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© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college
Part 1 – Rock Review
Rock types
Changing rocks
The rock cycle
The Rock Cycle
© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college
Directions
To view this presentation properly click “slideshow’ then “From Beginning”.
Go through the presentation and create a chart on each type of rock and how they form. Include a description, where they are found, and sketch an example.
Rock Name Formation Description Where Sketch
IGNEOUS
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
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Rock types
The Rock Cycle
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Name that rock...
Believe it or not, rocks can be classified into groups – just like living organisms.
The three main groups are:
igneous sedimentary metamorphic
What are the clues to help classify rocks?
?
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Sedimentary
Usually found close to the surface where weathering occurs.
Grains often visible.
Fossils can be present.
Often porous (let water pass through easily).
Sedimentary rocks – form from sediments that get cemented together.
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Igneous rocks
Tough rocks with no plates visible.
Some have crystals
No fossils present – EVER!
Igneous rocks – form when molten rock cools and hardens.
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Rock factory
A volcano is a giant rock factory.
Magma (molten rock) from below the ground is pushed to the surface and cools to form igneous rocks.
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Metamorphic rock
Are made deep in the earth’s crust
Beds often have wavy bands, but can also be a solid color.
Often very dense.
Metamorphic rocks – form from other rocks being under extreme heat and pressure.
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Go through the next slides and practice identifying rocks based on the picture and
clues.
Practice
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Your first specimen...
Crystals visible
Very tough rock
Water cannot pass through (not porous)
Is it sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic?
Igneous!
Clues:
What is this?
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How about this one...
Fossils present
Very porous
Layers visible
Sedimentary!
Clues:
?
Is it sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic?
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And this one...
Grains very small
Clear layers
Not porous
No fossils
Metamorphic!
Clues:
?
Is it sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic?
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Last chance...
Grains very small
No layers
Not porous
No fossils
Metamorphic!
Clues:
?
Is it sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic?
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1. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma produced by volcanoes.
2. Sedimentary rocks never contain fossils.
3. Igneous rocks are usually very porous.
4. Sedimentary rocks often have layers.
5. Granite is a metamorphic rock.
True or false?
True or false?
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
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Changing rocks
The rock cycle
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All change!
The two processes together (weathering and transportation) are called erosion.
Reminder:
Rocks may last a long time but they do change.
Even tough igneous rocks may be broken down to smaller particles. We call this process weathering.
Small particles may be moved to new areas. We call this transportation.
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Squeezing rocks
What happens to particles from eroded rock?
Sediments may be laid down by water. Over many years the sediments build up and stick together to form a new sort of rock.
Sometimes earthquakes and volcanoes bury old rocks underground. Very high temperatures and pressures change these rocks into new ones called metamorphic rocks.
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The Rock Cycle Review
Click on the numbers in the next slide to got through the stages of the rock cycle.Then, take the quiz!
The rock cycle
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The rock cycle
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1. Metamorphic rocks are made by…
a) heat and pressure acting on other rocks
b) particles dropping out of suspension in streams and rivers
c) a small factory outside Manchester.
2. Which of these would you NOT find in sedimentary rocks…
a) fossils
b) layered structure
c) interlocking crystals of minerals.
Rock cycle quiz
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3. The rock cycle is…
a) a way to explain how types of rocks are converted to other forms
b) an explanation of how heating and cooling can break down rocks
c) a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber.
4. You could find the density of a rock sample by…
a) dividing its mass by its volume
b) dividing its volume by its mass
c) multiplying its volume by its mass.
Rock cycle quiz
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5. Slow cooling of magma produces rocks with…
a) large crystals
b) small crystals
c) no crystals.
6. You can dissolve the carbonate in a limestone sample using
a) hydrochloric acid
b) cold water
c) boiling water.
Rock cycle quiz
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Part 2 - Mineral Identification Review
Purpose of Review:•to observe the physical properties of minerals•to test physical properties and identify minerals
1
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DirectionsCreate a chart explaining how we test mineral
properties. Each item should include a sketch to show how it is done.
Test Name How to do it What it looks like
color
streak
luster
Cleavage/fracture
Hardness
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Mineral Identification
What is a mineral???????
Mineral Definition (5 parts)
• Naturally occurs• Solid• Inorganic (non-living)• Definite chemical composition• Crystalline structure
2
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Physical properties of Minerals
Minerals are identified using physicalproperties.
Mineral Physical Properties:
• color• streak - color of powder• luster - reflection of light• hardness• special mineral properties
4
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Physical Properties – Mineral ID
Color
Color is the most noticeable physical property but the least accurate.
The same mineral can occur in many different colors. Do not trust color.
Observation in the next slide:
The same mineral can be red, green, blue, white, clear, and many other colors.
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Different color fluorite minerals
8
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Physical Properties – Mineral ID
StreakWhat - Streak is the Color of the powdered residue left on a small tile.
How - The mineral is scratched across the streak plate and the color of the powdered residue is observed.
Observation on the Next Slide:
Scratch a line over a streak plate (small white tile). Observe the color of the powdered residue left on it.
9
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10
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LusterIs how the mineral reflect light. Is the mineral
metallic or non-metallic? Just look at it.
Metallic Non-metallicresembles polished metal glossy(silver, gold, copper) vitreous (glassy)
waxy, greasyearthy (concrete)resinousgreasypearly
Observation on Next Slide:Allow the light to reflect off the fresh mineral surface and determine if the mineral is metallic or non-metallic
11
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Cleavage Planes
Cleavage represents the tendency of a mineral to break leaving flat sides.
Observation on the Next Slide:Look for the flat cleavage planes by rotating the
mineral and observing.
13
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Brakes along planes of weaknessBrakes along planes of weakness
Cleavage surfacesCleavage surfaces
Flashes of light (Checking for cleavage)
14
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15
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Fracture surfaces represent:
Minerals that break without a pattern fracture. When broken, smaller pieces will not repeat themselves.
Observation on the Next Slide:
Look for cracks and fractures. Notice the random jagged pattern.
16
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Conchoidal fracture (dished shaped features)Conchoidal fracture (dished shaped features)
17
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Hardness
How hard is the mineral – or how the mineral resists scratching. German mineralogist – Friedrich Moh (1773-1839) created the Moh’s scale of hardness with Talc being #1 the softest and diamond being #10 the hardest.
Observation on the Next Slide:What scratches a mineral? Start with the softest item and if it does not scratch move to the next item. 18
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If you discover a mineral that you can scratch with your fingernail and a penny, but it will not leave a scratch on glass, what is its hardness?
Hardness of 4 -5
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Special mineral properties:
Reaction to Acid – Mineral will fizz when subjected to acid.
Magnetism – Magnets are attracted to the mineral.
Double refraction – An image beneath the mineral is repeated
or doubled.
Odor– How the mineral smells.
Taste – Does the mineral have taste??
21
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Acid reaction(fizzing)Acid reaction(fizzing)
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Magnetism