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VIETNAM WAR
1950
President Truman gives $10 million in aid to the French fighting the communist Vietnamese forces led by Ho Chi Minh
1954
France lose war Vietnam split in half North controlled by commie leader
H.C. Minh U.S. becomes main supporter of S.
Vietnam
1961
Kennedy send thousands of military “advisors” to South Vietnam
1963
Sixty U.S. “advisors” are killed in action
1964
North Vietnamese gunboats attack a U.S. naval ship
President Johnson asks Congress to pass the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Gives the President authority to use unlimited military force in Vietnam
1965
U.S. begins bombing of North Vietnam
1967
President Johnson increases ground troops to 500,000
Young drafted soldiers did one year “tour of duty”
Weapons no match for guerilla tactics of Vietcong
Vietcong
South Vietnamese who were loyal to & fought for Communist North Vietnam
Agent Orange
A leaf-killing pesticide
1968
Vietcong launch the Tet Offensive Communist forces launched an all-out
attack against targeted cities in S. Vietnam TV showed huge gains for Commie’s
My Lai Massacre Increase of anti-war protest back in U.S. Low morale among U.S. troops MLK Jr. & Robert Kennedy assassinated
Doves vs. Hawks
DOVESWantedPeace
HAWKSWanted
War
Hippies & the Counterculture
People against the war Preached love & nonviolence Adopted a style of life & dress that
offended older people Hair long Taking drugs Valued personal honesty & creativity Opposed marriage, patriotism &
business
Only a minority
South of Albany, east of the Catskill Mts
Credibility Gap
Two different sides were being presented to the public
Government’s view vs. Public’s view
Kent St. Protest – 4 killed; National guard opened fire on peaceful demonstration
Anti-war Groups
SDS Weathermen
1969
Richard Nixon starts to withdraw troops
It’s called Vietnamization
Gradual withdrawal of troops from Vietnam
1970 – Nixon orders invasion & bombings of Cambodia
1971 – NY Times v. U.S.
NY Times wanted to publish the Pentagon Papers, which was U.S. foreign policy on Vietnam.
Fed. Gov’t sues to stop publication for security reasons
Supreme Court rules in favor of NY Times
Victory for freedom of the press
1973 – War Powers Act
W/in 48 hrs. of sending troops into combat, Pres. must inform Congress of the reasons for the action
If U.S. troops are involved in fighting abroad more than 90 days, the Pres. must obtain Congress’s approval for continuing the use of troops
1975
South Vietnam invaded by North Vietnam
Communists takeover and unite the two
Overall Costs
58,000 died 365,000 wounded $150 billion Strain on U.S. economy National debt increases
President Richard Nixon1969-1974
Domestic – New Federaism
Decreased the size & influence of the Federal Gov’t
Believed LBJ’s Great Society gave the Fed. Gov’t too much power
New Federalism
Distribute a portion of federal power to state and local gov’ts
Southern States start to turn Republican
http://www.270towin.com/1964_Election/index.html
Staflation
High inflation and high unemployment Deficit spending Competition in international trade New workers (minorities) Dependency on foreign oil (OPEC)
Watergate
President Nixon orders a break-in into Democratic Party national headquarters
US v. Nixon
Pres. Nixon refuses to give up Oval Office tapes as evidence of his knowledge of the Watergate break-in.
“Not Above the law” VP Gerald Ford takes over
Foreign Policy
Realpolitik
Foreign policy based on what is really happen and not ideology/fantasy
“Real Politics”
Détente
Relaxation of tension with rival nations (USSR & China)
Nixon Visits China & USSR
SALT I
Froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels
26th Amendment
18 year olds the right to vote
Nixon & the Environment
Created the EPA 1970 Clean Air Act 1970 Marine Mammal Protective Act 1972 Safe Drinking Water Act 1974 Endangered Species Act 1973
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX_HYL6-0Co
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzvF7DELtDY