慧 境 神 遊慧 境 神 遊 Journey to Different Journey to Different Levels Of WisdomLevels Of Wisdom

--From Chinese From Chinese Religions/Philosophies to Religions/Philosophies to

Christian FaithChristian Faith

基督信仰與儒釋道境界 基督信仰與儒釋道境界 Prof. Thomas LeungProf. Thomas Leung

梁燕城教授梁燕城教授

Ordinary people is just living , Ordinary people is just living , working ,but also suffering ageing working ,but also suffering ageing and dieing.What then is the and dieing.What then is the meaning of life.meaning of life.

生存、工作、追求成功、生存、工作、追求成功、痛苦、衰老、死亡、痛苦、衰老、死亡、問為何有這一切？問為何有這一切？為何有人生為何有人生？

生活境界 生活境界 Horizon of everyday Horizon of everyday

lifelife

The horizon of emptinessThe horizon of emptiness

In reflecting the meaning ,the first In reflecting the meaning ,the first enlightenment is that everthing is enlightenment is that everthing is changing ,all things are in the state of changing ,all things are in the state of impermanence .impermanence .

This is the heart of Buddhism :The This is the heart of Buddhism :The recognition of the horizon of emptinessrecognition of the horizon of emptiness

無常，空的境界 無常，空的境界 Horizon of Horizon of EmptinessEmptiness

覺悟生滅變化，緣起性空，破除執著覺悟生滅變化，緣起性空，破除執著

生活境界 生活境界 Horizon of Horizon of everyday lifeeveryday life

The Dao(Tao)The Dao(Tao)The second enlightenment: From emptiness to the The second enlightenment: From emptiness to the

awareness of the dao.awareness of the dao.

All things are not only changing ,but there are All things are not only changing ,but there are unchangeable ways to direct the developing.unchangeable ways to direct the developing.

There should have an ontological Way to arrange There should have an ontological Way to arrange the development of everything.This is call the the development of everything.This is call the Dao.Dao.

規律，道的境界規律，道的境界 Horizon of The DaoHorizon of The Dao

萬有循道各路而發展，宇宙有奇異設計萬有循道各路而發展，宇宙有奇異設計有一偉大的道，架構變化中的不變規律有一偉大的道，架構變化中的不變規律

空的境界空的境界 EmptinessEmptiness

生活境界生活境界 Everyday lifeEveryday life

human goodnesshuman goodness

The third enlightenment: From The third enlightenment: From awareness of the Dao to pursuit awareness of the Dao to pursuit of human goodness . The of human goodness . The recognition horizon of human recognition horizon of human nature and its ontological nature and its ontological foundation : Heaven .Heaven is foundation : Heaven .Heaven is the source of goodnes and the source of goodnes and creativity This is the central idea creativity This is the central idea of Confucianism.of Confucianism.

recognitionrecognition

生生不息，天的境界 生生不息，天的境界 Horizon of Horizon of CreativityCreativity

創造性力量，貫串在人性與宇宙當中創造性力量，貫串在人性與宇宙當中 道的境界 道的境界 DaoDao

空的境界 空的境界 EmptinessEmptiness 生活境界 生活境界 Everyday lifeEveryday life

Great God of the highest Great God of the highest HeavenHeaven

The fourth enlightenment: If Heaven is the The fourth enlightenment: If Heaven is the origin of human compassion and origin of human compassion and goodness , then Heaven must has goodness , then Heaven must has personal feeling and compassion . In personal feeling and compassion . In ancient time , it is call the great God of ancient time , it is call the great God of the highest Heaven(the highest Heaven( 皇天上帝皇天上帝 ).).

有情天，皇天上帝境界有情天，皇天上帝境界 Horizon of a Personal GodHorizon of a Personal God

宇宙中的人具情格，其來源亦應具親情，宇宙中的人具情格，其來源亦應具親情，為有位格的真理。為有位格的真理。

天的境界 天的境界 CreativityCreativity道的境界 道的境界 DaoDao

空的境界 空的境界 EmptinessEmptiness生活境界 生活境界 Everyday lifeEveryday life

上帝 上帝 Real GodReal GodThere is a gap between the God of philosophy There is a gap between the God of philosophy

and the God in reality . Is it possible that and the God in reality . Is it possible that this personal God can reveal Himself and this personal God can reveal Himself and bridges the gap?bridges the gap?

皇天上帝境界 皇天上帝境界 Personal God Personal God 天的境界天的境界 CreativityCreativity道的境界 道的境界 DaoDao

空的境界 空的境界 EmptinessEmptiness生活境界 生活境界 Everyday lifeEveryday life

人的上溯

人的上溯

人思考與修為盡頭

人思考與修為盡頭

A revealed GodA revealed God The fifth enlightenment: human The fifth enlightenment: human

being encounters a God who being encounters a God who directly revealed and directly revealed and communicated to human communicated to human being. A compassionate God being. A compassionate God who acts in human history.who acts in human history.

Through the incarnation and Through the incarnation and salvation of Jesus Christ , an salvation of Jesus Christ , an I-Thou relationship between I-Thou relationship between God and human being can God and human being can be estublished.be estublished.

上帝 上帝 Real GodReal God

真神的啟示 真神的啟示 REVELATIONREVELATION

皇矣上帝境界 皇矣上帝境界 Personal God Personal God 天 的境界天 的境界 Creativity Creativity

道的境界 道的境界 DaoDao

空的境界空的境界 EmptinessEmptiness

生活境界生活境界 Everyday lifeEveryday life

人人

God of TrinityGod of Trinity

救贖 救贖 SalvationSalvation

皇矣上帝境界 皇矣上帝境界 Personal GodPersonal God天的境界 天的境界 Creativity Creativity

道的境界 道的境界 Dao Dao 空的境界 空的境界 Emptiness Emptiness 生活境界 生活境界 Everyday Everyday

lifelife

上上帝帝從從道道創創造造世世界界

中國民間信仰的來龍去脈中國民間信仰的來龍去脈SSupermarket of the upermarket of the

godsgodsUnderstanding of the Chinese Understanding of the Chinese

Folk religionsFolk religions

神靈超級市場神靈超級市場

根源篇 根源篇 The RootsThe Roots

天壇 天壇 Altar of HeavenAltar of Heaven

天壇內景

天壇內景

皇天上帝

皇天上帝

詩經皇矣篇

詩經皇矣篇

皇矣上帝

皇矣上帝

臨下有赫

臨下有赫

監觀四方

監觀四方

求民之莫

求民之莫

How great is our God (Lord in the How great is our God (Lord in the highest)highest)

He looks down from Heaven with He looks down from Heaven with gloryglory

He watches over the four corners of He watches over the four corners of the worldthe world

And pursues good fortune for the And pursues good fortune for the peoplepeople

詩經周頌文王篇

詩經周頌文王篇

維此文王

維此文王

小心翼翼

小心翼翼

昭事上帝

昭事上帝

Only the great Emperor Only the great Emperor WenWen

As careful as possibleAs careful as possible To serve the Highest To serve the Highest LordLord

書經湯誓

書經湯誓

夏氏有罪

夏氏有罪

予畏上帝

予畏上帝

不敢不正

不敢不正

King Tang spoke to his army :King Tang spoke to his army : The family of Emperor Xia The family of Emperor Xia

committed to sin .I am the one committed to sin .I am the one who fear God ,so that I must who fear God ,so that I must raise an army to revolt against raise an army to revolt against them.them.

祖先祖先崇拜 崇拜 TThe Rites of Paying Respect to he Rites of Paying Respect to

the Ancestorsthe Ancestors祖先是配上帝而祭祖先是配上帝而祭禮記禮記

萬物本乎天 萬物本乎天 AAll things originate from the heavenll things originate from the heaven 人本乎祖人本乎祖 Humanity originated from the ancestor Humanity originated from the ancestor 所以配上帝也所以配上帝也 It has to be respected together It has to be respected together

with Godwith God 郊之祭，報本反始也 郊之祭，報本反始也 TThe rites of he rites of

JiaoJiao （（ worshiping God worshiping God ），）， is for returning to is for returning to the origin the origin 。 。

論語論語孔子：「孔子：「未能事人，焉能事鬼未能事人，焉能事鬼」」曾子：「曾子：「慎終追遠，民德歸厚矣慎終追遠，民德歸厚矣」」

Confucius says Confucius says ，“，“ If I can not serve man If I can not serve man better better ，， how can I serve the ghostshow can I serve the ghosts 。。

Zeng Zi saysZeng Zi says““ （（ Respecting the ancestorRespecting the ancestor ）） is is for caring on the matter of the death and the for caring on the matter of the death and the pastpast 。。 It is to help cultivate the human It is to help cultivate the human moral consciousness moral consciousness 。 。

西溪叢話：西溪叢話：行香於經書無載，行香於經書無載，起於胡人習俗起於胡人習俗

Burning incense is not from Chinese Burning incense is not from Chinese traditiontradition ，， it is imported by the north it is imported by the north western Buddhist tribes during the western Buddhist tribes during the time they invaded and hence stated in time they invaded and hence stated in China after 316 AD.China after 316 AD. 。。

印度有「中陰身」 印度有「中陰身」 (Antara-bhava)(Antara-bhava) 之說，為之說，為吃香之鬼物吃香之鬼物

後佛教以人死後變成中有狀態，即中陰身，後佛教以人死後變成中有狀態，即中陰身，留在地上四十九天，第七天回魂，故以香留在地上四十九天，第七天回魂，故以香祀之。祀之。

The Indian Buddhist believes that the ghost The Indian Buddhist believes that the ghost (Antara-bhava) need to eat incense and (Antara-bhava) need to eat incense and stay 49 days on earth.stay 49 days on earth.

秦始王秦始王自稱皇帝，統治者成爲自稱皇帝，統治者成爲皇天上帝。皇天上帝。

人民卻失去上帝和永生的盼望。人民卻失去上帝和永生的盼望。

The Emperor Zhing proclaimed The Emperor Zhing proclaimed himself as himself as God (Lord in the God (Lord in the highest)highest),then the concept of ,then the concept of God was identified with the God was identified with the ruler.Chinese people hense ruler.Chinese people hense lose the understanding of lose the understanding of God.God.

道教起源 道教起源 Origin of Daoism,Origin of Daoism,

the Immortalsthe Immortals

and the quest and the quest

for eternal lifefor eternal life

Zhang Dao LingZhang Dao Ling

HeavenlyHeavenly

teacherteacher

道教起源 道教起源 The The ThreeThreeHighly PureHighly PureImmortalsImmortals

supernatural administrationsupernatural administration

天界Heaven

被封神仙的人Immortals自然現象諸神靈 gods of nature

北

西 東

南

west west

HeavenHeaven 北 north

西 west

東 east南 south

The Greatest Jade EmperorThe Greatest Jade Emperor

Southern Old ImmortalSouthern Old Immortal

Western MotherWestern Mother Eastern FatherEastern Father

北

西 東

南

北

General Rain Uncle WindGeneral Rain Uncle Wind

天界天界

Lady Lightening Uncle Lady Lightening Uncle ThunderingThundering

天界天界

被封神仙的人 被封神仙的人 Human ImmortalsHuman Immortals

被封神仙的人 被封神仙的人 AAppointed humans as ppointed humans as immortalsimmortals

道教神靈行政圖 道教神靈行政圖 1.21.2

Supernatural administration 2Supernatural administration 2

河海界 河海界 SeaSea

and riverand river

地界 earth

冥界 Under World

冥界 Under World

Goddess of the toilet (not washroom) god of the stove, Goddess of the toilet (not washroom) god of the stove, god of the moat, god of the earth, god of the mountaingod of the moat, god of the earth, god of the mountain

地界 地界 gods of earthgods of earth

three three gods of the gods of the heaven , earth and heaven , earth and waterwater

god of heavengod of heaven

god of moneygod of money

The black and The black and white demons white demons

of deathof death

god of local god of local landland

god of local god of local mountainmountain

God of the local landGod of the local land

lady of the toilet (not lady of the toilet (not washroom) washroom) gentleman of the stovegentleman of the stove

河海界 河海界 gods of sea and rivergods of sea and river

冥界 冥界 gods of under worldgods of under world

The demons of death (the bull The demons of death (the bull head and the horse face head and the horse face

demons)demons)

民間佛教 民間佛教 Local Local BuddhismBuddhism

The life of Buddha :Myth or The life of Buddha :Myth or Fact?Fact?

One of the first biographies was the One of the first biographies was the Buddhacarita which is written in second century Buddhacarita which is written in second century A.D. ,seven hundred years after the historical A.D. ,seven hundred years after the historical Buddha .Buddha .The first buddhist text was written in 8 B.C. , five The first buddhist text was written in 8 B.C. , five hundred years after the Buddha.hundred years after the Buddha.There are four councils for gathering the word of There are four councils for gathering the word of the Buddha , but is only setting up an oral the Buddha , but is only setting up an oral tradition .From the perspective of scholarly tradition .From the perspective of scholarly research , all the Buddhist texts presents myth research , all the Buddhist texts presents myth rather than fact.rather than fact.

佛陀生平 佛陀生平 Life of Life of BuddhaBuddha

Written in second Written in second century A. D.century A. D.

When born ,he stood up When born ,he stood up and walked seven steps and walked seven steps said “I am the only one said “I am the only one

who is the best in all who is the best in all heavens as well as on heavens as well as on

the earth .”the earth .”

By profound understanding By profound understanding of suffering ,Gotama left of suffering ,Gotama left

home and searched for way home and searched for way of liberation .At the age of of liberation .At the age of

35 , he attained 35 , he attained enlightenment.enlightenment.

He promoted his teaching He promoted his teaching everywhere .At the age of 80 , everywhere .At the age of 80 ,

he died of stomach diseasehe died of stomach disease

佛像的起源 佛像的起源 The origin of The origin of Buddha statues Buddha statues

In 120A.D. Kushan king In 120A.D. Kushan king Kaniska control northern Kaniska control northern India , started to build the India , started to build the

Buddha statues.Buddha statues.

They invented the Buddha’s They invented the Buddha’s image from the descriptions of image from the descriptions of

the buddhist texts .the buddhist texts .

菩薩的起源 菩薩的起源 The origin of The origin of Bodhisattva Bodhisattva

菩提薩多菩提薩多 Bodhisattva means the one who Bodhisattva means the one who

searches for enlightenmentsearches for enlightenment 原意原意 :: 覺有情覺有情 原是指佛的前生原是指佛的前生 , , 大乘佛教創造大乘佛教創造

各種不同的菩薩各種不同的菩薩 The Jataka created more than The Jataka created more than

500 stories of Buddha’s precious 500 stories of Buddha’s precious life for the integration of other life for the integration of other Hindu gods ,hence describes this Hindu gods ,hence describes this pre-exist states as the half pre-exist states as the half Buddha ,that is BodhisattvaBuddha ,that is Bodhisattva

觀音菩薩 觀音菩薩 (Guanyin)(Guanyin)

梵名梵名 AvalokiteśvaraAvalokiteśvara原意是觀自在原意是觀自在 , , 來自來自印度教的慈悲神印度教的慈悲神Aysin, Aysin, 加上自在神加上自在神Iśvara, Iśvara, 兩神結論合而兩神結論合而被佛教創造出來被佛教創造出來

It is a combination of It is a combination of two Hindu gods : two Hindu gods : Aysin and Iśvara.Aysin and Iśvara.

印度的男性千手觀

音

中國變成性女性觀

音

佛教宇宙觀 佛教宇宙觀 Buddhist Buddhist cosmologcosmologyy

Three realms and 28 mortal Three realms and 28 mortal heavensheavens 無色界無色界

色界色界欲界欲界

共二十八天

The four heavenly kingsThe four heavenly kings四大天王長常各執一物，四大天王長常各執一物，

譬喻「風、調、雨、譬喻「風、調、雨、順」順」。。刀劍比喻為刀劍比喻為「風」；手彈琵琶，有「風」；手彈琵琶，有「調」順之義；手握傘「調」順之義；手握傘蓋，比喻為「雨」；手蓋，比喻為「雨」；手擒龍者，喻為「順」。擒龍者，喻為「順」。

東方持國天王。東方持國天王。西方廣目天王。西方廣目天王。南方增長天王。南方增長天王。北方多聞天王北方多聞天王。 。

佛教宇宙觀 佛教宇宙觀 11

The ruling The ruling god of the god of the landland

佛教宇宙觀 佛教宇宙觀 11

MaitreyaMaitreya

共二十八

天

ReincarnationReincarnation

KshitigarbhaKshitigarbha

The under worldThe under world

The under world 2The under world 2

Buddha and his disciplesBuddha and his disciples

燃燈佛

阿彌陀佛 - 釋迦佛 - 藥師佛

彌勒佛

三世佛三世佛 Three Three Buddhas in time Buddhas in time

and spaceand space

( 橫三世 )

(豎三

世)

彌勒佛阿彌陀佛 藥師

佛釋迦佛

四方佛 四方佛 Buddhas of the Buddhas of the four cornersfour corners

彌勒佛 Maitreya阿彌陀佛 Amitabha

藥師佛 釋迦佛

Manla

滿天神佛

滿天神佛

Tibetan Esoteric BuddhismTibetan Esoteric Buddhism

Mantra : A secret magical spell that can Mantra : A secret magical spell that can gain power and merit through gain power and merit through communication to certain Buddhas , communication to certain Buddhas , Boddhisattvas or spiritual beings .Boddhisattvas or spiritual beings .

Tantra: A secret and mystical branch of Tantra: A secret and mystical branch of Buddhism which practiced mantra and Buddhism which practiced mantra and inflenced Tibetan Buddhism.inflenced Tibetan Buddhism.

The cosmic supreme Buddha The cosmic supreme Buddha (Mahavairocana ) taught Nagarjuna the (Mahavairocana ) taught Nagarjuna the secret knowledge of mantra.secret knowledge of mantra.

The tantra Buddhism spread to Tibet in The tantra Buddhism spread to Tibet in eighth century by Padma-sambhave.eighth century by Padma-sambhave.

Tsong Khapa (1357—1419) reformed Tsong Khapa (1357—1419) reformed Buddhism and created the Gelugpa school Buddhism and created the Gelugpa school ( the yellow sect ). ( the yellow sect ).

滿滿 天天 神神佛佛

vv aa ii rr oo cc aa nn aa

Dalai Lama : The first one in history was Dalai Lama : The first one in history was the disciple of Tsong khapa and being the disciple of Tsong khapa and being proclaimed as the one who shall proclaimed as the one who shall reincarnate after dead . The third reincarnate after dead . The third reincarnated body was called by the reincarnated body was called by the Mongol khan as Dalai , which means Mongol khan as Dalai , which means ocean of wisdom , and Lama means ocean of wisdom , and Lama means superior monk . The khan gave Dalai superior monk . The khan gave Dalai political power to rule eastern Tibet . political power to rule eastern Tibet .

Dalai and Pan-chenDalai and Pan-chen

The fifth Dalai was called living The fifth Dalai was called living Buddha ,then came the tradition of Buddha ,then came the tradition of reincarnation of the living Buddha.reincarnation of the living Buddha.

Pan-chen Lama was the other disciple of Pan-chen Lama was the other disciple of Tsong Khana . Pan-chen means great Tsong Khana . Pan-chen means great wisdom , he gained political power to rule wisdom , he gained political power to rule western Tibet latter .western Tibet latter .

Chan (Zen) BuddhismChan (Zen) Buddhism

Chan is a translation of the Sanskrit dhyana Chan is a translation of the Sanskrit dhyana which means meditation. It changed its which means meditation. It changed its character in China ,chan is neither sitting character in China ,chan is neither sitting meditation nor concentration ,but direct meditation nor concentration ,but direct enlightenment of the mind-heart .enlightenment of the mind-heart .

Bodhidharma (460—534 ) brought Chan Bodhidharma (460—534 ) brought Chan Buddhism to China .Buddhism to China .

Shen-hsiu’s verseShen-hsiu’s verse

The body is the tree of perfect wisdom.The body is the tree of perfect wisdom.

The mind is the stand of a bright mirror.The mind is the stand of a bright mirror.

At all times diligently wipe it .At all times diligently wipe it .

Do not allow it to become dusty.Do not allow it to become dusty.

Hui-neng’s verse :Hui-neng’s verse :

Perfect wisdom is not a tree.Perfect wisdom is not a tree.

Nor has the bright mirror any stand.Nor has the bright mirror any stand.

Fundamentally it is nothing there .Fundamentally it is nothing there .

Where the dust can lay on .Where the dust can lay on .

天 道數 空

神神超越性格超越性格 三位一體真神三位一體真神

救恩救恩

神的永能和神性神的永能和神性

創造的內在天理創造的內在天理 諸天諸天