stacked to form tubes

Tubes move food from where it is made to the other parts of the plant

Cambium: tissue that produces the xylem and phloem cells

The growth of new xylem and phloem thicken the stem and roots

Vascular plantsProduce seeds, but no flowers or fruit protect the seeds

Leaves are needlelikeMany are evergreensCones are reproductive structuresSeeds develop on female cones

4 divisions1.Conifers (pines, firs, spruces, redwoods) Most diverse group2.Cycads Found in tropical regions3.Ginkgoes Pollution-tolerant Are deciduous4.Gnetophytes (joint fir) More than ½ of species grouped into 1 genus

Vascular plant Flowers and produces fruit More than ½ of known plant species belong to this group

Flowers vary in size, shape and color Some flower parts develop into a fruit Most fruits have seeds 2 groups1.Moncots2.Dicots

1. Monocots Has 1 cotyledon-used for food storage

in the seed We get foods from them, such as

bananas, pineapple Other examples: lilies and orchids Flower parts in multiples of three Leaves are narrow Vascular tissues run parallel to one

another Vascular bundles are scattered

throughout the plant

2. Dicots 2 cotyledon Produces peanuts, green peas,

apples, oranges Trees: maple, oak and elm flower parts are in multiples of four

or five Vascular tissues are in a bundle Vascular bundles occur in rings like

the rings of a tree

Paper and wood come from gymnosperms

Cotton comes from seed plants Fruits, bread, potato chips come from seed plants

Diets of most animals come from angiosperms

Refer to Table 1 Pg 260 for products of seed plants