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Protestant Union and Catholic League in Germany
Both created because people didn’t adhere to the Peace of Augsburg – which didn’t include Calvinists
Ferdinand of Syria (King of Bohemia) Bohemia consisted of Czechs and Germans, Lutherans and Calvinists, Catholics and Hugeunots – all experienced religious freedom – Ferdinand however shut down Protestant Churches
May 23, 1618 – The Defenestration of Prague – Protestants hurled 2 of Ferdinand’s officials from a castle window in Prague
PHASE #1: Bohemian Phase
Civil War – Catholic League v. Protestant Union
Wanted liberty and independence from Hapsburg rule
PHASE #2: Danish Phase
Catholic leader was more interested in his own gain than in aiding the Catholic cause – dividing Catholic Forces and Making Religion a back issue in the war
RELIGIOUS
PHASES
POLITICAL
PHASES
1629 – Edict of Restitution
All Catholic properties lost to Protestants since 1552 were to be restored. Only Catholics and Lutherans could practice (Not Calvinists)
PHASE #3: Swedish Phase
Gustavus Adolphus – along with Denmark, Poland, Finland and smaller Baltic states, entered the war on the side of the Protestants
Ended the Hapsburg ambition of uniting all German States (Louis XIII subsidized Sweden)
PHASE #4: Franco-Swedish Phase
France joined on the Protestant side of the war against the Hapsburgs
1648 PEACE OF WESTPHALIA
Recognized sovereign independent authority of German Princes – 300+ Principalities – No ONE central government
Holy Roman Empire was destroyed
United Provinces of the Netherlands received its independence
Denied Papacy the right to intervene in German religious affairs
Reduced role of church in European politics
Peace of Augsburg was re-affirmed and included Calvinism
This settled little:
N. Germany = Protestant
S. Germany = Catholic
War was a disaster for the German Economy
Agricultural loss – land was destroyed
Population decline
Inflation created a “new serfdom”
PHILIP IIPHILIP II
Expand Spanish Expand Spanish Influence Across the Influence Across the GlobeGlobe
Strengthen the Strengthen the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church
Strengthen Strengthen InquisitionInquisition
Supported Catholic Supported Catholic ReformationReformation
Wanted his power Wanted his power to be ABSOLUTEto be ABSOLUTE
Religious Intolerance
Protestants who didn’t convert were expelled
Revolt in the Netherlands - Philip battled Protestant Rebels in the Netherlands
Strengthened the Inquisition
Protestant Queen Elizabeth became Philip’s #1 Enemy
May 9, 1588 “The Most Fortunate Fleet” – the storm, squalls, spoiled food, rank water, inadequate Spanish ammunition, and the Spanish ships went down on the Journey Home
Spain: 130 Vessels
123,790 Cannonballs
30,000 Men
England: 150 ships
They were smaller, faster, and more maneuverable
“It is well known that we fight in God’s cause. So, when we meet the English, God will surely arrange matters so threat we can grapple and board them, either by sending some strange freak of weather or, more likely, just be depriving the English of their wits. If we can come to close quarters Spanish valor and Spanish steel… will make our victory certain.”
Spain rebuilt its navy – quality improved after 1588
War between England and Spain continued for years
Prevented Phillip II from unifying with Europe
1609 – Phillip III signed a truce and the Netherlands officially received its independence
Spirit of defeatism in Spain
Enhanced English National Sentiment