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Inside St-Peter's Basilica The altar with Bernini's baldacchino

Bernini's canopy (Baldacchino) above St. Peters tomb, St. Peters Basilica, Rome

The Dome of St. Peter's rises to a total height of 136 metres from the floor of the basilica to the

top of the external cross. This makes it the tallest dome in the world.

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St. Peter's Basillica, Rome, Italy. His remains are in a box in this area

The Renaissance is considered to have started in Florence, Italy around the years 1350 to 1400. The start of the Renaissance also was the end of the Middle Ages.

The people in Florence began to think differently about life.

They studied the writings and works of the Greeks and the Romans and realized that earlier civilizations had lived differently.

SocratesPlatoAristotle

This new way of thinking was called Humanism.

Humanists believed that life could be enjoyable.

They believed that people should be educated and that things like art, music, and science could make life better for everyone.

This was a real change in the way people thought.

The Creation of Adam is perhaps the most famous

section of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel

ceiling.

To understand the beginnings of the Renaissance, you must go back to the fall of the Roman Empire.

For 1 000 years before Rome fell, it ruled most of Europe, bringing advancements in technology, learning and government.

Once Rome fell to invaders in 542AD, Western Europe fell into a period known as the Middle Ages.

Society regressed (returned to a less developed state)

People did not venture far from their small villages.

Local lords ruled by force and intimidation.

Learning took place only in religious houses.

Europeans grew up ignorant, illiterate, and superstitious.

They lived in miserable conditions.

They had little hope of improving their lives.

Their main goal in life was finding eternal salvation.

They thought that suffering on Earth was necessary in order to reach Heaven.

Humanism was based on the belief that we all had a purpose on Earth.

It wasn`t just a miserable pit-stop on the way to Heaven.

They believed that life should be enjoyed.

They believed that our accomplishments were important and defined who we were.

Artists, princes, writers, priests, and merchants supported this movement.

At the start of the Renaissance, Italy was divided up into a number of powerful city-states with its own government.

Florence was a wealthy city-state that elected its leaders (republic).

In the late 1300s, Florence had become a rich city.

Wealthy merchants and businessmen had the money to hire artisans.

Art began to flourish and new thoughts began to emerge.

1434 - The Medici family becomes the head of Florence.

They were powerful, wealthy bankers.

They sponsored many artists and using their personal money to promote the humanist movement.

New techniques in art created astounding works of art.

A technique known as Perspective made scenes appear three dimensional.

Careful shading make objects look round and real, rather than flat.

Using human models helped artists portray the human body far more accurately than in Medieval art.

Andrea Mantegna Italian, 1431-1506, Renaissance Painter.

Detail of: Baptism of Christ by Andrea del Verrocchio and Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance art glorified the human body.

It placed importance of the individual (ordinary people) and was secular (not religious).

Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Donatello were the 4 great masters of Renaissance art.

Donatello: Annunciation c. 1435

Artists turned to the classics of Ancient Greece and Rome for inspirations.

Giambologna: Hercules Beating the Centaur

Nessus, 1599

Madonna and ChildGerard David

1490Oil on panel

Berlin, Staatliche Museen

Madonna and Child attributed to Adrien Ysenbrandt (Isenbrant)

Early Medieval art was Romanesque style. These paintings have unrealistic features (disproportionate) and showed no emotion.

Religious

By 1100 AD, Medieval art had become Gothic.

Gothic architecture had pointed arches on buildings

Gothic art had more realistic features (realism) and some emotion.

Cimabue, Santa Trinita

Madonna, Florence,

Early 14th Century,Giotto

During the Middle Ages, European Cathedrals and churches used Gothic architecture.

Scholars began to spread scientific knowledge throughout Europe.

Church opposed this! (against it).

Kepler discovered that the planetary orbits were elliptical.

Humanists began sending their children to schools that taught humanist ideas.

They were taught poetry, history, and public speaking.

Aristotle

Plato

Europeans began to question the Church‘s actions.

At the time, the Church controlled all aspects of our lives.

Humanists believed:

a) people were able to reason well on their own

b) Church should not control or brainwash us.

c) We should have the right to individual freedom of thought.

Galileo and Freedom of Thought

Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642

d) God should not be our central concern.

e) preached for tolerance and peace (against religious wars).

Johannes Gutenberg (inventor)

Books were now affordable.

Spread new “humanist” ideas (Europe).

Church taught that the Earth was flat and that it was at the center of the universe!

Church rejected & forbade any teachings that did not agree with its own.

Scientists learned about human anatomy by dissecting corpses (Church forbade this!).

This lead to progress in medicine.

Martin Luther started a movement to reform (make big changes) the Catholic Church.

He believed it had become too rich, powerful and corrupt.

Luther was furious that the Church sold indulgences.

Catholics believed they would be saved if they simply bought an indulgence.

The Church gave this “note” to any “sinner” who gave money to them in exchange for forgiveness and eternal salvation.

The money was used to pay for building projects (ex: St. Peter's Basilica).

Luther saw this as deceptive, dishonest, abusive and corrupt.

In 1517, Martin Luther nailed the 95 theses (complaints) onto the wooden doors of a church.

This letter infuriates the pope.

1. Good works (charitable acts) does not save us. He pointed out that only Christ can save those who believe in Him.

2. The Bible is the living true authority of God, not the Pope.

3. People can read and interpret the bible for themselves.

4. Indulgences were useless, fraudulent, and unnecessary.

5. God created all people equally.

6. Worshiping God should be done through praise and singing.

In1520, Luther excommunicated by Pope.

In 1521, Luther condemned as heretic and outlaw of the Church by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

His life was spared.

Frederick the Wise, of Saxony, made a deal with the Church that would allow Luther's safe passage to his home at Wartburg Castle.

He re-wrote the bible in German.

In 1545, Pope Paul III assembled a council Trent to discuss how to deal with Protestant movement.

The Council of Trent was set up to deal with the protestant movement.

Pope Paul III saw that this movement was spreading.

More and more Europeans supported its ideas and left the Catholic Church.

The pope banded together a council for mainly 2 reasons:

1. To stop the spread of Protestant ideas and to support the Catholic Church's own ideas.

2. To change the actions of church leaders that damaged or hurt the Catholic Church's ideas and image.

Priests had to be supervised and educated in colleges.

Southwark Cathedral in London

The Church reaffirmed (state again as a fact) the importance of faith and “good works” in salvation.

It continued selling Indulgences

It stated the importance of pilgrimages and the profound respect of saints, relics, and of the Virgin Mary.

Created new religious orders like the Jesuits.

Jesuits were educated priests that taught and spread the Catholic faith throughout the world.

Published an Official Latin Bible.

The church's interpretation (explanation) of the Bible was final.

Those that did not agree with it were tried as heretics by the Inquisition.

The Inquisition was a formal court set up by the Church to try people accused of not following the teachings of the Church.

It had the power to torture and execute the accused, who had no rights to a fair trial.

Protestants were considered heretics.

In 1567 St. Pius V canceled all grants of indulgences involving any fees or other financial transactions.

The church made a list of banned books. These “BAD” books were listed in THE INDEX. A grant is a sum of money given by an organization for a particular purpose.

Enthusiasm was revived for the Roman Catholic Church.

The highly-educated Jesuits challenged Protestant preachers.

The Protestant movement was weakened.