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Cómo evaluar un artículo médico ?

Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

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Page 1: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

Cómo evaluar un artículo médico ?

Page 2: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 3: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

Results

Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had a MACE before any revascularization procedure. The 5-year mortality and MACE rates were 6.4% and 4.2% in patients without ischemia versus 12.1% and 10.1% in those with ischemia, respectively (p 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, WMSI remained an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.40 to 5.32, p 0.003) and MACE (HR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.42 to 9.07, p 0.007). The addition of the EE results to the clinical, resting echocardiographic and exercise hemodynamic data significantly increased the global chi-square of the models for the prediction of mortality (p 0.005) and MACE (p 0.009).

Page 4: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 5: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

Lancet 2002; 359: 57-61

Page 6: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

Lancet 2002; 359: 57-61

Page 7: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

Lancet 2002; 359: 57-61

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Exposure Outcome

Exposure and outcome at the same time

Page 8: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

Lancet 2002; 359: 57-61

Page 9: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

Lancet 2002; 359: 57-61

Page 10: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

Lancet 2002; 359: 57-61

Page 11: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. P. M. Rothwell et al

LANCET. 2003

Page 12: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

MEDICINA BASADA EN :

Experiencia Conferencia Emergencia Grandilocuencia Jurisprudencia Prepotencia Evidencia

Page 13: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

MEDICINA BASADA EN EVIDENCIAS

Page 14: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

MEDICINA BASADA EN EVIDENCIAS.

“Uso consciente, explícito y juicioso de la mejor evidencia actual en las decisiones acerca del cuidado individual, integrando la experiencia clínica individual con la evidencia clínica proveniente de la investigación”.

Osheroff JA, Forsythe DE, Buchanan, et al. Physicians’ information needs : analysis of questions posed during clinical teaching. Ann Intern Med 1991. 114 : 576 – 581.

Page 15: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

“La Medicina Basada en Evidencias considera que la intuición, la experiencia clínica no sistemática y el razonamiento fisiopatológico no son suficientes para una adecuada toma de decisiones clínicas y hace énfasis en el examen de la evidencia de la investigación clínica”.

Counsell C. Formulating questions and locating primary studies for inclusion in systematic reviews. Ann intern Med 1997. 127:380-387.

Page 16: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

MEDICINA BASADA EN EVIDENCIAS.

“… proceso de traducir problemas clínicos en preguntas para luego buscar, evaluar y utilizar sistemáticamente los resultados de la investigación en la toma de decisiones clínicas”.

Sackett DL et al. How to ask clinical questions you can answer. In: Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosemberg W, Haynes RB. Evidence-Based Medicine : How to practice and teach EBM. New York. Churchill-Livingstone. First edition. 1997:21-36

Page 17: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

MEDICINA BASADA EN EVIDENCIA

Necesidad Información Buscar Evidencias Evaluación Evidencias Aplicación Clínica Retroalimentación

Page 18: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

MEDICINA BASADA EN EVIDENCIA

Plantear situación clínica.

-Causalidad. -Intervenciones. -Diagnóstico. -Pronostico.

Literatura Biomédica.

Evaluar Evidencia.

Sintetizar y Aplicar la Información.

PASOS:

Page 19: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

LIMITACIONES M.B.E.

Requiere tiempo. Recursos. Simplificar Práctica (?). Busca reducir costos (?). Estudios Aleatorios y Meta-análisis.

Page 20: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

Rating clinical evidence

Assessment system of the US Preventive Services Task Force

Quality of evidence

1 Evidence from at least one properly designed randomised controlled trial.2-1 Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomisation.2-2 Evidence from well-designed cohort or case-control studies. preferably from more than one centre or research group.2-3 Evidence from multiple time series with or without the intervention. Important results in uncontrolled experiments (such as the introduction of penicillin treatment in the 1940s) could also be considered as this type of evidence.3 Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees.

Strength of recommendations

A) Good evidence to support the intervention.B) Fair evidence to support the intervention.C) Insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the intervention. But recommendation might be made on other grounds.D) Fair evidence against the intervention.E) Good evidence against the intervention.

Page 21: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

PREGUNTA CLINICA

Población Exposición Control Desenlace

Page 22: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

PREGUNTA CLINICA

FUNCIONES: Uso Tiempo Estrategias Comunicación Didáctica Confianza

Page 23: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

EVALUACION DE ESTUDIO

1.1 Validez1.2 Resultados1.3 Desenlaces1.4 Aplicación Resultados1.5 Costo: Beneficio

Page 24: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

EVALUACION ESTUDIO

1.1 Validez- Aleatorio?- Seguimiento?- Ciego?- Grupos Comparables?- Igual Tratamiento?

Page 25: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 26: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 27: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 28: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 29: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

EVALUACION ESTUDIO

1.2 RESULTADOSa. Riesgo

- Riesgo Relativo (RR)- Odds Ratio (OR)- Reducción Riesgo Relativo (RRR)- Reducción Absoluta Riesgo (RAR)

b. Número Necesario Tratar (NNT)

Page 30: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 31: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 32: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 33: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

EVALUACION RESULTADOS

R.R. = Re/Rne

RR = 1 : No existe Riesgo

RR > 1 : Exposición Riesgo

RR < 1 : Exposición Riesgo

Page 34: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 35: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 36: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

EVALUACION RESULTADOS

REDUCCION DE RIEGO RELATIVO (RRR)

RRR = (1-RR) 100%

RRR = 0: No Existe Riesgos

RRR > 0: No Exposición Riesgos

RRR < 0: No Exposición Riesgos

Page 37: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 38: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

EVALUACION RESULTADOS

REDUCCION ABSOLUTA RIESGO (RAR)

RAR : Rne - Re

RAR = 0 : No Existe Riesgo

RAR < 0 : Exposición Riesgos

RAR > 0 : Exposición Riesgos

Page 39: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 40: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 41: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 42: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

EVALUACION RESULTADOS

NUMERO NECESARIO TRATAR (NNT)

NNT = 1/RAR = 1 (Rne - Re)

NNT = 1 : Tx Ideal

= : Tx Inútil

> 0 : Tx Beneficioso

< 0 : Tx Nocivo

Page 43: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 44: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 45: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 46: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 47: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 48: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 49: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

EVALUACION RESULTADOS

Odds Ratio (OR)

O.R : Oe/One

O.R = 1 : No Existe Riesgo

O.R > 1 : Exposición Riegos

O.R < 1 : Exposición Riegos

Page 50: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

EVALUACION RESULTADOS

Aplicación Práctica ?

Desenlaces Importantes ?

Beneficios > Riesgos ?

Page 51: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

BeneficioRelevante

BeneficioIrrelevante

Beneficio Relativo de Sobrevida (Indice de Riesgo)

THE LANCET. 2001Vol. 357 : 1349.

MEDICINA BASADA EN EVIDENCIAS

Page 52: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

Beneficioso Nocivo

Beneficio Relativo de Sobrevida (Indice de Riesgo)

THE LANCET. 2001Vol. 357 : 1349.

MEDICINA BASADA EN EVIDENCIAS

Page 53: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

PREVENTION OF CORONARY AND STROKE EVENTS WITH ATORVASTATIN Y HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WHO HAVE AVERAGE OR LOWER THAN AVERAGE

CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS, IN THE ANGLO-SCANDINAVIAN CARDIAC OUTCOMES TRIAL LIPID LOWERING ARM (ASCOTT-LLA). Peter S. Sever et al.

LANCET. Vol 361. Abril 5, 2003

Page 54: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

ACE inhibitors in AMI

Curr Probl Cardiol, January 2003

Page 55: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 56: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

MEDICINA BASADA EN EVIDENCIAS

Page 57: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

APLICACIÓN RESULTADOS ESTUDIO

FACTORES: Variabilidad Biológica

Aspectos Socio-Económicos

Aspectos Epidemiológicos

Page 58: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had
Page 59: Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 3.4 years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had

Costo-Efectividad = CA - CB / EA - EB

C= costo. E= efectividad.

A= Tx nuevo.

B= Tx control.