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Independence in Africa
One of the most important motives for the European “Scramble for Africa” in the late 1800s was that Africa provided a source of a. raw materials used in
industry b. religious inspiration c. free labor for the
Americas d. technologically
innovative practices
What problems may arise once Africans have gained independence from European colonial powers?
African Unity
Fight for Independence after WWII United Nations charter declares
that all colonial people should have the right to self-determination
Pan-Africanism Emphasized the unity of Africans
and people of African descent all over the world▪ Regardless of national boundaries
Nations should work together to solve their problems
Ghana
British colonyStruggle led by Kwame
Nkrumah Used strikes and boycotts
Independence gained in 1957 Gold Coast renamed Ghana
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 1963 Created by Nkrumah to
promote Pan-Africanism
Kenya
British colonyStruggle led by Jomo
Kenyatta Was jailed when violence
broke out Independence gained in
1963
South Africa Ruled by European white minority
after winning independence from Britain in 1910 1912, African National Congress (ANC)
forms▪ Used violence, boycotts and nonviolent
civil disobedience to oppose injustice Apartheid – 1948, official
separation of races Black Africans and other non-whites
had to live in certain zones, public facilities and transportation were segregated, interracial marriages were forbade
Apartheid
Anti-Apartheid Movement▪ 1960, police killed 69 and wounded 180 at a
peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville▪ Government outlaws ANC
Nelson Mandela▪ 1964, an important ANC leader, was sentenced to
life in prison▪ Became symbol of the struggle for freedom▪ Wrote “The Long Walk to Freedom”
Desmond Tutu▪ Black bishop and civil rights leader▪ Convinced foreign nations and businesses to limit
trade and investment in segregated South Africa▪ Strong effect
F. W. de Klerk President of South
Africa in 1989 Legalizes ANC,
repealed segregation laws, released Mandela in 1990
All can participate in 1994 elections; Mandela elected president
S.A. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Resolve conflict leftover from apartheid and
wrongdoings by the government
Post-Apartheid Mandela, de Klerk, and Tutu all won
Nobel Peace Prizes for their efforts to end apartheid
Trade and investment has resumed Struggles still exist
What is the main idea of the cartoon?
Obstacles to Progress in Africa
Economic Challenges Focused on building
industry and agriculture Many remain dependent on
imports and foreign financial aid
Many rely on export of a single cash crop or natural resource▪ Nigeria - oil
Few food crops and drought --> widespread hunger
Health Challenges Poverty▪ Slums, lack of
running water and electricity
HIV/AIDS▪ Epidemic
Political Challenges Single party rule or military
rule in most nations Violent overthrows Ethnic and regional conflicts
African Union 2002, 53 African countries Goals: ▪ solving economic, social,
political and environmental problems in Africa
Ethnic Tensions and Nationalism
Rwanda Hutu vs. Tutsi Hutu ran new gov’t; resentment
grows Genocide, 1994▪ Hutu kill approximately 500,000 Tutsis
Darfur, Sudan 2003, Arab gov’t officials attacked
African tribal groups Villages burned, tens of thousands
killed, millions of refugees(HR VIOLATIONS AGAIN!!!!!!!)