Upload
bennett-thompson
View
222
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Warm Up Page 21
1. What is physical evidence?
2. How is physical evidence different from testimonial evidence?
Examining Physical Evidence
Cornell NotesPage 22
EQ: What is the difference between class and
individualized evidence?
Physical Evidence The purpose of recognizing physical
evidence is so that it can be collected and analyzed.
It is difficult to determine the weight a given piece of evidence will have in a case as ultimately the weight will be decided by a jury.
The Purpose of Physical Evidence
The examination of physical evidence by a forensic scientist is usually undertaken for identification or comparison purposes.
Physical Evidence Testing Identification is the use of scientific
testing to determine the identity of a substance.
A comparison analysis subjects a suspect specimen and a standard/reference specimen to the same tests and examinations for the ultimate purpose of determining whether or not they have a common origin.
Examples of Identification The crime laboratory is frequently requested to
identify the chemical composition of an illicit drug.
It may be asked to identify gasoline in residues recovered from the debris of a fire, or it may have to identify the nature of explosive residues—for example, dynamite or TNT.
The identification of blood, semen, hair, or wood are also very common and, as a matter of routine, include a determination for species origin.
Comparative Analysis A comparative analysis has the
important role of determining whether or not a suspect specimen and a standard/reference specimen have a common origin.
Both the standard/reference and the suspect specimen are subject to the same tests.
Classifying Characteristics Individual Characteristics
• Evidence that can be associated to a common source with an extremely high degree of probability is said to possess individual characteristics.
Class Characteristics• Evidence associated only with a group is
said to have class characteristics.
Classifying Characteristics Class—common to a group of objects or
persons
Individual—can be identified with a particular person or a single source
Individual Characteristics
You cannot ever say with 100% certainty that two specimens are from a common source.
However, you can give probabilities that defy human comprehension.
Individual Characteristics
Examples: • the matching ridge characteristics of two
fingerprints• the comparison of random striation markings
on bullets or tool marks• the comparison of irregular and random wear
patterns in tire or footwear impressions• the comparison of handwriting
characteristics• the fitting together of the irregular edges of
broken objects in the manner of a jigsaw puzzle
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company12
Class vs Individual Evidence
Which examples do you think could be individual evidence?
Class Characteristics Surprising to the inexperienced forensic
scientist is the frequent inability of the laboratory to relate physical evidence to a common origin with a high degree of certainty.
Evidence is said to possess class characteristics when it can be associated only with a group and never with a single source.
Can still be very significant in a case.
Class Characteristics Most items of physical evidence
retrieved at crime scenes cannot be linked definitively to a single person or object.
The value of class physical evidence lies in its ability to provide corroboration of events with data that are, as nearly as possible, free of human error and bias.
Individualized or Class?• How many striations are necessary to
individualize a mark to a single tool and no other? • How many color layers individualize a paint chip
to a single car? • How many ridge characteristics individualize a
fingerprint?• How many handwriting characteristics tie a
person to a signature?
These are all questions that defy simple answers and are the basis of arguments in forensic science.
Using Physical Evidence As the number of different objects linking an
individual to a crime scene increases, so does the likelihood of that individual’s involvement with the crime.
Just as important, a person may be exonerated or excluded from suspicion if physical evidence collected at a crime scene is found to be different from standard/reference samples collected from that subject
Take 10 Stretch
Write your questions and summary for your notes.