New York City - 10:36 am on an overcast day.

America Airlines 822, bound for Paris, has recently taken-offand is now at 5,000 ft.

The captain has just received instructions to ascend to15,000 ft.

As the plane begins its ascent it suddenly explodes,killing all 230 passengers and crew.

You are an NTSB agent assigned to investigate the explosion.What are your initial hypotheses about the cause of the explosion?

2009

Pew Trust Survey, 2009

• You must choose evolution or God• Evolution and belief in God are not

incompatible

• Theistic evolution - An omniscient, omnipotent God could put in motion the events that lead to evolution.

• You must choose evolution or God• Evolution and belief in God are not

incompatible

• Theistic evolution - An omniscient, omnipotent God could put in motion the events that lead to evolution.

False Dichotomy IFalse Dichotomy I

• You must choose evolution or God• Many Christian and Jewish sects

would disagree

• You must choose evolution or God• Many Christian and Jewish sects

would disagree

False Dichotomy IFalse Dichotomy I

188 Wisconsin Clergy (2004) American Jewish Committee American Jewish CongressAmerican Scientific AffiliationCentral Conference Of American RabbisEpiscopal Bishop Of Atlanta, Pastoral LetterEpiscopal Church, General ConventionEpiscopal Church, General Convention (2006) Lexington Alliance Of Religious LeadersThe Lutheran World FederationNational Council of Jewish Women Center For Theology And The Natural SciencesGeneral Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (USA) (2002)

Roman Catholic Church (1981)Roman Catholic Church (1996) Unitarian Universalist Association (1977)Unitarian Universalist Association (1982)United Church Board For Homeland MinistriesUnited Methodist ChurchUnited Presbyterian Church In The U.S.A. (1982)United Presbyterian Church In The U.S.A. (1983)

• No where does the bible deny the existence of evolution.

In crossing a heath, suppose I pitched my foot against a stone, and were asked how the stone came to be there; I might possibly answer, that, for any thing I knew to the contrary, it had lain there for ever: nor would it perhaps be very easy to show the absurdity of this answer. But suppose I had found a watch upon the ground, and it should be inquired how the watch happened to be in that place; I should hardly think of the answer which I had before given, that, for any thing I knew, the watch might have always been there. Yet why should not this answer serve for the watch as well as for the stone? why is it not as admissible in the second case, as in the first? For this reason, and for no other, viz. that, when we come to inspect the watch, we perceive (what we could not discover in the stone) that its several parts are framed and put together for a purpose, e. g. that they are so formed and adjusted as to produce motion, and that motion so regulated as to point out the hour of the day; that, if the different parts had been differently shaped from what they are, of a different size from what they are, or placed after any other manner, or in any other order, than that in which they are placed, either no motion at all would have been carried on in the machine, or none which would have answered the use that is now served by it. To reckon up a few of the plainest of these parts, and of their offices, all tending to one result:-- We see a cylindrical box containing a coiled elastic spring, which, by its endeavour to relax itself, turns round the box. We next observe a flexible chain (artificially wrought for the sake of flexure), communicating the action of the spring from the box to the fusee. We then find a series of wheels, the teeth of which catch in, and apply to, each other, conducting the motion from the fusee to the balance, and from the balance to the pointer; and at the same time, by the size and shape of those wheels, so regulating that motion, as to terminate in causing an index, by an equable and measured progression, to pass over a given space in a given time. We take notice that the wheels are made of brass in order to keep them from rust; the springs of steel, no other metal being so elastic; that over the face of the watch there is placed a glass, a material employed in no other part of the work, but in the room of which, if there had been any other than a transparent substance, the hour could not be seen without opening the case. This mechanism being observed (it requires indeed an examination of the instrument, and perhaps some previous knowledge of the subject, to perceive and understand it; but being once, as we have said, observed and understood), the inference, we think, is inevitable, that the watch must have had a maker: that there must have existed, at some time, and at some place or other, an artificer or artificers who formed it for the purpose which we find it actually to answer; who comprehended its construction, and designed its use.” – pp 1-3 “I know no better method of introducing so large a subject, than that of comparing a single thing with a single thing; an eye, for example, with a telescope. As far as the examination of the instrument goes, there is precisely the same proof that the eye was made for vision, as there is that the telescope was made for assisting it. They are made upon the same principles; both being adjusted to the laws by which the transmission and refraction of rays of light are regulated.” – pg. 18

-Wiliam Paley, Natural Theology, 1802

HarrietHarriet(177 years young)

"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” - Theodosius

Dobzhansky

"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” - Theodosius

Dobzhansky

-Woese, Micro. Rev., 1987

Mechanisms of EvolutionMechanisms of Evolution

• Natural Selection (Darwinism) - individuals with favorable variations (traits) better survive and reproduce.

• Genetic Drift

• Natural Selection (Darwinism) - individuals with favorable variations (traits) better survive and reproduce.

• Genetic Drift

What is Evolution?What is Evolution?• Variation exists in all populations• Variation is inherited

• Evolution is heritable changes in a population over many generations.

• Descent with modification • Evolution is change in allelic frequency

• Variation exists in all populations• Variation is inherited

• Evolution is heritable changes in a population over many generations.

• Descent with modification • Evolution is change in allelic frequency

Mechanisms of EvolutionMechanisms of Evolution• Natural Selection (Darwinism)

• individuals with favorable variations (traits) better survive and reproduce.

• The genes (inherited variation) of the successful individuals increase in frequency in subsequent generations.

Survival of the fittest

• Genetic Drift

• Natural Selection (Darwinism) • individuals with favorable variations (traits) better survive

and reproduce.• The genes (inherited variation) of the successful

individuals increase in frequency in subsequent generations.

Survival of the fittest

• Genetic Drift

Elena/Lenski experimentElena/Lenski experiment

• Science, 1996

An experiment in evolution

An experiment in evolution

Growth without antibioticGrowth without antibiotic No growth with antibioticNo growth with antibiotic

An experiment in evolution

An experiment in evolution

Grow trillions of bacteria!Grow trillions of bacteria!Overnight!Overnight!

Growth on plates with antibioticsGrowth on plates with antibiotics

Antibiotic Selected for the Resistance Mutation

a mutation occurs in one cell!

Bacteria evolve new abilitiesBacteria evolve new abilities• 2,4-D is a man-made herbicide.• 2,4-D Didn’t exist even 100 years

ago.• 2,4-D is degrade by some

bacteria • Bacteria evolved the ability to

degrade it. That is they increased the information pool.

• 2,4-D is a man-made herbicide.• 2,4-D Didn’t exist even 100 years

ago.• 2,4-D is degrade by some

bacteria • Bacteria evolved the ability to

degrade it. That is they increased the information pool.Sucralose utilization by bacteria maybe a newly

evolved ability

Increasing the lifespan of fruitflies

Increasing the lifespan of fruitflies

Fruit Fly Longevity

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Age (days)

No. of Fruitflies

Mean age at death:Early reproducers: 14.4 ± 7.6 days Late reproducers: 21.3 ±

7.9 days

Two-tailed t-test with equal variance P = 0.001

Kuru - a prion diseaseKuru - a prion disease

Pr(normal)

Pc(misfolded)

Kuru - a prion diseaseKuru - a prion diseaseObserved Genotypic Freq. in South Fore’

MM = 0.221MV = 0.514VV = 0.264Obs. Genotypic Frq. in

South Fore’ Cannibals

MM = 0.133MV = 0.767VV = 0.1

• Hedrick, Science, 2003

Figure 15.12bFigure 15.12b

Figure 15.12aFigure 15.12a

Alleles Randomly FixedAlleles Randomly Fixed

Founder EffectFounder Effect• small founding populations have less allelic diversity

• Clegg, et al, 2002

Silvereye (Zosterops lateralis)

Silvereye colonizationSilvereye colonization

• Clegg, et al, 2002

Founder Effect on Allelic Diversity of the Silvereye

Founder Effect on Allelic Diversity of the Silvereye